political law suggested answers 87-06

8/12/2019 Political Law Suggested Answers 87-06

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SUGGESTED ANSWERS

1

TO BAR EXAMINATIONIN

POLITICAL LAW

ARRANGED BY TOPIC

(1987 – 2006)

Edited and Arranged by:

Atty. Janette Laggui-

Icao and Atty. AleAnd!e" P. Icao

(Silliman University College of

Law)Jly 26! 200"

U#$ate$

%y&Ro#ualdo L. $e%e!i& II' LLB.

'#ril 19! 2007

rom te '*S+,-S ./ '- ,'3*'.3/*

4U,S.3/*Sin 5/L3.3C'L L'+ %y teUP LAW

COMPLEX an$

PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF LAWSCHOOLS



(



)

F O R W A R D



*

T+i& "o!, i& not intended o! &ale o! co##e!ce. T+i& "o!, i&

!ee"a!e. It #ay e !eely co/ied and di&t!iuted. It i& /!i#a!ily

intended o! all t+o&e "+o de&i!e to +a0e a dee/e! unde!&tanding o

t+e i&&ue& touc+ed y t+e P+ili//ine Ba! Ea#ination& and it& t!end.

It i& &/ecially intended o! la" &tudent& !o# t+e /!o0ince& "+o'

0e!y oten' a!e !eci/ient& o delie!ately di&to!ted note& !o# ot+e!

un&c!u/ulou& la" &c+ool& and &tudent&. $+a!e to ot+e!& t+i& "o!,

and you "ill e !ic+ly !e"a!ded y God in +ea0en. It i& al&o 0e!y

good ,a!#a.e "ould li,e to &ee, t+e indulgence o t+e !eade! o! &o#e Ba!

2ue&tion& "+ic+ a!e i#/!o/e!ly cla&&i3ed unde! a to/ic and o!

&o#e to/ic& "+ic+ a!e i#/!o/e!ly o! igno!antly /+!a&ed' o! t+e

aut+o!& a!e 4u&t Ba! Re0ie"ee& "+o +a0e /!e/a!ed t+i& "o!, "+ile

!e0ie"ing o! t+e Ba! Ea#& unde! ti#e con&t!aint& and "it+in t+ei!

li#ited ,no"ledge o t+e la". e "ould li,e to &ee, t+e !eade!5&

indulgence o! a lot o ty/og!a/+ical e!!o!& in t+i& "o!,. T+e Aut+o!&



6



7

TABLE OF CONTENTS



8

1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES .......................................................................... 14

Phil Con 87; New Features (1991)............................................................................................. 14

Phil Con 87; People Power (1987)............................................................................................. 14

Phil Con 87; People Power (2000)............................................................................................ 15

Phil Con 87; People Power (2003)............................................................................................ 15

Nature of the Constitution: Constitutional Suprea!" (200#) .............................................. 15

$o%ernent Presi&ential For %s' Parliaentar" For (*200) .................................... 15

ARTICLE I Nationa Territory.................................................................................................. 16

+r!hipela,i! -o!trine (1989)...................................................................................................... 16

Conti,uous .one %s' /!lusi%e /!onoi! .one (200#)................................................. 16

/!lusi%e /!onoi! .one; i,hts of the Coastal State (199#)..................................... 16

/!lusi%e /!onoi! .one; i,hts of the Coastal State (1*200) .................................. 17

Fla, State %s' Fla, of Con%enien!e (200#) ...................................................................... 17

erritor" 4 $o%ernent (199)........................................................................................... 17

erritorial Sea %s' 5nternal 6aters (200#)......................................................................... 17

ARTICLE II !e"aration o# Prin"i$e% and State Poi"ie%.......................................... 18

+re& For!es; Ser%ant of the People (2003)................................................................... 18

-o!trine of 5n!orporation; Constitutional aw (1997)...................................................... 18-o!trine of 5n!orporation; Pa!ta Sunt Ser%an&a (2000)................................................. 18

Free&o fro Nu!lear 6eapons; Forei,n ilitar" ases (1988)................................. 18

Philippine Fla, (#*200).................................................................................................... 19

Prin!iple of Ci%ilian Suprea!" (*200).......................................................................... 19

State 5unit" fro Suit (1991)........................................................................................... 19

State 5unit" fro Suit (199)............................................................................................. 20

State 5unit" fro Suit (1989).............................................................................................. 20

State 5unit" fro Suit (199#)............................................................................................ 21


State 5unit" fro Suit (1999).............................................................................................. 22


State 5unit" fro Suit (1987).................................................................................................... 22

State 5unit" %s' 6ai%er of 5unit" (1997) ................................................................. 22


State Prin!iples 4 Poli!ies (199#)...................................................................................... 23

ransparen!"; atters of Puli! 5nterest (1989).............................................................. 24

ransparen!"; atters of Puli! 5nterest (2000).............................................................. 25

ARTICLE III &i o# Rig't% ...................................................................................................... 25

ill of +ttain&er (1987)................................................................................................................. 25

ill of +ttain&er (1990).......................................................................................................... 26

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; /trau&i!ial Confession (2001) ............................................... 26

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; /trau&i!ial Confession; Poli!e ine*<p (199#) ................... 26

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; Poli!e ine*<p (1997)................................................................ 27

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; i,ht to Counsel (1988) ............................................................ 27



Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; i,ht to Counsel; e!eipt of Propert" Sei=e& (2002)........... 28

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; i,hts (1990)............................................................................... 29

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; i,hts (1993)............................................................................... 29

Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; i,hts (199).......................................................................................... 30



9



:

-oule >eopar&" (1988)



1;

...................................................................................................... 30



11




1(

...................................................................................................... 31



1)




1*

...................................................................................................... 31



17

...................................................................................................... 32



18




19

...................................................................................................... 32



(;

...................................................................................................... 32



(1




((

...................................................................................................... 32



()




(*

...................................................................................................... 33



(6

-oule >eopar&"; e?uisites (1999)



(7

................................................................................. 33



(8

-ue Pro!ess; +sen!e of -enial (1999)



(9

........................................................................... 33



(:

-ue Pro!ess; -eportation (199#)



);

....................................................................................... 34



)1

-ue Pro!ess; Forfeiture Pro!ee&in,s (1993)



)(

................................................................... 35



))

-ue Pro!ess; e&ia Co%era,e &urin, @earin, (199)



)*

................................................... 35



)6

-ue Pro!ess; eetin, %s' @earin, (1999)



)7

........................................................................ 35



)8

-ue Pro!ess; Noti!e " Puli!ation (1988)



)9

...................................................................... 35



):

-ue Pro!ess; Perit to Carr" Firear Autsi&e esi&en!e (*200)



*;

........................ 36



*1

-ue Pro!ess; PP+*Pilots (2001)



*(

........................................................................................ 36



*)

-ue Pro!ess; Pro!e&ural %s' Sustanti%e (1999)



**

............................................................ 37



*6

-ue Pro!ess; Pro%isional Ar&er (1991)



*7

............................................................................ 37



*8

-ue Pro!ess; Puli! S!hool ea!hers (2002)



*9

................................................................. 37



*:

-ue Pro!ess; a&io Station (1987)



6;

................................................................................... 38



61

-ue Pro!ess; epresente& " a Non*aw"er (1988)



6(

..................................................... 38



6)

-ue Pro!ess; Sustanti%e (2003)



6*

...................................................................................... 38



66

-ue Pro!ess; Suspension of -ri%erBs i!ense (1992)



67

..................................................... 38



68

-ue Pro!ess; <r,ent Puli! Nee& (1987)



69

......................................................................... 39



6:

/inent -oain; $arnishent (199#)



7;

.............................................................................. 39



71

/inent -oain; $arnishent (1998)



7)

/inent -oain; iunit" fro suit (2001)



7*

.................................................................... 40



76

/inent -oain; 5n&ire!t Puli! enefit (1990)



77

.............................................................. 40



78

/inent -oain; >ust Copensation (1988)



79

.................................................................. 40



7:




8;

.................................................................. 41



81




8(

.................................................................. 41



8)

/inent -oain; e,al 5nterest (1993)



8*

............................................................................ 41



86

/inent -oain; Non*oser%an!e of the poli!" of all or none (2000)



87

...................... 42



88

/inent -oain; Power to /er!ise (200)



89

.................................................................... 42



8:

/inent -oain; Puli! <se (1987)



9;

.................................................................................. 42



91

/inent -oain; So!iali=e& @ousin, (199)



9(

................................................................... 43



9)

/inent -oain; 6rit of Possession (1993)



9*

.................................................................... 43



96

/?ual Prote!tion; +lien /plo"ent (1989)



97

..................................................................... 44



98

/?ual Prote!tion; 5n%i&ious -is!riination (1987)



99

........................................................... 44



9:

/?ual Prote!tion; 5n%i&ious -is!riination (1987)



:;

........................................................... 45



:1

/?ual Prote!tion; Poli!e Power (2000)



:(

.............................................................................. 45



:)

/?ual Prote!tion; i,ht to /&u!ation (199#)



:*

.................................................................... 45



:6

/?ual Prote!tion; Susi&iar" 5prisonent (1989)



:7

......................................................... 45



:8

Free&o of /pression; Censorship (2003)



:9

..................................................................... 46



::

Free&o of /pression; Prior estraint (1988)



1;;

............................................................... 46



1;1

Free&o of eli,ion; Con%i!te& Prisoners (1989)



1;(

.......................................................... 46



1;*

.......................................................................... 47



1;6

Free&o of eli,ion; Fla, Salute (2003)



1;7

.......................................................................... 48



1;8

Free&o of eli,ion; Non*/stalishent Clause (1988)



1;9

............................................... 48



1;:




11;

...............................................



111

.......



