political law review q & a 1987-2004.doc

8/10/2019 political law review Q & A 1987-2004.doc

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ANSWERS TO BAR

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

IN

POLITICAL LAWARRANGED BY TOPIC

(1987 2004)

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&/ "# ANSWERS TO BAR EXAMINATIONQUESTIONS IN POLITICAL LAW "#

UP LAW COMPLEX

+, 2:; 200....................................................................................................................................

reedom o% 'eligion.................................................................................................................

reedom o% 'eligion ................................................................................................................reedom o% 'eligion.................................................................................................................

reedom o% 'eligion; lag *alute............................................................................................

reedom o% 'eligion; &on-Establis(ment Clause....................................................................reedom o% 'eligion; &on-Establis(ment Clause....................................................................

reedom o% 'eligion; &on-Establis(ment Clause....................................................................

*ection ?....................................................................................................................................Libert+ o% Abode........................................................................................................................

Libert+ o% Abode........................................................................................................................

'ig(t to ra!el; 'ig(t to 2ail....................................................................................................

*ection 3:..................................................................................................................................Custodial In!estigation; Extra@udicial Con%ession to Pri!ate Indi!iduals...............................

Custodial In!estigation; Extra@udicial Con%ession...................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; Police Line-"p..................................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; Police Line-"p..................................................................................Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(t to Counsel................................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(t to Counsel, Independent..........................................................Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(t to Counsel................................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(t to Counsel; 'eceipt o% Propert+ *eied...................................

Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(ts................................................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(ts................................................................................................Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(ts ...............................................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(ts................................................................................................

Custodial In!estigation; 'ig(ts................................................................................................*ection 3


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Citiens(ip................................................................................................................................

Citiens(ip................................................................................................................................

Citiens(ip................................................................................................................................Citiens(ip................................................................................................................................

Citiens(ip................................................................................................................................

Citiens(ip................................................................................................................................Citiens(ip; Action or Cancellation; Prescription # E%%ect o% )eat(...................................

Citiens(ip; )ual Citiens(ip...................................................................................................

Citiens(ip; E%%ect o% 'epatriation...........................................................................................Citiens(ip; E%%ect o% 'epatriation...........................................................................................

Citiens(ip; E%%ect o% 'epatriation...........................................................................................

Citiens(ip; E%%ects o% arriages.............................................................................................

Citiens(ip; &atural-2orn........................................................................................................Citiens(ip; &aturaliation; Cancellation o% Citiens(ip.........................................................

Citiens(ip; 'eac9uisition, wa+s o%..........................................................................................

Legislati!e )epartment...........................................................................................................

Legislature; Appropriation Law; &ature................................................................................Legislature; Appropriation Law; 'ider Pro!ision..................................................................

Legislature; Appropriation Law; Automatic 'enewal # Pwr o% Augmentation ....................Legislature; Appropriation o% Public unds; /nl+ %or Public Purposes................................

Legislature; Appropriation o% Public unds; )ebt *er!icing................................................

Legislature; Appropriation o% Public unds; must be b+ law................................................

Legislature; Commission /n Appointments...........................................................................Legislature; Conduct o% oreign A%%airs.................................................................................

Legislature; Conduct o% oreign A%%airs; 'ole o% *enate.......................................................

Legislature; Conduct o% oreign A%%airs; reaties..................................................................Legislature; Congressmen; )iscipline; *uspension o% A ember.........................................

Legislature; Congressmen; )iscipline; odes o% 'emo!al...................................................

Legislature; Congressmen; Loans Extended to embers o% Congress..................................Legislature; Congressmen; Pro(ibitions and In(ibitions o% Public /%ice..............................

Legislature; Congressmen; Buali%ications; age.....................................................................

Legislature; Congressmen; Buali%ications.............................................................................Legislature; Congressmen; Buali%ications.............................................................................

Legislature; Congressmen; (ree-erm Limit........................................................................

Legislature; Congressmen; (ree-erm Limit........................................................................

Legislature; Electoral ribunal..............................................................................................Legislature; Electoral ribunal, *enate; Jurisdiction............................................................

Legislature; ulti-Part+ *+stem.............................................................................................

Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; Law aing; Passage o% A Law.......................................Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; Law aing; Process # Publication..............................

Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; Law aing; /!erriding t(e Presidential eto..... ..........

Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; Law aing......................................................................Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; )elegation o% Legislati!e unctions.................................

Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; In!estigations in Aid o% Legislation; 'ig(ts to *el%-

Incrimination o% $itness..........................................................................................................

Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e.............................................................................................Legislature; Powers; Legislati!e; Law aing; alidit+ o% Item eto...................................

Legislature; Powers; &on-Legislati!e; Emergenc+ Powers; 'e9uisites................................

Legislature; Powers; &on-Legislati!e....................................................................................Executi!e )epartment.............................................................................................................

Executi!e; Appointing Power..................................................................................................

Executi!e; Appointing Power; Appointments 'e9uiring Con%irmation..................................Executi!e; Appointing Power; Appointments 'e9uiring Con%irmation # ad interim

appointments...........................................................................................................................

Executi!e; Appointing Power; Acting s Permanent Appointment........................................

Executi!e; Appointing Power; Ad Interim Appointments.......................................................Executi!e; Appointing Power; Appointments.........................................................................

+


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Executi!e; Appointing Power; Limitations /n Presidential Appointments............................

Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ....................................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ....................................................................................................Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Amnest+....................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Amnest+....................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Pardon, Conditional................................................................Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Pardon.....................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Pardon.....................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; 3?; artial Law # *uspension o% $rit o% 1abeas Corpus............Executi!e; Exec Powers; 3?; artial Law.............................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; 3?; *uspension o% $rit o% 1abeas Corpus.....................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power o% t(e President to Enter Into Loan Agreements......... .......

Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power to Contract /r Guarantee oreign Loans..........................Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power to Enter Into Executi!e Agreements...................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power to Impose ari%% 'ates, Import and Export Buotas, Etc.

................................................................................................................................................

Executi!e; Presidential Immunit+ rom *uit..........................................................................Executi!e; Pro(ibition Against ultiple Positions b+ Go!Dt /%%icials...................................

