political development in middle east with reference to tunisia
TRANSCRIPT
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8/3/2019 Political Development in Middle East with reference to Tunisia.
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Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x o` Aohhkg Gjux yoxf ~gcg~g`eg xl Xw`ouoj.
Ja`jf Dfjkoh
Rfh. ^gugj~efg~.
Hgrxx.lc Rlk.Ueog`eg+ OOWA.
Yfokg Giyrx+ Konyj j`h Uy~oj ejrxw~g awef lc xfg rwnkoe jxxg`xol` l` xfg J~jn
jjdg`o`i+ xfg gkgexol`u xjdo`i rkjeg o` Al~leel j`h Xw`ouoj j~g r~lsoho`i xfg co~ux
ikoarugu lc fgxfg~ j`h fl hgale~jey okk elag xl xfg J~jn l~kh. Yfjx ej` ~geg`x
gsg`xu o` Al~leel j`h Xw`ouoj xgkk wu jnlwx xfg elw~ug lc xfg ~gux lc xfg ~giol`< Xfou
rjrg~ okk houewuu xfg ew~~g`x rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o` xfg aohhkg gjux oxf urgeocoe
~gcg~g`eg xl Xw`ouoj j`h oxu ~geg`xky el`ekwhgh gkgexol`u kjux ygj~. Xfg elw`x~y ju
eflug` xl ufl j rgjegcwk x~j`ucl~ajxol` c~la j` jwxfl~oxj~oj` rlkoxoejk ugx wr xl j`
gkgexgh ~gr~gug`xjxosg hgale~jey oxflwx nkllhufgh. Ox ou ngo`i el`uohg~gh j alhgk cl~
lxfg~ elw`x~ogu o` Aohhkg Gjux o` x~j`uoxol`. Ox okk n~ogcky ufl xfg ~gjul`u cl~ efj`ig+
fl elarj~jxosg rlkoxoejk xfgl~y lc Jkal`h j`h Rlgkk gvrkjo`u ox j`h fl Xw`ouoj ju
jnkg xl uweeguucwkky j`h rgjegcwk alsg o` x~j`uoxol` c~la ngo`i j` jwxfl~oxj~oj` uxjxg xl
l`g lc ~gr~gug`xjxosg hgale~jey ny el`hwexo`i c~gg j`h cjo~ gkgexol`u o` >2::.
El`xgarl~j~ Aohhkg Gjux
Ox jkk ngij` oxf j ao`l~ o`eohg`x o` Xw`ouoj nwx xfg aguujig lc hoi`oxy j`h
mwuxoeg ur~gjh kodg okh co~g o` xfg Aohhkg Gjux juuouxgh ny xfg wug lc O`xg~`gx j`h
w`eg`ul~gh uleojk aghoj xl juugankg rglrkg+ r~lxgux j`h ohgju. Alfjagh Nlwj}o}o)u
ugkc!oaalkjxol` l`g ygj~ jil ju j` jex foef uyanlko}gh xfg c~wux~jxol` j`h
hgurg~jxol` lc aokkol`u o` xfg J~jn l~kh+ ugxxo`i o`xl alxol` j ug~ogu lc ~gslkwxol`u
je~luu xfg Aohhkg Gjux j`h @l~xf Jc~oej. Fou ju j e~y cl~ hoi`oxy+ mwuxoeg+ j`h
lrrl~xw`oxy+ foef el`xo`wgu xl ng fgj~h j~lw`h j ~giol` w`hg~ilo`i xwawkxwlwu
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efj`ig. O` xlhjy)u Aohhkg Gjux+ rglrkg ajxxg~. Aj`y j~g `l g`ijigh o` fjx elwkh ng
j kocg!kl`i ux~wiikg xl coifx kl`i!uxj`ho`i i~ogsj`egu j`h xjdg i~gjxg~ el`x~lk lc xfgo~
kosgu. Xfou r~leguu awux o`slksg xfg e~gjxol` lc `g hgale~jxoe rlkoxoejk uyuxgau+ foef
g`uw~g i~gjxg~ jeelw`xjnokoxy lc kgjhg~u+ j`h kgsgk xfg rkjyo`i cogkh lc lrrl~xw`oxy cl~ jkk+
`lx mwux j ugkgex cg. O` aj`y elw`x~ogu o` xfg ~giol`+ eoxo}g`u j~g ejkko`i cl~ j `g
gzwokon~owa ngxgg` gel`laoe jexl~u j`h rlkoxoeoj`u. @l`!lok r~lhweo`i uxjxgu xfjx
uwccg~ c~la nwhigx hgcoeoxu j~g ox`guuo`i i~lo`i hlaguxoe r~guuw~gu xl ~ghgco`g xfg
~gkjxol`ufor ngxgg` xfg uxjxg j`h kj~ig nwuo`guu &ju gkk ju lxfg~ gel`laoe jexl~u+
uwef ju kjnl~ j`h uajkk r~osjxg g`xg~r~ougu/ j`h ~gsoug uxjxg rlkoeogu l` jig kgsgku+
kjnl~ el`hoxol`u j`h r~oeg covo`i. Klldo`i njed jx xfg i~lxf kgsgku jefogsgh lsg~ xfg
rjux hgejhg ngcl~g xfg lwxn~gjd lc r~lxgux alsgag`xu+ gel`laoe i~lxf o` xfg Aohhkg
Gjux uggagh foif ny jkk uxj`hj~h agjuw~gu+ j`h ulag elw`x~ogu `jagky Xw`ouoj j`h
Ml~hj` g~g xlwxgh ju gel`laoe uweeguu uxl~ogu. _gx fg` elw`x~ogu kodg Giyrx+
Xw`ouoj+ Al~leel j`h Ml~hj` uxj~xgh jrrkyo`i gel`laoe ~gcl~a r~li~jau o` xfg gj~ky
:??2u &Uy~oj jkul ox`guugh gel`laoe x~j`ucl~ajxol`u+ xflwif oxu rlkoeogu ejag kjxg~
xfj` xfg lxfg~ elw`x~ogu/+ j` oanjkj`egh cl~awkj gag~igh.
Gel`laoe i~lxf ejag xl ng elano`gh oxf hgeko`o`i gzwjkoxy o` ghwejxol` j`h njuoe
ug~soegu. ^jxfg~ xfj` uxjnoko}g xfg gel`laoe uoxwjxol`u o` elw`x~ogu+ i~lxf ng`gcoxgh
l`ky urgeocoe i~lwru ngelao`i j ulw~eg lc xg`uol` xfjx o`e~gjugh xfg c~wux~jxol` lc
xflug `lx ~gjro`i xfg ng`gcoxu. Yfjx ju aouuo`i c~la xfgug i~lxf guxoajxgu ju j`
juuguuag`x lc xfg oarjex lc gel`laoe gvrj`uol` l` lsg~jkk r~lurg~oxy+ xfg rj~oxy lc
njuoe ug~soegu+ j`h xfg gccgexosg`guu lc uleojk gvrg`hoxw~gu. Klldo`i njed jx xfg i~lxf
kgsgku jefogsgh lsg~ xfg rjux hgejhg ngcl~g xfg lwxn~gjd lc r~lxgux alsgag`xu+
gel`laoe i~lxf o` xfg Aohhkg Gjux uggagh foif ny jkk uxj`hj~h agjuw~gu+ j`h ulag
elw`x~ogu `jagky Xw`ouoj j`h Ml~hj` g~g xlwxgh ju gel`laoe uweeguu uxl~ogu.
Gel`laoe i~lxf ejag xl ng elano`gh oxf hgeko`o`i gzwjkoxy o` ghwejxol` j`h njuoe
ug~soegu. ^jxfg~ xfj` uxjnoko}g xfg gel`laoe uoxwjxol`u o` elw`x~ogu+ i~lxf ng`gcoxgh
l`ky urgeocoe i~lwru ngelao`i j ulw~eg lc xg`uol` xfjx o`e~gjugh xfg c~wux~jxol` lc
xflug `lx ~gjro`i xfg ng`gcoxu. Xfg efj`ig o` x~j`uoxol`o`i elw`x~ogu rlkoxoejk ux~wexw~gu
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okk jkul fjsg j hggr oarjex l` xfg ux~wexw~g lc xfgo~ gel`laogu. Xfg ~gcl~a r~li~jau
lc xfg :??2u g~g jnkg xl hou~gij~h xfg o`xg~guxu lc uajkk j`h aghowa!uo}gh g`xg~r~ougu
j`h l~dg~u o` xfg o`cl~ajk ugexl~ &fl o` Giyrx+ cl~ gvjarkg+ elar~oug fjkc lc xfg
jexwjk l~dcl~eg/4 xfg ji~oewkxw~jk ugexl~ ju jkul `gikgexgh+ ju gsohg`egh o` oxu
hgeko`o`i ufj~g lc IHR lsg~ xfg rjux hgejhg o` Al~leel+ Xw`ouoj+ Ml~hj` j`h Giyrx.
O`uxgjh+ ~gcl~au eg`xg~gh l` ajml~ r~osjxg uxjdgflkhg~u ~gr~gug`xgh o` xfg efjang~u lc
o`hwux~y j`h elaag~eg+ ju gkk ju kj~ig~ g`xg~r~ougu o`slksgh o` nj`do`i j`h
xgkgelaaw`oejxol`u.
