policy matters but how? explaining non-compliance dynamics in the eu

8/22/2019 Policy Matters But How? Explaining Non-Compliance Dynamics in the EU

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P M B H?Explaining Non-Compliance Dynamics in the EU

Tj A. Bz, T Hfm d D P

No. 24 | February 2011

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 24| February 2011

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tfv P f E

Th KFG W P S v dm h h f h Kolleg-Forschergruppe m hm

v d . I m h dm xh h d d x

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[email protected].

Ch f h : Tj A. Bz, T Hfm, D P

Ed d d: F Ah, C Bh

Bz, Tj A./Hfm, T/P, D 2011: P M B H? Ex N-Cm Dm

h EU, KFG W P S, N. 24, F 2011, Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) Th Tfmv P f

E F Uv B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

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.fm.


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Policy Matters But How? | 3

Policy Matters But How?

Explaining Non-Compliance Dynamics in the EU

Tj A. Bz, Tb Hf d D Pk

Abstract

Th E U fm d hh zd. Nvh, h

, -m d fm m v

EU fm d v m. S f h m f m -

x, h , , d m. I - md x

d f hh -m d h q vd. Y, h h

v f h m v h v xd. Th h

d, , - v hh d m f x

-m. Bd qv , h h m f h fq

h hh EU vd, h f -m v m d v h d

f h fm d.


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T Ars

Tj A. Bz Pf f P S d hd h h f E

I h O Sh I f P S, F Uv B.

H h q f Gv, h

f Ez h d f d d h d

d f h E U. S O 2008, h d h Rh

C Th Tfmv P f E h h Thm R.

C: @zd.f-.d

Tb Hf v f vm h C f Wm

& M d h h PhD P S F Uv

B. H h d h m f

d . Bf j h f Wm

& M f, h f h Nh C f Gz d

Gv d h Whhd C f I

A.

C: [email protected]

D Pk L f P S h Uv C D.

H h f v d h -, d

, h d d f m,

Ez, mv E U , EU d-m

, md h f m d

z.

C: d.@d.


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Cnts

1. Id 6

2. N-Cm d P-V 7

3. P-Ex 12

4. R- Ex 18

5. C 27

L 29

Adx: Oz f P d C 33


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1. Id

N-m h , v hh zd m m,

mm, d fm m v v.1 Th fm

d f h E U (EU) m zd m m (h E

Cmm) h d d v v f EU L. Th E Cmm

fm d f dd f d -m d m

d h h v . Shd m f, h Cmm h djd

f h h E C f J (ECJ), hh d . F

h h f hh -m, h Cmm d h ECJ h

d h fm , hh h ECJ (f. Bz 2001). D

h v, -m d d mm .2

I dd, h fm f m v m v h f h EU

m d d h h m v fm . S h d , x h m v f mm -m.

Th f h -m h f m - x (.. K

1998; Hvd 2000; f vv f. Mh 1996; Ch 2001). I , -

md x d f hh -m d h f hh hh m

m vd (Bz . 2010). Y, h h v f h

vd v xd. W h h d h m f -

d x. Thf, h f - v3, hh h f

hh m f h fq f -m d v m d h f h

fm d. I dd, h h - v, h hh E m,

hh mx f , h d f E , h

fq f m v.

Th d h f . F, m h v f -m

d (2). Sq, dv - hh d qv hm

(3). V h fq f m d m dm

m d x d h h f h d.

F xm, h -m fm v, m- m

d h m f f h fm d d d m v

d m m- d m- . Sm, m v v

m dv . I d hm d

. T vm h d, d v m -d h. Nx -d

hh, d - hh d hm h qv mhd (4).

1 Cf. A . 2000; A/Sd 2000; D 1997; G . 1998; Gd . 2000; Hf/Sh

1997; Hd 1993; J 2000; Kh 2000; Kh . 2000; Smm 2000; Smh 2000; S S/

B 1997; Z 2001; Z/J 2005 m h.

2 Cf. D 1997; F . 2004; F . 2005; H 2007; Hvd 2000; M 2001; M

2003; S 2006; T 2003 m h.

3 F m m fv f h h d v f. Lm/U1998; K . 2005; S 2007; S/Rhd 2005; S/Kd 2008; T

2007; Hvd 2000; Hvd . 2008.


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Th v h h Dv d x E , h m f mm

mmm d h f fm m m. L,

mx f Dv hd hd h hh h f -m. F, -

d m fm m mm. Th d h -, -, d -

x f -m m, md. I m f -

v, hh EU- d f -m

(f. Bz . 2010). E m d mx h . Hh m h

Dv d h E aquis communautaire hh mx Dv q m

, dmv, , d v h Dv h m d d

x d Dv h mx. Th, h h hm

f d m h d mm f mx d

EU .

2. N-C d P-V

Wh h E U h v xdd v m, h mm

d fm f E m h h f h mm . Th

E Cmm h h h mm f

E (d A 226 ECT). Th fm d f v . Th

, d fm (m, , .) d Fm L, fm d d

d. Th fm fm d h h E Cmm Rd

O. Shd -m v m d, h E Cmm f h E C f J (ECJ). Th h djd h, hh d h d

jdm. If h mm f m, h Cmm d (A.

