poetry |1st year

Topics* Poetry Through the Ages

General Introduction

* Types of Poetrysonnets, odes, lyric, narrative, ba"ad, #ee verse

* Stanza couplet, triple, quatrain, sestet, and octave

* Musical Devicesa"iteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, rhythm, rhyme scheme, meter

* Sensuous Imageryauditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, organic, kinesthetic

* Figurative Language denotation and connotation, simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, metonymy, symbol, a"egory, paradox, overstatement, understatement, irony

PNU | College of Art | Department of English Language and Literature | Poetry | First Year

Sarabdulaziz © 2011

Poems* London, 1802

by Wi"iam Wordsworth

* Sonnet LIV by Edmund Spenser

* Sonnet XXIX by Wi"iam Shakespeare

* Dying by Emily Dickinson

* How Do I Love Thee “Sonnet 43”by Elizabeth Barrett Browning

* Excerpt "om Macbeth by Wi"iam Shakespeare

* The Mermaid by Author Unknown

* Acquainted with the Nightby Robert Frost

* The Road Not Takenby Robert Frost

* Traveling Through the Darkby Wi"iam Stafford

* Dreams by Langston Hughes

* The Negro Speaks Rivers by Langston Hughes

(Poetry Through the Ages- 1st Week)

Classical Period A. Greek PoetryThe earliest known western poetry consists of two acknowledged Greek masterpiece, The iliad and the odyssey. Both of these works are attributed to the legendary Homer.

The Iliad and The Odyssey are epics, that is they are long narrative poems about the deeds of heros.

The Greek used poetry not only to celebrate their heros but to instruct, to sing, to love and to enrich theatre through plays by such revered writers as Sphodes (c. 497-405 b.c)

B. Roman PoetryFrom its beginning, Latin or Roman poetry was heavily influenced by the Greeks.

The earliest Latin poetry was translation of Odyssey. Example. Lucretius who is in the first century B.C wrote on the nature of things, which has been called the west’s greatest philosophical poem, and Virgil who among other works wrote the celebrated natural epic, The Aeneid.

Medieval PeriodThe epic masterpiece of the age included the old English poem beowulf.

The great names among medieval poets included. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), and Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400).

The Renaissance In England:

The renaissance period started around (1509) .

The English renaissance extended until the restoration in (1660).

Metaphysical Poets The early 17th century saw the emergence of this group of poets who wrote in witty, complicated style. The most famous of the metaphysical is probably John Donne, others include Geurge Haerbert, Henry Voghah

The Romantic MovementRomanticism started in late 18th century western europe, the birth of Romanticism is often dated to the publication in 1798 of Wordsworth Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads.

Romantic poets include William Bloke, Lord born, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge, John Keats and Percy Shelley.

*It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom mithin or even from classical notions of form on art, and the rejection of established social conventions.

*It stressed the important of “nature” in language and celebrated the achieveents of those perceived as heroic individuals.



Victorian Poetry The Victorian period literary describes the events in the age of queen Victoria reign of (1837-1901)

* The Victorian area was period of great political, social economic change.

*The age provided a signification development of poetic indeeds such as the increased use the sonnet as poetic form which was influence later modern poets.

*The major Victorian poets were Alfred, Tord Tynnson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Matthew Arnold and Gerard Hopkins. Victorian Poetry was an important period in the history of poetry providing the link between the Romantic Movement and the modern.

Modern PoetryThe age of the modern poetry began in the early 20th century, at a time when poetry that had once predominately originated in England was being found in places such as Scotland, US, France.

*The British poetry movement of past centuries had begun to fact from view

*Examples of modern poets, Ezra Pound (1885-1972), Jane Joyce (1882-1941) and Joseph Conrad(1857-1924).