Ju j ~guwkx+ juuguuag`xu lc uxjxg rg~cl~aj`eg ny xfg Yl~kh Gel`laoe Cl~wa l~ o` xfg
Yl~kh Nj`du nwuo`guu g`so~l`ag`x u`jruflxu ejag xl ng njugh l` xfg r~osjxg
ugexl~u hgi~gg lc ujxoucjexol` oxf xfg uxjxwu zwl l~ o` lxfg~ l~hu+ xfg r~osjxg
ugexl~u ujxoucjexol` oxf xfg ilsg~`ag`x. Iosg` xfg rlkoxoejk g`so~l`ag`x+ xfgug
gel`laoe x~j`ucl~ajxol`u g~g `jxw~jkky jeelarj`ogh ny kj~ig!uejkg kgsgku lc
el~~wrxol`. Ju rj~kojag`xu o`e~gjuo`iky klux lsg~uoifx lsg~ gel`laoe ouuwgu+ xfg x~j`ucg~
lc l`g~ufor c~la xfg rwnkoe xl xfg r~osjxg ugexl~ ju elarkgxgh xf~lwif hgjku xfjx
g~g kgh ny j rlg~cwk jkkoj`eg ngxgg` o`hosohwjku fl g~g o`slksgh o` xfg rwnkoe
ugexl~ j`h o`hosohwjku o` xfg r~osjxg ugexl~+ ug~so`i xfgo~ l` `j~~l o`xg~guxu.
J ajml~ rkjyg~ o` xfou r~leguu ju xfg ugew~oxy ugexl~. W`hg~ xfg iwoug lc r~gug~so`i
uxjnokoxy j`h cgj~ lc xfg Oukjaoux jkxg~`jxosg+ ugew~oxy o`uxoxwxol`u o` J~jn elw`x~ogu fjsg
`lx ngg` uwnmgex xl j`y cl~a lc ~giwkjxl~y lsg~uoifx c~la kgioukjxw~gu l~ j`xo!el~~wrxol`
jxefhliu. Ju j ~guwkx xfgy fjsg ngg` jnkg xl ur~gjh ngyl`h xfg nlw`hj~ogu lc
ugew~oxy ngelao`i rj~x`g~u xl nwuo`guu hgjko`iu o` elaaw`oejxol`u ugexl~u+ j`h
leejuol`jkky o` lxfg~u+ kodg fgjkxf j`h ghwejxol`. J` w`hgekj~gh jkkoj`eg gag~igh
ngxgg` ugew~oxy jrrj~jxwugu j`h nwuo`guu gkoxgu xl cjeokoxjxg xfg oarkgag`xjxol` lc
rlkoeogu oarlugh ny o`xg~`jxol`jk o`uxoxwxol`u. Ilsg~`ag`x nlhogu hgcg`ho`i kjnl~ j`h
el`uwag~ ~oifxu g~g ux~orrgh hl`+ j`h xfg rg~eg`xjig lc jigu xl IHR o` xfg J~jn
elw`x~ogu hw~o`i xfg :??2u j`h xfg >222u cgkk. Xfou agj`x xfjx xfg kj~igux ufj~g lc
gel`laoe i~lxf ux~g`ixfg`gh l`ky xflug fl jk~gjhy l`gh juugxu. Iosg` xfg
elano`jxol` lc gjd o`uxoxwxol`u+ nwuo`guu!ugew~oxy elkkjnl~jxol`+ j`h cggnkg lsg~uoifx+ ox
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ju `jxw~jk xfjx el~~wrxol` lwkh ur~gjh+ j`h gel`laogu lwkh `lx hosg~uocy l~ ngelag
al~g elargxoxosg.
Nwx lsg~ xfg rjux ygj~+ xfg ugew~oxy guxjnkoufag`x fju ngg` i~jhwjkky kluo`i oxu i~or l`
rlg~+ j`h oxu jkkoj`eg oxf xfg nwuo`guu ugexl~ fju ngiw` xl houo`xgi~jxg. Xfg~g ou `l
~lla cl~ eosok kong~xogu xl cklw~ouf jx kgjux rj~xojkky hw~o`i xfg x~j`uoxol`jk rg~olh ul
awef ul xfjx x~jhg w`ol`u j`h `l`!ilsg~`ag`xjk l~ij`o}jxol`u j~g gag~io`i xl hgcg`h
xfg sj~olwu i~lwru xfjx fjh l`eg ngg` aj~io`jko}gh. R~jexoejkky urgjdo`i+ xfg Giyrxoj`
j`h Xw`ouoj` gvrg~og`egu ul cj~ ~gr~gug`x j illh alhgk. Xw`ouoj` eosok uleogxy fju
iosg` no~xf xl `g alsgag`xu oxf el`e~gxg hgaj`hu+ jal`i foef ou j ejkk cl~ j `g
gel`laoe gzwokon~owa. Oarl~xj`xky+ xfgug alsgag`xu ~gcwug xl xw~` j nko`h gyg xl
el~~wrxol`+ ju fjh ul kl`i ngg` xfg `l~a o` gel`laoe hgeouol`!ajdo`i. Xfg~g j~g jkul
rlkoxoejk i~lwru &uwef ju Giyrxu Jr~ok 3xf j`h Ml~hj`u Uleojk Kgcx alsgag`xu/ foef
efjarol` uleojk mwuxoeg oxflwx fguoxjxol` fg` ox elagu xl rlkoeogu rg~xjo`o`i xl xjvgu
j`h lxfg~ gel`laoe ajxxg~u.
Kgx wu `l x~y xl ~gkjxg xfgug cjexl~u oxf w`hg~uxj`ho`i lc alhg~`o}jxol` j`h rlkoxoejk
Hgsgklrag`x =
Alhg~`o}jxol`
Alhg~`o}jxol` ej` ng hgco`gh ju xfg r~leguu ny foef ag` j`h lag`
o`e~gjuo`iky ijo` el`x~lk lsg~ xfgo~ g`so~l`ag`x. E.G. Nkjed fju hgco`gh xfg
el`egrx lc alhg~`o}jxol` ju xfg r~leguu ny foef fouxl~oejkky gslksgh o`uxoxwxol`u
j~g jhjrxgh xl xfg ~jrohky efj`io`i cw`exol`u xfjx ~gckgex xfg w`r~geghg`xgh
o`e~gjug o` aj`u d`lkghig+ rg~aoxxo`i el`x~lk lsg~ fou g`so~l`ag`x+xfjx
jeelarj`ogh xfg ueog`xocoe ~gslkwxol`.: Aj~ol` M.Kgsy o` fou ajml~ l~d juug~xuxfjx+ xfg i~gjxg~ xfg ~jxol lc o`j`oajxg xl j`oajxg ulw~egu lc rlg~ j`h xfg
i~gjxg~ xfg awkxorkoejxol` lc gccl~x ju xfg gccgex lc jrrkoejxol`u lc xllku+ xfg
:E.G.Nkjed+&:?33/. Xfg Hy`jaoeu lc alhg~`o}jxol`+ @g _l~d+ Fj~rg~ j`h ^l.r.9.
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i~gjxg~ ou xfg hgi~gg lc alhg~`o}jxol`.>Xfg urgeojko}jxol` lc l~ij`o}jxol`u+
o`xg~hgrg`hg`ey+ ~gkjxol`ufor garfjuou+ rjxxg~`u lc eg`x~jko}jxol`+ ig`g~jko}gh
aghoj lc gvefj`ig j`h aj~dgxu cox o`xl xfg ig`g~jk ux~wexw~g. Nw~gjwe~jey+ cjaoky
el`uohg~jxol`u j`h xl`!sokkjig o`xg~hgrg`hg`eg)u j~g ugg` ju cleo lc hoccg~g`egu
ngxgg` xfg ~gkjxosgky alhg~`o}gh j`h `l` alhg~`o}gh. Efj`igu o` j el`uouxg`x
ho~gexol`+ cjaoky ux~jo`u+ r~lnkgau lc el`x~lk+ ~gjexol`u+ alnu j`h r~lnkgau lc
d`lkghig j~g ugg` ju xfg hoccg~g`egu ox ajdgu. Jkxg~jxol`u lc xl`!sokkjig
oanjkj`eg+ e~gjxosg wugu lc j~agh cl~egu+ rlkoxoeu ju ~gel`eokojxol`+ j`h xfg x~oedkg
gccgex j~g ugg` ju ulag jsg`wgu lc el`x~lk. Kklyh Cjkkg~u gvrkjo`gh xfg x~oedkg
gccgex ju i~gjxg~ uleojk alnokoxy ioso`i j` wrrg~ ekjuu jw~j+ r~guxoig+ al~g
el`uwarxol` lc illhu. Xfg alux h~jajxoe hoag`uol` lc alhg~`o}jxol` ou xfg
xgef`lklioejk ~gslkwxol` xfjx el`x~onwxgh xl o`hwux~ojko}jxol`+ gel`laoe
hgsgklrag`x j`h elaaw`oejxol` j`h ghwejxol`. Kgsy ejkku ox xfg w`osg~ujk uleojk
ulksg`x o` foef jkk uleogxogu j~g also`i xlj~hu alhg~`o}jxol`. Xfou ou `lx
jkjyu j rkgjuj`x gvrg~og`eg j`h ej` ng w`ugxxko`i+ hou~wrxosg j`h rjo`cwk
r~leguu. X~jhoxol`jk fjnoxu+ ewkxw~g j~g wr~llxgh j`h `g r~leguugu j`h
o`uxoxwxol`u j~g jhlrxgh.
