17

Poh-imkvXw

Hcp t]\-bpsS AS∏v Xpd∂p ]nSn-°pI.kplr-Øns‚ Iøn¬ AS∏v sImSp-Øn´v HcpIÆ-S®p sIm≠v Ac-ao-‰-sd-¶nepw AI-e-Øp\n∂v \nß-fpsS Iøn-en-cn-°p∂ t]\-bn¬ AS-∏p-Xn-cp-Ip-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I.

F¥mWv kw -hn-°p-∂Xv? ImcWw Is≠-ØnFgpXq.

.........................................................................................

ap∂n-ep≈ hkvXp-°-fn¬ c≠p-I-Æp-Ifpw Htc-k-abw tIµo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv a\p-jy-\p-≠v. CXmWv Zznt\-X-Z¿i-\w (binocular vison).X≥aqew hkvXp-hn¬ \n∂p≈ AIew, hkvXp-hns‚ I\w XpS-ßn-b-hsb kw_-‘n®v IrXy-amb [mcW \¬Ip∂ Xnam-\-ImgvN (3Dvision) km[y-am-Ip-∂-p.

kqN-I-߃

¬ Xe-t®mdv Fßs\ kwc-£n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

¬ Xet®m-dns‚ ][m-\-s∏´ `mK߃ Gh?

¬ skdn-_hpw saUp√ Htªmw-tK-‰bpw LS-\bnepw ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Fßs\hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?

¬ Cµn-bm-\p- -h-߃ ]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬Xe-t®m-dns‚ ]s¶¥mWv?

¬ cmPp-hns\ ]Ir-Xn-Zriyw hcbv°m≥ klm-bn® Xe-t®m-dns‚ `mKw GXv?

ImWp-hm≥ c≠p IÆp-I-sf-¥n-s\∂ kwibwtXm∂p-∂n-t√? Hcp IÆp-sIm≠pamXhpwImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpat√m. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂]h¿Ø\w sNbvXp-t\m-°q.

tIƒhn°p ]n∂n¬ImgvN A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. CtX-co-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂bmtWmtIƒhnbpw km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv? sNhn-bpsS LS-\bpw ]h¿Ø-\hpw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v NphsS\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnXhpw hnh-c-Whpw kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p hni-I-e\w sNøq.

_mly-I¿Ww -B-¥-c-I¿Ww

A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc°pg-ep-Iƒ

a[y-I¿Ww

ihW\mUn

amen-bkv

C≥Ikv

t̸nkv

sNhn-°pSi_vZ-X-cw-K-ßsf I¿W\ m f - Ø n -te°v \bn-°p-∂p.

I¿W-\mfwi_vZ-X-cw-K-ßsf I¿W-]-S-Øn-te°v\bn-°p-∂p. CXnse sNdptcma-ßfpwI¿W-sa-gpIpw s]mSn-]-S-e-ß-sfbpwtcmKm-Wp-°-sfbpw XS-bp-∂p.

tIm¢nb Z h - ß ƒ\nd™ aq∂vAd -I - f p≈`mKw. CXn¬i_vZ-Km-ln-Iƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

bqtÃ-jy≥ \mfna [ y - I ¿ W s ØKk -\ n -b pamb n_‘n -∏n -°p -∂p.a[y-I¿W-Ønsea¿Zw Iao-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Hmh¬hn≥tUmtÃ]n-kns‚ Iº-\-Ø n - \ - \ p - k - c n ® vIº\w sNøp-∂p.

Aÿn-irw-JeI¿W-]-S-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Iº-\-ß-sfHmh¬hn≥tUmbn¬ FØn-°p-∂p.

I¿W-]SwI¿W-\m-f-Øns‚ D≈-‰-Øp≈kvXcw. i_vZ-X-cw-K-߃°\p-kr-X-ambn Iº\w sNøp-∂p.

NnXw˛1.12 sNhn-bpsS LS\

18

Poh-imkvXw

tamt\ h´w Id-ß-t√.. Xe-Np‰pw

tIƒhn amX-amtWm sNhn-bpsS [¿aw? \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnXw i≤n-°q.