11(

48



11)

BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) – POLITICAL LAW (19!"#$$%)



11*



116




117

............................................... 49



118

Free&o of Spee!h; an on oa!!o +- (1992)



119

........................................................... 49



11:

Free&o of the Press; +!tual ali!e (200#)



1(;

.................................................................... 50



1(1

Free&o of the Press; 6artie Censorship (1987)



1((

........................................................ 50



1()

5pairent Clause; asi! @uan i,hts (1992)



1(*

............................................................ 51



1(6

5n%oluntar" Ser%itu&e (1993)



1(7

............................................................................................... 51



1(8

iert" of +o&e; iitations (1998)



1(9

.................................................................................. 51



1(:

iert" of +o&e; eporar" (199)



1);

.................................................................................. 52



1)1

Non*5prisonent for Non*Pa"ent of -et (1993)



1)(

...................................................... 52



1))

Poli!e Power; +ateent of Nuisan!e (200#)



1)*

................................................................. 52



1)6

Poli!e Power; an on oa!!o +- (1992)



1)7

....................................................................... 52



1)8

Poli!e Power; .onin, Ar&inan!e %s' Non*5pairent of Contra!ts (1989)



1)9

................ 53



1):

Poli!e Power; .onin, Ar&inan!e %s' Non*5pairent of Contra!ts (2001)



1*;

................ 53



1*1

Pri%a!" of Couni!ation (2001)



1*(

...................................................................................... 53



1*)

Pri%a!" of Correspon&en!e (1998)



1**

.................................................................................... 54



1*6

Pri%a!" of Correspon&en!e; >ail (1989)



1*7

............................................................................ 54



1*8

i,ht to +ssel"; Perit +ppli!ation; Free&o ParDs (2*200)



1*9

.............................. 54



1*:

i,ht to +ssel"; Perit e?uireents (1992)



16;

........................................................... 55



161

i,ht to +ssel"; Puli! ea!hers (2000)



16(

..................................................................... 55



16)

i,ht to +ssel"; Puli! ea!hers (2002)



16*

..................................................................... 56



166

i,ht to ra%el; Ar&er of +rrest (1991)



167

.............................................................................. 56



168

i,hts of the +!!use&; Counsel of his Choi!e (8*200)



169

.............................................. 56



16:

i,hts of the +!!use&; Presuption of 5nno!en!e %s' Presuption of heft (200#)



17;

57



171

i,hts of the +!!use&; i,ht to ail (1993)



17)

i,hts of the +!!use&; i,ht to ail; Capital Affense (#*200)



17*

................................. 58



176

i,hts of the +!!use&; i,ht to ail; -eportation Case (1989)



177

.................................... 58



178

i,hts of the +!!use&; i,ht to ail; atter of i,ht or a atter of -is!retion (7



179



17:

200)



18;

....................................................................................................................................... 58



181

i,hts of the +!!use&; i,ht to Spee&" rial (2000)



18(

...................................................... 59



18)

i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination (1988)



18*

............................................................ 59



186




187

............................................................ 59



188




189

............................................................ 60



18:




19;

............................................................ 60



191

i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination (7*200)



19(

...................................................... 61



19)

Sear!hes an& Sei=ure; Pri%ate 5n&i%i&uals (8*200)



19*

................................................... 61



196

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; +liens (2001)



197

.............................................................................. 61



198

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; reathal"=er est (1992)



199

.......................................................... 62



19:

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 5e&iate Control (1987)



1:;

........................................................ 62



1:1

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 5n!i&ental to Eali& Sear!h (1990)



1:(

........................................... 62



1:)

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; Pla!e of Sear!h (2001)



1:*

............................................................. 63



1:6

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; sear!h a&e " a pri%ate !iti=en (1993)



1:7

................................ 63



1:8

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; sear!h a&e " a pri%ate !iti=en (2002)



1:9

................................ 64



1::

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; Eali& 6arrantless Sear!h (2000)



(;;

............................................ 64



(;1

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; Eisual Sear!h (1992)



(;(

................................................................ 65



(;)

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 6ai%er of Consent (1989)



(;*

........................................................ 65



(;6

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 6arrantless +rrests (1993)



(;7

...................................................... 66



(;8

Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 6arrants of +rrest (1991)



(;9

........................................................



(;:

......



(1;

66



(11

ARTICLE I( Citi)en%'i$ ..................................................................................................... 66

+!tion for Can!ellation; Pres!ription 4 /ffe!t of -eath (199#)...................................... 66

Citi=enship; /le!te& Affi!ial (1993)........................................................................................ 67

-ual +lle,ian!e %s' -ual Citi=enship (1987) ............................................................................... 67




(1(



(1)

-ual +lle,ian!e %s' -ual Citi=enship (1988)



(1*

.................................................................... 68



(16

-ual Citi=enship (199#)



(17

........................................................................................................ 68



(18

/ffe!t of arria,e; Filipino (1989)



(19

..................................................................................... 69



(1:

/ffe!t of Aath of +lle,ian!e (200#)



((;

.................................................................................... 69



((1

/ffe!t of epatriation (1999)



(((

............................................................................................... 70



(()




((*

............................................................................................... 70



((6




((7

............................................................................................... 70



((8

/ffe!ts of arria,es (1999)



((9

................................................................................................. 70



((:

/ffe!ts of Philippine ill of 1902 (2001)



();

............................................................................ 71



()1

/le!te& Affi!ial (1992)



()(

.......................................................................................................... 71



())

/le!tin, Philippine Citi=enship (8*200)



()*

........................................................................ 71



()6

/le!tin, Philippine Citi=enship; 6hen Proper (8*200)



()7

............................................... 72



()8

Natural orn Filipino (1989)



()9

................................................................................................ 72



():

Natural orn Filipino (1998)



(*;

................................................................................................ 72



(*1

Natural*orn Filipino(1993)



(*(

................................................................................................. 73



(*)

Naturali=ation; Can!ellation of Citi=enship (1998)



(**

........................................................... 73



(*6

esi&en!" e?uireents; /le!ti%e Affi!ial (9*200)



(*7

.................................................... 73



(*8

Status; 5lle,itiate Chil& (1990)



(*9

.......................................................................................... 74



(*:

Status; 5lle,itiate Chil&; -ual Citi=enship (199)



(6;

.......................................................... 74



(61

Status; e,itiate Chil& (2003)



(6(

.......................................................................................... 74



(6)

6a"s of ea!?uirin, Citi=enship (2000)



(66

.......



(67

75



(68

ARTICLE (I Legi%ati*e !e$art+ent .............................................................................. 75

+ppropriation of Puli! Fun&s (1988)................................................................................ 75

+ppropriation of Puli! Fun&s; -et Ser%i!in, (1992).................................................... 75

+ppropriation of Puli! Fun&s; Puli! Purposes (1988)................................................. 75

Coission on +ppointents (2002) ............................................................................... 76

-ele,ation of Powers (2002) .............................................................................................. 76

-ele,ation of Powers; (*200)....................................................................................... 76

-ele,ation of Powers; Copleteness est; Suffi!ient Stan&ar& est (*200) ...... 77

-is!ipline; o&es of eo%al (1993)............................................................................... 77

-is!ipline; Suspension of a eer of the Con,ress (2002) ....................................... 77

/le!te& Affi!ial; -e Fa!to Affi!er (200#) .......................................................................... 78

/le!toral riunal; @/ eers i,ht 4 esponsiilities (2002) .......................... 78

/le!toral riunal; Senate; >uris&i!tion (1990) ................................................................ 79

Forei,n +ffairs; ole of @ouse of ep (199).................................................................. 79

Forei,n +ffairs; ole of Senate (199#).............................................................................. 79

5n%esti,ations in +i& of e,islation (1992) ........................................................................... 79

aw aDin,; Pro!ess 4 Puli!ation (1993).......................................................................... 80

aw*aDin,; +ppropriation ill (199) ................................................................................. 80

aw*aDin,; +ppropriation aw; +utoati! enewal 4 Power of +u,entation(1998)................................................................................................................................................. 80

aw*aDin,; +ppropriation aw; i&er Pro%ision (2001) .................................................. 81

aw*aDin,; Forei,n +ffairs; reaties (199)..................................................................... 81aw*aDin,; A%erri&in, the Presi&ential Eeto (1991) ...................................................... 81

aw*aDin,; Passa,e of a aw (1988)............................................................................. 82

e,islati%e Power; Pres' +?uinos ie (1990) ............................................................... 82

e,islati%e Powers (1989) ................................................................................................... 82

oans /ten&e& to eers of Con,ress (1991)............................................................. 82

ulti*Part" S"ste (1999)............................................................................................................. 83

Non*e,islati%e Powers (1988) ............................................................................................ 83

Non*e,islati%e Powers; /er,en!" Powers; e?uisites (1997)............................................ 83




(69



(6:

Prohiitions an& 5nhiitions of Puli! Affi!e (200#)



(7;

......................................................... 83



(71

ualifi!ations; Con,ressen (1988)



(7(

................................................................................. 84



(7)

ualifi!ations; Con,ressen; (1993)



(7*

................................................................................ 84



(76

ualifi!ations; Con,ressen; (1999)



(77

................................................................................ 85



(78

Separation of Powers (1988)



(79

.............................................................................................. 85



(7:

Separation of Powers (2003)



(8;

.............................................................................................. 85



(81

hree*er iit: Con,ressen (199)



(8(

........................................................................... 86



(8)

hree*er iit; Con,ressen (2001)



(8*

................................................................



(86

.......



(87

........... 86



(88

ARTICLE (II E,e"-ti*e !e$art+ent ................................................................................ 86 +ppointin, Power; +!tin, %s' Peranent +ppointent (2003) ..................................... 86

+ppointin, Power; a& interi appointents (1991) ........................................................ 86

+ppointin, Power; +& 5nteri +ppointents (199#) ....................................................... 87

+ppointin, Power; +ppointents e?uirin, Confiration; + 97*<n!onstitutional(2002)...................................................................................................................................... 87

+ppointin, Power; Cate,ories of Affi!ials (1999)............................................................ 88

+ppointin, Power; Gin&s of +ppointents (199#)........................................................... 88

+ppointin, Power; iitations on Presi&ential +ppointents (1997)........................... 89

+ppointin, Powers; +& 5nteri +ppointents (#*200) .............................................. 90

Cainet eers; liitation on a!!eptin, a&&itional &uties (199) ............................. 90

Callin,*out Power; Presi&ent (1*200) ........................................................................... 91

-e!laration; State of Calait"; e,al /ffe!ts (1*200)................................................ 91

-e!laration; State of National /er,en!" (1*200) ...................................................... 91

/nter into Contra!t or $uarantee Forei,n oans (199#)................................................... 91

/nter into Contra!t or $uarantee Forei,n oans (1999).................................................. 92

/nter into /e!uti%e +,reeents (2003) .......................................................................... 92

5pose ariff atesH 5port an& /port uotas (1999).................................................. 92

artial aw 4 Suspension of 6rit of @aeas Corpus (1987) ........................................ 92

artial aw; iitations (2000).......................................................................................... 93

artial aw; Suffi!ien!" of the Fa!tual asis (3*200)................................................ 94

Par&onin, Power; +nest" (1993).................................................................................... 95

Par&onin, Power; +nest" (199).................................................................................... 95

Par&onin, Power; rea!h of Con&ition; e%o!ation (*200).................................... 95Par&onin, Power; /e! Cleen!"; Par&on (199)......................................................... 95

Par&onin, Power; /e!uti%e Cleen!" (1997) ............................................................... 96

Par&onin, Power; /e!uti%e Cleen!" (1999) ............................................................... 96

Par&onin, Power; Gin&s (1988).......................................................................................... 96

Par&onin, Power; Par&onH Con&itional (1997) ................................................................ 97

Presi&ent; Parti!ipation; e,islati%e Pro!ess (199)....................................................... 97

Presi&ential 5unit" fro Suit (1997) ............................................................................. 97

Prohiition +,ainst ultiple Positions 4 +&&itional Copensation (2002) ................. 97

Prohiition a,ainst ultiple Positions " $o%t Affi!ials (1987) .................................... 98

Suspension of 6rit of @aeas Corpus (1997) ............................................................................. 99

ARTICLE (III .-di"ia !e$art+ent .................................................................................... 99

Cases to e @ear& /n an!; Supree Court (1999)...................................................... 99

Contept Powers (199)..................................................................................................... 99