228 ECT), hh m d ECJ jdm d (f. Bz 2001).

Wh m h fq f -m d 1978 d 19994,

h mm h f E m m h

h. Od -m (DV1)5 dm dd .6 Wh

h h m f Rd O , h

hf f h h hd fm (f. Gh 1). Hv, h (..

) , mm v v v f h f v .

Ifm m v hh f vm .7

4 F m fm h d, f. Bz . 2007.

5 F m fm h d, f. Bz . 2007. I h f h , hh f -

x f -m, dh f dd v DV1 d

DV2/. Th dd v (DV1) m h fq hh -m . I d

Rd O, .. h f hh h Cmm h -m d. Th

d dd v (DV2) m h f -m. I fh dh

h d f -m v m (DV2) d h m f f h fm d

fm (DV2).

6 Th v v h h (f. Bz . 2007).

7 Th m hd f h j d hm . Hv, h dd


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Graph 1: DV1 Annual Reasoned Opinions per Legal Act (in %) by Policy, 1978-998

If h f -m (DV2) d f h , v d

. Wh E h h m fd ,

h -m h h m d d v. Wh

-m fmd m h h f

d d , fm d h h d d f h

f h f vd.

h h h Mh T 1993. Mv, j d hm h

q mmzd d md j A 226 fm d. Thf,

ddd xd h fm .

8 dm = Adm, = A, m = Cm, = Em d , d = Ed- d h, m = S , = E, v = Evm, = Fh, m = S m,

x = Tx, = T d E, d = Td.

0

5

10

15

ReasonedOpinionsperLegalAct(in%)

tra fis tax com agr adm eco edu ten emp sem env ent


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Graph 2: DV2a Average Duraon of Non-compliance (in Days) by Policy, 1978-99

A h v h d f -m (DV2) d h

dvd fm h (DV2), h h h

h v h f h fm d. I h

h h d m f fm ( f h m f h

), d h mdd d h (f. Gh 3). M f h h

m d d h . Th mh h h h

h v , h d h h . A, vm, d

m f m fm . B , d, m d

, d d h, d m f v f fm h d. Ov,

m h - -m m h f h fm

d (Gh 3).

0

2,0

00

4,0

00

6,0

00

8,0

00

DurationofInfringementsProceedingsinDays

ent agr edu ten eco tra com env sem emp tax adm fis


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Graph 3: DV2b Non-Compliance across Stages for Selected Policy Sectors, 1978-999

I d q hh h - v d h h vd,

z h f v h h v f dd v, .. DV1

d DV2/. F, h f -m d h OLS

(Md 1, T 1). I d , h q hh h m f

h dvd fm h d h f fm d

dd h h h fd . I d vd

, dd md (Md 2, T 1) d Cx hzd md (Md

3, T 1).

Fm h md T 1 m v h h v h h f -m. Th h, x, d d hv d

v hv m Rd O d v ( %) h h f

(f. Md 1, T 1). Wh h m f f h fm

d, hv h f m fm h, h

h hh (f. Md 2, T 1). D-, h

h , hh fm h f . A, d v m h E

9 A h m h 2 f h fm f h EU f-

m d xdd fm h h h f . I f, fm hm d , d d h, d d h md h fh (ECJ

Rf, A 228) h 1978-99.

0

10

20

30

PercentageofInfringements

1 2 3 4Stages: 1 Reasoned Opinions, 2 ECJ Referrals, 3 Rulings, 4 Referrals, Art. 228

agr emp ent env

fis sem tax ten


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h hv h h f vv, .. dd f

m h h h (f. Md 3, T 1).

Table 1: Policy Sectors and Infringements

Md: (1) (2) (3)

DV1 DV2 DV2

Adm 0.0112

0.0555

0.3487**

0.1492

-0.5730***

0.1537

Cm -0.0031

0.0425

0.2150

0.1821

-0.3835***

0.1405

Em & F

A

0.0278

0.0729

0.5151**

0.2312

-0.2014

0.1997

Ed & Rh 0.8580***0.1369

0.3444***0.0772

-0.5411***0.0662

E 6.8655***

0.7353

-0.2459***

0.0553

0.1051**

0.0471

Evm 3.6017***

0.4348

0.4077***

0.0528

-0.3579***

0.0479

Fh -0.0689*

0.0375

0.8810***

0.1806

-0.8927***

0.1183

S M 1.1717***

0.1127

0.1771***

0.0542

-0.4808***

0.0452

Tax -0.0582**

0.0234

0.4575***

0.0787

-0.5485***

0.0618T & E 0.4165***

0.1239

0.2055***

0.0757

-0.0890

0.0683

Td -0.1581***

0.0199

0.2819

0.2455

-0.2524

0.1815

C 0.1676***

0.0195

C P 1 0.6532***

0.0366

C P 2 1.1998***

0.0384

C P 3 2.2336***0.0545

Tm Dmm

Ov 273 5,462 4,591

Adjd R-qd 0.74

Tm R 2,974,371

R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd . *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.


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3. P-E

I d x h d m fd d h fm m d,

h , d h f h m d d m d h

fm h, h hd dv -d hh h f -m

(DV1) d (DV2), v. Th md mh d h I R

(IR) f h x m d mm , hh -d d

hd d v. Hv, h x. A h m h

hhh d v d -v (Mj 1993), dv d

dv (Wdh-H 1980), d m-/v d m-/

v (Z 1997).