Executi!e; Pro(ibition Against ultiple Positions # Additional Compensation; Cabinetembers.................................................................................................................................

Executi!e; Pro(ibitions and In(ibitions o% Public /%ice........................................................

Judicial )epartment...............................................................................................................

*ection 3..................................................................................................................................inalit+ o% oid Judgments.....................................................................................................

Judicial Power........................................................................................................................

Judicial Power........................................................................................................................Judicial Power........................................................................................................................

Judicial Power........................................................................................................................

Judicial Power # Political Buestion, related........................................................................Judicial Power # Political Buestions....................................................................................

Judicial Power # Political Buestion )octrine......................................................................

Judicial Power to 'e!iew Executi!e Acts...............................................................................Judicial Power; Contempt Powers ........................................................................................

Judicial Power; *cope "nder t(e Present Constitution.........................................................

Judicial 'e!iew; Proper Part+ ..............................................................................................

Judicial 'e!iew; Proper Part+...............................................................................................Judicial 'e!iew; 'e9uisites....................................................................................................

Jurisdiction o% Courts; In@unction /rders..............................................................................

Jurisdiction o% 1L"'2...........................................................................................................Justiciable Buestion................................................................................................................

Pro 1ac ice Cases................................................................................................................

*upreme Court As A Continuing Constitutional Con!ention..................................................*ection


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'otational *c(eme..................................................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice............................................................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; 'ecei!ing o% Indirect Compensation ...............................................................Ci!il *er!ice; unction o% C*C...............................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; Career *er!ice; C(aracteristics.......................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; G/CCs; co!erage............................................................................................Ci!il *er!ice; G/CCs $it(out /riginal C(arter s Goccs $it( /riginal C(arter; ............

Ci!il *er!ice; G/CCs, Jurisdiction o!er................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; odes o% 'emo!al............................................................................................Ci!il *er!ice; *ecurit+ o% enure............................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; *ecurit+ o% enure............................................................................................

C/ELEC..............................................................................................................................

Comelec; E9ual *pace and ime in edia.............................................................................Comelec; Grant o% Pardon in Election /%%enses....................................................................

Comelec; 'emo!al o% Commissioners....................................................................................

Commission on Audit..............................................................................................................

Commission /n Audit; Jurisdiction........................................................................................Commission /n Audit; one+ Claims....................................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers............................................................................................Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers ...........................................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers............................................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; Impeac(ment....................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; Impeac(ment....................................................................Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; /mbudsman; Jurisdiction................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; /mbudsman; Power to Impose Pre!enti!e *uspension

................................................................................................................................................Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; /mbudsman; Power to In!estigate..................................

&ational Econom+ and Patrimon+..........................................................................................

*ection :..................................................................................................................................Article II; Exploration and )e!elopment o% inerals.........................................................

*ection


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Law o% Public /%%icers; &ext-in-'an 'ule............................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; Power to Issue *ubpoena; !alidit+ o% delegation.............................

Law o% Public /%%icers; Pro(ibition /n Electi!e /%%icer to 1old Public /%%ice....................Law o% Public /%%icers; 'etirement 2ene%its..........................................................................

Election Laws..........................................................................................................................

Election Laws; :nd Placer 'ule.............................................................................................Election Laws; :nd Placer 'ule ............................................................................................

Election Laws; :nd Placer 'ule; in Buo $arranto Cases.....................................................

Election Laws; Appreciation o% 2allots..................................................................................Election Laws; Comelec; Judicial 'e!iew o% )ecisions.........................................................

Election Laws; Comelec; Jurisdiction....................................................................................

Election Laws; )is9uali%ication; Grounds.............................................................................

Election Laws; E%%ect o% iling o% Certi%icate o% Candidac+; Appointi!e /%%icer sElecti!e /%%icer.......................................................................................................................

Election Laws; E%%ect o% iling o% Certi%icate o% Candidac+; air Election Act....................

Election Laws; Election /%%enses; Conspirac+ to 2ribe oters.............................................

Election Laws; Election Protest.............................................................................................Election Laws; Election Protest s Buo $arranto ...............................................................

Election Laws; Election Protest; Jurisdiction........................................................................Election Laws; Expiration o% term bars ser!ice t(ereo%.........................................................

Election Laws; Petition to )eclare ailure o% Elections; 'e9uisites # E%%ects.....................

Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest.............................................................................

Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest.............................................................................Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest s Election Contests...........................................

Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest; Proper Issues.....................................................

Election Laws; Process; Illiterate oters...............................................................................Election Laws; Process; Principle o% Idem *onans................................................................

Election Laws; Process; *tra+ 2allot.....................................................................................

Local Go!ernment..................................................................................................................Public Corp; Appointment o% 2udget /%%icer; control !s super!ision....................................

Public Corp; 2oundar+ )ispute *ettlement...........................................................................

Public Corp; Closure /r Lease o% Properties or Public "se ..............................................Public Corp; Creation o% &ew Local Go!ernment "nits; Plebiscite 'e9uirement.............. ..

Public Corp; )e acto Public Corporations; E%%ect o% /%%icial Acts o% t(e unicipal

Corporation and Its /%%icers..................................................................................................

Public Corp; )e!olution.........................................................................................................Public Corp; Entitlement o% LG"s to E9uitable *(are in "tiliation and )e!elopment o%

&ational $ealt(......................................................................................................................

Public Corp; ranc(ise; prior appro!al o% LG" necessar+..................................................Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; E%%ect o% ice-a+or Acting As a+or.....................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; Buali%ications...........................................................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; 'ecall........................................................................Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; 'ule o% *uccession....................................................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; 'ule o% *uccession # :nd Placer 'ule.....................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; 'ule o% *uccession in Local /%%ice...........................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; (ree-erm Limit......................................................Public Corp; Local Executi!es; alidit+ o% Contracts Entered Into; 'e9uisites....................

Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+.........................................................................................

Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+.........................................................................................Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+; general wel%are clause...................................................

Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+ o% Gambling Pro(ibition.................................................

Public Corp; /rdinances; eto Power...................................................................................Public Corp; Police Power; LL)A.........................................................................................

Public Corp; Powers o% 2aranga+ Assembl+; .......................................................................

Public Corp; Powers /% Liga &g ga 2aranga+..................................................................