(Types of Poetry- 2nd & 3rd & 4th Weeks)

A: sonnets> basic sonnet types of sonnets:1- Italian 2- Spenserian 3- English

The Italian (or pavarchan) sonnet. Is divided into two sections by two different groups of rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines are called Octave and it rhymes:Abbaabba

The remaining 6 lines is called the Sestet and can have either two or three rhyming sounds or ranged in variety of ways cd cd cd - cddcdc - cdecde - cdeced - cdcedc Sonnet = 14. Octave= 8. Sestet= 6. Volta or turn 12= 4 lines = 3 groups (3 pattern) 8= quatrain 2= couple

The sestet never end with a couple cdde-reel The change of the idea or subject matter occurs at the beginning of lintel Italian sonnet and it's called the Volta or turn.The turn is an essential element of the sonnet from it's at the Volta that the second idea is introduced e.g Wordsworth Sonnet.

The Spenserian sonnet, invented by Edmund Spenser as an out growth of the stanza pattern he used in it faerie queen (ababb cbcc) has the pattern.Ababb cbccd cdee

* it consists of 3 quatrains (4 - line groups) * the first 12 lines from a single unit with a separated final couplet * the three quatrains then develop three distinct but closely related idea. With a different idea core commentary In the coupletThe actual turn occurs where the rhyme pattern changes with the couplet



Sonnet liv. 14 lines AB Quatrain (1)AB

BC Quatrain (2)BC

DE Quatrain (3)DE

F Couplet~> change idea when the couplet Volta or turn when coupletF



B: Odes Odes are large poems which are serious in nature. John Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to A Nightingale" are probably the most famous examples of this type of poems.

C: Lyric PoetryLyric poetry consists of poem, such as a sonnet are an ode. That expresses the thought and the feeling of the poet. The lyrics poet addresses the reader directly, portraring his or her own feeling, state of mind, or perception. Ex, 12 Dying by Emily Dickinson.

D: Narrative PoetryIs founded in different types of poetry such as Ballads and Epics. All of these Ex. Are different kinds of narrative poems some of which are the length of a book such as the Iliad and Paradise last.

E: refrain poetry The word "refrain" derives the old French word refrained meaning to repeat refrain poetry terms is a phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem. Usually after each stanza. Ex, The Mermaid.

F: Ballad poemsAre poems that tell a story similar to folktale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. Ex, The Mermaid.

G: free verse is form of poetry that refrains from mater patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern.

H: blank verse is a poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Ex. Iambic (U/) 5 pentameter "number of fee" : shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

STANZA in poetry, a unit with a large poem. Types of stanza: 2 couple, 3 triple, 4 quatrain, 6 sestet, 8 octave.William Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in blank verse.



(Musical Devices- 5th & 6th Weeks)

1. Alliteration is a repetition of the some or similar sounds at the beginning of words. Ex. Acquainted with the Night by Robert Frost.

2. Assonance is the repetition of vowels sounds "mad as a hater" Assonance doesn't occur simply by having the same vowels spelling .e.g lost, most.

3. Consonance is the repetition of final consonant sounds as in first, last. Odds, end.

4. Rhyme is the repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds, as in old, cold. Make, wake. Feign, rain.

A end rhyme, comes at the end of lines.B internal rhyme, places at least one of the rhymed words within the lines, as in: dividing, gliding, sliding.C masculine rhyme, one syllable (support + retort) D feminine, two syllable (turtle + fertile)

5. Onomatopoeia is the formation or use words which imitate sounds, like whispering, clang, popcorn. The turn is generally expanded to refer to any word whose sound is suggestive of its meaning.

6. Rhythm, is a musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables. "heartbeat"

7. Rhyme Scheme, is a regular pattern of rhyme on that is consistent throughout the extent. (write a letter next to each sound).