Rg~do` j`h Elfg`5
hgco`gu alhg~`o}jxol` ju j ugx lc cjexl~u o` uleogxy xfjx xg`h xle~gjxg efj`ig xlj~hu iljku hgco`gh ju alhg~` cl~ xfjx rj~xoewkj~ grlef o`
fwaj` fouxl~y. Xfg ohgj lc alhg~`o}jxol` ngejag rlrwkj~ o` xfg :?72u
l~oio`jxo`i o` xfg l~d lc Hw~dfgoa+ Ygng~+ Urg`eg~ xl gvrkjo` xfg
x~j`ucl~ajxol` lc w`hg~hgsgklrgh uleogxogu xl alhg~` uleogxogu. Ox ijo`gh
alag`xwa oxf xfg o`hgrg`hg`eg lc elkl`ogu ju j alhgk cl~ xfga. Xfgy
jhlrxgh alhg~` rlkoxoejk uyuxga j`h o`uxoxwxol`jko}gh xfga. Xfg ohgj ju xl ng j
alhg~` `jxol` kodg guxg~` uleogxogu. Xfgug uleogxogu g~g o`hwux~ojko}gh j`h
hgsgklrgh xf~lwif xfg jhlrxol` lc eg~xjo` rlkoeogu xfjx g`x oxf ejroxjkouxhgale~jey. Xfou ju rluxwkjxgh ju j xfgl~y ny Y.Y.^luxl o` fou uxjigu lc
>Aj~ol`.M.Kgsy M~+ &:?33/+Alhg~`o}jxol` j`h xfg ux~wexw~g lc uleogxogu+ R~o`egxl`+@M R~o`egxl` W`osg~uoxy
R~guu.R.57.5
Jkj` Rgufdo` j`h l`jkh Elfg`+ Xfg Sjkwg lc Alhg~`o}jxol`+ Xfg Mlw~`jk lc Hgsgklro`i J~gju+ Slk.>+@l.: &
Lex.+:?39/+ rr.9!>>.
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i~lxf. Ox awux flgsg~ ng juuwagh xfjx xfo~h l~kh ellrg~jxg oxf xfg gux o`
ghwejxol`+ gel`lay+ ewkxw~g j`h rlkoxoeu. Xfg r~g~gzwouoxg ou xl efj`ig jxxoxwhgu+
sjkwgu c~la x~jhoxol`jk xl alhg~` uleogxy. X~jhoxol`jk uleogxy ou efj~jexg~o}gh ny
rj~xoewkj~oua+ jue~orxosg j`h cw`exol`jkoua cwugh. Alhg~` uleogxy ou j`h
efj~jexg~o}gh ny w`osg~ujkoua+ jefogsgag`x l~og`xgh j`h cw`exol`jkoua
urgeocoeoxy. Xfg x~j`ucl~ajxol` o`slksgu j efj`ig jx o`hosohwjk+ l~ij`o}jxol`jk j`h
uleogxjk kgsgku. Xfg joa lc alhg~` uleogxy ou xl ijo` el`x~lk lc xfgug efj`igu o`
~gjexol` ny e~gjxo`i jyu j`h agj`u cl~ jhjrxjxol` xl efj`ig xf~lwif rkj``o`i.
Xfg sjkwgu lc alhg~`o}jxol` ou lcxg` agjuw~gh o` xfg jy lag` j~g x~gjxgh o`
j uleogxy gurgeojkky ny xfg ag` j`h o` xfgo~ elarj~oul`. Ugel`hky ny xfg
~jxol`jko}jxol` lc gccl~x j`h ~gurl`uosg`guu xl o``lsjxg j`h e~gjxg.
Efj~jexg~ouxoeu lc alhg~`o}jxol` ou lccg~gh ny Elfg` j`h Rg~do`u ju+
:. Efloeg! Jrxg~ uwiiguxu j` o`e~gjug o` efloeg jal`i jkxg~`jxosgu. Elfg`
ujyu xfg hgeouol` ajdo`i o` ewkxw~jk grouxgalkliy o` x~jhoxol`jk uleogxy o`
guxg~` el`egrx ou lc c~ggokk j`h ugkc!hgxg~ao`jxol`.
>. Hoccg~g`eg ngxgg` hgsgklrag`x j`h w`hg~hgsgklrag`x `jxol` ouoanjkj`eg l~ jnug`eg lc xgef`lkliy. O`hwux~ojko}jxol` r~geghgu
alhg~`o}jxol` xfjx gvrj`hu aj~dgxu. Elkl`ojkoua r~lalxgh xfg ohgj lc
rlkoxoejk o`hgrg`hg`eg+ fwaj` gzwjkoxy+ ~jroh gel`lay `jxol`jk uxjxwu j`h
uleojk hgsgklrag`x+ `jxol`jk uxjxwu j`h o`xg~`jxol`jk rlg~.
5. Elaaw`oejxol` ~gslkwxol` ajh xfg rglrkg rg~egosg xfgaugksgu l` j uo`ikg
iklnjk uxjig+ lcxg` xfg hoccg~g`egu o` koso`i uxj`hj~hu gxe g~g ugg` ny
lxfg~u soj xfg aghoj.
8. Xfg e~weojk ulw~eg lc alhg~`o}jxol` ou nw~gwe~jey 4 xfg hgeouol` ajdo`inlhy xfjx r~lalxgu efj`ig j`h ajo`xjo` ox.
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Sjkwgu lc alhg~`o}jxol` j~g gel`laoe+ o`xgkkgexwjk+ uleojk j`h rlkoxoejk.
Gel`laoe ! Jkk iljku lc alhg~`o}jxol` el`sg~ig l` gel`laoe iljk ju j
sjkoh g`h. Ulag hgi~gg lc gel`laoe hgsgklrag`x r~geghgu xfg cl~ao`i lc
gel`laoe el`ueolwu`guu. @lx jkk `jxol`u clkkl xfg x~g`h el`ueolwuky
judo`i rglrkg xl jhlrx alhg~` gel`laoe sjkwgu. Xfou e~gjxgu hoccg~g`x
kgsgk lc ulrfouxoejxol` rkj``gh i~lxf ju o` rkj``o`i+ ji~oewkxw~g r~lmgexu+
~jxol`jk o`hwux~ojk rkj``o`i. Xfg alhg~` aj` ou j ~oud xjdg~ j`h wug
w`xguxgh agxflhu. Mlnu hgco`g xfg uxjxwu lc rglrkg also`i c~la x~jhoxol`jk
leewrjxol` xl o`hwux~ojk j`h r~lcguuol`jk. L`eg houxo`exol` ju ajhg
ngxgg` xflug l~do`i oxf fj`hu l~ `lx. O` x~jhoxol`jk uleogxogu l~do`i
ny fj`h ju `lx i~jhgh foifky nwx o` alhg~` uleogxy ox ou. Foifg~
o`sguxag`x j`h ujso`i ou hl`g o` alhg~` uleogxy j`h kguu jccokojxol` j~g
wugh cl~ garklyag`x+ r~lalxol` l~ lxfg~oug.
Rlkoxoejk sjkwgu o` alhg~` uleogxy garfjuou al~g l` rlkoxoejk ~oifxu cl~ xfg
o`hosohwjk. Urgeojk el`eg~` ou iosg` xl lag` j`h xflug fl fjsg x~jhoxol`jkky
`lx ngg` x~gjxgh gzwjkky. Ox ~gzwo~gu elargxg`x kgjhg~ufor njugh l` xjkg`x ~jxfg~
xfj` njedi~lw`h. Ox joau xl r~lsohg gzwjk lrrl~xw`oxy j`h sjkwg guxg~`
ghwejxol`+ uwoxjnokoxy cl~ lccoeg j`h gvrg~og`eg lsg~ ko`gjig.
O`xgkkgexwjk sjkwgu ~gcg~ xl alhg~` l~og`xgh sjkwgu xfg o`hosohwjk ou
g`elw~jigh xl jhlrxgh4 kodg o`hosohwjkoua+ o`xgkkgexwjkoua+ `l`
uwrg~uxoxol`+ lrg`!ao`hgh`guu j`h `lx mwhiag`xjk. Ox ~gj~hu ~jxol`jkoua++
kguu ~gkoiolwu al~g ugewkj~+ ~gurgex cl~ ueog`eg j`h oxu jrr~ljef lc agxflhu
j`h co`ho`iu soj ~gugj~ef. Rkjegu j foif r~gaowa l` ghwejxol` xfjx n~ljhg`
l`gu fl~o}l`.
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Uleojk sjkwgu efj`ig lsg~ xoag oxf al~g d`lkghig j`h garlg~ag`x.
Elualrlkoxj` ewkxw~g ou guxjnkoufgh oxf `gg~ r~ol~oxogu ioso`i `g jyu
lc o`xg~jexol`+ jccgexo`i ~gkjxol`ufor j`h jrr~ljef xl kocg. O` x~jhoxol`jk
uleogxy+ gkhg~u j~g el`uohg~gh xfg hgeouol` ajdg~u nwx o` alhg~` xfgy j~g
`lx `geguuj~oky xfg l`gu. @wekgj~ cjaokogu lsg~ mlo`x l~ gvxg`hgh cjaokogu
ngelag xfg `l~a+ `gg~ cl~au lc g`xg~xjo`ag`x+ kocguxykg j~g guxjnkoufgh.