tIm¢nbbpw ih-WhpwB¥-c-I¿W-Øn¬ H®ns‚ ]pdw-tXm-Sns‚ BIr-Xn-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-amWv tIm¢n-b.CXn-\p-≈n¬ aq∂v Ad-Iƒ D≠v. a[y- A-d-bn¬ F≥tUm-enw^v F∂ Zhhpw a‰p-c-≠-d-I-fn¬s]cn-enw^v F∂ -Z-hhpw \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. a[y- A-d-bnse Hm¿K≥ Hm^v tIm¿´nbnemWv(organ of Corti) i_vZ-Km-ln-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hmh¬hn≥tUm-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Iº\w s]cn-enw-^n¬ Iº\w D≠m-°p-∂p. CXv F≥tUm-enw-^n-te°v hym]n-°p-Ibpw i_vZ-Km-ln-IsfD±o-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. X∑qew D≠m-Ip∂ Bth-K-߃ ih-W-\m-Un-hgn Xe-t®mdnseih-W-tI-µ-Øn¬ FØp-∂p.

kqN-I-߃

$ _mly-I¿W-Ønepw a[y-I¿W-Ønepw B¥-c-I¿W-Ønepw Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂ `mK-߃,Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw [¿aw.

$ I¿W-]-S-Ønse Iº\w tIm¢n-b-bv°p-≈n¬ FØp-∂- hn[w.

$ Bth-K-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hn[w.

$ ih-W-\mUnbneqsS Bth-K-߃ FØp∂ `mKw

tIƒhn F∂ A\p- hw D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂v N¿®-sN-øq. \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ^vtfmNm¿´nse hn´p-t]mb `mK-߃ Iq´n-t®¿°q.

Xe-t®m-dnse ihW tIµw

i_vZ-X-cwKw sNhn-°pS

t¢m¢nb

19

Poh-imkvXw

kqN-I-߃

¬ icocXpe-\m-h-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Kmln-Iƒ Fhn-sS-sbms° ÿnXn-sNøp∂p?

¬ icocNe-\-߃ Xpe-\-\n-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ `mK-ß-fn¬ F¥p-am‰w hcp-Øp-∂p?

¬ h´w Id-ßn-bm¬ Xe-Np-‰p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°pw?

h´w Id-ßn-bm¬ Xe-Np-‰p-∂-sX¥psIm≠m-bn-cn°pw?\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-Whpw NnX-hpw (1.13) ^vtfmNm¿´pw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

..............................................................................................................................................................

sNhnbpw ico-c-k-¥p-e-\hpwB¥-c-I¿W-Øns‚ mK-amb A¿[-hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-epIfp-w shÃn-_yqfpamWv (vestibule) ico-c-Øns‚ Xpe-\-\ne ]men-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ F≥tUmenw^v (endolymph) F∂Zhw \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

A¿[-hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-ep-Iƒ ˛ Ch aqs∂-Æ-ap-≠v. bqSn-°nfn-t\mSv tN¿∂p-Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.CXns‚ Dcp≠ AK`mKamWv Bw]ype (ampulla). Bw]yp-e-bn¬ D≈ Kmln-Iƒ Xe-bpsSNe-\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v D±o-]n∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

shÃn-_yqƒ ˛ A¿-[hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-ep-I-tfmSp tN¿∂p-Im-W-s∏-Sp∂ shÃn-_-yqfn¬ bqSn-°nƒ (utricle), kmIyqƒ (saccule) F∂o c≠p k©n-Iƒ D≠v. Ch-bnse Kmln-Iƒ Xe-bpsSNe-\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v D±o-]n∏n°s∏Sp-∂p.

Xe-bp-sSbpwa‰p ico-c-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw

Ne\w

BthKw ih-W-\mUn

A¿[-hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-ep-Iƒ, shÃn-_yqƒF∂o `mK-ß-fnseF≥tUm-enw-^n¬

Ne\w krjvSn-°p-∂p.

Kmln-Iƒ D±o-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

skdn-s_√w t]io-]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n®vico-c-Xp-e-\-\ne km[-y-am-°p∂p

NnXw˛1.13. B¥-c-I¿W-Øns‚ mK-߃

Bw]-ype

A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc°pg-ep-Iƒ

bqSn-°nƒkmI-yqƒ

tIm¢nb

shÃn-_yqƒ

20

Poh-imkvXw

K‘w Adn-bm≥\mkm-K-lz-c-Øns‚ `nØn-bn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ LmWKmln-Iƒ K‘-I-Wn-I-I-fm¬ D±o-]n∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hmbp-hn-eq-sS-bmWv K‘-I-Wn-I-Iƒ aq°n-\p-≈n-te°v IS-°p-∂-Xv. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnXw (1.15.) A]-K-Yn®v K‘w- F∂ A\p- hw D≠m-Ip-∂Xpambn _‘-s∏´p \S°p∂]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ia-ambn ]´n-I-s∏-SpØq.