Finalit" of Eoi& >u&,ents (1993)...................................................................................... 99 Fis!al +utono" (1999)..................................................................................................... 100 Fun!tion;Continuin, Constitutional Con%ention (2000) ............................................... 100 5ssuan!e of estrainin, Ar&ers an& 5nun!tions (1992) ............................................... 100 >u&i!ial 4 ar Coun!il (1988)............................................................................................ 101 >u&i!ial 4 ar Coun!il (1999)....................................................................................................... 101




(89



(8:

>u&i!ial -epartent; 6rit of +paro (1991)



(9;

.................................................................. 101



(91

>u&i!ial 5n&epen&en!e; Safe,uar& (2000)



(9(

...................................................................... 101



(9)

>u&i!ial Power (1989)



(9*

......................................................................................................... 102



(96




(97

......................................................................................................... 102



(98




(9:

>u&i!ial Power; S!ope (199#)



(:;

........................................................................................... 103



(:1

>u&i!ial e%iew; o!us Stan&i (1992)



(:(

.............................................................................. 104



(:)

>u&i!ial e%iew; e?uisites (199#)



(:*

.................................................................................. 104



(:6

>uris&i!tion of @< (1993)



(:7

........................................................................................... 104



(:8

an&ator" Perio& For -e!i&in, Cases (1989)



(:9

............................................................... 105



(::

Politi!al uestion (199)



);;

.................................................................................................... 105



);1

Politi!al uestion -o!trine (1997)



);(

.................................................................................... 105



);)

Politi!al uestion: Separation of Powers (200#)



);*

........................................................... 106



);6

Politi!al uestion; o Settle +!tual Contro%ersies (200#)



);7

........................................... 106



);8

Politi!al uestions (1988)



);9

.................................................................................................. 106



);:

Pro @a! Ei!e Cases (1999)



)1;

............................................................................................... 107



)11

eo%al of ower Court >u&,es (1993)



)1(

......................................................................... 107



)1)

e%iew /e!uti%e +!ts (199)



)1*

.......................................................................................... 107



)16

Super%ision; Courts 4 its Personnel (*200)



)17

............................................................. 108



)18

apa"erBs Suit; o!us Stan&i (199)



)19

.............................................................................. 108



)1:

er of Affi!e; >usti!es (199)



)(;

........................................................................................ 108



)(1

Eotes re?uire& for &e!larin, a law un!onstitutional (199)



)((

.......................................... 109



)()

ARTICLE I/ Con%tit-tiona Co++i%%ion%



)(*

.................................................................. 109



)(6

otational S!hee (1999)



)(7

................................................................................................. 109



)(8

Constitutional Coissions 4 Coun!il (7*200)



)(9

........................................................ 109



)(:

ARTICLE I/ Ci*i Ser*i"e Co++i%%ion



));

........................................................................ 109



))1

Career Ser%i!e; Chara!teristi!s (1999)



))(

........................................................................... 109



)))

Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission %s' CA+ (200#)



))*

..................................................................... 109



))6

Fun!tion of CSC (199#)



))7

..................................................................................................... 110



))8

$ACCs 6ithout Ari,inal Charter %s' $ACCs 6ith Ari,inal Charter (1998)



))9

............. 110



)):

>uris&i!tion o%er the $ACCs (1999)



)*;

................................................................................ 111



)*1

>uris&i!tion o%er the $ACCs (2003)



)*(

................................................................................ 111



)*)

o&es of eo%al fro Affi!e (1993)



)**

............................................................................ 111



)*6

e!ei%in, of 5n&ire!t Copensation (1997)



)*7

................................................................... 111



)*8

Se!urit" of enure (1988)



)*9

.................................................................................................. 112



)*:

Se!urit" of enure (*200)



)6;

........................................................................................... 112



)61

Se!urit" of enure; eanin, (1999)



)6(

................................................................................ 113



)6)

ARTICLE I/ CO0ELEC



)6*

.................................................................................................... 113



)66

/le!toral riunal; Fun!tions 4 Coposition (*200)



)67

.............................................. 113



)68

Fair /le!tion; /?ual Spa!e 4 ie in e&ia (1989)



)69

..................................................... 113



)6:

$rant of Par&on in /le!tion Affenses (1991)



)7;

................................................................. 114



)71

>u&i!ial e%iew of -e!isions (2001)



)7(

................................................................................ 114



)7)

eo%al fro Affi!e; Coissioners (1998)



)7*

................................................................ 114



)76

i,ht to Eote; >uris&i!tion (2001)



)77

..................................................................................... 114



)78

Ee"tion La%



)79

........................................................................................................................ 114



)7:

2n& Pla!er ule (2003)



)8;

..................................................................................................... 114



)81

2n& Pla!er ule (1990)



)8(

...................................................................................................... 115



)8)

2n& Pla!er ule; in uo 6arranto Cases (1992)



)8*

.......................................................... 115



)86

2n& Pla!er ule; ule of Su!!ession (199)



)87

................................................................ 115



)88

+ppre!iation of allots (199#)



)89

........................................................................................... 116



)8:

-is?ualifi!ation; $roun&s (1991)



)9;

...................................................................................... 116



)91



)9(



)9)

-isualifi!ations (1999)



)9*

........................................................................................................ 116



)96

/ffe!t of Filin, of Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!"; +ppointi%e Affi!er %s /le!ti%e Affi!er (2002)



)97

.................................................................................................................................... 116



)98

/ffe!t of Filin, of Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!"; Fair /le!tion +!t (2003)



)99

.......................... 117



)9:

/le!tion Affenses; Conspira!" to rie Eoters (1991)



):;

................................................. 117



):1

/le!tion Protest (1990)



):(

...................................................................................................... 117



):)

/le!tion Protest %s' uo 6arranto (2001)



):*

...................................................................... 118



):6

/le!tion Protest %s' uo 6arranto (*200)



):7

............................................................... 118



):8

/le!tion Protest; >uris&i!tion (199)



):9

................................................................................ 118



)::

/piration of ter ars ser%i!e thereof (2000)



*;;

............................................................... 118



*;1

Petition to -e!lare Failure of /le!tions; e?uisites 4 /ffe!ts (199)



*;(

......................... 118



*;)

Pre*Pro!laation Contest (1987)



*;*

..................................................................................... 119



*;6

Pre*Pro!laation Contest (1988)



*;7

..................................................................................... 119



*;9

.............................................. 120



*;:

Pre*Pro!laation Contest; Proper 5ssues (199)



*1;

.......................................................... 121



*11

Pro!ess; 5lliterate Eoters (1987)



*1(

....................................................................................... 121



*1)

Pro!ess; Prin!iple of 5&e Sonans (199#)



*1*

..................................................................... 121



*16

Pro!ess; Stra" allot (199#)



*17

............................................................................................. 121



*18

e!all (2002)



*19

....................................................................................................................... 122



*1:

hree*er iit ule (2001)



*(;

.......................................................................................... 122



*(1

hree*er iit; fro uni!ipalit" to Newl"*Create& Cit" (9*200)



*((

.................... 122



*()

Ea!an!"; /ffe!t of Ei!e*a"or +!tin, +s a"or (2002)



*(*

............................................... 123



*(6

Ea!an!"; ule of Su!!ession (199)



*(7

............................................................................... 123



*(8

Ea!an!"; S; ule on Su!!ession (2002)



*(9

...................................................................... 124



*(:

ARTICLE I/ Co++i%%ion on A-dit ............................................................................... 124

CA+; >uris&i!tion (2001).................................................................................................... 124 CA+;one" Clais (1998) .............................................................................................. 124

ARTICLE / Lo"a 2o*ern+ent ..................................................................................... 125

+ppointent of u&,et Affi!er; !ontrol %s super%ision (1999) .................................... 125

oun&ar" -ispute esolution; $<; Cs >uris&i!tion (10*200)........................ 126

oun&ar" -ispute Settleent; +uthorit"; >uris&i!tion (1999) ...................................... 126Creation of New o!al $o%ernent <nits; Pleis!ite e?uireent (200#) .............. 126 -eFa!to Puli! Corporations; /ffe!t (200#).................................................................. 126

-e%olution of Power (1999)............................................................................................... 126

Fran!hise; prior appro%al of $< ne!essar" (1988) ..................................................... 126 awfiin, the ters of lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ials (#*200) ............................................. 127

Ar&inan!e; <se 4 ease of Properties; Puli! <se (1997).......................................... 127

Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; Closure or ease of Properties for Puli! <se (2003) .............. 127

Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; Copensation; ortuous +!t of an /plo"ee (199#) ............... 127

Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; o!al aation %s' Spe!ial +ssessent (1987) ......................... 128

Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; Pre%entin, 5oralit" (1987) ........................................................ 128

Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; <tili=ation 4 -e%elopent; National 6ealth (1991) .................. 128

Ar&inan!es; Eali&it"; +en&in, Natl aws (1988) ....................................................... 128

Ar&inan!es; Eali&it"; $alin, Prohiition (199)........................................................ 129

Ar&inan!es; Eali&it"; iitation of Penalties (1991) ..................................................... 129

Ar&inan!es; Eeto Power (199) ....................................................................................... 129

Poli!e Power; -+ (199)............................................................................................... 130

Power to 5ssue Supoena 4 Cite For Contept (1993) ............................................... 130

Power; /inent -oain; $<; i,ht to /er!ise (10*200) .................................... 131

Powers of aran,a" +ssel" (2003)............................................................................ 131

Powers; i,a n, ,a aran,a" (2003)........................................................................... 131




*);



*)1

e?uisites; Contra!ts 5n%ol%in, $< (1991)



*)(

.................................................................. 131



*))

e?uisites; Contra!ts in%ol%in, $< (199)



*)*

.................................................................. 132



*)6

aation; $ACC iailit" For eal /state a (1999)



*)7

.................................................. 132



*)8

aation; Sour!es of e%enue (1999)



*)9

............................................................................. 132



*):

6ith&rawal of Puli! Propert" fro Puli! <se (1990)



**;

................................................. 132



**1

ARTICLE /I A""o-ntabiity o# P-bi" O##i"er%........................................................... 133

+an&onent of Affi!e (2000).......................................................................................... 133

-is!ipline; Cleen!"; -o!trine of Con&onation (2000)................................................ 133

-is!ipline; /ffe!t of Par&on $rante& in Fa%or of Puli! Affi!ers (1999) .................... 134

-is!ipline; Pre%enti%e Suspension 4 +ppeal; entitleent to salar" pen&ente (2001)............................................................................................................................................... 134

-is!ipline; Pre%enti%e Suspension (1990) ...................................................................... 134

-is!ipline; Pre%enti%e Suspension (2002) ...................................................................... 135

/le!ti%e an& +ppointi%e Affi!ials: &is!iplinar" authorit" (200#) ................................... 135

/le!ti%e Puli! Affi!er; -e Fa!to Affi!er (2000) ............................................................ 135

/le!ti%e Puli! Affi!ers; -e Fa!to Affi!er; effe!ts (200#) ............................................ 136 $raftan& Corruption; Pres!ription of Crie (2002) ...................................................... 136

5pea!hent; Cron"is (2000) ....................................................................................... 137

5pea!hent; $roun&s (1999)......................................................................................... 137