Public Corp; 'e9uisites or Contracts In!ol!ing Public unds............................................Public Corp; *anggunian; Power to Issue *ubpoena # Cite or Contempt.........................

1,


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Public Corp; *ources o% 'e!enue...........................................................................................

Public Corp; "se and Lease o% Properties or Public "se ..................................................

Public Corp; $it(drawal o% Public Propert+ rom Public "se.............................................Public International Law........................................................................................................

PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+......................................................................................................

PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+......................................................................................................PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+......................................................................................................


PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+; Ambassadors..............................................................................PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+; )iplomatic En!o+ and Consular /%%icers..................................

PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+; )iplomatic En!o+ and Consular /%%icers .................................

PIL; Exclusi!e Economic 0one...............................................................................................

PIL; Executi!e Agreements; 2inding E%%ect...........................................................................PIL; Extradition; )octrine o% *pecialt+.................................................................................

PIL; Extradition; E%%ecti!it+ o% treat+.....................................................................................

PIL; Extradition; Grounds......................................................................................................

PIL; Extradition; s )eportation...........................................................................................PIL; Genocide.........................................................................................................................

PIL; (alo-(alo........................................................................................................................PIL; (alo-(alo........................................................................................................................

PIL; 1uman 'ig(ts.................................................................................................................

PIL; 1uman 'ig(ts; Ci!il and Political 'ig(ts......................................................................

PIL; 1uman 'ig(ts; Ci!il and Political 'ig(ts......................................................................PIL; ICJ; Jurisdiction /!er *tates.........................................................................................

PIL; ICJ; Jurisdiction /!er *tates.........................................................................................

PIL; ICJ; Limitations /n Jurisdiction....................................................................................PIL; ICJ; 'epresentation o% Parties; Language in Pleadings and /ral Argument................

PIL; andates and rust erritories......................................................................................

PIL; unicipal Law s International Law.............................................................................PIL; &eutralit+ o% *tates.........................................................................................................

PIL; /uter *pace; Jurisdiction ..............................................................................................

PIL; 'eparations Agreement; alidit+....................................................................................PIL; 'ig(t to Innocent Passage..............................................................................................

PIL; 'ig(t to ransit and Innocent Passage...........................................................................

PIL; *ources o% International Law.........................................................................................

PIL; *o!ereign Immunit+ o% *tates.........................................................................................PIL; *o!ereignt+ o% *tates.......................................................................................................

PIL; *tateless Persons............................................................................................................

PIL; e%%ecti!e occupation........................................................................................................PIL; 'ecognition o% *tates......................................................................................................

PIL; *tate Liabilities ..............................................................................................................

PIL; "se o% orce...................................................................................................................PIL; "se o% orce; 'ig(ts and /bligation "nder t(e "& C(arter.......................................

PIL; "se o% orce; *el%-)e%ense; Anticipator+ *el%-)e%ense.................................................

PIL; "se o% orce; *el%-)e%ense; $ar....................................................................................

PIL; "se o% orce; errorism; *el%-)e%ense...........................................................................PIL; "se o% orce; "& C(arter; (reat /r "se o% orce......................................................

PIL; "se o% orce; $ar; CombatantsHPrisoners o% $ar........................................................

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*tate Principles # Policies; ransparenc+ in atters o% Public Interest.................................

2ill o% 'ig(ts.............................................................................................................................

In General.................................................................................................................................&ew eatures "nder 3456 Consti............................................................................................

$rit o% Amparo..........................................................................................................................

*ection 3....................................................................................................................................)ue Process; 2ot(....................................................................................................................

)ue Process; agna Carta or eac(ers................................................................................

)ue Process; Pre!enti!e *uspension; 'ig(t to &otice and 1earing........................................)ue Process; Procedural; 2asic 1uman 'ig(ts 7E.G. 'ig(t to arr+ and to Procreate8,

alidit+ o% $ai!er (ereo%.........................................................................................................

)ue Process; Procedural..........................................................................................................

)ue Process; Procedural..........................................................................................................)ue Process; Procedural..........................................................................................................



)ue Process; Procedural; Administrati!e................................................................................)ue Process; Procedural; or%eiture Proceedings..................................................................

)ue Process; Procedural; Prior &otice and 1earing..............................................................)ue Process; Procedural; 'ig(t to be 1eard...........................................................................

)ue Process; Procedural; 'ig(t to &otice and 1earing..........................................................

)ue Process; *ubstanti!e.........................................................................................................

E9ual Protection.......................................................................................................................E9ual Protection.......................................................................................................................

E9ual Protection.......................................................................................................................

E9ual Protection and )ue Process Clause; Alien Emplo+ment...............................................E9ual Protection; Constitutionalit+ o% *ubsidiar+ Imprisonment............................................

E9ual Protection; 'ig(t to C(oose Pro%ession.........................................................................

*ection :....................................................................................................................................*earc(es and *eiures...............................................................................................................

*earc(es and *eiures...............................................................................................................

*earc(es and *eiures...............................................................................................................*earc(es and *eiures...............................................................................................................



*earc(es and *eiures...............................................................................................................*earc(es and *eiures...............................................................................................................

*earc(es and *eiures; Aliens ..................................................................................................

*earc(es and *eiures; Applicabilit+........................................................................................*earc(es and *eiures; $arrantless Arrests.............................................................................

*earc(es and *eiures; $arrants o% Arrest...............................................................................

*ection


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Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Pardon, Conditional................................................................Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Pardon.....................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Clemenc+; ; Pardon.....................................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; 3?; artial Law # *uspension o% $rit o% 1abeas Corpus............Executi!e; Exec Powers; 3?; artial Law.............................................................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; 3?; *uspension o% $rit o% 1abeas Corpus.....................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power o% t(e President to Enter Into Loan Agreements............. ...Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power to Contract /r Guarantee oreign Loans..........................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power to Enter Into Executi!e Agreements...................................

Executi!e; Exec Powers; Power to Impose ari%% 'ates, Import and Export Buotas, Etc.

................................................................................................................................................Executi!e; Presidential Immunit+ rom *uit..........................................................................

Executi!e; Pro(ibition Against ultiple Positions b+ Go!Dt /%%icials...................................