8. Meter, in poetry meter is recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in lines of set length.



There are 5 types of feet:

Example. Elizabeth browning sonnet 43

Iamb (iampic) unstressed+stressed 2 syllables

Trochee (trochaic) stressed+unstressed 2 syllables

Spodee (spodaic) stressed+stressed 2 syllables

Anapest (anapestic) unstressed+unstressed+stressed 3 syllables

Dactly (dactlyic) stressed+unstressed+unstressed 3 syllables

The types of meter and the line length:

Monometer 1 Foot

Dimeter 2 Feet

Trimeter 3 Feet

Tetrameter 4 Feet

Pentameter 5 Feet

Hexameter 6 Feet

Heptameter 7 Feet

Octameter 8 Feet



(Sensuous Imagery- 8th Week)

An image is language that addresses the senses (sensuous imagery) Types:1. Visual, represent a sight2. Auditory, represent a sound 3. Olfactory, represent smell4. Gustatory, represent taste5. Tactile, represent touch6. Organic, internal sensation such as hunger, thirst, fatigue or nausea7. Kinesthetic, represent a movement or tension in the muscles or joints

Other Poetic terms:Tone, it is the poet's attitude toward the reader, places and event in the specific work.The tone could be (serious or ironic), (sad or happy), (private or public), (angry or affectionate).

What are run-out lines?And end-stopped lines?



(Figurative Language- 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th weeks)

• Denotation and Connotation

• Simile

• Metaphor

• Personification

• Apostrophe

• Metonymy

• Symbol

• Allegory

• Paradox

• Overstatement

• Understatement

• Irony



(Paradox)

Paradox, is a statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements, but closer inspection may be true.Example, the pen is mightier than the sword.Example, if you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in frankness.Example, knives can harm you, heaven forbid Axes may disarm you, kid.Gaillotinens are painful but.There's nothing like a paper cut!

Oxymoron, condensed form of paradox in which two contradictory words are used together.Example, (sweet sorrow), (silence scream), (sad joy).

Irony, is a technique that reveals a disagreement between what appears to be and what is actually true.1. Verbal irony, is saying something different from what is meant.2. Situational irony, is when a situation occurs which is quit the revers of what one might have expected.

Allegory or parable,* a poem is the form of a narrative or story that has a second meaning beneath of surface one.* characters may be given names such as Hope, Pride, Youth, and Charity; they have few, if any personal qualities beyond their abstract meanings.Example, Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace.



(LONDON, 1802)

1.Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour:

2.England hath need of thee: she is a fen

3.Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,

4.Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,

5.Have forfeited their ancient English dower

6.Of inward happiness. We are selfish men;

7.Oh! raise us up, return to us again;

8.And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.

9.Thy soul was like a star, and dwelt apart:

10.Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea:

11.Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free,

12.So didst thou travel on life's common way,

13.In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart

14.The lowliest duties on herself did lay.



William Wordsworth Born | 7 April 1770Died | 23 April 1850England Literary movement | Romanticism

sonnet/ 14iambic pentameter

rhyme a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-d-e, c-e

meter1-8 octave - ABBAABBA9-14 sestet - CDDECE

* In the poem, William Wordsworth castigates the English people as stagnant and selfish, and eulogizes seventeenth-century poet John Milton.

* The underlined lines are images. * When a word written in this color

that mean it’s Apostrophe; because he’s talking to (absent, dead) person which is Milton.

* This color means Personification

(Sonnet LIV “54”)

1.Of this worlds theatre in which we stay,2.My love like the spectator idly sits3.Beholding me that all the pageants play,4.Disguising diversely my troubled wits.5.Sometimes I joy when glad occasion fits,6.And mask in mirth like to a comedy:7.Soon after when my joy to sorrow flits,8.I wail and make my woes a tragedy.9.Yet she, beholding me with constant eye,10.Delights not in my mirth nor rues my smart:11.But when I laugh she mocks, and when I cry12.She laughs and hardens evermore her heart.13.What then can move her? if nor mirth nor moan,14.She is no woman, but a senseless stone.