5pea!hent; Nature; $roun&s; P- 10 (1988)......................................................... 137 awof Puli! Affi!ers; Net*in*anD ule (199#)......................................................... 137 iailit"

For -aa,es in Perforan!e of Affi!ial Fun!tions (1990) ........................... 138 o!al/le!ti%e Affi!ials; iitations An +&&itional -uties (199) ............................... 139

Au&san: Power to Suspen&; Pre%enti%e Suspension (200#) ............................. 139

Au&san; Power to 5n%esti,ate (2003) ..................................................................... 139

Au&san; Power to Suspen&; Pre%enti%e Suspension (199) ............................. 140

Power to 5ssue Supoena; %ali&it" of &ele,ation (1989) .............................................. 140

Prohiition An /le!ti%e Affi!er to @ol& Puli! Affi!e (2002) ........................................ 140

Puli! Affi!e; Puli! rust (1998)..................................................................................... 140

etireent enefits (199) ............................................................................................... 141

ARTICLE /II Nationa E"ono+y and Patri+ony......................................................... 142

+!?uisition an& ease of Puli! an&s (1998)............................................................... 142

+!?uisition of an&s (1987)............................................................................................... 142

+!?uisition of an&s (2000)............................................................................................... 143

+!?uisition of an&s " @ere&itar" Su!!ession (2002) ................................................ 143

+!?uisition of an&s; Citi=enship issue (1989) .............................................................. 143

+!?uisition of an&s; Citi=enship issue (199#) .............................................................. 144

+!?uisition of an&s; Citi=enship issue (199) .............................................................. 144

+!?uisition of an&s; Prohiition; a!?uisition of pri%ate lan&s " aliens (199#) ....... 145

Citi=enship e?uireent in ana,eent of +&%ertisin, 5n&ustr" (1989) ................. 145

/n,a,eent in usiness 4 /er!ise of Profession (1987) .......................................... 145

/ploration an& -e%elopent of inerals (199#) ......................................................... 146

/propriation of Puli! <tilities (1992) ............................................................................ 146

ease of Pri%ate +,ri!ultural an&s (2001) .................................................................... 146

National /!ono" 4 Patrion"; Constitutional Prohiition (200#) ............................. 147

National Patrion"; &efinition (1999) .............................................................................. 147

Nationali=e& +!ti%ities (199#)............................................................................................ 147

Awnership e?uireent of ass e&ia (1989) ............................................................ 148

Chinese !iti=ens; en,a,in, in retail tra&e (#*200).................................................... 148

/plorationH &e%elopentH an& utili=ation of natural resour!es (#*200) ............... 148

ARTICLE /III So"ia .-%ti"e and H-+an Rig't% ......................................................... 148



**(



**)

+,rarian efor aw; Co%era,e (1992)



***

......................................................................... 148



**6

Coission on @uan i,hts; Power to in%esti,ate (1992)



**7

...................................... 149



**8

Coission on @uan i,hts; Power to issue A (1997)



**9

...................................... 149



**:

Coission on @uan i,hts; Power to issue A (2001)



*6;

...................................... 149



*61

Coission on @uan i,hts; Power; iitations (#*200)



*6(

................................... 150



*6)

aor; i,ht to Self*Ar,ani=ation (1988)



*6*

........................................................................ 151



*66

aor; i,ht to StriDe (1988)



*67

............................................................................................. 151



*68

aor; i,ht to StriDe (1993)



*69

............................................................................................. 151



*6:

So!ial >usti!e un&er the Present Constitution (199)



*7;

................................................... 152



*71

6oen (2000)



*7(

..................................................................................................................... 152



*7)

ARTICLE /I( Ed-"ation3 S"ien"e and Te"'noogy3 Art%



*7*

......................................... 153



*76

/&u!ation; +!a&ei! Free&o (1987)



*77

............................................................................ 153



*78




*79

............................................................................ 153



*7:




*8;

............................................................................ 153



*81

/&u!ation; +!a&ei! Free&o; /tent (1999)



*8(

.............................................................. 154



*8)

/&u!ation; +lien /nrollees 4 -onors (1999)



*8*

.................................................................. 154



*86

/&u!ation; -uties of State in e /&u!ation (1999)



*87

....................................................... 154



*88

/&u!ation; Fla, Salute (1987)



*89

.......................................................................................... 155



*8:

/&u!ation; i,ht to Choose Profession (2000)



*9;

.............................................................. 155



*91

/&u!ation; i,ht to ualit" /&u!ation (2003)



*9(

................................................................ 156



*9)

/&u!ation; ea!hin, of eli,ion (1999)



*9*

.......................................................................... 156



*96

/&u!ation; Eali&it" of +!a&ei! e?uireents (199#)



*97

................................................ 156



*98

ARTICLE /(I 2enera Pro*i%ion%



*99

.................................................................................. 156



*9:

$eneral Pro%isions; o!al -iale!t (1987)



*:;

........................................................................ 156



*:(

................................................... 157



*:)

ARTICLE /(II A+end+ent% or Re*i%ion%



*:*

.................................................................... 157



*:6

People



*:7



*:8

s 5nitiati%e (200#)



*:9

................................................................................................... 157



*::

+en&ents an& e%isions; o&es (1997)



6;;

.................................................................. 157



6;1

/F//N-< %s' 5N55+5E/ (1*200)



6;(

.................................................................... 157



6;)

ARTICLE /(III Tran%itory Pro*i%ion%



6;*

.............................................................................. 158



6;6

ransitor" Pro%isions; Forei,n ilitar" ases (199)



6;7

................................................... 158



6;8

ransitor" Pro%isions; Forei,n ilitar" ases (1988)



6;9

................................................... 158



6;:

PU&LIC INTERNATIONAL LA4



61;

........................................................................................ 158



611

asi! Prin!iples in Puli! 5nt



61(



61)

l aw (1991)



61*

...................................................................... 158



616

Constituti%e heor" %s' -e!larator" heor" (200#)



617

....................................................... 160



618

Conti,uous .one %s' /!lusi%e /!onoi! .one (200#)



619

.............................................. 160



61:

-iploati! 5unit" (2000)



6(;

.............................................................................................. 160



6(1




6((

.............................................................................................. 160



6()




6(*

.............................................................................................. 161



6(6

-iploati! 5unit" (200#)



6(7

.............................................................................................. 161



6(8

-iploati! 5unit"; +assa&or (3*200)



6(9

............................................................... 162



6(:

-iploati! 5unit"; +assa&ors (1990)



6);

.................................................................... 162



6)1

-iploati! 5unit"; Co%era,e (3*200)



6)(

.................................................................... 163



6))

-iploati! 5unit"; -iploati! /n%o" an& Consular Affi!ers (199)



6)*

...................... 164



6)6

-iploati! 5unit"; -iploati! /n%o" an& Consular Affi!ers (1997)



6)7

...................... 165



6)8

/!lusi%e /!onoi! .one (2000)



6)9

..................................................................................... 165



6):

/e!uti%e +,reeents; in&in, /ffe!t (2003)



6*;

................................................................ 165



6*1

/tra&ition %s' -eportation (1993)



6*(

.................................................................................... 166



6*)

/tra&ition; -o!trine of Spe!ialt" (1993)



6**

......................................................................... 166



6*6

/tra&ition; /ffe!ti%it" of treat" (199)



6*7

............................................................................. 166



6*8

/tra&ition; $roun&s (2002)



6*9

.............................................................................................. 167



6*:



66;



661

/tra&ition; etroa!ti%e +ppli!ation (2*200)



66(

.............................................................. 167



66)

Fla, State %s' Fla, of Con%enien!e (200#)



66*

.................................................................. 168



666

$eno!i&e (1988)



667

................................................................................................................. 168



668

@uan i,hts (1999)



669

......................................................................................................... 168



66:

@uan i,hts; Ci%il an& Politi!al i,hts (1992)



67;

............................................................ 168



671

@uan i,hts; Ci%il an& Politi!al i,hts (199)



67(

............................................................ 169



67)

5nt



67*



676

l Court of >usti!e; >uris&i!tion A%er States



677

................................................................ 170



678

5nt



679



67:

l Court of >usti!e; >uris&i!tion A%er States (199#)



68;

................................................... 170



681

5nt



68(



68)

l Court of >usti!e; iitations An >uris&i!tion (1999)



68*

.............................................. 170



686

5nt



687



688

l Court of >usti!e; Parties; Plea&in,s an& Aral +r,uent (199#)



689

.......................... 170



68:

5nternational Con%ention; aw of the Sea (200#)



69;

.......................................................... 171



691

5nternational Court of >usti!e (9*200)



69(

......................................................................... 171



69)

5nternational aw %s' uni!ipal aw; erritorial Prin!iple; 5nternational Cries (2



69*



697

..................................................................................................................................... 171



698

an&ates an& rust erritories (2003)



699

............................................................................ 172



69:

uni!ipal aw %s' 5nternational aw (2003)



6:;

................................................................... 173



6:1

Neutralit" of States (1988)



6:(

................................................................................................. 173



6:)

Auter Spa!e; >uris&i!tion (2003)



6:*

...................................................................................... 174



6:6

Prin!iple of +uto*iitation (10*200)



6:7

.......................................................................... 174



6:8

e!ipro!it" %' Prin!iple of +uto*iitation (10*200)



6:9

................................................. 174



6::

e!o,nition of States; -e Fa!to %s' -e >ure e!o,nition (1998)



7;;

.............................. 174



7;1

eparations +,reeent; Eali&it" (1992)



7;(

......................................................................... 175



7;)

i,ht to 5nno!ent Passa,e (1999)



7;*

.................................................................................... 175



7;6

i,ht to ransit an& 5nno!ent Passa,e (200#)



7;7

.............................................................. 176



7;8

i,hts an& Ali,ation un&er <N Charter (1991)



7;9

............................................................ 176



7;:

Sour!es of 5nternational aw; Priar" 4 Susi&iar" Sour!es (2003)



71;

........................ 177



71(

.................................. 177



71)

So%erei,nt" of States; Natural <se of erritor" (1989)



71*

................................................. 178



716

So%erei,nt"; -efinition; Nature (10*200)



717

................................................................... 178



718

State iailities (199)



719

........................................................................................................ 179



71:

State So%erei,nt"; /ffe!ti%e A!!upation; erra Nullius (2000)



7(;

................................... 179



7(1

Stateless Persons; /ffe!ts; Status; i,hts (199)



7((

......................................................... 179



7()

erritorial Sea %s' 5nternal 6aters (200#)



7(*

....................................................................... 180



7(6

<se of For!e; /!eptions (2003)



7(7

...................................................................................... 180



7(8

<se of For!e; Prin!iple of Non*5nter%ention (199#)



7(9

....................................................... 181



7(:

<se of For!e; i,ht of Self*&efense (2002)



7);

.................................................................... 182



7)1

<se of For!e; Self*-efense; 6a,in, 6ar (1998)



7)(

.......................................................... 182



7))

<se of For!e; 6hen allowe& (1988)



7)*

................................................................................ 183



7)6

6ar; CoatantsI Prisoners of 6ar %s' er!enaries (1993)



7)8

6ilson &o!trine %s' /stra&a &o!trine (200#)