Aj~ol` K.Kgsy8 o` fou rjrg~+ Rjxxg~`u &Ux~wexw~gu/ lc Alhg~`o}jxol` j`h
Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x ujyu+ 4xfg hgi~gg lc alhg~`o}jxol` j~g hgco`gh ny
xfg ~jxol lc o`j`oajxg xl j`oajxg ulw~egu lc rlg~. Xfg urgeojko}jxol` lc
l~ij`o}jxol`u+ o`xg~hgrg`hg`ey+ ~gkjxol`ufor garfjuou+ rjxxg~`u lc
eg`x~jko}jxol`+ ig`g~jko}gh aghoj lc gvefj`ig+ j`h aj~dgxu cox o`xl xfg
ig`g~jk ux~wexw~g. Nw~gjwe~jey+ cjaoky el`uohg~jxol`u j`h xl`!sokkjig
o`xg~hgrg`hg`eogu j~g ugg` ju cleo hoccg~g`egu ngxgg` xfg ~gkjxosgky
alhg~`o}gh j`h `l`!alhg~`o}gh. Fg ilgu l` xl gvrkjo` xfgug hoccg~g`egu
ju+ urgeojko}jxol` lc l~ij`o}jxol`u xfjx j~g r~ghlao`j`xky gel`laoejkky
l~og`xgh+ rlkoxoejk+ ghwejxol`jk+ ~ge~gjxol`jk j`h ~gkoiolwu. O`xg~hgrg`hg`ey
ou j`lxfg~ efj~jexg~ouxoe lc x~jhoxol`jk fokg ugkc!uwccoeog`ey ou lc alhg~`
uleogxy. Xfg ~gkjxol`ufor garfjuou xll ou hoccg~g`x+ d`lkghig xfjx ouueog`xocoe ou mwuxocogh j`h rglrkg wug ox xl mwhig lxfg~u. X~jhoxol`jk uleogxogu
clewu l` rj~xoewkj~oua+ cw`exol`jk j`h hoccwug`guu+ fokg alhg~` hl ul l`
~jxol`jkoxy+ w`osg~ujkoua j`h cw`exol`jk urgeocoeoxy. Xfg rjxxg~`u lc
eg`x~jko}jxol` ajyng hoccg~g`x+ x~jhoxol`jk uleogxogu gvrg~og`eg uxjnokoxy
lsg~ j rg~olh lc xoag nwx o` alhg~` uleogxogu xfg kgsgk lc eg`x~jko}jxol`
el`xo`wgu xl ~oug. Xfg ig`g~jko}gh aghowa lc gvefj`ig j`h aj~dgx o` j
alhg~` uleogxy ou l` gel`lay j`h al`gy. Nwx o` xfg x~jhoxol`jk ox ju `lx
j`h illh elwkh ng nj~xg~gh xll. Xfg cox o` ig`g~jk ux~wexw~g ou oarl~xj`x xlalhg~`o}jxol` ju hoccg~g`x ewkxw~gu j`h uleogxogu jhjrxgh xl alhg~` jyu
hoccg~g`xky. Xfg efjkkg`igu cjegh j~g `lx xfg ujag j`h ul jkul xfg
oarkoejxol`u. Xfg alhg lc alhg~`o}jxol` ou wuwjkky xfg nw~gjwe~jey4 ox loku
8Aj~ol`.M.Kgsy+M^ Rjxxg~`u &Ux~wexw~gu / lc alhg~`o}jxol` j`h Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x Xfg J``jku lc xfg Jag~oej`
jejhgay lc Rlkoxoejk j`h Uleojk Ueog`eg. Ujig Rwnkoufg~u.ela :?374 5764>?
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xfg alhg~` o`uxoxwxol`u lc xfg uyuxga j`h jkul oarkgag`xu xfg rlkoeogu o`xl
uleogxy. Xfg njuoe w`ox lc uleogxy xfg cjaoky ngelagu xfg jhjrxo`i uwnmgex
lc jxxoxwhg efj`igu j`h garlg~ag`x. Cjaoky el`uohg~jxol`u j~g
uwrrlugh xl ajdg j hoccg~g`eg fokg `l` cjaoky l~ij`o}jxol` j~g `lx
jccgexgh. J noi hgxg~ao`j`x ou xfg w~nj`! ~w~jk hosohg o` uleogxy+
alhg~`o}jxol`u o` uleogxy ufocxu rlrwkjxol` xl ngxxg~ lrrl~xw`oxogu o` w~nj`
eoxogu j`h j `g kocguxykg. Fg el`ekwhgu xfjx alhg~`o}jxol` ou j r~leguu xfjx
xjdgu xoag+ o~~gsg~uonkg.
Xfg ho~gexol` j`h hgrx lc alhg~`o}jxol` j~g hgxg~ao`gh ny xfg rlkoxoejk uyuxga
fg~g rlkoxoejk gkoxgu+ rj~xogu j`h rlkoxoejk efjkkg`igu. Rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x xfwu
ngelagu o`gsoxjnkg oxf j i~lxf o` gel`laoe j`h xgef`lklioejk jhsj`egag`x.
Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x
Rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x fju ngg` hgco`gh o` j sj~ogh jy xl ufl oxu `jxw~g
ny hoccg~g`x rlkoxoejk ueog`xoux. Jkc~gh Hojaj`x ejkku ox j r~leguu ny foef j rlkoxoejk
uyuxga jezwo~gu j` o`e~gjugh ejrjeoxy xl uwuxjo` uweeguucwkky j`h el`xo`wlwuky
`g xyrg lc iljku j`h hgaj`hu j`h xfg e~gjxol` lc `g xyrg lc l~ij`o}jxol`.
[email protected]`uxjhx ~gcg~u xl oxu jnokoxy xl aggx efj`io`i hgaj`hu j`h xfg` xl jnul~n
xfga o` xg~au lc rlkoey ajdo`i j`h xl juuw~g oxu l` el`xo`woxy o` xfg cjeg lc
el`xo`wlwu `g hgaj`hu j`h `g cl~au lc rlkoxoejk l~ij`o}jxol`u.l~n rg~uouxg`x
x~j`ucl~ajxol`. Aj`c~gh Fjkrg~` hgco`gh ox ju xfg r~leguu lc g`hw~o`i ejrjeoxy xl
ig`g~jxg j`h jnu Ox ej` xfg` ng ujoh xfg~g j~g xl ajo` xfgagu lc xfg r~leguu+
o. Xfg jnokoxy xl hgjk oxf el`xo`wlwu efj`ig o` xfg rlkoxoejk hgaj`h j`h
aggxo`i ox ou e~oxoejk. Xfg hgaj`h ou lc rlkoxoejk rj~xoeorjxol`+ gzwjkoxy lclrrl~xw`oxy j`h uleojk mwuxoeg.
oo. Xfg ejrjeoxy xl o``lsjxg j`h aj`jig el`xo`wlwu efj`ig. Ox ou al~g
hoccoewkx xfj` ujxoucyo`i xflug lc gel`laoe j`h xgef`lklioejk jhlrxol`.
Xfg~gcl~g+ xfg r~leguu lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o`ekwhg xfg ejrjeoxy xl
r~lsohg al~g j`h al~g o`hosohwjk oxf rlg~ xl oar~lsg xfgo~ l`
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rluoxol` o` uleogxy l` xfg njugu lc rg~ul`jk ag~ox ~jxfg~ xfj` rg~ul`jk
el``gexol`. Ox ou jkul xfg r~leguu lc jhaoxxo`i jkk i~lwru j`h jkk o`xg~gux+
o`ekwho`i ~geli`o}o`i o`xg~gux+ `g ig`g~jxol` o`xl cwkk rlkoxoejk
rj~xoeorjxol` cl~ l~do`i lc rlkoxoejk uyuxga. Xfg ~gj~h j`h r~ol~oxogu lc
xfg uleogxy j~g xl ng jkklejxgh j`h ~gjkklejxgh o` jyu xfjx rg~aox gzwjk
lrrl~xw`oxy xl ~gegosg mwux x~gjxag`x.
O` fou rjrg~+Xfg el`egrx lc Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x+ Kweoj`. Y.Ryg7 iosgu xg`
hgco`oxol`u l` xfg sj~olwu jurgexu xfg el`egrx g`xjoku. Xfgug j~g rlkoxoejk
hgsgklrag`x ju j l~g!~gzwouoxg lc gel`laoe hgsgklrag`x+ ju xfg rlkoxoejk xyroejk
lc o`hwux~ojk uleogxogu+ oxu jurgexu o` rlkoxoejk alhg~`o}jxol` gxe. Fg ohg`xocogu xf~gg
efj~jexg~ouxoeu lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x+ gzwjkoxy xl xfg rlkoxoejk ewkxw~g+ xfg
r~lnkgau lc ejrjeoxy xl jwxfl~oxjxosg ilsg~`ag`xjk ux~wexw~gu j`h xfg zwguxol`
lc hoccg~g`xojxol` xl `l` jwxfl~oxjxosg ux~wexw~gu. Gzwjkoxy ~gcg~u xl xfg kju xfjx
j~g lc w`osg~ujk `jxw~g+ xfg ejrjeoxy ~gcg~u xl eklug juuleojxol` xl ilsg~`ag`xjk
rg~cl~aj`eg j`h xfg el`hoxol`u foef jccgex uwef rg~cl~aj`eg. Ejrjeoxy ej` jkul
agj` gccgexosg`guu j`h gccoeog`ey o` xfg gvgewxol` lc rlkoey. Xfo~hky+
urgeojko}jxol` j`h hoccg~g`xojxol` o`slksgu xfg o`xgi~jxol` lc elarkgv ux~wexw~gu
j`h r~leguugu. Rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x ou el`eg~`gh oxf xfg ~gkjxol`ufor ngxgg`+rlkoxoejk ewkxw~g+ xfg jwxfl~oxjxosg ux~wexw~g j`h ig`g~jk rlkoxoejk r~leguu.