Mj h h f fm d d-m

v h E v, m d m h

m h mm f E h dm v. Rv m

-m h h -v h fm m hh ,

hh h mm h mh h (Mj 1993). Wdh-

H (1980) f m h d h x hh h d .

S d m h -dv h h dv h

mm f h dm v. U dv , dv

f d (W 1980). Sm fm dv

, h h hv f hm. Th f h dd, m,

d (hf) fm v m (O 1965) v

h mm d h fm f dv E , h

-m. Thd, fm mh hv d v h

fm h , .. dd m d d . Th hd h m f

h f mm . P , hh h EU h mhv v

m (d ), xd m h hh d m fm h

hh h EU v m . Th d h , h m

mm mh h h m h h mm d

fm f mhv d f h .10

Table 2: Policy-specic Hypotheses Part 1

Rv Rdbv Scope

If h f

v, x m

-m h -v

.

If h f

dv, x

m -m h -

dv .

If h f

h d v ,

x m -m

h h m

.

10 Smh m h h f z ( h hf), hh dd S-/Kd 2008 h x hh dv h h , hh dd

mmd fm dm (11).


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F, Z h v h f -m v, m-

v v, m-m dm, h v/m- h

h m fd (Z 1997; Bz . 2003). Th d h v

m-m d q mm dv d h

f , fm f h h f f m f.

B , v d j m h m f d f m E,

x q f d (Shf 1999; W 2005). Th

d mm f v d m hh , h m

f mm -m. Hv, Z m d h. I f,

h hhz h f d mm h

hd d d h h f h d mm h h hd

(Z 1997). M , h h E fm v

v -m () f mm vm , .. h

dm h h mz d h h h

m , d () h m h d fm h h

h . E Z, h f

vm , f vm m hd m m h

v m d f mm (f. Bz . 2003). I h x, vm

m f d v (d h hh, h h m f v

), hh h mm f f h h hv

(-) (A/Rh 1995; Hvd 2000; T 2002; L 2007). T h, d

h f dd -d hh, h f hh . Th

hh mmzd T 3.

Table 3: Policy-specic Hypotheses Part 2

Pv I

If h f h v

h, x m -m

h v .

Wh d v f vm , h -

m m f v

m m d.

Wh d v f vm m, h -

m m f v

m m d.

Th -m m f v

m h m h

d h fm f EU h f

.

A f h q z f h d. Th xm d,

hh h v d, f, v E h v

d dv m d m m f m d f m , v.

Th h v d hv fd z hh h fd hz (Shf 1996, 1997; Z 1997, 2002). Y, v h v f dvd , h


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z f v m d. Sd h mhd h

mh m d d h h d md Shf m v.

W m h z h h EU m hv h , d

m-v h d h m m vd hv h

dm h dm h f . O z d m

vd m h .

Table 4: Policy Sectors and their Characteriscs

C: Rv Rdbv Scope Pv

Adm

A X

Cm X X

Em & F A X

Ed & Rh X X

S A X X X X

E X X X

Evm X X X X

Fh X

S M X X

Tax X

T & E X X X

Td X X

W d h h hv dm m- h, h

h h m m-m , h. Th f h EU h

m- (A. 136 ECT) m mv v d d

hh d f. I m v, environmental policy dd m

f d d d dd h vm (A. 174-176 ECT).

F, h research policym mv h mv f E d, d

v m m- m, d d h (A. 163

ECT).

A f h f , h d h f agriculture,

environment, social aairs, d single market. Th m dv ..

fm h q h vm d fm d-d

h d f . Fh d x, , v v f .

F, h Mj d f h EU (Mj 1997), m

hv d dm h. Ex administraon, agriculture d


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sheries policies. Wh h fm d m f f h dvd , agricultural

policies hv h dv d dv d m d d m m

dd d hv. Th m hd fsheries, hh v, hv,

m dv m f m h d. I

m v, social aairs, enterprise, environmental policy d transport and energy policies v

m h dv m, d h .

Empirical Findings

Hv dd h - h h -m d z f

v, m m h dvd hh. I m

h d d d h hh. T h - hh,

j d d h h h f . Th m hh

v m Rd O dd fm v -v, dv

-dv, . . A h f Z v hh m f

- d mm - v, d d h h f h .

Th f f Md 2 d 3 f T 5 h v v v , .. f h

h v f h -m h v d

-m h v . F, h hd f Z v hh,

hv dh -m h d h h d h

h h d . Th f h Md

1 f T 5, h v d fm .

T 5 h h h v f mh h fq f -m

(f. Md 5, T 5), h h Mj Wdh-H d m m

h m h q f m (f. Md 1 d 5, T 5). Wh f h

mm - v, h m vd f Z m h v mh

dd f d f mm h v . Th v

m- d m f fm E

(f. Md 2 d 3.T 5). A, h f h v hh

d (f. Md 3, T 5). Wh h m f v d h

h h f d h m f fm, v d. Th

v d h v dmm d h vm

d h m d h -m m f v

. Th f h h v v hh.