7)9

................................................................... 184



7):

A!0INISTRATI(E LA4....................................................................................................... 184

+&in aw; /haustion of +&inistrati%e ee&ies (1991)....................................... 184 +&in aw; /haustion of +&inistrati%e ee&ies (2000)....................................... 184

+&in aw; /haustion of +&inistrati%e ee&ies %s -o!trine of Priar" >uris&i!tion(199) .............................................................................................................. 185 +&in aw;/haustion of +&inistrati%e ee&ies; /!eptions (1991) ................. 185 +&in aw;>u&i!ial e%iew of +&inistrati%e +!tion (2001)...................................... 186 +&in aw;>u&i!ial e%iew of +&inistrati%e -e!isions (1988)................................ 186 +&in aw;eanin, of J$o%ernent of the PhilippinesK (1997) ............................... 187 +&in aw;Power of the Presi&ent to eor,ani=e +&inistrati%e Stru!ture (2003)

............................................................................................................................................... 187




7*;



7*1

+&in aw; ules an& e,ulations; -ue Pro!ess (2000)



7*(

........................................... 187



7*)

$o%ernent +,en!" %s' $o%ernent 5nstruentalit" (7*200)



7**

............................... 188



7*6

uasi*>u&i!ial o&" or +,en!" (*200)



7*7

..................................................................... 188



7*8



7*9



7*:

1987 CONSTITUTION OF THEPHILIPPINES



76;

P'i Con 875 Ne Feat-re% 61991



761

No 1: @ow is the ill of i,hts stren,thene& inthe 1987 ConstitutionL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

here are se%eral wa"s in whi!h the ill of i,hts

is stren,thene& in the 1987 Constitution'

1 New ri,hts are ,i%en epli!it re!o,nition su!hasH the prohiition a,ainst &etention " reasonof politi!al eliefs an& aspirations' he wai%er of iran&a ri,hts is now re?uire& to e a&e inwritin, with the assistan!e of !ounsel' he useof solitar"H in!ouni!a&o an& se!ret &etentionpla!es is prohiite&H while the eisten!e ofsustan&ar& an& ina&e?uate penal fa!ilities isa&e the !on!ern of le,islation'

2 here is also re!o,nition of the ri,ht ofepressionH an epress prohiition a,ainst the

use of tortureH a an&ate to the State to pro%i&e!opensation an& rehailitation for %i!tis oftorture an& their failies'

3 Soe ri,hts ha%e een epan&e&' Forinstan!eH free a!!ess to !ourts now in!lu&esa!!ess to ?uasi*u&i!ial o&ies an& to a&e?uatele,al assistan!e'

4 he re?uireents for interferin, with soeri,hts ha%e een a&e ore stri!t' Forinstan!eH onl" u&,es !an now issue sear!hwarrants or warrants of arrest' here ust e alaw authori=in, the /e!uti%e -epartent to

interfere with the pri%a!" of !ouni!ationH theliert" of ao&eH an& the ri,ht to tra%el eforethese ri,hts a" e ipaire& or !urtaile&'

5 he Constitution now pro%i&es that thesuspension of the pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas!orpus &oes not suspen& the ri,ht to ailH thusresol%in, a &o!trinal &ispute of lon, stan&in,'

6 he suspension of the pri%ile,e of the writ ofhaeas !orpus an& the pro!laation of artiallaw ha%e een liite& to sit" (0) &a"s an& arenow sue!t to the power of Con,ress tore%oDe' 5n a&&itionH the Supree Court is ,i%enthe uris&i!tionH upon the petition of an" !iti=ento &eterine the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual asisof the suspension of the pri%ile,e of the writ ofhaeas !orpus an& the pro!laation of artiallaw'

7' he Supree Court is epowere& toa&opt rules for the prote!tion an& enfor!eent of !onstitutional ri,hts'

8' +rt' 55' Se!' 11 !oits the State to apoli!" whi!h pla!es %alue on the &i,nit" of e%er"huan person an& ,uarantees full respe!t forhuan ri,hts'

9' + Coission on @uan i,hts is

!reate&'10' <n&er +rti!le ME5' Se!' (2) the State isan&ate& to proote respe!t for the peopleBsri,hts aon, the eers of the ilitar" in theperforan!e of their &ut"'

P'i Con 875 Peo$e Poer 61987

No' ME555: he fraers of the 1987 Constitutionan& the people who ratifie& it a&e sure thatpro%isions institutionali=in, people power werein!orporate& in the fun&aental lawH riefl"&is!uss at least two su!h pro%isions'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+rt' E5H Se!' 1H while %estin, in Con,ress thele,islati%e powerH nonetheless states that su!h!onferent of power shall e sue!t to thereser%ation a&e in fa%or of the people "pro%isions on initiati%es an& referen&u' For thispurposeH Con,ress is re?uire&H as earl" aspossileH to pro%i&e for a s"ste of initiati%e of referen&u where" the people !an &ire!tl"propose an& ena!t laws or appro%e or ree!t ana!t or law or part thereof passe& " the Con,ressor the le,islati%e o&ies after the re,istration of a

petition thereforH si,ne& " at least 10 of thetotal nuer of re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er"le,islati%e &istri!t ust e represente& " at least3 of the re,istere& %oters' (5&'H se!' 32) heConstitution also pro%i&es that throu,h initiati%eHupon a petition of at least 12 of the totalnuers of re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er"le,islati%e &istri!t ust e represente& " at least3 of the re,istere& %oters thereinH aen&entsto the Constitution a" e &ire!tl" propose& "the people'

+rtH M555H se!' 1 states that the state shall respe!tthe role of in&epen&ent peopleBs or,ani=ation toenale the to pursue an& prote!tH within the&eo!rati! fraeworDH their le,itiate an&!olle!ti%e interests an& aspirations throu,hpea!eful lawful eans' For this purposeH theConstitution ,uarantees to su!h or,ani=ations theri,ht to parti!ipate at all le%els of so!ialH politi!alan& e!onoi! &e!ision*aDin, an& the state isre?uire& to %ali&ate the



76(



76)

estalishent of a&e?uate e!hanis for thispurpose' (5&'H se!H 1)



76*


No 5M' 5s the !on!ept of People Power re!o,ni=e&in the ConstitutionL -is!uss riefl"' (3)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

OesH the !on!ept of People Power is re!o,ni=e& inthe Constitution' <n&er Se!tion 32' +rti!le E5 of theConstitutionH throu,h initiati%e an& referen&uH thepeople !an &ire!tl" propose an& ena!t laws orappro%e or ree!t an" a!t or law or part thereofpasse& " the Con,ress or lo!al le,islati%e o&"after the re,istration of a petition therefor si,ne& "at least ten per !entu of the total nuer ofre,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e &istri!tust e represente& " at least three per !entuof the re,istere& %oters thereof' <n&er Se!tion 1H

+rti!le M555 of the ConstitutionH the ri,ht of the

people an& their or,ani=ations to effe!ti%e an&reasonale parti!ipation at all le%els of so!ialHpoliti!al an& e!onoi! &e!ision*aDin, shall not eari&,e&' he State shallH " law fa!ilitate theestalishent of a&e?uate !onsultatione!haniss' <n&er Se!tion 2' +rti!le ME55 of theConstitutionH the people a" &ire!tl" proposeaen&ents to the Constitution throu,h initiati%eupon a petition of at least twel%e per !entu of thetotal nuer of re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er"le,islati%e &istri!t ust e represente& " at leastthree per !entu of the re,istere& %oters therein'


No 5 *5s people power re!o,ni=e& " the 1987ConstitutionL /plain full"'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

People power is re!o,ni=e& in the Constitution'

+rti!le 555H Se!tion # of the 1987 Constitution

,uarantees the ri,ht of the people pea!eale toassele an& petition the ,o%ernent for re&ressof ,rie%an!es'

+rti!le E5H Se!tion 32 of the 1987 Constitutionre?uires Con,ress to pass a law allowin, thepeople to &ire!tl" propose an& ena!t lawsthrou,h initiati%e an& to appro%e or ree!t an" a!tor law or part of it passe& " Con,ress or a lo!alle,islati%e o&"'

+rti!le M555H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es that the ri,ht of the people an& theiror,ani=ations to parti!ipate at all le%els of so!ialHpoliti!alH an& e!onoi! &e!ision*aDin, shall note ari&,e& an& that the State shallH " lawHfa!ilitate the estalishent of a&e?uate!onsultation e!haniss'

+rti!le ME55H Se!tion 2 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es that sue!t to the ena!tent of an

ipleentin, lawH the people a" &ire!tl"propose aen&ents to the Constitution throu,hinitiati%e'

Nat-re o# t'e Con%tit-tion: Con%tit-tionaS-$re+a"y 6;61<a NN epuli! has a &efense treat" with/E+ Fe&eration' +!!or&in, to the epuli!BsSe!retar" of -efenseH the treat" allows teporar"asin, of frien&l" forei,n troops in !ase of trainin,eer!ises for the war on terroris' he aorit"ea&er of the Senate !onten&s that whether

teporar" or notH the asin, of forei,n troopshowe%er frien&l" is prohiite& " the Constitutionof NN whi!h pro%i&es thatH No forei,n ilitar"ases shall e allowe& in NN territor"' 5n !asethere is in&ee& an irre!on!ilale !onfli!t etweena pro%ision of the treat" an& a pro%ision of theConstitutionH in a uris&i!tion an& le,al s"ste liDeoursH whi!h shoul& pre%ail: the pro%ision of thetreat" or of the ConstitutionL 6h"L /plain withreasonsH riefl"' () SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: 5n!ase of !onfli!t etween a pro%ision of a treat"an& a pro%ision of the ConstitutionH the pro%ision

of the Constitution shoul& pre%ail' Se!tion (2)(a)H +rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution authori=es thenullifi!ation of a treat" when it !onfli!ts with theConstitution' ($on=ales %' @e!hano%aH 9 SC+230 193Q)'

2o*ern+ent Pre%identia For+ *%= Paria<+entary For+ 6>?<?1' a) 6hat is the prin!ipal i&entif"in, feature ofa presi&ential for of ,o%ernentL /plain'

(2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he prin!ipal i&entif"in, feature of a presi&entialfor of ,o%ernent is eo&ie& in the separationof powers &o!trine' /a!h &epartent of,o%ernent eer!ises powers ,rante& to it " theConstitution an& a" not !ontrolH interfere with oren!roa!h upon the a!ts &one within the!onstitutional !opeten!e of the others' @owe%erHthe Constitution also ,i%es ea!h &epartent !ertainpowers " whi!h it



766



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a" &efinitel" restrain the others fro ipro%i&enta!tionH there" aintainin, a s"ste of !he!Dsan& alan!es aon, theH thusH preser%in, thewill of the so%erei,n epresse& in the Constitution'



768

) 6hat are the essential !hara!teristi!s of aparliaentar" for of ,o%ernentL (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he essential !hara!teristi!s of a parliaentar"for of ,o%ernent are: the fusion of the le,islati%ean& ee!uti%e ran!hes in parliaent; the prieinisterH who is the hea& of ,o%ernentH an& theeers of the !ainetH are !hosen fro aon,the eers of parliaent an& as su!h area!!ountale to the latter; an& the prie inister a" e reo%e& fro offi!e " a %ote of loss of !onfi&en!e of parliaent' here a" e a hea& of state who a" or a" not e ele!te&'