Xfg ~gkjxol`ufor ngxgg` rlkoxoeu j`h alhg~`o}jxol` ou fouxl~oejk+ o` foef ox ou xfg
ejwug lc alhg~`oxy j`h `lx j ~gurl`ug. Rlkoxoejk gkoxgu wug alhg~`o}jxol` xl
ajvoao}g xfgo~ rlg~ j`h jwxfl~oxy+ l`eg xfg r~leguu fju ngij` flgsg~ ox
ej``lx ng el`x~lkkgh. Sg~y lcxg` rlkoxoejk gkoxgu klug el`x~lk lsg~ xfg r~leguu+
fg~g xfg hgaj`h o`e~gjugu j`h lwxux~oru xfg ejrjeoxy xl elrg oxf efj`igu j`hjccgexu rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x lc j uleogxy. X~jhoxol`jk rjxxg~u lc rlg~ j`h
jwxfl~oxy xg`h xl ~guoux cw`hjag`xjk efj`ig. Rg~ul`jk gzwjkoxy+ rlkoxoejk
rj~xoeorjxol` j`h uleojk mwuxoeg j~g xfg kgjux lc el`eg~`u+ j`h lcxg` lkh rjxxg~`u lc
7Kweoj` Y.Ryg+ Xfg El`egrx lc Rlkoxoejk Hgsgklrag`x+ xfg J``jku lc xfg Jag~oej` jejhgay lc Rlkoxoejk Ueog`eg+
Ujig Rwnkoufgu .ela+ :?3745764:
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rlg~ j~g r~gug~sgh. Yfjx rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x ekjoau ou xfg ejrjeoxy cl~
el`xo`wlwu efj`ig gurgeojkky oxf ~gurgex xl rlkoxoejk ouuwgu. Xfg~g ou `l
jkxg~`jxosg xl rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o` uroxg lc xgef`lklioejk j`h gel`laoe
r~li~guu. Xfg hojkgexoe lc alhg~`o}jxol` j`h rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o`xg~jex
o`e~gjugh hgaj`h j`h lwxux~or j`y ejrjeoxy xl elrg ajdo`i xfg r~leguu foifky
r~lnkgajxoe j`h `lx el`uouxg`x oxf l`g j`lxfg~. Xfg ijr ngxgg` xfg hgaj`h
j`h rlkoxoejk uyuxgau jnokoxy xl ujxoucy xfga o`oxojxg efj`ig. Xfou r~leguu ju
gvrkjo`gh o` elarj~jxosg rlkoxoeu ny Ijn~ogk Jkal`h j`h I.No`ifja Rlgkk. Xfgy
ujy+ kong~xy j`h ugew~oxy j~g xl njuoe illhu xfjx gsg~y awux uleogxy awux
r~lsohg. J` o`e~gjug cl~ kong~xy oxf ~gkjxgh sjkwgu uwef ju rj~xoeorjxol`+ gzwjkoxy+
mwuxoeg awux ng el`c~l`xgh+ fg` ujxoucogh xf~lwif o`uxoxwxol`jkoua j`h kgjho`i xl
eg`x~jko}jxol`+ gvrj`hu xfg rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x. L` ~gr~guuol` xfg~g ou r~lxgux+
solkg`eg+ wrfgjsjk j`h r~guuw~g l` rlkoxoejk uyuxga. Xfg xf~gg rluuonokoxogu c~la
xfg x~jhg lcc g~g gvr~guugh o` xg~au lc ejxgil~ogu.
Uleogxy J= Yfg` xfg kong~xy j`h ugew~oxy ou g`uw~gh j`h xfg uleogxy ou ewkxw~jkky
flalig`glwu+ kjedo`i hggr gxf`oe hosouol` l~ ~gkoiolwu ekgjsjigu.
Uleogxy N= Xfg uleogxy ou gxf`oejkky j`h ekjuu h~osg` j`h xg`uol` ej` ngelag foif.
Xfgug hoccg~g`egu j~g hggrky ganghhgh j`h xfg rg`hwkwa uo`iu xl l`g
gvx~gag xl j`lxfg~. Yoxf i~gjxg~ kong~xy xfg uleogxy elkkjrugu o`xl eosok j~+ oxfjkk ugew~oxy houjrrgj~o`i .G.i Uwhj`+ Kgnj`l`.
Uleogxy E= Xfou uleogxy ou ohg`xocogh ny elg~eol` j`h ~gr~guuol` hlao`jxgh ny wuo`i
xg~~l~ xjexoeu oxf elarkgxg eg`ul~ufor. Xfg~g ou el`uxj`x rlkoeg j`h rj~xy
o`xg~sg`xol`.
Xfg rwuf j`h rwkk ngxgg` xfg hgaj`h lc ~gioag cl~ el`x~lk j`h hgaj`h lc
rlrwkjeg cl~ c~gghla+ rj~xoeorjxol` n~o`iu efj`igu j`h alsgu uleogxy c~la l`g
xyrg xl j`lxfg~. Xfg hgkoejxg hojkgexoe ou xfg el~g lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`xr~leguu+ j`h oxu lwxelag ou ufjrgh ny alhg~`o}jxol`+ foef ej` r~lalxg l~
~gxj~h rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x lc j `jxol`. Aohhkg Gjux gkoxgu ~gky l` jwxfl~oxj~oj`
j`h rlkoxoejk agxflhu xfwu ~oudo`i ukoho`i o`xl ~gr~guuosg,lrr~guuosg ngfjsol~ xfjx
gjdg` xfgo~ ejrjeoxy cl~ rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x. Hgsgklrag`x ~gzwo~gu el`uxj`x
rwuf j`h rwkk ngxgg` xfg xl uohgu lc xfou hojkgexoeu.
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Xw`ouoj
Xw`ouoj fju w`hg~il`g j ajml~ rlkoxoejk wrfgjsjk o` ~geg`x ggdu+ hwnngh xfg
Mjuao`g ^gslkwxol`. L` Mj`wj~y :8+ >2::+ Xw`ouoj` R~guohg`x ]o`g Gk Jnoho`g
Ng` Jko ckgh xfg elw`x~y jcxg~ ugsg~jk ggdu lc o`e~gjuo`iky jwhjeolwu j`xo!
ilsg~`ag`x r~lxguxu. Xfg urgjdg~ lc rj~kojag`x+ Clwjh Agnj}jj+ fju uo`eg
juuwagh xfg ~lkg lc o`xg~oa r~guohg`x+ j`h j` o`xg~oa ilsg~`ag`x fju ngg`
cl~agh jfgjh lc gkgexol`u gvrgexgh o` uov al`xfu. Xw`ouoj gvfonoxu j `wang~ lc
w`ozwg jxx~onwxgu= ox fju j ~gkjxosgky uajkk xg~~oxl~y+ j kj~ig j`h foifky ghwejxgh
aohhkg ekjuu+ j`h j kl`i fouxl~y lc g`elw~jio`i lag`u uleol!gel`laoe
c~gghlau. Xw`ouoju Oukjaoux alsgag`x fju `lx rkjygh j kgjho`i ~lkg o` xfg
gvr~guuol` lc hlaguxoe houug`x o` ~geg`x ygj~u+ jkxflwif ox hoh o` xfg :?62u ngcl~g
ox ju nj``gh ny Ng` Jko.
Dgy xl x~j`uoxol`
:. Gkgexol` o` Lexlng~ >2::.
>. @jxol`jk El`uxoxwg`x Juuganky xl cl~awkjxg xfg `g el`uxoxwxol`.
5. Xfg O`xg~oa Ilsg~`ag`x ganj~dgh l` j ohg ~j`ig lc ~gcl~a kodg+
~gkgjuo`i lc rlkoxoejk r~oul`g~u+ jwxfl~o}g fw`h~gh rlkoxoejk rj~xogu+ kocxo`i
nj` l`ko`g, aghoj ~gux~oexol`+ houulkso`i ~wko`i rj~xy cw`hu+ j~~guxo`i Ng`
Jkou cjaoky j`h eklug juuleojxgu cl~ r~lugewxol`+ houaj`xkg hlaguxoe
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ugew~oxy jrrj~jxwu+ ~go`uxjxo`i ugew~oxy o` xfg `jxol` j`h ~gurgex cl~ fwaj`
~oifxu j`h O`xg~`jxol`jk x~gjxogu.
8. El`uxoxwg`x Juuganky xl hgeohg l` xfg xyrg lc ilsg~`ag`x xl ng cl~agh+
xfg kgsgk lc r~lxgexol` xl o`hosohwjk ~oifxu+ o`xg~`jk efgedu j`h njkj`egu+
~lkg lc mwhoeoj~y+ ~gkjxol`ufor ngxgg` ~gkoiol` j`h uxjxg.
7. ^gurl`h xl ugsg~g uleol!gel`laoe ouuwgu kodg w`garklyag`x+ elkkjrug lc
xlw~oua o`hwux~y+ o`gzwjkoxy+ `g kgjhg~ufor.
Xfg `g ilsg~`ag`x ju cl~agh njugh o` r~lrl~xol`jk ~gr~gug`xjxol`
fg~g `l rj~xy elwkh ijo` jnulkwxg ajml~oxy. Ylag` g~g iosg`
~gug~sjxol` j`h lsg~ugju Xw`ouoj` elwkh slxg jx xfgo~ ganjuuogu. Xfg ajo`
Oukjaoux rj~xy+ Fj~jdjx jk @jfhj &jkx= G``jfhj,J`@jfhj+ ^g`jouuj`eg/+
el`x~lku 6? ugjxu &8:'/= ny cj~ xfg kj~igux nkled o` xfg Juuganky+ nwx `lx
g`lwif xl ~wkg oxflwx j eljkoxol`. Ox ou clkklgh ny xfg eg`xg~!kgcx+ ugewkj~
El`i~guu cl~ xfg ^grwnkoe &ER^/+ oxf >? ugjxu4 j rlrwkoux+ el`ug~sjxosg+ j`hc~jexolwu o`hgrg`hg`x eljkoxol`+ Jk J~ohfj jk Efjjnoj &Rlrwkj~ Rgxoxol`/+
oxf >3 ugjxu:74 xfg eg`xg~!kgcx+ ugewkj~ Gxxjdjxlk &jkul d`l` ju xfg
Hgale~jxoe Cl~wa lc Kjnl~ j`h Kong~xogu l~ CHXK/+ oxf >2 ugjxu4 j`h xfg
kgcxoux+
ux~o`ig`xky ugewkj~oux R~li~guuosg Hgale~jxoe Rj~xy &RHR/+ oxf :3 ugjxu.