Edmund Spenser Born | c. 1552 Died | 13 January 1559 EnglandLiterary Movement | Renaissance

* Line 1. the word (theatre) is symbol of life where people act.

* From line 12. (hardens), and from line 14. (stone) they are Tactile images.

(Sonnet XXIX)

1.When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes,

2.I all alone beweep my outcast state,

3.And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,

4.And look upon myself and curse my fate,

5.Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,

6.Featured like him, like him with friends possess'd,

7.Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope,

8.With what I most enjoy contented least.

9.Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,

10.Haply I think on thee, and then my state,

11.Like to the lark at break of day arising

12.From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate;

13.For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings

14.That then I scorn to change my state with kings.



William ShakespeareBorn | 26 April 1564Died | 23 April 1616EnglandLiterary Movement | Renaissance

* ABAB CDCD EFEF GG* line 12. why is he singing? he’s

singing because he’s asking God for help.

* Line 12. (heaven’s gate) is a symbol of God.

* The writer was complaining till last 2 lines (irony- situational).

(Dying)

1. I heard a fly buzz when I died;

2. The stillness round my form

3. Was like the stillness in the air

4. Between the heaves of storm.

5. The eyes beside had wrung them dry,

6. And breaths were gathering sure

7. For that last onset, when the king

8. Be witnessed in his power.

9. I willed my keepsakes, signed away

10. What portion of me I

11. Could make assignable,-and then

12. There interposed a fly,

13. With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz,

14. Between the light and me;

15. And then the windows failed, and then

16. I could not see to see.



Emily Dickinson Born | 10 December 1830Died | 15 May 1886America Literary Movement | Realism and Modernism

* 4 Stanza * Lyric poetry* ABCB* The author expresses her feeling,

emotion, indeed.* line 1. Paradox; maybe she was

sleeping she want to make us think of her experience after death.

* Line 5. People around her crying.* The underlined lines have

religious meaning.* Lines 9, 10, and 11 are explaining

sadness.* Line 12. (interposed) means

something came between things; line 14.

* Line 15. eyes closing, Line 16. is the prove.

(How Di I Love Thee? “Sonnet43”)

1-How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.

2-I love thee to the depth and breadth and height

3- My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight

4- For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.

5- I love thee to the level of everyday's

6- Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight.

7- I love thee freely, as men might strive for Right;

8- I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.

9- I love thee with the passion put to use

10- In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.

11- I love thee with a love I seemed to lose

12- With my lost saints,–I love thee with the breath,

13- Smiles, tears, of all my life!–and, if God choose,

14- I shall but love thee better after death.



Elizabeth Barrett BrowningBorn | 6 March 1806Died | 29 June 1861EnglandLiterary Movement | Victorian era

* Sonnet/ 14* iambic pentameter* ABBA ABBA CDC DCD* the author wrote this poem to her

husband

(Excerpt from Macbeth)

1.Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow,

2. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,

3. To the last syllable of recorded time;

4. And all our yesterdays have lighted fools

5. The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!

6. Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player

7. That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

8. And then is heard no more: it is a tale

9. Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,

10. Signifying nothing.



William ShakespeareBorn | 26 April 1564Died | 23 April 1616EnglandLiterary Movement | Renaissance

* Unrhymed * iambic pentameter, Black verse

(The Mermaid)

1. 'Twas Friday morn when we set sail,2. And we had not got far from land,3. When the Captain, he spied a lovely mermaid,4. With a comb and a glass in her hand.

Chorus5. Oh the ocean waves may roll,6. And the stormy winds may blow,7. While we poor sailors go skipping aloft8. And the land lubbers lay down below, below, below9. And the land lubbers lay down below.

10. Then up spoke the Captain of our gallant ship,11. And a jolly old Captain was he;12. "I have a wife in Salem town,13. But tonight a widow she will be."

Chorus

14. Then up spoke the Cook of our gallant ship,15. And a greasy old Cook was he;16. "I care more for my kettles and my pots,17. Than I do for the roaring of the sea."