ARTICLE I NationaTerritoryAr"'i$eagi" !o"trine 61989No' 20: 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& " thear!hipela,i! &o!trineL 5s this refle!te& in the 1987ConstitutionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he +C@5P/+$5C -AC5N/ ephasi=esthe unit" of lan& an& waters " &efinin, anar!hipela,o either as a ,roup of islan&ssurroun&e& " waters or a o&" of watersstu&&e& with islan&s' For this purposeH it re?uiresthat aselines e &rawn " !onne!tin, theappropriate points of the outerost islan&s to

en!ir!le the islan&s within the ar!hipela,o' hewaters on the lan&war& si&e of the aselinesre,ar&less of rea&th or &iensions are erel"internal waters'

OesH the ar!hipela,i! &o!trine is refle!te& in the1987 Constitution' +rti!le 5H Se!tion 1 pro%i&esthat the national territor" of the Philippinesin!lu&es the Philippine ar!hipela,oH with all theislan&s an& waters era!e& therein; an& thewaters aroun&H etweenH an& !onne!tin, theislan&s of the ar!hipela,oH re,ar&less of their rea&th an& &iensionsH for part of the internal

waters of the Philippines'

Contig-o-% @one *%= E,"-%i*e E"ono+i"@one 6;(2*a*2) -istin,uish: he !onti,uous =one an& thee!lusi%e e!onoi! =one' SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: CAN5$<A<S .AN/ is a =one!onti,uous to the territorial sea an& eten&s upto 12 nauti!al iles fro the territorial sea an&o%er whi!h the !oastal state a" eer!ise!ontrol ne!essar" to

pre%ent infrin,eent of its !ustosH fis!alHii,ration or sanitar" laws an& re,ulationswithin its territor" or territorial sea' (+rti!le 33 ofthe Con%ention on the aw of the Sea')

he /MC<S5E/ /CANA5C .AN/ is a =oneeten&in, up to 200 nauti!al iles fro theaselines of a state o%er whi!h the !oastal statehas so%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose of eplorin,

an& eploitin,H !onser%in, an& ana,in, thenatural resour!esH whether li%in, or nonli%in,H of the waters supera!ent to the seae& an& of theseae& an& susoilH an& with re,ar& to other a!ti%ities for the e!onoi! eploitation an&eploration of the =one' (+rti!les an& 7 of theCon%ention on the aw of the Sea')

E,"-%i*e E"ono+i" @one5 Rig't% o# t'eCoa%ta State 6199;

No' 11: 5n the &esire to ipro%e the fishin,

etho&s of the fisherenH the ureau of FisheriesH with the appro%al of the Presi&entHentere& into a eoran&u of a,reeent toallow hai fisheren to fish within 200 iles frothe Philippine sea !oasts on the !on&ition thatFilipino fisheren e allowe& to use hai fishin,e?uipent an& %esselsH an& to learn o&ernte!hnolo," in fishin, an& !annin,'

1) 5s the a,reeent %ali&L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) No' the Presi&ent !annot authori=e the ureauof Fisheries to enter into a eoran&u of

a,reeent allowin, hai fisheren to fish withinthe e!lusi%e e!onoi! =one of the PhilippinesHe!ause the Constitution reser%es to Filipino!iti=ens the use an& eno"ent of the e!lusi%ee!onoi! =one of the Philippines'

Se!tion 2' +rti!le M55 of the Constitution pro%i&es:Jhe State shall prote!t the nationBs arine part inits ar!hipela,i! watersH territorial seaH an&e!lusi%e e!onoi! =oneH an& reser%e its use an&eno"ent to Filipino !iti=ens'

Se!tion 7H +rti!le M555 of the Constitution pro%i&es:he State shall prote!t the ri,hts of susisten!efisherenH espe!iall" of lo!al !ounitiesH to thepreferential use of the !ounal arine an&fishin, resour!esH oth inlan& an& offshore' 5t shallpro%i&e support to su!h fisheren throu,happropriate te!hnolo," an& resear!hH a&e?uatefinan!ialH pro&u!tionH an& arDetin, assistan!eHan& other ser%i!es' he State shall also prote!tH&e%elopH an& !onser%e su!h resour!es' heprote!tion shall eten& to offshore fishin, ,roun&sof



769



76:

susisten!e fisheren a,ainst forei,n intrusion'FishworDers shall re!ei%e a ust share fro theirlaor in the utili=ation of arine an& fishin,resour!es'



77;

E,"-%i*e E"ono+i" @one5 Rig't% o# t'eCoa%ta State 6>1<(!) /nuerate the ri,hts of the !oastal state inthe e!lusi%e e!onoi! =one' (3)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:5n the /MC<S5E/ /CANA5C .AN/H the!oastal State has so%erei,n ri,hts for the purposeof eplorin, an& eploitin,H !onser%in, an&ana,in, the natural resour!esH whether li%in, ornon*li%in,H of the waters supera!ent to the seae&an& of the seae& an& its susoilH an& with re,ar&to other a!ti%ities for the e!onoi! eploitationan& eploration of the =oneH su!h as thepro&u!tion of ener," fro the waterH !urrents an&win&s in an area not eten&in, ore than 200nauti!al iles e"on& the aseline fro whi!h theterritorial sea is easure&' Ather ri,hts in!lu&e

the pro&u!tion of ener," fro the waterH !urrentsan& win&sH the estalishent an& use of artifi!ialislan&sH installations an& stru!turesH arines!ientifi! resear!h an& the prote!tion an&preser%ation of the arine en%ironent' (+rt' H<'N' Con%ention on the aw of the Sea)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:SAE//5$N 5$@S R for the purpose ofeplorin, an& eploitin,H !onser%in, an&ana,in, the natural resour!esH whether li%in, ornon*li%in,H of the seae& an& susoil an& thesupera!ent watersH an& with re,ar& to othera!ti%ities su!h as the pro&u!tion of ener," frothe waterH !urrents an& win&s in an area noteten&in, ore than 200 nauti!al iles e"on&the aseline fro whi!h the territorial sea iseasure&' (See +rt' H <NCAS) >uris&i!tionHinter aliaH with re,ar& to:(1) the estalishent an& use of artifi!ialislan&sH installations an& stru!tures;(2) arine s!ientifi! resear!h;an&(3) the prote!tion an& preser%ation of thearine en%ironent'

Fag State *%= Fag o# Con*enien"e 6;(2*a*3) -istin,uish: he fla, state an& the fla,of !on%enien!e' SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: F+$S+/ eans a ship has the nationalit" of thefla, of the state it fliesH ut there ust e a,enuine linD etween the state an& the ship'

(+rti!le 91 of the Con%ention on the aw of the Sea')

F+$ AF CANE/N5/NC/ refers to a state with whi!h a%essel is re,istere& for %arious reasons

su!h as low or non*eistent taation or lowoperatin, !osts althou,h the ship has no ,enuinelinD with that state' (@arrisH Cases an&aterials on 5nternational awH th e&'H 1998H p' #2')

Territory B 2o*ern+ent 6199?No' 8: + law was passe& &i%i&in, the Philippinesinto three re,ions (u=onH Eisa"asH an& in&anao)Hea!h !onstitutin, an in&epen&ent state e!ept on

atters of forei,n relationsH national &efense an&national taationH whi!h are %este& in the Central,o%ernent' 5s the law %ali&L /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he law &i%i&in, the Philippines into threere,ionsH ea!h !onstitutin, an in&epen&ent statean& %estin, in a !entral ,o%ernent atters of forei,n relationsH national &efenseH an& nationaltaationH is un!onstitutional'

FirstH it %iolates +rti!le 5H whi!h ,uarantees theinte,rit" of the national territor" of the Philippines

e!ause it &i%i&e& the Philippines into threestates'

Se!on&H it %iolates Se!tion 1H +rti!le 55 of theConstitutionH whi!h pro%i&es for the estalishentof &eo!rati! an& repuli! States " repla!in, itwith three States or,ani=e& as a !onfe&eration'

hir&H it %iolates Se!tion 22H +rti!le 55 of theConstitutionH whi!hH while re!o,ni=in, an&prootin, the ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural!ounitiesH pro%i&es for national unit" an&&e%elopent'

FourthH it %iolates Se!tion 1H +rti!le M of theConstitutionH whi!hH pro%i&es for autonoousre,ions in usli in&anao an& in the Cor&illeraswithin the fraeworD of national so%erei,nt" aswell as territorial inte,rit" of the epuli! of thePhilippines'

FifthH it %iolates the so%erei,nt" of the epuli!of the Philippines'

Territoria Sea *%= Interna 4ater% 6;(2*a*1) -istin,uish: he territorial sea an& theinternal waters of the Philippines' SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: /5A5+ S/+ is an a&a!entelt of sea with a rea&th of 12 nauti!al ileseasure& fro the aselines of a state an& o%erwhi!h the state has so%erei,nt"' (+rti!les 2 an& 3of the Con%ention on the aw of the Sea') Ship of all states eno" the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e



771



77(

throu,h the territorial sea' (+rti!le 1# of theCon%ention on the aw of the Sea')



77)

<n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le 5 of the 1987 ConstitutionHthe 5N/N+ 6+/S of the Philippines!onsist of the waters aroun&H etween an&!onne!tin, the islan&s of the Philippine

+r!hipela,oH re,ar&less of their rea&th an&&iensionsH in!lu&in, the waters in a"sH ri%ers

an& laDes' No ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e for forei,n %essels eists in the !ase of internalwaters' (@arrisH Cases an& aterials on5nternational awH th e&'H 1998H p' #07') 5nternalwaters are the waters on the lan&war& si&e of aselines fro whi!h the rea&th of the territorialsea is !al!ulate&' (Bron'ie Princip'es o P*b'ic

In+erna+iona' La ,+- ed. 199$ p. 1#$.)