Xg`xy!xl lxfg~ rj~xogu j`h o`hgrg`hg`x i~lwro`iu l` jx kgjux l`g ugjx
gjef. Cl~xy!`o`g lag` g~g gkgexgh xl xfg Juuganky+ lc fla 8> j~g Jk
@jfhj hgkgijxgu. Xfg >:9!ugjx @jxol`jk El`uxoxwg`x Juuganky ou efj~igh
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oxf h~jcxo`i j `g el`uxoxwxol` j`h r~grj~o`i cl~ cwxw~g rj~kojag`xj~y
j`h,l~ r~guohg`xojk gkgexol`u+ foef okk cl~ajkky uoi`jk xfg
`gvx uxgr o` xfg x~j`uoxol` r~leguu. Xfg Juuganky fju jkul ugkgexgh j
ilsg~`ag`x j`h ajy rg~cl~a zwjuo!kgioukjxosg cw`exol`u. Xfg ajo` rlkoxoejk
rj~xogu fjsg ji~ggh `lx xl uoi`ocoej`xky jkxg~ J~xoekg : lc Xw`ouoju ew~~g`x
el`uxoxwxol`= Xw`ouoj ou j c~gg+ o`hgrg`hg`x j`h ulsg~goi` uxjxg. Oxu ~gkoiol`
ou Oukja+ oxu kj`iwjig ou J~jnoe j`h oxu xyrg lc ilsg~`ag`x ou xfg ^grwnkoe.
Flgsg~+ j~gju lc houji~ggag`x ajy o`ekwhg xfg aj`hjxg l~ el`xo`wgh
gvouxg`eg lc xfg Ao`oux~y lc ^gkoiolwu Jccjo~u+ foef ~giwkjxgu ~gkoiolwu
jexosoxogu4 xfg el`xo`wjxol` &l~ jkxg~jxol`/ lc koaoxu l` xfg jnokoxy
lc ~gkoiolwuky el`ug~sjxosg Ujkjcoux i~lwru xl ~giouxg~ ju rlkoxoejk rj~xogu4 xfg
kgijk uxjxwu lc ~gkoiolwu ao`l~oxogu &?6' lc Xw`ouoj`u j~g Uw``o Awukoau+ nwx
xfg~g j~g xo`y Mgouf j`h Ef~ouxoj` elaaw`oxogu/4 j`h fl xl njkj`eg
c~gghla lc gvr~guuol` j`h ~gkoiolwu ug`uoxosoxogu.
Ifj``lwefou Dgy Rlo`xu
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Xfg ^lkg lc Oukja= Ox ou ekgj~ xfjx Oukja ou ilo`i xl rkjy j uoi`ocoej`x ~lkg o` xfg ~giol`.
^geg`x x~g`hu okk flrgcwkky ufl xfjx Oukja j`h hgale~jey j~g elarjxonkg. G``jfhj+
ju j rj~xy+ uggdu j hgale~jxoe ~gioag oxf Oukjaoe sjkwgu. Xfg rj~xy lwkh kodg xl
guxjnkouf j eljkoxol` ilsg~`ag`x xl o`hoejxg xfjx ox ou jkul rluuonkg xl l~d oxf
ugewkj~oua.
O`sguxag`x j`h Gel`laoeu= Xw`ouoj cjegu j `wang~ lc efjkkg`igu+ jal`i xfga
w`garklyag`x &xfg~g j~g ew~~g`xky jnlwx : aokkol` w`garklygh Xw`ouoj`u/ j`hfoif
el~~wrxol` kgsgku. Oc Xw`ouoj ej` guxjnkouf illh ilsg~`j`eg+ xfg` ox ej` g`elw~jig
o`sguxag`x o` xfg elw`x~y. G``jfhj ngkogsgu o` j c~gg aj~dgx uyuxga xfjx ou ~gurl`uonkg
xl oxu rglrkg+ gurgeojkky xfg rll~.
Cjokw~g lc Ng` Jko ^gioag= G``jfhj ngkogsgu xfjx l`g lc xfg i~gjxgux cjokw~gu lc xfg Ng`
Jko ~gioag j`h gj~kog~ ilsg~`ag`xu ju xfg gvekwuol` lc Oukja c~la rlkoxoeu. Oukja ou j
ugx lc sjkwgu j`h jy lc kocg+ `lx mwux j ~gkoiol`. G``jfhj uggdu xfg x~j`ukjxol` lc Oukja
o`xl hgale~jey.
^oug lc Ujkjcoua= O` Xw`ouoj+ Ujkjcoua ou j ~gkjxosgky `g j`h gjd rfg`lag`l`. Yoxf
xfg j~~guxu o` xfg :??2u j`h xfg ekluo`i lc ]jyxw`j W`osg~uoxy+ j ~gkoiolwu sjewwa ju
e~gjxgh j`h xfou ou fg~g Ujkjcoua ajy fjsg uxgrrgh o`. G``jfhj rkj`u xl hgjk oxf
Ujkjcoua mwux ju xfg Ygux hgjku oxf xfgo~ gvx~gag kgcx j`h ~oifx. O` Giyrx+ rwufo`i
Ujkjcouxu o`xl rlkoxoeu ou illh ngejwug ox cl~egu xfga o`xl ~gjkoxy j`h jjy c~la j` ohgjk.
Ylag`= G``jfhj okk `lx efj`ig xfg uxjxwu lc lag` o` Xw`ouoj l~ xfg rg~ul`jk uxjxwu
elhg. Garfjuo}o`i xfg ~lkg lc lag` o` fou rj~xy+ Ifj``lwefo uxjxgh xfjx lwx lc xfg 8?
lag` gkgexgh xl xfg el`uxoxwg`x juuganky+ 8> lc xfga j~g jccokojxgh oxf G``jfhj.
Rkw~jkoua= Oc G``jfhj klugu oxu r~lao`g`eg o` xfg `gvx gkgexol`u+ ox awux ~gurgex xfg
Xw`ouoj` efloeg. Ox ou xfg` G``jfhju r~g~lijxosg xl l~d xl efj`ig xfg ao`h lcXw`ouoj`u ny xfg `gvx ugx lc gkgexol`u. Mwux kodg xfg~g ou `l elarwkuol` o` ~gkoiol`+ xfg~g
ou `l elarwkuol` o` rlkoxoeu. Gsg~y rj~xy+ gsg` j Elaaw`oux l`g+ fju xfg cwkk ~oifx xl
gvoux.
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Jrluxjuy j`h Fg~guy= Ifj``lwefo ou lc xfg lro`ol` xfjx xfg ouuwg lc jrluxjuy &xfg
~g`lw`egag`x lc ~gkoiol`/ ju ~gcg~~gh xl o` Oukja ou j rlkoxoejk ouuwg xfjx ~gkjxgh xl x~ongu
elaaoxxo`i xl Oukja nwx ~gcwuo`i xl rjy xfgo~ xjvgu l~ }jdjx. Fg ux~guugh xfjx Oukja ou
njugh l` c~gghla j`h mwux kodg ylw g`xg~ Oukja c~ggky+ ylw fjsg xfg c~gghla xl kgjsg
Oukja ju gkk.
Cl~goi` ^gkjxol`u j`h Rjkguxo`g= G``jfhj okk clewu oxu gccl~xu l` Xw`ouoj. L`eg j`
ohgjk alhgk ou ~gjefgh+ xfg` Xw`ouoj ej` ngio` xl xfo`d jnlwx o`ckwg`eo`i lxfg~
elw`x~ogu. Xfg Xw`ouoj` ~gslkwxol`+ flgsg~+ ou `lx cl~ gvrl~xo`i. L` xfg ouuwg lc
Rjkguxo`g+ Ifj``lwefo ngkogsgu xfjx Fjaju ju gkgexgh ny xfg Rjkguxo`oj` rglrkg o` j`
fl`gux j`h cjo~ gkgexol`. Yfgxfg~ fg jeegrxu xfg rlkoeogu lc Fjaju ou j hoccg~g`x
zwguxol`+ flgsg~.