IÆnt‚bpw sNhn-bp-tS-bpw LS-\, [¿aw F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰nbpw Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xe-t®m-dn\p≈ \nb-¥-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-amWv \mw CXphsc N¿®sNbvX-Xv. a‰v Cµnbm-\p- -h-߃D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?

kzmZv Adn-bp-∂-Xv Fßs\?\mhnepw Ihn-fnepw sXm≠-bnepw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ kzmZpapIp-f-ß-fmWv kzmZv Adn-bp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. a[p-cw, Ibv]v, ]pfn, D∏v F∂o ]mYanI kzmZp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ hyXykvXkzmZpapIp-f-߃ D≠v. NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ NnXw (1.14) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv cpNn Adn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v a\- n-em°n ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

kzm-ZvKm-ln-Iƒ

kzm-Zpap-Ipf߃

Bth-K-߃ Xe-t®m-dnse cpNn-tIµ-Øn-te°v

kzmZpap-Ip-f-Øn-te-°p≈ kq£va kpjn-c-w

Ibv]v

]pfn-D∏v

NnXw˛1.14. \mhnse kzmZpapIp-f-߃

a[pcw

LmWKmln-

Lm-W\mUn

B-th-K-߃ skdn_-ØnseK‘-tI-µ-Øn¬ FØn-°p-∂p

LmW-Kmln

NnXw˛1.15. LmWKm-ln-Iƒ

t«jvaw

]Zm¿Y-I-Wn-I-Iƒ Dan-\o-cn¬

ebn-°p∂p

kzmZpap-Ip-f-ß-fnse kzmZvKm-ln-Iƒ D±o-]n-∏n°-

s∏-Sp∂p

\mUn

cpNn F∂A\p-`hw

21

Poh-imkvXw

$ K‘-I-Wn-I-Iƒ hmbp-hn-t\m-sSm∏w aq°n-\p-≈n¬ ]th-in-°p-∂p.

$ t«jvaZh-Øn¬ ebn®v K‘-I-Wn-I-Iƒ LmW-Km-ln-bn¬ FØp-∂p.

$ LmW-Km-ln-Iƒ D±o-]n®v Bth-K-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p.

$ ................. .................................................................................................................................................................

$

Xz°v ˛ G‰hpw henb ⁄mt\-µnbwXz°n-eqsS Ht´sd D±o-]-\-߃ \mw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠t√m. Ah GsXm-s°-bmWv? NnXw(1.16.) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Xz°nse Kmln-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bq.

Kmln-Iƒ D±o-]n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Bth-K-ß-ƒD≠mIp-∂p. Bth-K-߃ _‘-s∏´ \mUn-Iƒhgn Xe-t®m-dn¬ FØp-tºmƒ Ah A\p- -h-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. ssIhn-c-ep-I-fnepw ssI∏-Øn-bnepamWv G‰-hpw IqSp-X¬ Kmln-Iƒ D≈Xv.

\ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ß-sf-∏‰na\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw IrXy-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ⁄mt\-µnb-߃ \sΩ FX-amXw

klm-bn -°p∂psh∂p a\- n -em -b -t√m.⁄mt\-µn-b-߃°p ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬sshI-e-y -ßtfm tcmK-ßtfm D≠mImw.lkz-Zr-jvSn, Zo¿L-ZrjvSn XpS-ßnb t\X-ssh-I-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ ]Tn-®n- p-≠-t√m. Ch-bpsS Imc -W-߃, ]cn -lm -c -am¿K-߃F∂nh Is≠Øn NphsS \¬In-bncn-°p∂]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

NqSvkv]¿iw

thZ\ XWp∏v

a¿Zw

NnXw˛1.16. Xz°nse Kmln-Iƒ

22

Poh-imkvXw

IÆn-s‚bpw sNhn-bp-sSbpw a‰p sshI-ey-ßsf∏‰n-bp≈ kqN-\-Iƒ NphsS \¬I-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp i≤n-°p-I. Ah-sb-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

$ tIm¶Æv (squint) -c≠p IÆp-Ifpw Htc-h-kvXp-hn¬ tIµo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ. ikvX-In-b-bn-eqsS Cu sshIeyw ]cn-l-cn-°mw.

$ t•mt°ma (glaucoma) ˛AIzkv Zh-Øns‚ ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw XS- -s∏Sp∂-Xp-aqewIÆn¬ a¿Zw h¿[n-°p-∂-XmWv Imc-Ww. t•mt°m-a-aqew sd‰n-\-bnse Kmln-Iƒ°pw t\X-\m -Un°pw£Xw kw` -hn -°m -\p≈km[y-X-bp-≠v. XpS-°-ØnteNnIn-’n-®m¬ A‘X Hgn-hm°mw.