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Table 5: Policy-specic Explanaons of the Occurrence of Non-compliance11

Md: 1 2 3 4 5

Policy:

Rv 1.49881.1350

0.01950.6936

Rdv 2.1744

1.4292

0.7559

0.7116

S 0.8490

0.4823

0.9354**

0.4244

Pv -0.4298

1.4391

1.5845***

0.2078

1.2873***

0.1619

0.5909

0.9366

0.2608

1.0586

Phase:

A -0.2455

0.6163

0.0072

0.6274

Power:

GDP 0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

Sh S. Idx 0.0341

0.0203

0.0341

0.0204

Capacity:

GDP -0.0037

0.0093

-0.0037

0.0093

E -0.4888***

0.0543

-0.1696*

0.0791

C 0.7973

0.6483

0.4884

0.4500

Interacon Eects:

SSI * E 0.0127

0.0094

0.0127

0.0095

P. * E -0.6385***

0.1813

P. * C 0.6177

1.2140

P. * A -0.6650

0.9823

-0.9176

0.9624

C -1.0556

1.0696

-0.5695

0.6143

-0.4209

0.6143

0.5204

0.6068

-0.5652

0.4818

Tm Dmm

Ov 252

P Y

464

Nv

v. Pv

C Y

464

Nv

v. Pv

C Y

564

T

v.

522

T

v.

Adj. R-qd 0.33 0.44 0.47 0.00 0.12

R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd h mm (Md 2 d 3)d (Md 1, 4, d 5). *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.

11 Th z f h d v xd Adx.


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Table 6: Policy-specic Explanaons for the Persistence of Non-compliance

Md: (1) (2) (3) (4)

Policy:

Pv 0.2969***

0.0770

0.2368***

0.0756

-0.2709***

0.0552

-0.2486***

0.0739

Power:

GDP 0.0001*

0.0000

0.0001*

0.0000

-0.0000

0.0001

-0.0000

0.0001

Sh S. Idx 0.0033

0.0110

0.0038

0.0107

-0.0177**

0.0082

-0.0179**

0.0085

Capacity:

GDP 0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

-0.0000

0.0000

-0.0000

0.0000

E -0.2317***0.0248

-0.2119***0.0404

0.0585***0.0196

0.05050.0359

C 0.4530**

0.1973

0.4831*

0.2685

-0.3524

0.2184

-0.3306

0.2479

Interacon Eects:

SSI * E -0.0017

0.0060

-0.0016

0.0058

-0.0017

0.0052

-0.0018

0.0051

Pv * E -0.0808

0.0769

0.0307

0.0836

P. * C -0.1583

0.7477

-0.1028

0.3447

C 1 0.6701***0.2211

0.6576***0.2226

C 2 1.2113***

0.2242

1.1989***

0.2253

C 3 2.2244***

0.2410

2.2120***

0.2406

Tm Dmm

Ov 5,181 5,181 4,377 4,377

R-qd 0.0216 0.0217

Tm R 2,905,849 2,905,849

R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd h mm (Md 2 d 3)d (Md 1, 4, d 5). *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.

W h - hh f h f -m (DV2). H, f

h v m hh v v v d h

-d d -d v.12 F h, h m d d f

Md 2 d 3 f T 1, d hm h dmm v h dh v

d v d h h v d vm m d

vm .

12 W d h f h h v (f. T 5) h d d f -m, dd d . Thf, d h v

v v hh T 6.

Nm f S (DV2) D (DV2)


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T 6 v h -m fm v d h m f

f h EU fm d d d. F h , hv, m m d

hh mm hv v d/ m dm v . N f h

hhzd vm , vm m, d

.

Ov, h vd f -m mxd. Hv, h mh m d

h z f h v h h f . Th m

h f h hh fm h v f h dvd d h

v. Ov, h m h m hm,

f v h d dm h hmv. Wh m vm

hv v h, h d . Sm hv d ,

h hv . Sm h f v mm

, h v . I d h m, h x f h dvd h m h .

4. R-S E

Wh m v , m xm d f d

, h v v v dv v -dv. F m

hd hh h v m- v h

h dv. S h h h mj m f h dvm

d f hh, d. W d

h h h f h h fd md h

(DV1).

A h , d d dd v, .. h m (DV2) d h m

f f h fm d (DV2) f dvd f -m

d. Wh h d f h v , h f

mhd h, hh d h m. I , h m h

hv h v -m d v (Bz . d v) h v

f h dd v f (DV2) h v q, ..-m. M , h m m . Sv,

hh -, -, d - f h h d f fm

d d m fm h f h EU fm d. Hv,

h q hh v v h dd v f dd h f

, hh f dd m v. Bh m f h q m

d -m d d m f (d ) hh h

v h dm h d m f . H, x d, h f

-m h m h x ddd. Hv, h dvm f

m hq f d d md h d vv d dd md

h d x (Bhm . 2006; Kh 2007; Bhm/M 2008).


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F xv h dd v, -, m q

d h d fm h zd 3. W d md d hh

dvd hv md h , m, f h EU mm

d d h (dd v) f h f h h d. A

fm f dd v f h m h 10,000 E f

v h d 1978-99 d h f h , f h 1993 d fm

118 EU Dv h m f h . Th 1993 v m f h

1978-99 -m d. I h v m (f. Gh 4, v h): I,

Bm, G, P, d F h fm h f m d,

h Dm, h Nhd, Lxm, d h UK fd v f f h 1993 EU

Dv.13 Thf, hd d f - f -

m fm h m f h v f fm h E U.