Executi!e; Pro(ibition Against ultiple Positions # Additional Compensation; Cabinet

embers.................................................................................................................................Executi!e; Pro(ibitions and In(ibitions o% Public /%ice........................................................

Judicial )epartment...............................................................................................................*ection 3..................................................................................................................................

inalit+ o% oid Judgments.....................................................................................................

Judicial Power........................................................................................................................

Judicial Power........................................................................................................................Judicial Power........................................................................................................................

Judicial Power........................................................................................................................

Judicial Power # Political Buestion, related........................................................................Judicial Power # Political Buestions....................................................................................

Judicial Power # Political Buestion )octrine......................................................................

Judicial Power to 'e!iew Executi!e Acts...............................................................................Judicial Power; Contempt Powers ........................................................................................

Judicial Power; *cope "nder t(e Present Constitution.........................................................

Judicial 'e!iew; Proper Part+ ..............................................................................................Judicial 'e!iew; Proper Part+...............................................................................................

Judicial 'e!iew; 'e9uisites....................................................................................................

Jurisdiction o% Courts; In@unction /rders..............................................................................

Jurisdiction o% 1L"'2...........................................................................................................Justiciable Buestion................................................................................................................

Pro 1ac ice Cases................................................................................................................

*upreme Court As A Continuing Constitutional Con!ention..................................................*ection


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Ci!il *er!ice; unction o% C*C...............................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; Career *er!ice; C(aracteristics.......................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; G/CCs; co!erage............................................................................................Ci!il *er!ice; G/CCs $it(out /riginal C(arter s Goccs $it( /riginal C(arter; ............

Ci!il *er!ice; G/CCs, Jurisdiction o!er................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; odes o% 'emo!al............................................................................................Ci!il *er!ice; *ecurit+ o% enure............................................................................................

Ci!il *er!ice; *ecurit+ o% enure............................................................................................

C/ELEC..............................................................................................................................Comelec; E9ual *pace and ime in edia.............................................................................

Comelec; Grant o% Pardon in Election /%%enses....................................................................

Comelec; 'emo!al o% Commissioners....................................................................................

Commission on Audit..............................................................................................................Commission /n Audit; Jurisdiction........................................................................................

Commission /n Audit; one+ Claims....................................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers............................................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers ...........................................................................................Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers............................................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; Impeac(ment....................................................................Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; Impeac(ment....................................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; /mbudsman; Jurisdiction................................................

Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; /mbudsman; Power to Impose Pre!enti!e *uspension

................................................................................................................................................Accountabilit+ o% Public /%%icers; /mbudsman; Power to In!estigate..................................

&ational Econom+ and Patrimon+..........................................................................................

*ection :..................................................................................................................................Article II; Exploration and )e!elopment o% inerals.........................................................

*ection


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Labor; 'ig(t to *el%-/rganiation..........................................................................................

Labor; 'ig(t to *trie.............................................................................................................

Labor; 'ig(t to *trie.............................................................................................................$omen.....................................................................................................................................

$omen.....................................................................................................................................

Education................................................................................................................................Education; Academic reedom...............................................................................................

Education; Academic reedom...............................................................................................

Education; Academic reedom...............................................................................................Education; Academic reedom; Extent..................................................................................

Education; Alien Enrollees # )onors....................................................................................

Education; )uties o% *tate in 'e Education...........................................................................

Education; lag *alute...........................................................................................................Education; 'ig(t to C(oose Pro%ession..................................................................................

Education; 'ig(t to Bualit+ Education..................................................................................

Education; eac(ing o% 'eligion............................................................................................

Education; alidit+ o% Academic 'e9uirements......................................................................General Pro!isions.................................................................................................................

General Pro!isions; Local )ialect.........................................................................................Amendments and 'e!isions.....................................................................................................

Amendments and 'e!isions.....................................................................................................

Amendments and 'e!isions; odes........................................................................................

ransitor+ Pro!isions..............................................................................................................ransitor+ Pro!isions; oreign ilitar+ 2ases......................................................................

ransitor+ Pro!isions; oreign ilitar+ 2ases......................................................................

Administrati!e Law.................................................................................................................Admin Law; Ex(austion o% Administrati!e 'emedies.............................................................

Admin Law; Ex(austion o% Administrati!e 'emedies.............................................................

Admin Law; Ex(austion o% Administrati!e 'emedies.............................................................Admin Law; Ex(austion o% Administrati!e 'emedies !s )octrine o% Primar+ Jurisdiction

................................................................................................................................................

Admin Law; Ex(austion o% Administrati!e 'emedies; Exceptions.........................................Admin Law; Judicial 'e!iew o% Administrati!e Action..........................................................

Admin Law; Judicial 'e!iew o% Administrati!e )ecisions.....................................................

Admin Law; eaning o% FGo!ernment o% t(e P(ilippines...................................................

Admin Law; Power o% t(e President to 'eorganie Administrati!e *tructure........................Admin Law; 'ules and 'egulations; )ue Process.................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers............................................................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; Abandonment o% /%%ice.....................................................................Law o% Public /%%icers; )e acto /%%icer..............................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; )e acto /%%icer; e%%ects..................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; )iscipline; Clemenc+; )octrine o% Condonation.............................Law o% Public /%%icers; )iscipline; Clemenc+; E%%ect o% Pardon Granted in a!or o%

Public /%%icers........................................................................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; )iscipline; )ismissal o% Emplo+ees in 2ad ait(; Pa+ment o%

2acwages..............................................................................................................................Law o% Public /%%icers; )iscipline; Pre!enti!e *uspension...................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; )iscipline; Pre!enti!e *uspension...................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; )iscipline; Pre!enti!e *uspension # Appeal; entitlement tosalar+ pendente.......................................................................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; Gra%t and Corruption; Prescription o% Crime # 'ig(t to 'eco!er

Illegall+ Ac9uired $ealt(........................................................................................................Law o% Public /%%icers; Liabilit+ or )amages in Per%ormance o% /%%icial unctions ........

Law o% Public /%%icers; Local Electi!e /%%icials; Limitations /n Additional )uties............

Law o% Public /%%icers; &ext-in-'an 'ule............................................................................