Aoux~wux lc G``jfhj= Xfg~g ou `l hlwnx xfjx aoux~wux lc G``jfhj gvouxu. Ifj``lwefo
el`xg`hu xfjx awef lc ox ou hwg xl xfg r~lrjij`hj xfjx ju rwx o` rkjeg ny xfg Ng` Jko
~gioag ko`do`i xfg rj~xy xl xg~~l~oua j`h kjngko`i ox ju j xf~gjx xl lag`u ~oifxu. Fg
uxjxgh xfjx o` koifx lc xfou r~lrjij`hj+ xfg 85 rg~eg`x xfjx G``jfhj l` o` xfg alux
~geg`x gkgexol`u ou j el`uohg~jnkg jalw`x. W`kodg Ng` Jko+ flgsg~+ G``jfhj ou `lx
klldo`i cl~ j ?? rg~eg`x soexl~y.3
Ugew~oxy j~~j`igag`x
Xfg ugew~oxy ug~soegu w`hg~ Ng` Jko g~g jeewugh lc jnwugu uwef ju gvx~jmwhoeojk
j~~guxu+ gvxg`uosg O`xg~`gx uw~sgokkj`eg+ j`h xl~xw~g. Xfg `wang~ lc ugew~oxy
jig`xu ~gajo`u w`d`l`+ jkxflwif ox ou xflwifx ny ulag j`jkyuxu xl cj~ gveggh
xfg `wang~ lc aokoxj~y rg~ul``gk j`h elwkh ng ju foif ju >22+222.9Xfg o`xg~oa
3fxxr=,,.ej~`giog!age.l~i,gsg`xu,2::. Lxfg~u lxg xfjx o`ckjxgh coiw~gu l` xfg wang~ lc ugew~oxy jig`xu ajy fjsg ngg` rw~rlugcwkky
xlkg~jxgh &gsg` eo~ewkjxgh/ ny xfg cl~ag~ ~gioag o` l~hg~ xl gvjiig~jxg oxu jnokoxy xl el`x~lk xfg rlrwkjxol`
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ilsg~`ag`x n~lwifx efj~igu jijo`ux j cg ug`ol~ ugew~oxy lccoeojku c~la xfg Ng`
Jko ~gioag. Flgsg~+ lro`ol`u j~g hosohgh ju xl fgxfg~ xl rw~uwg klg~! j`h
aoh!~j`do`i lccoeojku j`h ugew~oxy lccoeg~u. Xfg~g ou j `lxjnkg houxo`exol` ngxgg`
xfg ugew~oxy ug~soegu+ foef g~g eklugky juuleojxgh oxf Ng` Jkou ~gr~guuosg
o`xg~`jk ugew~oxy jrrj~jxwu+ j`h xfg aokoxj~y+ foef fju ~gegosgh cgg~ uxjxg
~gulw~egu j`h ou soggh ju ~gkjxosgky jrlkoxoejk.
Xfg aokoxj~y elar~ougu ~lwifky 57+222 rg~ul``gk4 aokoxj~y ug~soeg ou elarwkul~y
cl~ l`g ygj~+ nwx aj`y Xw`ouoj`u ~grl~xghky gsjhg ox. Ilsg~`ag`x urg`ho`i l`
xfg aokoxj~y el`uxoxwxgu l`ky :.8' lc IHRj kl r~lrl~xol` elarj~gh xl lxfg~
elw`x~ogu o` xfg ~giol`.6 Xfg j~agh cl~egu j~g rluoxol`gh kj~igky jijo`ux gvxg~`jk
xf~gjxu+ j`h jkul rj~xoeorjxg &xl j koaoxgh gvxg`x/ o` awkxokjxg~jk rgjegdggro`i
aouuol`u. Xfg ilsg~`ag`xu o`oxojk+ fgjsy!fj`hgh ~gurl`ug xl xfg >2:: r~lxguxu
ju kgh ny xfg rlkoeg j`h ugew~oxy ug~soegu. Xfg hgrklyag`x lc xfg aokoxj~y xl xfg
ux~ggxu ju j xw~`o`i rlo`x+ j`h aokoxj~y kgjhg~u jrrgj~ xl fjsg uwnugzwg`xky
rkjygh j dgy ~lkg o` g`ho`i Ng` Jkou r~guohg`ey. Ig`g~jk ^jefoh Jaaj~+ xfg`
j~ay efogc lc uxjcc &uo`eg r~lalxgh xl xfg gzwosjkg`x lc mlo`x efogc lc uxjcc/ ou
ohgky ~grl~xgh xl fjsg ~gcwugh l~hg~u xl lrg` co~g l` hgal`ux~jxl~u. ? L`
Mj`wj~y >5+ Jaaj~ rwnkoeky jhh~guugh r~lxguxg~u j`h r~laough xl ujcgiwj~hXw`ouoju ~gslkwxol`. Xfg Hgcg`ug Ugew~oxy Ellrg~jxol` Jig`ey &HUEJ/ ~grl~xu
xfjx Xw`ouoj ~gkogu l` W.U. Cl~goi` Aokoxj~y Co`j`eo`i &CAC/ juuouxj`eg xl ajo`xjo`
oxu jio`i 62u j`h gj~ky ?2u g~j o`sg`xl~y lc W.U.!l~oio` gzworag`x+ foef
elar~ougu `gj~ky 92' lc Xw`ouoju xlxjk o`sg`xl~y.:2
Rlkoxoejk Oukja
6:
Coiw~gu elarj~gh c~la xfg EOJ Yl~kh Cjexnlld?
G.i.+ Jnhgkj}o} Nj~~lwfo+ Xw`ouog= KFlaag Zwo J Hox @l`+ Mgw`g Jc~ozwg+ Mj`wj~y 52!Cgn~wj~y 7+ >2::.:2
Hgcg`ug Ugew~oxy Ellrg~jxol` Jig`ey &HUEJ/+ Xw`ouoj Uwaaj~y+ wrhjxgh Mj`wj~y :5+ >2::.
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Xfg ajo` rlkoxoejk rj~xogu fjsg ji~ggh `lx xl uoi`ocoej`xky jkxg~ J~xoekg :
lc Xw`ouoju ew~~g`x el`uxoxwxol`= Xw`ouoj ou j c~gg+ o`hgrg`hg`x j`h ulsg~goi`
uxjxg. Oxu ~gkoiol` ou Oukja+ oxu kj`iwjig ou J~jnoe j`h oxu xyrg lc ilsg~`ag`x ou xfg^grwnkoe. Flgsg~+ j~gju lc houji~ggag`x ajy o`ekwhg xfg aj`hjxg l~
el`xo`wgh gvouxg`eg lc xfg Ao`oux~y lc ^gkoiolwu Jccjo~u+ foef ~giwkjxgu ~gkoiolwu
jexosoxogu4 xfg el`xo`wjxol` &l~ jkxg~jxol`/ lc koaoxu l` xfg jnokoxy lc ~gkoiolwuky
el`ug~sjxosg Ujkjcoux i~lwru xl ~giouxg~ ju rlkoxoejk rj~xogu4 xfg kgijk uxjxwu lc
~gkoiolwu ao`l~oxogu &?6' lc Xw`ouoj`u j~g Uw``o Awukoau+ nwx xfg~g j~g xo`y Mgouf
j`h Ef~ouxoj`. elaaw`oxogu/4 j`h fl xl njkj`eg c~gghla lc gvr~guuol` j`h
~gkoiolwu ug`uoxosoxogu. Xfg Lexlng~ gkgexol`u el`co~agh xfg rlkoxoejk ~oug lc
Xw`ouoju ajo` Oukjaoux rj~xy+ Jk @jfhj. Jk @jfhj kgjhg~u fjsg rl~x~jyghxfgaugksgu ju alhg~jxgu fl uggd xl rj~xoeorjxg o` j hgale~jxoe uyuxga+ uwrrl~x
xfg ugrj~jxol` lc aluzwg j`h uxjxg+ j`h lwkh `lx uejkg njed lag`u
c~gghla.::Ifj``lwefo fju elarj~gh Jk @jfhj xl Xw~dgyu ~wko`i Mwuxoeg j`h
Hgsgklrag`x Rj~xy &JDR/. Jk @jfhj kgjhg~u+ cl~ gvjarkg+ fjsg gvr~guugh uwrrl~x
cl~ r~gug~so`i Xw`ouoju rg~ul`jk uxjxwu elhg+ foef ou j dgy clewu lc el`eg~`
jal`i ugewkj~ouxu. Xfg alsgag`xu hgx~jexl~u+ flgsg~+ lcxg` jeewug Jk @jfhj
lc j hlwnkg houelw~ug+ o.g.+ lc rl~x~jyo`i j alhg~jxg cjeg o` l~hg~ xl g`xg~
ilsg~`ag`x j`h i~jhwjkky o`x~lhweg al~g el`ug~sjxosg+ ~gux~oexosg kju j`h
o`uxoxwxol`u. El`sg~ugky+ Jk @jfhj agang~u rw~rl~x xl cggk xf~gjxg`gh ny kgcxoux
jexl~u+ fla xfgy jeewug lc uggdo`i okkgioxoajxgky xl ~gux~oex Oukjaouxu rlkoxoejk
o`ckwg`eg. O`e~gjuo`i rlkj~o}jxol` ngxgg` Oukjaouxu j`h ugewkj~ouxu elwkh rl~xg`h
i~ohkled oxfo` xfg El`uxoxwg`x Juuganky.
::Cl~ gvjarkg+ j @jfhj urldguaj` xlkh j mlw~`jkoux o` Jr~ok xfjx xfg~g ou `l hgsgklrgh elw`x~y xfjx hlgu `lx
fjsg
lag`u ~oifxu+ xfgug xfo`iu il xligxfg~. Kg Al`hg+ G` Xw`ouog+ Kgu Awkxorkgu Soujigu hW` Oukjaouag Zwo
^jrrj~jx jw I~j`h Mlw~+ Jr~ok :2+ >2::. Ugg jkul Aj~e Ky`ef+ Xw`ouoju @g jk!@jfhj+ Cl~goi`Rlkoey.ela+ Mw`g
>?+ >2::4 j`h Jk @jfhj+ Jhh~guu ny xfg Ig`g~jk!Uge~gxj~y lc G``jfhj Rj~xy = Rluoxol`u j`h Hoag`uol`u+ Ulwuug
Nwuo`guu Cl~wa+ Mw`g ::+ >2::. Cl~ j uyarjxfgxoe jeelw`x lc Ifj``lwefou rlkoxoejk j`h rfoklulrfoejk gslkwxol`+
ugg
J}}ja U. Xjaoao+ ^jefoh Ifj``lwefo= J Hgale~jx oxfo` Oukjaoua+ @g _l~d= Lvcl~h W`osg~uoxy R~guu+ >22:.