Graph 4: Infringements on 1993 Direcves versus Average Annual Infringements14

13 Th d h h f m d f Dv, h d . Sm f h d,

, f h m Dv v m. F , h Cmm h d f-

m d f fm C Dv 93/37/EEC h d f d

f h d f F v m 1993. Thf, Bm, F, d

G x m fm h I (44 ), hh d h

m f m f fd . Hv, hd d h f h 118 EU Dv

d 1993 hv v fd mm d Dv C D -

v 93/13/EEC f m m h fd m h EU mm.

14 Th h h h h m f h 118 EU Dv h m f 1993 h h fh EU 12 mm fd 1993 d 1999. Th h h h d h v

m f fm f E EU 12 mm h 1986-1999.

0

10

20

3

0

40

50

ReasonedOpin

ions

DN NL LU UK IR ES DEFR PRGRBE IT

Infringements on 1993 Directives

DN NL LU GB IR ES DE FR PR GR BE IT

Average Annual Infringements


20/35


L d fm - d f mm -v (Gh 5),

h h v h h hh 1993 EU Dv fm h h vd

fd . D , f h m f Dv h m f

h 1993 h h m f Dv h mm

f . Wh h 46 Dv h d h d 36 h

d h h E m, Dv dd m. Th v

mm f m h f v h , , d x Dv.

C, m mm m h m Dv m f h m.

Graph 5: Reasoned Opinion per 1993 EU Direcve (in %) by Average Member State

H x h m f h 118 Dv fd ? Wh m h h

vd d fm h h md h? A, h d m mm f

m f h Dv h h d ? T h q, h

d m, mx, d m d dv v hh, m fm

mm d Ez h, h mm h, fm h, d

v h z h f v h x f

(d).15

F, h dvd h f , z h f h

f E h h fd . A f h m m -

m h, v f v, h q v

, hh h mh (D . 1996; M 1992) d (Ch/

15 Cf. S 2007; Hvd . 2008; d S/Kd 2008.

0

10

20

30

40

ReasonedOpinionsperlegalact(in%),averageMS

com ten sem env agr ent emp tax


21/35


Ch 1993). R h m d x dd, , , m

v h, v d d q (mj) vm f , dmv,

, v (Bz 2005; H . 2001). H h

hm d -m hd v . A E m x E

, , h, f d m hh.

Table 7: Mist Hypotheses

E M D M

Th hh h m x d

E m, h m fm.

Th hh h m E d

x dm m, h m

fm.

T h m hh, z h M 2003, Kd 2006, d

Hvd/Rmj 2007 hh h m f x E , hh h Dv

d , h v m h h h Dv fd . Nh h

hh h dd v dh h mm h E m

h m f . Th h f dm m. N E

m h x mm h h. W z h

dm m h h m f m h mm (d )

d mm E Dv. Th m hd h z h

h h m f d m, h h m h E

Dv d x dm m. Thf, x h h m m,

m m h mm f EU .16

Sd, mm d fm h x h h mx f E

Dv hd h h f fd . Th mm h -m

m h fm v (Ch/Ch 1991, 1995). Ev f m h

E , h vd fm d f h v d h m

. O f -m mx m. U f v

-m mm m h hv

f h h m d h hd d. Hh mx f m d

qm. Cmx Dv q m , dmv, , d

v h , h f h f -m. Th, h

mm h x h m mx d h f vd.

Th fm h m h v m f -m

xd (D 1998; D . 1996). Cmd mv m, hh

Dv hd v m f h -v f h d

16 F d z f dm m h x f d f dv h

Nhd (f. M 2003). Kd (2006) d dm m. Hv, h h

h h , h h m f d f mm x d-

f h E Dv h dm v h h f h D-

v mh d .


22/35


mm. Th, - m d -m f h fm.

A, hh m h m f mm h mm

d h E (H 1980; F 1980; Wdh-H 1980), hh

h h h m vd.

Table 8: Complexity and Precision Hypotheses

M A C Enforcement Approach to Precision

Th hh h mx f E m, h

m h fd .

Th hh h f E m, h

m h fd .

H d z h mx d h f E Dv? Uf, h

f mh d. W h d d f h mm f

mx: Th m f Dv , h m f x h, d

h m f d.17 A h f h v hhzd v d

mx d hf h f -m d h mm h.

P . W z h d: h m f x

Dv h d h Dv h m f d. Bd h fm h,

x h hh f -m.

I h m v, dq m, hh m h hvd,

m f v -m (Ch/Ch 1991, 1995). EU mm d

m , mm, d f Dv. If mm d v

m, -m m vd (f. M 2003; S/Rhd 2005; Kd

2006; Hvd . 2008). Dm mh m () qd mm

d f d h . Th d m. N d m

f h f -m h mh m mm v EU

Dv, h mh m h . Th mm d mm

E (d h dd), h hh h h h h h

h Cmm d h h Cmm h hm, .. fm

d.18

17 Sm d h m f d h h f x d f h mx f E-

. I, h h h f Dv d d h m f

d h hh mx, xv x hh d h h f

, m d m hd (f. S/Kd 2008).