Chorus

18. Then up spoke the Cabin-boy of our gallant ship,19. And a dirty little brat was he;20. "I have friends in Boston town21. That don't care a ha' penny for me."

Chorus

22. Then three times 'round went our gallant ship,23. And three times 'round went she,24. And the third time that she went 'round25. She sank to the bottom of the sea.

Chorus



Author Unknown

* Ballad* Child ballad* They are in a ship.* Line 8. (below, below, below)

refrain. Line 14. and line 18. (gallant ship) refrain. Line 22. and line 23. (three times) refrain.

(Acquainted With The Night)

1. I have been one acquainted with the night.2. I have walked out in rain -- and back in rain. A3. I have outwalked the furthest city light.

4. I have looked down the saddest city lane.5. I have passed by the watchman on his beat B6. And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain.

7. I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet8. When far away an interrupted cry A9. Came over houses from another street,

10. But not to call me back or say good-bye;11. And further still at an unearthly height, A12. O luminary clock against the sky

13. Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.14. I have been one acquainted with the night. B



Robert FrostBorn | 26 March 1874Died | 29 January 1963America

* Example of alliteration * ABAAB* line 1. the word acquainted

means familiar.* Line 1. and line 14. refrain.

(The Road Not Taken)

1. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, choice A2. And sorry I could not travel both B3. And be one traveler, long I stood A4. And looked down one as far as I could A5. To where it bent in the undergrowth; future B

6. Then took the other, as just as fair, sudden decision 7. And having perhaps the better claim,8. Because it was grassy and wanted wear;9. Though as for that the passing there10. Had worn them really about the same,

11. And both that morning equally lay autumn imagery12. In leaves no step had trodden black.13. Oh, I kept the first for another day! decision changes everythin14. Yet knowing how way leads on to way, 15. I doubted if I should ever come back.

16. I shall be telling this with a sigh17. Somewhere ages and ages hence:18. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--19. I took the one less traveled by,20.And that has made all the difference.



Robert FrostBorn | 26 March 1874Died | 29 January 1963America

* iambic

(Traveling Through The Dark)

1. Traveling through the dark I found a deer2. dead on the edge of the Wilson River road.3. It is usually best to roll them into the canyon:4. that road is narrow; to swerve might make more dead.

5. By glow of the tail-light I stumbled back of the car6. and stood by the heap, a doe, a recent killing;7. she had stiffened already, almost cold.8. I dragged her off; she was large in the belly.

9. My fingers touching her side brought me the reason—10. her side was warm; her fawn lay there waiting,11. alive, still, never to be born.12. Beside that mountain road I hesitated.

13. The car aimed ahead its lowered parking lights;14. under the hood purred the steady engine.15. I stood in the glare of the warm exhaust turning red;16. around our group I could hear the wilderness listen.

17. I thought hard for us all—my only swerving—,18. then pushed her over the edge into the river.



William Stafford Born | 17 January 1914Died | 28 August 1993American

(Dreams)

1. Hold fast to dreams

2. For if dreams die

3. Life is a broken-winged bird

4. That cannot fly.

5. Hold fast to dreams

6. For when dreams go

7. Life is a barren field

8. Frozen with snow.



Langston HughesBorn | 1 February 1902Died | 22 May 1967American

(The Negro Speaks of Rivers)

1. I've known rivers:2. I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the 3. flow of human blood in human veins.

4. My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

5. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.6. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.7. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.8. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln 9. went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy 10. bosom turn all golden in the sunset.

11. I've known rivers:12. Ancient, dusky rivers.

13. My soul has grown deep like the rivers.



Langston HughesBorn | 1 February 1902Died | 22 May 1967American

poetry |1st year

Education

literature poetry

western poetry

year poetry

yeartypes of poetry

history of poetry

earliest latin poetry

romantic poets

english renaissance