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Gel`lay
Hjajig c~la xfg Hgegang~ >2:2!Mj`wj~y >2:: w`~gux+ rlkoxoejk w`eg~xjo`xy+
xw~alok o` `goifnl~o`i Konyj &foef ejwugh xfg ~gxw~` lc xg`u lc xflwuj`hu lc
aoi~j`x Xw`ouoj` l~dg~u j`h xfg ~gkjxgh kluu lc ~gaoxxj`eg ~gsg`wgu/+ j`h
gel`laoe e~ouou o` Gw~lrg fjsg el`x~onwxgh xl ugsg~g gel`laoe hoccoewkxogu.
Xw`ouoj gvrg~og`egh gel`laoe el`x~jexol` o` xfg co~ux zwj~xg~ lc >2::+ j`h oxu
eg`x~jk nj`d fju r~ghoexgh 2' i~lxf o` >2::+ elarj~gh xl 5.9' i~lxf o` >2:2.
Xlw~oua ~gegorxu g~g ~grl~xghky hl` ny 82' j`h cl~goi` ho~gex o`sguxag`x ny
32' o` xfg co~ux uov al`xfu lc >2:::> :L`ilo`i kjnl~ w`~gux+ rj~xoewkj~ky o` xfg
o`xg~ol~+ o`ekwho`i rflurfjxg ao`o`i j~gju+ ~gr~gug`xu j` jhhoxol`jk efjkkg`ig+ ju
hl ~ouo`i cllh j`h cwgk r~oegu j`h ~geg`x ckllho`i. Jeel~ho`i xl o`xg~oa
ilsg~`ag`x guxoajxgu+ wr xl >2' lc xfg l~do`i!jig rlrwkjxol` ej`x co`h l~d+
j`h wr xl j zwj~xg~ lc xfga j~g w`osg~uoxy i~jhwjxgu.:5 Lexlng~ >2:: xfg OAC
r~lmgexgh xfjx xfg l~ug`o`i iklnjk gel`laoe lwxklld lwkh `gijxosgky jccgex
Xw`ouoju i~lxf r~lurgexu o` xfg `gj~ cwxw~g j`h j~`gh lc xfg rlxg`xojk cl~
ohg`o`i couejk hgcoeoxu hwg xl uleojk urg`ho`i.:8 Xfg o`xg~oa ilsg~`ag`xu
gel`laoe r~lrlujku g~g cl~ajko}gh o` xfg Ugrxgang~ >2:: ~gkgjug lc
j cosg!ygj~ hgsgklrag`x ux~jxgiy+ hwnngh xfg Mjuao`g Rkj`+ foef ju
rluoxosgky ~gegosgh ny Yguxg~` hl`l~u. Ox garfjuo}gh rw~uwo`i i~gjxg~ gvrl~xu
j`h cl~goi` o`sguxag`x4 cluxg~o`i j kj~ig~ ~lkg cl~ xfg r~osjxg ugexl~ o` mln
e~gjxol`4 o`e~gjuo`i rwnkoe o`sguxag`x o` o`c~jux~wexw~g j`h ghwejxol`+ oxf j
clewu l` jhh~guuo`i ~giol`jk o`gzwjkoxogu4 ~gsoso`i r~osjxo}jxol` r~li~jau4 j`h
~ghweo`i rwnkoe hgnx. :7 Xgvxokg gvrl~xu j`h xlw~oua fjsg h~osg` awef lc Xw`ouoju
:>JCR+ Xw`ouog= Jr~u kg ^gxlw~ jw Ejkag+ Rkjeg jw I~j`h Efj`xog~ Gel`laozwg+ Aj~ef ?+ >2::4 Kg Xgaru+
Jrrgkhgu :9 Rlw~ Ulwxg`o~ kj X~j`uoxol` Hale~jxozwg g` Xw`ouog+ Ajy :?+ >2::4 Aj~d X~j`+ Xw`ouoj Lccg~u Yjdg!Wr
Ejkk cl~ Hgsgklrag`x+ Xfg Iwj~hoj`+ Mw`g ?+ >2:::5
Rgxg~ Yl`jelxx+ Xw`ouoju Kgjhg~ufor Cjegu ^guxosg W`garklygh+ Xfg Yjkk Ux~ggx Mlw~`jk+ @lsgang~ 8+ >2::.:8
5
OAC+ giol`jk Gel`laoe Lwxklld= Aohhkg Gjux j`h Eg`x~jk Juoj+ Jr~ok >2::4 OAC Uw~sgy+ Aohgjux Lwxklld Sj~ogu
Aj~dghky Je~luu giol`u+ Lexlng~ >3+ >2::.:7
fxxr=,,.cju.l~i,uir,e~u,~l, U>:333.rhc
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gel`laoe i~lxf o` ~geg`x ygj~u. Xfg xlw~oua ugexl~ ou j ajml~ garklyg~ j`h
r~gsolwuky r~lsohgh ulag ::' lc xfg elw`x~yu fj~h ew~~g`ey ~gegorxu+ wr xl 9'
lc IHR+ j`h j` guxoajxgh 822+222 mlnu. Xw`ouoj fju jkul jxxgarxgh xl jxx~jex
cl~goi` o`sguxag`x o` oxu `jueg`x lok j`h iju ugexl~. Rflurfjxg l~g ~gug~sgu j~g
uoi`ocoej`x j`h j~g xfg njuou lc j efgaoejku o`hwux~y+ nwx xfgo~ sjkwg ou ~ghwegh ny
xfgo~ kl i~jhg. O` >22?+ xfg Yl~kh Nj`d eoxgh Xw`ouoj ju j xlr ~giol`jk
~gcl~ag~+ eoxo`i r~li~guu o` xfg j~gju lc uxj~xo`i j nwuo`guu+ igxxo`i e~ghox+
r~lxgexo`i o`sguxl~u+ rjyo`i xjvgu+ j`h nl~hg~ hgcg`ug.:3 Xw`ouoju ux~l`i
gel`laoe ~gel~h fju kl`i ajudgh uoi`ocoej`x hourj~oxogu. Ygjkxf fju kl`i ngg`
el`eg`x~jxgh o` xfg ejroxjk j`h jkl`i xfg gjuxg~` eljux+ fokg xfg o`xg~ol~ fju
uwccg~gh c~la rlsg~xy j`h ilsg~`ag`x `gikgex. W`garklyag`x j`h
w`hg~garklyag`x j~g ajml~ r~lnkgau+ `lxjnky cl~ ~geg`x elkkgig i~jhwjxgu.
Jeel~ho`i xl xfg Jc~oej` Hgsgklrag`x Nj`d &JcHN/+ xfg w`garklyag`x ~jxg
jal`i w`osg~uoxy i~jhwjxgu ju lsg~ >2' o` >2:2 j`h o`e~gjugh ny j cjexl~ lc
xg` lsg~ xfg kjux xl hgejhgu hwg xl xfg ylwxf nwkig+ foif xf~lwifrwx o`
w`osg~uoxogu+ aouajxef o` xfg hgaj`h j`h uwrrky lc udokkgh l~dg~u+ j`h xfg
~gkjxosgky kl zwjkoxy lc x~jo`o`i ~gegosgh ny aj`y i~jhwjxgu. Al~glsg~+
w`garklyag`x ou lsg~ >>'+ l` jsg~jig+ o` o`xg~ol~ ~giol`u uwef ju Djuug~o`g j`h
Ijcuj+ foef g~g groeg`xg~u lc xfg gj~ky >2:: w`~gux.:9
:33
Ugg Yl~kh Nj`d+ Xw`ouoj= J Xlr ^giol`jk ^gcl~ag~ Jeel~ho`i xl Hlo`i Nwuo`guu >22?+ Ugrxgang~ >226:9
Jc~oej` Hgsgklrag`x Nj`d+ Xfg ^gslkwxol` o` Xw`ouoj= Gel`laoe Efjkkg`igu j`h R~lurgexu+ Aj~ef >2::.
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8/3/2019 Political Development in Middle East with reference to Tunisia.
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El`ekwuol`
Ox ~gajo`u xl ng ugg` fl xfg r~leguu lc rlkoxoejk hgsgklrag`x o` Aohhkg Gjux okk
gag~ig j`h fl xfg `g o`uxoxwxol`u j`h el`uxoxwxol`u okk el`x~onwxg xl j `g
l~kh l~hg~. Xw`ouoj ju j alhgk fju r~lsgh oxugkc ul cj~ xl ng nlxf o`xg~guxo`i j`h
j kgj~`o`i gvrg~og`eg cl~ lxfg~ `jxol`u o` xfg ~giol`. Ox jkul uflu xfg uo`eg~oxy
j`h cjux jexol` xjdg` ngcl~g lxfg~ rkjyg~u alsg o` kodg xfg aokoxj~y ju o` Giyrx.
Yoxf joh rjedjigu j``lw`egh xfg elw`x~y klldu rluoxosg+ also`i o`xl j uweeguucwk
x~j`uoxol` xl ~gr~gug`xjxosg hgale~jey j`h ju oxu eoxo}g`u fl j~g Awukoau ekjoa
j`x Oukja xl ng rj~x lc xfgo~ kosgu j`h uxjxg nwx `lx nwokh j` Oukjaoe uxjxg.