18 M f h v d h f E Dv h d f

m v, h dd v f. Wh d dmd f

-m h , (M 2003, Hvd . 2008, S/Kd 2008, d hz h m Dv (d h dd) d hh h

Cmm d mm v E .


23/35


Table 9: Time Hypotheses

T Tb R- Id

Th m m mm d

E m, h fm.

Th mm

E m, h m h h

Cmm fm d/h

fm dd.

T m h f m vd d m , z h f h m f d

h f E Dv d h dd -m,

h hd, d h m f d h dd d h d f h d

m, h h hd.

Empirical Findings

N, , h md, hh - v

hv h h EU Dv d 1993 fd mm

, d md. Th f h mm -Dv. Th dd

v f m hh fm d f 1993 d

1999. Th dd v f h d m h mm

f Dv.

Table 10: Mist, Complexity, Time, and Infringements

Md: (1) (2) (3) (4)

P C P C

Mist:

Pv EU A -0.1785***

0.0633

-0.1381

0.0872

-0.1133**

0.0498

-0.0902

0.0748

N Im -0.0281

0.0216

-0.0292

0.0235

0.0123

0.0132

0.0132

0.0130

Complexity/ Precision:

A Cd 0.0037

0.0160

0.0175

0.0191

0.0408***

0.0129

0.0575***

0.0155

A Chd 0.0336

0.0260

0.0278

0.0312

0.0374**

0.0181

0.0489**

0.0204

Wd 0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Time:

Dd 0.0004*

0.0002

0.0003

0.0003

0.0003*

0.0002

0.0004

0.0002

Id 0.0009***

0.0001

0.0008***

0.0001

C -1.1322***

0.1206

-1.8720***

0.1613

-0.9282***

0.1031

-1.7657***

0.1514

P Dmm

Ov 1079 1079 1320 1320

Pd R-qd 0.1824 0.1072 0.0216 0.0189

R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd . *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.


24/35


T 10 h h h m m f h f - hh.

Th vd h, h Dv d x E , h m

f mm mmm d h f (P Md 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, d 11 f

T 10) v ( d Md 6 d 10 f T 10) fm m m. Hv,

h d m hh h f dm m d d. Th

mh m d d h h h z f dm m v h

m f m v d. I f, f f h dm m

hh v m dd fh d h m

d f vm m d (Md 9-12 f T 10) (f. Bz . 2010),

d m h h m f dm v h h m d

-m dd.

Table 10: Mist, Complexity, Time, and Infringements (connued)

Md: (5) (6) (7) (8)

P C P C

Mist:

Pv EU A -0.1797***

(0.0641)

-0.1454*

(0.0803)

-0.2266**

(0.0923)

-0.1690

(0.1099)

N Im -0.0086

(0.0181)

-0.0087

(0.0171)

-0.0021

(0.0177)

-0.0005

(0.0158)

Complexity/ Precision:

A Cd 0.0075(0.0160)

0.0267(0.0168)

0.0103(0.0192)

0.0263(0.0189)

A Chd 0.0353

(0.0271)

0.0270

(0.0292)

0.0344

(0.0289)

0.0184

(0.0312)

Wd 0.0000

(0.0000)

0.0000

(0.0000)

0.0000*

(0.0000)

0.0000*

(0.0000)

Time:

Dd 0.0004*

(0.0002)

0.0004

(0.0002)

0.0004*

(0.0003)

0.0003

(0.0003)

Id 0.0009***

(0.0001)

0.0007***

(0.0001)

0.0009***

(0.0001)

0.0007***

(0.0001)

Power:

GDP 0.0001

(0.0002)

0.0002

(0.0002)

0.0001

(0.0002)

0.0001

(0.0002)

SSI 0.0655*

(0.0369)

0.0975*

(0.0512)

0.0699*

(0.0383)

0.1026**

(0.0508)

Capacity:

GDP -0.0000

(0.0000)

-0.0000

(0.0000)

-0.0000

(0.0000)

-0.0000

(0.0000)

E -0.4601***

(0.1151)

-0.7648***

(0.1860)

-0.4976***

(0.1235)

-0.7782***

(0.1827)

C 0.8333

(0.5483)

0.8824

(0.6143)

0.8947

(0.5508)

0.9352

(0.6091)

Interacon Eects:


25/35


SSI * E 0.0387

(0.0246)

0.0819**

(0.0390)

0.0416

(0.0263)

0.0828**

(0.0384)

C -1.4996***

(0.1581)

-2.5399***

(0.2273)

-0.9823*

(0.5868)

-2.0174***

(0.4810)

P Dmm no no Ov 1079 1079 1067 1079

Pd R-qd 0.2230 0.1436 0.2405 0.1585

A hf f h md md T 10 (3, 4, 7, 8, 11, d 12), d f h

m mx m, .. m mx EU Dv m fd .

Th fm hh d , h h f Dv

(h Md 7 d 8 h x T 10) d h

h m f d d -m h d md. F, d h f Dv h h h

Cmm m fm d h v . Th f h

m d f - . A , f m , h d

h m m h h xd h m h m h mm v h

f , mm, d f dm. C

f h m f h mm h d m hh, x

dd h h m m .