Law o% Public /%%icers; Power to Issue *ubpoena; !alidit+ o% delegation.............................Law o% Public /%%icers; Pro(ibition /n Electi!e /%%icer to 1old Public /%%ice....................


19/233

Law o% Public /%%icers; 'etirement 2ene%its..........................................................................

Election Laws..........................................................................................................................

Election Laws; :nd Placer 'ule.............................................................................................Election Laws; :nd Placer 'ule ............................................................................................

Election Laws; :nd Placer 'ule; in Buo $arranto Cases.....................................................

Election Laws; Appreciation o% 2allots..................................................................................Election Laws; Comelec; Judicial 'e!iew o% )ecisions.........................................................

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Election Laws; E%%ect o% iling o% Certi%icate o% Candidac+; air Election Act................ ....

Election Laws; Election /%%enses; Conspirac+ to 2ribe oters.............................................Election Laws; Election Protest.............................................................................................

Election Laws; Election Protest s Buo $arranto ...............................................................

Election Laws; Election Protest; Jurisdiction........................................................................

Election Laws; Expiration o% term bars ser!ice t(ereo%.........................................................Election Laws; Petition to )eclare ailure o% Elections; 'e9uisites # E%%ects.....................

Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest.............................................................................Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest.............................................................................

Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest s Election Contests...........................................

Election Laws; Pre-Proclamation Contest; Proper Issues.....................................................

Election Laws; Process; Illiterate oters...............................................................................Election Laws; Process; Principle o% Idem *onans................................................................

Election Laws; Process; *tra+ 2allot.....................................................................................

Local Go!ernment..................................................................................................................Public Corp; Appointment o% 2udget /%%icer; control !s super!ision....................................

Public Corp; 2oundar+ )ispute *ettlement...........................................................................

Public Corp; Closure /r Lease o% Properties or Public "se ..............................................Public Corp; Creation o% &ew Local Go!ernment "nits; Plebiscite 'e9uirement.............. ..

Public Corp; )e acto Public Corporations; E%%ect o% /%%icial Acts o% t(e unicipal

Corporation and Its /%%icers..................................................................................................Public Corp; )e!olution.........................................................................................................

Public Corp; Entitlement o% LG"s to E9uitable *(are in "tiliation and )e!elopment o%

&ational $ealt(......................................................................................................................

Public Corp; ranc(ise; prior appro!al o% LG" necessar+..................................................Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; E%%ect o% ice-a+or Acting As a+or.....................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; Buali%ications...........................................................

Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; 'ecall........................................................................Public Corp; Local Electi!e /%%icials; 'ule o% *uccession....................................................

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Public Corp; Local Executi!es; alidit+ o% Contracts Entered Into; 'e9uisites....................

Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+.........................................................................................

Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+.........................................................................................Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+; general wel%are clause...................................................

Public Corp; /rdinances; alidit+ o% Gambling Pro(ibition.................................................

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20/233

Public International Law........................................................................................................


PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+......................................................................................................PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+......................................................................................................


PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+; Ambassadors..............................................................................PIL; )iplomatic Immunit+; )iplomatic En!o+ and Consular /%%icers..................................

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PIL; Genocide.........................................................................................................................

PIL; (alo-(alo........................................................................................................................

PIL; (alo-(alo........................................................................................................................PIL; 1uman 'ig(ts.................................................................................................................

PIL; 1uman 'ig(ts; Ci!il and Political 'ig(ts......................................................................PIL; 1uman 'ig(ts; Ci!il and Political 'ig(ts......................................................................



PIL; ICJ; Limitations /n Jurisdiction....................................................................................PIL; ICJ; 'epresentation o% Parties; Language in Pleadings and /ral Argument................

PIL; andates and rust erritories......................................................................................

PIL; unicipal Law s International Law.............................................................................PIL; &eutralit+ o% *tates.........................................................................................................

PIL; /uter *pace; Jurisdiction ..............................................................................................

PIL; 'eparations Agreement; alidit+....................................................................................PIL; 'ig(t to Innocent Passage..............................................................................................

PIL; 'ig(t to ransit and Innocent Passage...........................................................................

PIL; *ources o% International Law.........................................................................................PIL; *o!ereign Immunit+ o% *tates.........................................................................................

PIL; *o!ereignt+ o% *tates.......................................................................................................

PIL; *tateless Persons............................................................................................................

PIL; e%%ecti!e occupation........................................................................................................PIL; 'ecognition o% *tates......................................................................................................

PIL; *tate Liabilities ..............................................................................................................

PIL; "se o% orce...................................................................................................................PIL; "se o% orce; 'ig(ts and /bligation "nder t(e "& C(arter.......................................

PIL; "se o% orce; *el%-)e%ense; Anticipator+ *el%-)e%ense.................................................

PIL; "se o% orce; *el%-)e%ense; $ar....................................................................................PIL; "se o% orce; errorism; *el%-)e%ense...........................................................................

PIL; "se o% orce; "& C(arter; (reat /r "se o% orce......................................................

PIL; "se o% orce; $ar; CombatantsHPrisoners o% $ar........................................................


21/233

C/%6"!","!/%$ L$G#%#&$ P&!%.!=#6

E=&/=&!$"!/%

2001 N/ III

The Republic of the Philippines, through the Department of Public

Works and Highways (DPWH, constructed a new highway linking !etro

!anila and "ue#on pro$ince, and which ma%or thoroughfare tra$ersed the

land owned by !ang Pandoy& The go$ernment neither filed any

e'propriation proceedings nor paid any compensation to !ang Pandoy for

the land thus taken and used as a public road&

!ang Pandoy filed a suit against the go$ernment to compel payment

for the $alue of his land& The DPWH filed a motion to dismiss the case

on the ground that the tate is immune from suit& !ang Pandoy filed an

opposition&

Resol$e the motion& ()*

+-T-D ./W-R0

The motion to dismiss should be denied& .s held in .migable $&

1uenca, 23 1R. 344 (5678, when the o$ernment e'propriates pri$ate

property without paying compensation, it is deemed to ha$e wai$ed its

immunity from suit& 9therwise, the constitutional guarantee that pri$ate

property shall not be taken for public use without payment of %ust

compensation will be rendered nugatory&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> +,6" C/=#%6$"!/%