ARTICLE II !e"aration o#Prin"i$e% and State Poi"ie%

Ar+ed For"e%5 Ser*ant o# t'e Peo$e 6No 5 * +rti!le 55' Se!tion 3H of the 1987Constitution epressesH in partH that the +re&For!es of the Philippines is the prote!tor of thepeople an& (of) the State' -es!rie riefl" whatthis pro%ision eans' 5s the Philippine NationalPoli!e !o%ere& " the sae an&ateLFIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

+rti!le 55H Se!tion 3 of the 1987 Constitutioneans that the +re& For!es of the Philippinesshoul& not ser%e the interest of the Presi&ent utof the people an& shoul& not !oit auses

a,ainst the people' (e!or& of the ConstitutionalCoissionH Eol' EH p' 133') his pro%ision isspe!ifi!all" a&&resse& to the +re& For!es of thePhilippines an& not to the Philippine NationalPoli!eH e!ause the latter is separate an& &istin!tfro the forer' (e!or& of the ConstitutionalCoissionH Eol' EH p' 29; analo %' Sisto=a' 312SC + 239 1999Q')SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

+rti!le 55H Se!tion 3 of the 1987 Constitution !ane interprete& to ean that the +re& For!es of the Philippines !an e a le,itiate instruent for the o%erthrow of the !i%ilian ,o%ernent if it has!ease& to e the ser%ant of the people' (ernasHhe 1987 Constitution of the Philippines: +Coentar"H 2003 e&'H p' ') his pro%ision &oesnot appl" to the Philippine National Poli!eHe!ause it is separate an& &istin!t fro the

+re& For!es of the Philippines' (e!or& of theConstitutional CoissionH Eol' EH p' 29H analo %'Sisto=a' 312 SC+ 239 1999Q')

!o"trine o# In"or$oration5 Con%tit-tiona La61997

No' 1; 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& " the -o!trineof 5n!orporation in Constitutional awLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he -AC5N/ AF 5NCAPA+5AN eansthat the rules of 5nternational law for part of thelaw of the lan& an& no le,islati%e a!tion isre?uire& to aDe the appli!ale to a !ountr"'he Philippines follows this &o!trineH e!auseSe!tion 2' +rti!le 55 of the Constitution states that

the Philippines a&opts the ,enerall" a!!epte&prin!iples of international law as part of the law of the lan&'

!o"trine o# In"or$oration5 Pa"ta S-ntSer*anda 6No M' he Philippines has e!oe a eer of the 6orl& ra&e Ar,ani=ation (6A) an&resultantl" a,ree& that it shall ensure the!onforit" of its lawsH re,ulations an&a&inistrati%e pro!e&ures with its oli,ations aspro%i&e& in the annee& +,reeents' his isassaile& as un!onstitutional e!ause this

un&ertaDin, un&ul" liitsH restri!ts an& ipairsPhilippine so%erei,nt" an& eans aon, othersthat Con,ress !oul& not pass le,islation that wille ,oo& for our national interest an& ,eneralwelfare if su!h le,islation will not !onfor with the6A +,reeents' efute this ar,uent' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +!!or&in, to ana&a %' +n,araH 272 SC+ 18(1997)H the so%erei,nt" of the Philippines issue!t to restri!tion " its eership in thefail" of nations an& the liitations ipose& of treat" liitations' Se!tion 2' +rti!le 55 of theConstitution a&opts the ,enerall" a!!epte&prin!iples of international law as part of the law of the lan&' Ane of su!h prin!iples is pa!ta suntser%an&a' he Constitution &i& not en%ision aherit*liDe isolation of the !ountr" fro the rest of the worl&'

Freedo+ #ro+ N-"ear 4ea$on%5 Foreign0iitary &a%e% 61988No' 22: he Se!retar" of >usti!e ha& re!entl" rule&that the Presi&ent a" ne,otiate for a o&ifi!ationor etension of ilitar" ases a,reeent with the

<nite& States re,ar&less of the no nuDespro%isions in the 1987 Constitution' he Presi&entforthwith announ!e& that she fin&s the sae opiniona!!eptale an& will a&opt it' he Senators on theother han&H le& " the Senate Presi&entH aresDepti!alH an& ha& e%en warne& that no treat" or international a,reeent a" ,o into effe!t withoutthe !on!urren!e of two*thir&s of all eers of theSenate'



77*



776

+ forer senator ha& sai&H it is !opletel" wron,Hif not erroneousH an& is an aen&ent of theConstitution " isinterpretation' Soeeers of the ower @ouse a,ree withSe!retar" Ar&one=H while others laent thelatterBs opinion as ?uestionaleH unfortunateH an&without an" asis at all' -o "ou or &o "ou nota,ree with the aforeentione& rulin, of the-epartent of >usti!eL 6h"L



777

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:No' he Constitution pro%i&es that if forei,nilitar" asesH troops or fa!ilities are to eallowe& after the epiration of the presentPhilippine*+eri!an ilitar" ases +,reeent in1991H it ust e un&er a treat" &ul" !on!urre& in" the Senate an&H when the Con,ress sore?uiresH ratifie& " a aorit" of the %otes !ast "the people in a national referen&u' (+rt' ME555Hse!' 2) + ere a,reeentH thereforeH not atreat"H without the !on!urren!e of at least 2I3 of all the eers of the Senate will not e %ali&

(+rt' E55H se!' 21H +rt' ME555H se!' #)' 6ith respe!tto the pro%ision allowin, nu!lear weapons withinthe asesH the Constitution appears to an su!hweapons fro the Philippine territor"' 5t &e!laresas a state poli!" that the PhilippinesH !onsistentwith the national interestH a&opts an& pursues apoli!" of free&o fro nu!lear weapons in itsterritor"' (+rtH 55H se!' 8) @owe%erH the&elierations of the Constitutional Coissionwoul& see to in&i!ate that this pro%ision of theConstitution is not soethin, asolute nor 100per!ent without e!eption' 5t a" therefore e

that !ir!ustan!es a" ustif" a pro%ision onnu!lear weapons'

P'ii$$ine Fag 6>;<?State whether or not the law is !onstitutional'/plain riefl"'1' + law !han,in, the &esi,n of thePhilippine fla,' (2)ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he law is in%ali& !onsi&erin, that un&er +rti!leME5H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 ConstitutionH the fla,of the Philippines shall e re&H whiteH an& lueH

with a sun an& three starsH as !onse!rate& an&honore& " the people an& re!o,ni=e& " law'Sin!e the Constitution itself pres!ries the&esi,nH it !an onl" e !han,e& " !onstitutionalaen&ent'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he law is %ali&H pro%i&e& that the new &esi,n&oes not !han,e the eleents an& !olor s!heeof the fla, as state& in the ConstitutionH an& thefla, is !onse!rate& an& honore& " the people'Sin!e the Constitution itself states that

the fla, ust e re!o,ni=e& " lawH it ipliesthat !ertain aspe!ts of the fla, are sue!t to!han,e throu,h le,islati%e a!tion'

Prin"i$e o# Ci*iian S-$re+a"y 6>?<?2' 6hat Constitutional pro%isions institutionali=ethe prin!iple of !i%ilian suprea!"L (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he followin, !onstitutional pro%isions

institutionali=e the prin!iple of !i%ilian suprea!":

1 Ci%ilian authorit" is at all ties supreeo%er the ilitar"' +rti!le 55H Se!tion 3Q

2 he installation of the Presi&entH thehi,hest !i%ilian authorit"H as theCoan&er*in*Chief of the ilitar"' +rti!leE55H Se!tion 18Q

3 he re?uireent that eers of the +FPswear to uphol& an& &efen& theConstitutionH whi!h is the fun&aental lawof the !i%il ,o%ernent' +rti!le ME5H

Se!tion (1)Q4 he re?uireent that eers of the +FPshall ha%e respe!t for peopleBs ri,hts in theperforan!e of their &ut"' +rti!le ME5HSe!tion (2)Q

5 Professionalis in the are& for!es'+rti!le ME5H Se!tion (3)Q

6 5nsulation of the +FP fro partisan politi!s'+rti!le ME5H Se!tion (3)Q

7 Prohiition a,ainst the appointent of an +FP eer in the a!ti%e ser%i!e to a!i%ilian position' +rti!le ME5H Se!tion (#)Q

8 Copulsor" retireent of offi!ers withoutetension of ser%i!e' +rti!le ME5H Se!tion()Q

9 e?uireent of proportional re!ruitentfro all pro%in!es an& !itiesH so as to a%oi&an" re,ional !li?ue fro forin, within the

+FP' +rti!le ME5H Se!tion (7)Q

10 + 3*"ear liitation on the tour of &ut" of theChief of StaffH whi!h althou,h eten&ile in!ase of eer,en!" " the Presi&entH&epen&s on Con,ressional &e!laration ofeer,en!"' +rti!le ME5H Se!tion ()Q

he estalishent of a poli!e for!e that is not

onl" !i%ilian in !hara!ter ut also un&er the lo!alee!uti%es' +rti!le ME5H Se!tion (7)Q

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 61991No' 13; 5n Feruar" 1990H the inistr" of the

+r"' epuli! of 5n&onesiaH in%ite& i&s for thesuppl" of 00H000 pairs of !oat oots for theuse of the 5n&onesian +r"' he ariDina ShoeCorporationH a Philippine !orporationH whi!h hasno ran!h offi!e an& no assets in 5n&onesiaHsuitte& a i& to suppl" 00H000 pairs of



778



779

!oat oots at <'S' 30 per pair &eli%ere& in>aDarta on or efore 30 A!toer 1990' he!ontra!t was awar&e& " the inistr" of the +r"to ariDina Shoe Corporation an& was si,ne& "the parties in >aDarta' ariDina Shoe Corporationwas ale to &eli%er onl" 200H000 pairs of !oatoots in >aDarta " 30 A!toer 1990 an& itre!ei%e& pa"ent for 100H000 pairs or a total of<'S' 3H000H000'00' he inistr" of the +r"

proise& to pa" for the other 100H000 pairsalrea&" &eli%ere& as soon as the reainin,300H000 pairs of !oat oots are &eli%ere&H atwhi!h tie the sai& 300H000 pairs will also e pai&for' ariDina Shoe Corporation faile& to &eli%eran" ore !oat oots'



77:

An 1 >une 1991H the epuli! of 5n&onesia file&an a!tion efore the e,ional rial Court of Pasi,'i=alH to !opel ariDina Shoe Corporation toperfor the alan!e of its oli,ations un&er the!ontra!t an& for &aa,es' 5n its +nswerH ariDinaShoe Corporation sets up a !ounter!lai for <'S'

3H000H000'00 representin, the pa"ent for the100H000 pairs of !oat oots alrea&" &eli%ere&ut unpai&' 5n&onesia o%e& to &isiss the!ounter!laiH assertin, that it is entitle& toso%erei,n 5unit" fro suit' he trial !ourt&enie& the otion to &isiss an& issue& two writsof ,arnishent upon 5n&onesian $o%ernentfun&s &eposite& in the Philippine National anDan& Far /ast anD' 5n&onesia went to the Court of

+ppeals on a petition for !ertiorari un&er ule of the ules of Court' @ow woul& the Court of

+ppeals &e!i&e the !aseL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he Court of +ppeals shoul& &isiss the petitioninsofar as it seeDs to annul the or&er &en"in, theotion of the $o%ernent of 5n&onesia to &isissthe !ounter!lai' he !ounter!lai in this !ase isa !opulsor" !ounter!lai sin!e it arises frothe sae !ontra!t in%ol%e& in the !oplaint' +ssu!h it ust e set up otherwise it will e arre&'

+o%e allH as hel& in Froilan %s' Pan ArientalShippin, Co'H 9 Phil' 90H " filin, a !oplaintHthe state of 5n&onesia wai%e& its iunit" fro

suit' 5t is not ri,ht that it !an sue in the !ourts utit !annot e sue&' he &efen&ant thereforea!?uires the ri,ht to set up a !opulsor"!ounter!lai a,ainst it'

@owe%erH the Court of +ppeals shoul& ,rant thepetition of the 5n&onesian ,o%ernent insofar asit sou,ht to annul the ,arnishent of the fun&s of 5n&onesia whi!h were &eposite& in the PhilippineNational anD an& Far /ast anD'

