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Political Geography Evolution of the contemporary political pattern Territoriality how Earths surface should be organized

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The contemporary political pattern is a nation-state

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The nation-state concept Nation state is a European idea that the map of states should look like the map of nations aspiration of governing elites around the world; a politically organized space in which nation and state occupy the same space, in reality few states are perfect nation states (textbook example: Japan, why?)

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Nation-state: ancient history Ancient states city-states : sovereign state that comprise a town and the surrounding countryside, walls clearly delineated the boundaries, land outside the walls is controlled and used for agriculture, where a society lived constituted its territory, Empires were created when one state or tribe would gain military dominance over the other cities (in Mesopotamia) Egypt was a separate empire, a narrow region along the banks of the Nile

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The nation-state: Early European States around CE100 CE1500 Roman Empire height of political unity in the ancient world (Europe, N Africa, SW Asia), same set of laws, 38 provinces, massive walls, one official language, one currency Fall of the Roman Empire decentralized, competing estates Powerful kings emerge in Europe beginning CE1100 basis for modern England, France, Spain (German and Italy not consolidated until 19 th century)

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The nation state concept: 1 st emerged Modern state system Peace of Westphalia, 1648, recognized defined, demarcated territories, now the territory defines the society territory is a fixed element of political identity, exclusive, non overlapping territories

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Across the Aisle Question What is the difference in Colonialism & Imperialism?

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Colonialism (1400s early 1800s) A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state and not completely independent, the sovereign state controls the colonys military and foreign policy and sometimes internal affairs also Colonialism effort by one country to establish settlements on previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land and to impose political, economics, and cultural principles on such territory, Europe (Spain and Portugal first) colonized for glory, gold and God organizing the flows of raw materials for their own benefit, affecting the cultural landscape with plantations, ports, . mines, RR.

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imperialism Europes colonization of Africa and Asia1800s 1900s..imperialism Europes colonization of Africa and Asia1800s 1900s.. Imperialism 1800s-1900s control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society Berlin Conference 1884-1885, projected European power to organizing political space into the non- European world, became the model adopted around the world, Europe designed the rules of capitalist world economy, created a system of economic interdependence that persists today, Former colonies, now politically independent remain economically dependent infrastructure is organized to get raw materials out

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Berlin Conference (1884): European countries decided they could claim African colonies just by setting up government offices in African territory. This set off a Great Scramble as Europeans rushed to colonize Africa. Why???

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Who is missing from this picture??? Europeans: Carving up a Continent

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Berlin Conference 1884 Divided Africa with no consideration for culture Results of superimposed boundaries African nations divided Hostile nations within state Historical trade routes disrupted Migration routes disrupted

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By 1914, there were only two independent countries left in all of Africa. What new countries were growing empires? We do not want to put anyone in the shade, but we also demand our place in the sun Germany Where do these lines come from???

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African colonies

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Decolonization, 1940s-1990s

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Imperialism 1800s-1900s control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society UK - largest colonial empire, on every continent, including E and S Africa, S Asia, Middle East, Australia, Canada created different government structures and policies for various territories decentralized approach protected diverse cultures, local customs, educational systems possibility of peaceful transition to independence in some colonies Commonwealth

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Imperialism 1800s-1900s control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society France 2 nd largest W Africa and SE Asia assimilated its colonies into French culture, educated an elite group to provide local administrative leadership, colonies often retained close ties after independence Portugal, Spain, German, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium Most African and Asian colonies become independent after WWII Most of the colonies that remain are islands in the Pacific or Caribbean

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Democratization Process began as land/nobility power declined due to increasingly powerful wealthy middle class, upheavals in the 1780s, the French Revolution, political authority will rest with citizenry not with a hereditary monarch Also the idea that people are sovereign, the nation has ultimate say over what happens within the state, true democracy exists when the nation has its own sovereign territory 1800s quest to form nation-states in Europe associated with a rise in nationalism as well as democratization Most African and Asian colonies become independent after WWII and attempted democratization Democratization

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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Republics:Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.orghttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Forms of Government

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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Republics:Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.orghttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm

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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Republics:Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.orghttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm

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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Republics:Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice Authoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire

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Fall of communism legacy of the Cold War post WWII The Soviet Union and the Iron Curtain Countries behind the former Iron Curtain deal with developing economics and ZPG or lower, as well as environmental degradation due to lack of pollution controls China and the Bamboo Curtain

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Fall of communism legacy of the Cold War post WWII China and the Bamboo Curtain

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EU 2014 .

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Patterns of local, regional, and metropolitan governance Federalism Divides power between the central government and local governments allows strong power to units of local government within the country (the US), gives local people more power and representation can lead to tension due to regional/local representatives fighting for their own constituents

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Patterns of local, regional, and metropolitan governance Unitary places power in the hands of the central government officials (Cuba) the local government cannot make its own decisions or repairs, must request and wait for answer from the central government local people have little voice

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Gerrymandering redrawing legislative districts for the purpose of benefitting the party in power, ex NC district 12

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Somali woman voting Soviet repression Catalonia wants independence the Kurds would like a state