1989 N/, :0

. law pro$ides that in the e$ent of e'propriation, the amount to

be paid to a landowner as compensation shall be either the sworn

$aluation made by the owner or the official assessment thereof,whiche$er is lower& 1an the landowner successfully challenge the law in

court; Discuss briefly your answer&

.nswer0


22/233

!r& Ri$era appealed, insisting that %ust compensation for his

property should be determined by 1ommissioners who could e$aluate all

e$idence on the real $alue of the property, at the time of its taking by

the go$ernment& He maintains that the lower court erred in relying on

Presidential Decree /o, 5)33, which he claims is unconstitutional&

How would you decide the appeal; -'plain your answer&

.nswer0

The decision of the lower court should be re$ersed& In -P=. $,

Dulay, 526 1R. 34) (56?7 the upreme 1ourt declared PD /o& 5)33 to be

an unconstitutional encroachment on the prerogati$es of the %udiciary&

It was e'plained that although a court would technically ha$e the power

to determine the %ust compensation for property under the Decree, the

courtBs task would be relegated to simply stating the lower $alue of the

property as declared either by the owner or by the assessor& Cust

compensation means the $alue of the property at the time of the taking&

It means a fair and full eAui$alent for the loss sustained& To determine

it reAuires consideration of the condition of the property and its

surrounding, its impro$ements and capabilities&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> +,6" C/=#%6$"!/%

199? N/, )0

In e'propriation proceedings0

5 What legal interest should be used in the computation of

interest on %ust compensation;

.nswer0

5 .s held in /ational Power 1orporation $s& .ngas& 84? 1R. )28,

in accordance with .rticle 8846 of the 1i$il 1ode, the legal interest

should be si' per cent (:* a year& 1entral @ank 1ircular /o& 25:, which

increased the legal interest to twel$e percent (58* a year is not

applicable to the e'propriation of property and is limited to loans,

since its issuance is based on Presidential Decree /o, 55:, which

amended the +sury aw&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> +,6" C/=#%6$"!/%; P,!. @6 P&!5$"# P,&=/6#

1990 N/& 80

The 1ity of 1ebu passed an ordinance proclaiming the e'propriation

of a ten (54 hectare property of 1 1ompany, which property is already a

de$eloped commercial center& The 1ity proposed to operate the commercial

center in order to finance a housing pro%ect for city employees in the

$acant portion of the said property& The ordinance fi'ed the price of

the land and the $alue of the impro$ements to be paid 1 1ompany on the

basis of the pre$ailing land $alue and cost of construction&

(5 .s counsel for 1 1ompany, gi$e two constitutional ob%ections

to the $alidity of the ordinance&

(8 .s the %udge, rule on the said ob%ections&

.nswer0

(5 .s counsel for 1 1ompany, I will argue that the taking of the

property is not for a public use and that the ordinance cannot fi' the

compensation to be paid 1 1ompany, because this is a %udicial Auestion

that is for the courts to decide&

(8 .s %udge, I will sustain the contention that the taking of

the property of 1 1ompany to operate the commercial center establishedwithin it to finance a housing pro%ect for city employees is not for a

public use but for a pri$ate purpose& .s the 1ourt indicated in a dictum

in !anotok& $& /ational Housing .uthority, 5)4 1R. ?6, that the

e'propriation of a commercial center so that the profits deri$ed from

its operation can be used for housing pro%ects is a taking for a pri$ate

purpose&


23/233

I will also sustain the contention that the ordinance, e$en though

it fi'es the compensation for the land on the basis of the pre$ailing

land $alue cannot really displace %udicial determination of the price

for the simple reason that many factors, some of them super$ening,

cannot possibly be considered by the legislature at the time of enacting

the ordinance& There is greater reason for nullifying the use of the

cost of construction in the ordinance as basis for compensation for theimpro$ements& The fair market $alue of the impro$ements may not be eAual

to the cost of construction& The original cost of construction may be

lower than the fair market $alue, since the cost of construction at the

time of e'propriation may ha$e increased&

.lternati$e .nswer0

The taking of the commercial center is %ustified by the concept of

indirect public benefit since its operation is intended for the

de$elopment of the $acant portion for sociali#ed housing, which is

clearly a public purpose&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> P,!. U6#

199: N/& 2

8 The 1ity of Pasig initiated e'propriation proceedings on a

oneEhectare lot which is part of a tenEhectare parcel of land de$oted to

the growing of $egetables& The purpose of the e'propriation is to use

the land as a relocation site for 844 families sAuatting along the Pasig

ri$er&

a 1an the owner of the property oppose the e'propriation on

the ground that only 844 out of the more than 54,444 sAuatter families

in Pasig 1ity will benefit from the e'propriation; -'plain&

b 1an the Department of .grarian Reform reAuire the 1ity of

Pasig to first secure authority from said Department& before con$erting

the use of the land from agricultural to housing; -'plain&

.nswer0

8& a /o, the owner of the property cannot oppose the

e'propriation on the ground that only 844 out of more than 54,444

sAuatter families in Pasig 1ity will benefit from the e'propriation& .s

held in Philippine 1olumbian .ssociation $s& Pants, 88? 1R. ::?& the

acAuisition of pri$ate property for sociali#ed housing is for public use

and the fact that only a few and not e$eryone will benefit from the

e'propriation does not detract from the nature of the public use&

b /o, the Department of .grarian Reform cannot reAuire Pasig

1ity to first secure authority from it before con$erting the use of the

land from agricultural to residential& .ccording to Pro$ince of

1amarines ur $s& 1ourt of .ppeals, 888 1R. 573, there is no pro$isionin the 1omprehensi$e .grarian Reform aw which sub%ects the

e'propriation of agricultural lands by local go$ernment units to the

control of the Department of .grarian Reform and to reAuire appro$al

from the Department of .grarian Reform will mean that it is not the

local go$ernment unit but the Department of .grarian Reform who will

determine whether or not the e'propriation is for a public use&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> P,!. U6#