I Md 5-12 f T 10, f mm d v. I h,

h hd, h d d E v m hh d h f

h v. Th , h f h m f Dv d d h m

mm h Dv . O h h hd,

h m -d v d , hh x

h f -m mm h h d (Bz . 2010)

d d h h f fm. Th h h h d

fm 1993 EU Dv f h v f fm EU

1978 d 1999.


26/35


Table 10: Mist, Complexity, Time, and Infringements (connued)

Md: (9) (10) (11) (12)

P C P C

Mist:Pv EU A -0.1820***

(0.0648)

-0.1461*

(0.0774)

-0.1178**

(0.0513)

-0.0949

(0.0703)

N Im -0.0166

(0.0250)

-0.0011

(0.0226)

0.0249

(0.0264)

0.0130

(0.0202)

Interacon Eects:

N. Im *

E

0.0397

(0.0312)

0.0485

(0.0328)

0.0188

(0.0291)

0.0082

(0.0292)

N. Im *

C

-0.7432**

(0.3118)

-0.5385*

(0.2789)

-0.3792**

(0.1751)

-0.3693*

(0.1909)

Complexity/

Precision:

A Cd 0.0101

(0.0162)

0.0277

(0.0170)

0.0441***

(0.0132)

0.0596***

(0.0147)

A Chd 0.0412

(0.0287)

0.0266

(0.0306)

0.0415**

(0.0194)

0.0487**

(0.0208)

Wd 0.0000

(0.0000)

0.0000

(0.0000)

0.0000

(0.0000)

0.0000

(0.0000)

Time:

Dd 0.0005*

(0.0002)

0.0004

(0.0002)

0.0003*

(0.0002)

0.0003

(0.0002)

Id 0.0009***

(0.0001)

0.0008***

(0.0001)

Power:

GDP 0.0001

(0.0002)

0.0002

(0.0002)

0.0002

(0.0002)

0.0003

(0.0002)

SSI 0.0541

(0.0380)

0.0877*

(0.0509)

0.0605*

(0.0325)

0.1104**

(0.0537)

Capacity:

GDP -0.0000*

(0.0000)

-0.0000*

(0.0000)

-0.0000*

(0.0000)

-0.0000*

(0.0000)

E -0.4684***

(0.1221)

-0.7916***

(0.1850)

-0.5801***

(0.1047)

-1.0017***

(0.2050)

C 1.0212*

(0.5365)

1.1583**

(0.5841)

0.9290**

(0.4671)

1.1121*

(0.5830)

Interacon Eects:

SSI * E 0.0334

(0.0252)

0.0802**

(0.0381)

0.0494**

(0.0225)

0.1083**

(0.0442)

C -1.5731***

(0.1652)

-2.6130***

(0.2242)

-1.3380***

(0.1393)

-2.5249***

(0.2318)

Ov 1079 1079 1320 1320

Pd R-qd 0.2332 0.1489 0.09452 0.07544


27/35


Ov, h m 10 d h d f dvd hh h h h

-m m-dm hm h f d m ddd

fm , , d v. Ev h hh h f

mm d , Dv h, d dmm h md,

d f hh fm h f h v. Th v m

v h, hh -, -, d - v.

5. C

D IR , m h m f -d x f h

d f -m. I v , d h h d d

md x h f h vd v m dm (Bz . 2010).

Y, m v h md xd f. Th dv h m h hh

mv d -d h d - d - v. T h d,

md h fq f -m d d. Th v h m

m vd h h ( h fm h , j d hm

, d vm d) d h m v q m m d m f h

fm d h d ( h fm h h, dm, d

x d). B, h x m d h h fq f

v d h fm f -m m? I 3, dv

hh d dv h h, h h dm mm,

m, d . Th qv f h hh v h

h d f d (.. v, dv, d dv),

h d m- d m- v f h

m v -m h v. Th m f h h h m

d h m h d d h dd dm.

F , m d v d v m v

. I dd, v hv dv d-. W ddd m d

h dd f (S 1970) d f - v h h h h

f h d. T h d d d d mdf x Ez, mm,

mm, d fm h, dv hh d E m, h

mx d f m, m, d d 4 f h . T

h hh, dd d, hh Dv h d f

1993. Th d d m m d -m f dvd EU

Dv, d Dv dvd, - h . Wh -

hh, h h m mx f Dv hd hd h

hh h f -m. A, h Dv d x E ,

h m f mm mmm d h f fm m. L,

, d h f Dv h h h h Cmm

fm d h d mm .


28/35


Th dm h x f -, -, d -h

f md. T hh h f mm d ,

- v, d dmm md, fd f h f h

v: C h hh ( ) m v EU h

f h d. C h v m h h

h m h h hv , mm, d f (f. Bz

. 2010). A h m m, h h mm v mx d

m- d m h d h fm

hzd v . A, mm f EU m f

h E m hh. Th, h v m v h, hh

m dd v h v h d , , d

.

Bd h d h, h m h f f m h.