$ ]kv_-tbm-∏nb (presbyopia) -

a[y-h-b-kvI-cn¬ km[m-c-W-Im-Wp∂ ImgvNmsshIeyw.se≥kns‚ Cem-kvXn-IX\jvS-s∏Sp∂-Xp-aq-e-amWv CXp-≠m -Ip -∂-X v . ASp -Øp≈hkvXp -°sf hy‡-ambnImWm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-bm -Wn -X v . tIm¨shIvkvse≥kv D]-tbm-Kn®v CXp]cn-l-cn°mw.

$ Xnancw (cataract) ˛hr≤-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ImgvNmsshI-eyw. t\X-se≥kv AXm-cy-am-Ip-∂Xpaqew ImgvN-i‡n ItaW\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. se≥kv am‰n-h-bv°¬ ikvX-In-b-bmWv]cn-lm-cw.

$ _[n-cX ˛ tIƒhn -i‡n C√mØAhÿ. hnhn -[ -Im -c -W-ßfm¬ _[n-cX D≠m-Imw.

B[p-\nI Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e ioe-ßfpw \ΩpsS ⁄mt\-µnb-ß-fpsS Btcm-KysØ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°m-dp-≠v. Cuioe-߃ GsXm-s°-sb∂p Is≠Øn Ahaqeap≠m-Ip∂ Btcm -Ky ]iv\ -ßsfkw_‘n®v Hcp ¢mkvskan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n°q.

a\p-j-y\p amX-a√ F√m Poh-Pm-e-߃°pwCµnbm-\p-`-h-߃ D≠m-Ip∂p≠v. F∂m¬tIh-e-amb Cµnbm-\p-`-h-ßsf A\p-`q-Xn-bm°n am‰p-hm≥ a\p-j-y\p Ignbpw. Hcp]IrXn Zriyw Bk-z-Zn-°p-tºmƒ ImgvN,tIƒhn, kv]¿iw XpS -ßnb A\p -` -h -߃°∏pdw Ahsb√mw ka-RvP-k-ambnktΩ-fn-°p∂ Hcp ]pXnb A\p-`hw \ap-°p-≠m-Ip-∂p. AØcsamcp A\p-`qXn ]Zm\wsNøp-∂Xv Xe-t®m-dm-Wv. cmPp hc® ]Ir-Xn-Zr -iy-߃ AØ-c-samcp A\p-`q -Xn -bpsS_ln¿kv^p-c-W-am-Wv. Xe-t®m-dmWv ]Ir-Xnsb Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv \ap-°p Xcp-∂Xv.

Ahÿ ImcWw ]cn-lmcw

lkz-ZrjvSn

Zo¿L-ZrjvSn

23

Poh-imkvXw

XpS¿]h-¿Ø-\-߃1) Hcp km[m-cW kw`hw NphsS tN¿°p∂p AXv hni-I-e\w sNbvXv tNmZy-߃°p≈

DØcw Fgp-XpI.

$ h¿j-߃°p-tijw c≠p Ip´n-Iƒ I≠p-ap-´p-∂p, Ipiew tNmZn-°p∂p.

a) ChnsS \S∂ Cµnb]h¿Ø-\-߃ GsXms°?

b) Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-™-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ \S∂ \mUob]¿Ø-\-߃ GsXms°?

c) Bibhn\n-abw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v sNhnbpw Xe-t®mdpw Fßs\ klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p? hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

d) Cµn-b-ßfpw Xe-t®mdpw IqSn-t®¿∂v ]h¿Øn-°p∂ as‰mcp kµ¿`Øn\v DZm-l-cWwFgp-Xq.

2) NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ kml-Ncyß-fp-ambn _‘s∏´v \S-°p∂ \mUo]h¿Ø-\-߃Ia-ambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

a) anTmbn \pW-bp-tºmƒ a[pcw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

b) ]q°-fp-sS aWw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p.

c) -I-ºn-bn-eqsS \S-°p-tºmƒ k¿°kv Xmcw adn-™p-ho-gp-∂n-√.

3) ^vtfmNm¿´v sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ XncpØn hc-bv°p-I.

⁄mt\-µn-b-߃ Kmln-Iƒ D±o-]-\-߃ A\p-`hw

IÆv tdmUptImi-߃ ]Imiw ImgvNtIm¨tIm-i-߃

sNhn

aq°v

\m°v D∏v, ]pfn, a[p-cw, Ibv]v kzmZvXpS-ßnb kzmZp-Iƒ

Xz°v $ kv]¿iw$ thZ\$$

4) ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

D±o-]\w sU≥ssU‰v tImi-icocw

kn\m]vkv BIvskm-ssW‰v sXm´-SpØ \yqtdm¨

BIvtkm¨

sU≥tUm¨