2000 N/ FIII&

!adlangbayan is the owner of a )44 sAuare meter lot which was the

birthplace of the founder of a religious sect who admittedly played an

important role in Philippine history and culture& The /ationalHistorical 1ommission (/H1 passed a resolution declaring it a national

landmark and on its recommendation the lot was sub%ected to

e'propriation proceedings& This was opposed by !adlangbayan on the

following grounds0 a that the lot is not a $ast tractG b that those to

be benefited by the e'propriation would only be the members of the

religious sect of its founder, and c that the /H1 has not Initiated the

e'propriation of birthplaces of other more deser$ing historical

personalities& Resol$e the opposition raised by !adlangbayan& ()*


24/233

+-T-D ./W-RG

The arguments of !adlangbayan are not meritorious& .ccording to

!anosca $& 1ourt of .ppeals, 8)8 1R. 258 (566:, the power of eminent

domain is not confined to e'propriation of $ast tracts of the land& The

e'propriation of the lot to preser$e it as the birthplace of the founder

of the religious sect because of his role in Philippine history and

culture is for a public purpose, because public use is no longerrestricted to the traditional concept& The fact that the e'propriation

will benefit the members of the religious sect is merely incidental& The

fact that other birthplaces ha$e not been e'propriated is likewise not a

$alid basis for opposing the e'propriation& .s held in C&!& Tuason and

1ompany, Inc& $& and Tenure .dministration, 35 1R. 253 (5674, the

e'propriating authority is not reAuired to adhere to the policy of all

or none&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> P,!. U6# +,6" C/=#%6$"!/%

1987 N/& FI0

In Canuary 56?2, Pasay 1ity filed e'propriation proceedings

against se$eral landowners for the construction of an aAueduct for floodcontrol in a barangay& 1learly, only the residents of that barangay

would be benefited by the pro%ect&

.s compensation, the city offered to pay only the amount declared

by the owners in their ta' declarations, which amount was lower than the

assessed $alue as determined by the assessor&

The landowners oppose the e'propriation on the grounds that0

(a the same is not for public useG and

(b assuming it is for public use, the compensation must be based

on the e$idence presented in court and not, as pro$ided in presidential

decrees prescribing payment of the $alue stated in the ownerBs ta'

declarations or the $alue determined by the assessor, whiche$er islower&

If you were %udge, how would you rule on the issue; Why;

.nswer0

(a The contention that the taking of pri$ate property for the

purpose of constructing an aAueduct for flood control is not for public

use is untenableE The idea that public use means e'clusi$ely use by

the public has been discarded& .s long as the purpose of the taking is

public, the e'ercise of power of eminent domain is %ustifiable& Whate$er

may be beneficially employed for the general welfare satisfies the

reAuirement of public use& (Heirs of Cuancho .rdona $& Reyes, 583 1R .

884 (56?3(b @ut the contention that the Presidential Decrees pro$iding

that in determining %ust compensation the $alue stated by the owner in

his ta' declaration or that determined by the assessor, whiche$er is

lower, in unconstitutional is correct& In -P=. $& Dulay& &R& /o& )6:43,

.pril 86, 56?7, it was held that this method prescribed for ascertaining

%ust compensation constitutes an impermissible encroachment on the

prerogati$es of courts& It tends to render courts inutile in a matter

which, under the 1onstitution, is reser$ed to them for final

determination& >or although under the decrees the courts still ha$e the

power to determine %ust compensation, their task is reduced to simply

determining the lower $alue of the property as declared either by the

owner or by the assessor& Cust compensation means the $alue of the

property at the time of the taking& Its determination reAuires that all

facts as to the condition of the property and its surroundings and its

impro$ements and capabilities must be considered, and this can only be

done in a %udicial proceeding&

E=&/=&!$"!/%> W&!" / P/66#66!/%

199? N/, )0


25/233

In e'propriation proceedings0

8 1an the %udge $alidly withhold issuance of the writ of

possession until full payment of the final $alue of the e'propriated

property;

.nswer0

8 /o, the %udge cannot $alidly withhold the issuance of the writof possession until full payment of the final $alue of the e'propriated

property& .s held in /ational Power 1orporation $s& Cocson, 84: 1R.

)84& it is the rninisterial duty of the Cudge to issue the writ of

possession upon deposit of the pro$isional $alue of the e'propriated

property with the /ational or Pro$incial Treasurer&

P#/=# P/#&

1987 N/& FIII0

The framers of the 56?7 1onstitution and the people who ratified

it made sure that pro$isions institutionali#ing people power were

incorporated in the fundamental law, @riefly discuss at least two such

pro$isions&

.nswer0

.rt& FI, ec& 5, while $esting in 1ongress the legislati$e power,

nonetheless states that such conferment of power shall be sub%ect to the

reser$ation made in fa$or of the people by pro$isions on initiati$es and

referendum& >or this purpose, 1ongress is reAuired, as early as

possible, to pro$ide for a system of initiati$e of referendum whereby

the people can directly propose and enact laws or appro$e or re%ect an

act or law or part thereof passed by the 1ongress or the legislati$e

bodies after the registration of a petition therefor, signed by at least

54* of the total number of registered $oters, of which e$ery legislati$e

district must be represented by at least 3* of the registered $oters&

(Id&, sec& 38 The 1onstitution also pro$ides that through initiati$e,upon a petition of at least 58* of the total numbers of registered

$oters, of which e$ery legislati$e district must be represented by at

least 3* of the registered $oters therein, amendments to the

1onstitution may be directly proposed by the people&

.rt, III, sec& 5) states that the state shall respect the role

of independent peopleBs organi#ation to enable them to pursue and

protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and

collecti$e interests and aspirations through peaceful lawful means& >or

this purpose, the 1onstitution guarantees to such organi#ations the

right to participate at all le$els of social, political and economic

decisionEmaking and the state is reAuired to $alidate the establishment

of adeAuate mechanism for this purpose& (Id&, sec, 5:P#/=# P/#&

2000 N/ I&

a Is the concept of People Power recogni#ed in the

1onstitution; Discuss briefly& (3*

+-T-D ./W-R0

a BIhe concept of People Power is recogni#ed in the

1onstitution&

+nder ection 38& .rticle FI of the 1onstitution, through

initiati$e and referendum, the people can directly propose and enact

laws or appro$e or re%ect any act or law or part thereof passed by the1ongress or local legislati$e body after the registration of a petition

therefor signed by at least ten per centum of the total number of

registered $oters, of which e$ery legislati$e district must be

represented by at least three per centum of the registered $oters

thereof&

+nder ection 5:, .rticle III of the 1onstitution, the right of

the people and their organi#ations to effecti$e and reasonable


26/233

participation at all le$els of social, political and economic decisionE

making shall not be abridged& The tate shall, by law& facilitate the

establishment of adeAuate consultation mechanisms&

+nder ection 8& .rticle FII of the 1onstitution, the people may

directly propose amendments to the 1onstitution through initiati$e upon

a petition of at least twel$e per centum of the total number of

registered $oters, of which e$ery legislati$e district must berepresented by at least three per centum of the registered $oters

therein&

P#/=# P/#&

200? N/ I

(b Is people power recogni#ed by the 56?7 1onstitution;