F, d h d f h hh dvd 3 f h

. Th h fm f E v h d m

h z f d h v, dv, d, m-m,

m-. A x d h mf d h v f h

d d dvd E , , dv, d d h

dm. Wh h f, d , v h m h 10,000 E

f. Th d h f f h m d , mhd.

H - hh f d dd v, .. h f -

m v m d v h d f h fm d? A d , h

q - md h m d d md h hd h

vv d dd md h h d f h -dm m

h h x f h m fm f E hd

h h d h d m f h EU fm d vm -

m m h h.


29/35


L

Abbo, Kenneth W./Keohane, Robert O./Moravcsik, Andrew/Slaughter, Anne Marie/Snidal, Duncan 2000:

Th C f Lz, : I Oz 54/3, 401-419.

Abbo, Kenneth W./Snidal, Duncan 2000: Hd d S L I Gv, : IOz 54/3, 421-456.

Alesina, Alberto/Rosenthal, Howard 1995: P P, Dvdd Gvm, d h Em,

Cmd.

Auer, Astrid/Demmke, Christoph/Polet, Robert1996: Cv Sv h E f h F: C

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Boehmke, Frederick J/Meissner, Christopher M. 2008: Md Sm S f D h Tm-

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f P Mhd, 25h A Smm Cf, 9-12 J 2008, A A, MI.

Boehmke, Frederick J./Morey, Daniel S./Shannon, Megan 2006: S B d C-Tm

D Md: Cq d Pd S, : Am J f P

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Brzel, Tanja A. 2001: N-Cm h E U. Ph S Af?, :

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Brzel, Tanja A./Hofmann, Tobias/Panke, Diana (d v): O, Rf, d Jdm.

Az Ld P f N-Cm.

Brzel, Tanja A./Hofmann, Tobias/Panke, Diana/Sprungk, Carina 2010: O d I. Wh

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Brzel, Tanja A./Hofmann, Tobias/Sprungk, Carina 2003: Eh v Rh j d N.

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Braugam, Deborah 1996: S C d Ev Gv, Wh, DC.

Chayes, Abram/Chayes, Antonia Handler1991: Cm Wh Efm: S Bhv d

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Downs, George W. 1998: Efm d h Ev f C, : Mh J f

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Duina, Francesco G. 1997: Ex L Imm h E U, : I

J f h S f L 25/2, 155-179.


30/35


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Hmz d S L h Mm S, Cmd.

Feick, Jrgen 1980: I Vh h Ivmm, : Mz,

R (d.): Imm h Pmm II. Az z Thd, Od.

Garre, Georey/Kelemen, R. Daniel/Schulz, Heiner 1998: Th E C f J, N

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Herzfeld, Thomas/Weiss, Christoph 2003: C d L (I)v: A Em Iv,

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31/35


Keohane, Robert O. 1989: I I d S P: E I R

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Ad: Oz f P d C

I d h f , d . Th

d d d h d f d f m z d

EU- . G dm d (GDP) x f m (Kh 1989;

M 1992; Mv 1998; S 2002). Th d m fm h Wd Dvm Id

(Wd B 2005). F d EU- , h f m h mm

v (d , h, ) d qd mj v (QMV)

h C f M (Shapley Shubik Index) d (Sh/Sh 1954; Rdd 2002).

A dd h x f hh, dvdd

vm m d vm . Gvm m f f h m f

v h m f mm (T 2002; Imm 1998). Hv, v

f h m f h d v m v m, h f

h f xm d (-) m m h. W v v

dx (Constraints), hh f h f v h h dd

v d h v m d (Hz 2002). I

d m md f m vm h, m h

m f dd h h v d h d f f

h h. Th d m f h h d

h f x d d d dm h f h vm

h h h h dd.19 T v d f vm m

dd h : Th xv f h m d md h x

hh h vm f d d mj f h v

h (D 1995; T 2002), d h m vh f vm md h

m (.. m f mm) d d (.. fm )

v f h vh f h v h vm (Hf/Sh 2003). W d d

h v, f m .

T f h f vm , d d h m h

. F f , GDP per capita (Bm 1996). I m f h

hh d m. Th d m fm h Wd Dvm

Id (Wd B 2005). Whh h h mz h h d h v Eciency. I h z, dx f

d fm f h v d A d h (M

2001; A . 1996). Th dx f h m f : Pfm

d f v v, f m , d dv f .

B hh h m f , .. h C P

Idx f T I (Hzfd/W 2003). F f m, d

. Oh d f vm h

19 Sm h h v, h f f h vm ,

x v m h EU (.. M 2005). Th x v -zd h h fq f vm h. Hv, f f d m, m

h h f v m h f v .


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q fm h I C R Gd d h Wd B v d

(Kfm . 2006) d d h f h h v f h m d zd

h d v f mv d f h EU mm .


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T K-F - E Ad E d

Iv R

Th K-Fh (KFG) fd mm -

hd h Gm Rh Fd 2008. I -

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hh vv h d h d dd h m f d j h.

Th K-Fh Th Tfmv P f E

h h E h B-Bd-

d z h h h v-

d h . I xm h f h EU -

m d f d, z h mhm d

f d x d h h :

Id d h P Sh

Cm, Cd d Bd

Cmv Rm d E Ex R

policy matters but how? explaining non-compliance dynamics in the eu

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