-'plain fully&

+-T-D ./W-R0

(b People power is recogni#ed in the 1onstitution& .rticle III,

ection 2 of the 56?7 1onstitution guarantees the right of the people

peaceable to assemble and petition the go$ernment for redress ofgrie$ances& .rticle FI, ection 38 of the 56?7 1onstitution reAuires

1ongress to pass a law allowing the people to directly propose and enact

laws through initiati$e and to appro$e or re%ect any act or law or part

of it passed by 1ongress or a local legislati$e body& .rticle III,

ection 5: of the 56?7 1onstitution pro$ides that the right of the

people and their organi#ations to participate at all le$els of social,

political, and economic decisionEmaking shall not be abridged and that

the tate shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adeAuate

consultation mechanisms& .rticle FII, ection 8 of the 56?7

1onstitution pro$ides that sub%ect to the enactment of an implementing

law, the people may directly propose amendments to the 1onstitution

through initiati$e&

P/!.# P/#&

1992 N/& 50

1ongress passes a law prohibiting tele$ision stations from airing

any commercial ad$ertisement which promotes tobacco or in any way

glamori#es the consumption of tobacco products&

This legislation was passed in response to findings by the

Department of Health about the alarming rise in lung diseases in the

country& The World Health 9rgani#ation has also reported that +&&

tobacco companies ha$eEshifted marketing efforts to the Third World due

to dwindling sales in the healthEconscious .merican market,

1owboy e$yBs, a Ceans company, recently released an ad$ertisementfeaturing model Richard @urgos wearing e$yBs %ackets and %eans and

holding a pack of !arlboro cigarettes&

The .sian @roadcasting /etwork (.@/, a pri$ately owned tele$ision

station, refuses to air the ad$ertisement in compliance with the law&

c Decide the constitutionality of the law in Auestion&

.nswerG

c The law is constitutional& It is a $alid e'ercise of police

power, because smoking is harmful to health& In Posadas de Puerto Rico

.ssociates $s& Tourism 1ompany of Puerto Rico, 27? +&& 38?, it was

ruled that a law prohibiting certain types of ad$ertisements is $alid if

it was adopted in the interest of the health, safety, and welfare ofthe people& In 1apital @roadcasting 1ompany us& !itchell 333 > upp

)?8, a law making it unlawful to ad$ertise cigarettes on any medium of

electronic communication was upheld& The +nited tates upreme

1ourt summarily sustained this ruling in 1apitaJ @roadcasting 1ompany

us, .cting .ttorney eneral 24) +&& 5444& The law in Auestion was

enacted on the basis of the legislati$e finding that there is a need to


27/233

protect public health, because smoking causes lung diseases& 1owboy

e$yBs has not o$erthrown this finding&

P/!.# P/#& @6 N/%-I=$!%" / C/%"&$."6

1989 N/& 580

Pedro bought a parcel of land from mart 1orporation, a realty

firm engaged in de$eloping and selling lots to the public& 9ne of therestrictions in the deed of sale which was annotated in the title is

that the lot shall be used by the buyer e'clusi$ely for residential

purposes& . main highway ha$ing been constructed across the subdi$ision,

the area became commercial in nature& The municipality later passed a

#oning ordinance declaring the area as a commercial bank building on his

lot& mart 1orporation went to court to stop the construction as

$iolati$e of the building restrictions imposed by it& The corporation

contends that the #oning ordinance cannot nullify the contractual

obligation assumed by the buyer& Decide the case&

.nswer0

The case must be dismissed& .s held in 9rtigas and 1ompany,

imited Partnership $s& >eati @ank and Trust 1ompany, 62 1R. )33, such

a restriction in the contract cannot pre$ail o$er the #oning ordinance,

because the enactment of the ordinance is a $alid e'ercise of police

power& It is ha#ardous to health and comfort to use the lot for

residential purposes, since a highway crosses the subdi$ision and the

area has become commercial&

P/!.# P/#& @6 N/%-I=$!%" / C/%"&$."6

2001 N/ FIII

In the deeds of sale to, and in the land titles of homeowners of a

residential subdi$ision in Pasig 1ity, there are restrictions annotated

therein to the effect that only residential houses or structures may be

built or constructed on the lots& Howe$er, the 1ity 1ouncil of Pasigenacted an ordinance amending the e'isting #oning ordinance by changing

the #one classification in that place from purely residential to

commercial&

., a lot owner, sold his lot to a banking firm and the latter

started constructing a commercial building on the lot to house a bank

inside the subdi$ision& The subdi$ision owner and the homeownersB

association filed a case in court to stop the construction of the

building for banking business purposes and to respect the restrictions

embodied in the deed of sale by the subdi$ision de$eloper to the lot

owners, as well as the annotation in the titles&

If you were the Cudge, how would you resol$e the case; ()*

+-T-D ./W-R0

If I were the %udge, I would dismiss the case& .s held in 9rtigas

and 1ompany imited Partnership $s& >eati @ank and Trust 1ompany& 62

1R. :33 (5676, the #oning ordinance is a $alid e'ercise of police

power and pre$ails o$er the contractual stipulation restricting the use

of the lot to residential purposes&

P/!.# P/#&> R!'" "/ D,# P&/.#66 $% C/=#%6$"!/%

2004 IX-@&

political law review q & a 1987-2004.doc

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