Consent to the eer!ise of uris&i!tion of a forei,n!ourt &oes not in!lu&e wai%er of the separateiunit" fro ee!ution' (rownlieH Prin!iples ofPuli! 5nternational awH #th e&'H p' 3##') husH in-eter %s' Carpenter %s' Gun,li,>arn%a,sst"relsenH #3 Fe& 70H it was hel& the!onsent to e sue& &oes not ,i%e !onsent to theatta!hent of the propert" of a so%erei,n,o%ernent'

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 6199?No' ; he epuli! of the alau (forerl" Palau5slan&s) opene& an& operate& in anila an offi!een,a,e& in tra&in, alau pro&u!ts with Philippinepro&u!ts' 5n one transa!tionH the lo!al u"er!oplaine& that the alau ,oo&s &eli%ere& to hiwere sustan&ar& an& he sue& the epuli! ofalauH efore the e,ional rial Court of Pasi,Hfor &aa,es' a) @ow !an the epuli! of alauin%oDe its so%erei,n iunit"L /plain' ) 6illsu!h &efense of so%erei,n iunit" prosperL/plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +) he epuli! of alau !an in%oDe its so%erei,n5unit" " filin, a otion to &isiss ina!!or&an!e with Se!tion l(a)H ule 1 of theules of Court on the ,roun& that the !ourt hasno uris&i!tion o%er its person'

+!!or&in, to the @ol" See %s' osarioH 238 SC+2#H in Puli! 5nternational awH when a Statewishes to plea& so%erei,n iunit" in a forei,n!ourtH it re?uests the Forei,n Affi!e of the Statewhere it is ein, sue& to !on%e" to the !ourt that itis entitle& to iunit"' 5n the PhilippinesH thepra!ti!e is for the forei,n ,o%ernent to firstse!ure an ee!uti%e en&orseent of its !lai ofso%erei,n iunit"' 5n soe !asesH the &efenseof so%erei,n iunit" is suitte& &ire!tl" to thelo!al !ourt " the forei,n ,o%ernent throu,h!ounsel " filin, a otion to &isiss on the,roun& that the !ourt has no >uris&i!tion o%er itsperson'

) NoH the &efense of so%erei,n 5unit" will notprosper' he sale of alau pro&u!ts is a !ontra!t

in%ol%in, a !oer!ial a!ti%it"' 5n <nite& States %s'ui=H 13SC+#87 an& <nite& States %s' $uintoH182 SC+ ##H it was state& that a forei,n State!annot in%oDe 5unit" fro suit if it enters into a!oer!ial !ontra!t' he Philippines a&heres to/S5C5E/ SAE//5$N 5<N5O'

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 61989No' 13: + propert" owner file& an a!tion &ire!tl"in !ourt a,ainst the epuli! of the Philippines



78;



781

seeDin, pa"ent for a par!el of lan& whi!h thenational ,o%ernent utili=e& for a roa& wi&enin,proe!t'



78)



78*

NoH the Northern u=on 5rri,ation +uthorit" a"not in%oDe the iunit" of the State fro suitHe!auseH as hel& in Fontanilla %s' aliaanH 179SC+ 8 an& 19# SC+ #8H irri,ation is aproprietar" fun!tion' esi&esH the Northern u=on5rri,ation +uthorit" has a uri&i!al personalit"separate an& &istin!t fro the ,o%ernentH a suita,ainst it is not a suit a,ainst the State' Sin!e thewai%er of the iunit" fro suit is without

?ualifi!ationH as hel& in a"o %s' Court of First5nstan!e of ula!anH 110 SC+ #H the wai%erin!lu&es an a!tion ase& on a ?uasi*&eli!t'



786

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 61999 +' 1') 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& " state iunit"fro suitL /plain' (2)2') @ow a" !onsent of the state to e sue& e,i%enL /plain' (2) SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1') S+/ 5<N5O FA S<5 eans thatthe State !annot e sue& without its !onsent' +!orollar" of su!h prin!iple is that properties use&

" the State in the perforan!e of its,o%ernental fun!tions !annot e sue!t to

u&i!ial ee!ution'

2') Consent of the State to e sue& a" e a&eepressl" as in the !ase of a spe!ifi!H epresspro%ision of law as wai%er of State iunit" frosuit is not inferre& li,htl" (e',' C'+' 327 as aen&e&

" P- 1##T or iplie&l" as when the Stateen,a,es in proprietar" fun!tions (<'S'

%' ui=H <'S' %' $uinto) or when it files a suit in whi!h!ase the a&%erse part" a" file a !ounter!lai(Froilan %' Pan Ariental Shippin,) or when the &o!trinewoul& in effe!t e use& to perpetuate an inusti!e(+i,ale %' Cuen!aH #3

SC+ 30)'

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 61999No E5 * ' he eplo"ees of the Philippineoa!!o +&inistration (P+) sue& to re!o%er o%ertie pa"' 5n resistin, su!h !laiH the P+theori=e& that it is perforin, ,o%ernentalfun!tions' -e!i&e an& eplain' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+s hel& in Philippine Eir,inia oa!!o +&inistration %' Court of 5n&ustrial elationsH SC+ #1H the Philippine oa!!o +&inistrationis not liale for o%ertie pa"H sin!e it is perforin,,o%ernental fun!tions' +on, its purposes areto proote the effe!ti%e er!han&isin, of toa!!oso that those en,a,e& in the toa!!o in&ustr" willha%e e!onoi! se!urit"H to staili=e the pri!e oftoa!!oH an& to ipro%e the li%in, an&

e!onoi! !on&itions of those en,a,e& in thetoa!!o in&ustr"'

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 61987(a) M file& a !ase a,ainst the epuli! of thePhilippines for &aa,es !ause& his "a!htH whi!hwas rae& " a na%" %essel'() M also sue& in another !ase theSe!retar" of Puli! 6orDs an& the epuli! of the

Philippines for pa"ent of the !opensation ofthe %alue of his lan&H whi!h was use& as part ofthe tara! of the Ceu 5nternational +irportHwithout prior epropriation pro!ee&in,s'

he Soli!itor $eneral o%e& to &isiss the two!ases in%oDin, state iunit" fro suit -e!i&e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he ,o%ernent !annot e sue& for &aa,es!onsi&erin, that the a,en!" whi!h !ause& the&aa,es was the Philippine Na%"' <n&er +rt'2180 of the Ci%il Co&eH the state !onsents to e

sue& for a ?uasi*&eli!t onl" when the &aa,e is!ause& " its spe!ial a,ents' @en!eH the Soli!itor$eneralBs otion shoul& e ,rante& an& the suitrou,ht " M e &isisse&'

() ut the ,o%ernent C+NNA 5NEAG/ thestateBs iunit" fro suit' +s hel& in inisterio%' Court of First 5nstan!e' #0 SC+ ## (1971)Hwhi!h also in%ol%e& the taDin, of pri%ate propert"without the enefit of epropriation pro!ee&in,Hhe &o!trine of ,o%ernental iunit" fro suit!annot ser%e as an instruent for perpetratin, aninusti!e on a !iti=en' ' ' ' 6hen the ,o%ernenttaDes an" propert" for puli! useH whi!h is!on&itional upon the pa"ent of ust!opensationH to e u&i!iall" as!ertaine&H itaDes anifest that it suits to the uris&i!tionof the !ourt' he Soli!itor $eneralBs otion to&isiss shoul&H thereforeH e &enie&'

State I++-nity *%= 4ai*er o# I++-nity 61997

NoH : 5t is sai& that wai%er of iunit" " the

State &oes not ean a !on!ession of its liailit"'6hat are the ipli!ations of this phraseL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he phrase that wai%er of iunit" " the State&oes not ean a !on!ession of liailit" eansthat " !onsentin, to e sue&H the State &oes notne!essaril" a&it it is liale' +s state& inPhilippine o!D 5n&ustriesH 5n!' %s' oar& ofi?ui&atorsH 180 SC+ 171H in su!h a !ase theState is erel" ,i%in, the plaintiff a !han!e to



787



788

pro%e that the State is liale ut the State retainsthe ri,ht to raise all lawful &efenses'



789

State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 6199No 19: -e%i is the owner of a pie!e of lan&'6ithout prior epropriation or ne,otiate& saleH thenational ,o%ernent use& a portion thereof for thewi&enin, of the national hi,hwa"' -e%i file& aone" !lai with the Coission on +u&it whi!h

was &enie&' eft with no other re!ourseH -e%i file&a !oplaint for re!o%er" of propert" an&Ior &aa,es a,ainst the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDsan& @i,hwa"s an& the epuli! of the PhilippinesHhe &efen&ant o%e& for &isissal of the!oplaint !onten&in, that the ,o%ernent !annote sue& without its !onsent' he C &isisse&the !oplaint' An appealH how woul& "ou &e!i&ethe !ase'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he or&er &isissin, the !oplaint shoul& ere%erse&' 5n inisterio %' Court of First 5nstan!e of

CeuH #0 SC+ ##H it was hel& that when the,o%ernent taDes propert" fro a pri%atelan&owner without prior epropriation or ne,otiate& saleH the lan&owner a" aintain asuit a,ainst the ,o%ernent without %iolatin, the&o!trine of ,o%ernent 5unit" fro suit' he,o%ernent shoul& e &eee& to ha%e wai%e&iplie&l" its iunit" fro suit' AtherwiseH the!onstitutional ,uarantee that pri%ate propert" shallnot e taDen for puli! use without ust!opensation will e ren&ere& nu,ator"'

State Prin"i$e% B Poi"ie% 6199;No' 1; 6hat is the state poli!" on:a) worDin, woenL ) e!olo,"L!) the s"ols of statehoo&L &)!ultural inoritiesL e) s!ien!e an&te!hnolo,"L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a) Se!tion 1#H +rti!le M555 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: he State shall prote!t 4ORIN24O0EN " pro%i&in, safe an& healthful worDin,

!on&itionsH taDin, into a!!ount their aternalfun!tionsH an& su!h fa!ilities an& opportunitiesthat will enhan!e their welfare an& enale the toreali=e their full potential in the ser%i!e of thenation'

) Se!tion 1H +rti!le 55 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: he State shall prote!t an& a&%an!ethe ri,ht of the people an& their posterit" to aalan!e& an& healthful ECOLO2D in a!!or& withthe rh"th an& haron" of nature'

!) Se!tion 1H +rti!le ME55 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: he FLA2 OF THE PHILIPPINESshall e re&H whiteH an& lueH with a sun an&three starsH as !onse!rate& an& honore& " thepeople an& re!o,ni=e& " law'

Se!tion 2H +rti!le ME5 of the Constitution states:he Con,ress a" " lawH a&opt a new nae for

the !ountr"H a national antheH or a national sealHwhi!h shall all e trul" refle!ti%e an& s"oli! of the i&ealsH histor"H an& tra&itions of the people'Su!h law shall taDe effe!t onl" upon its ratifi!ation" the people in a national referen&u'

&) Se!tion 22H +rti!le 55 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: he State re!o,ni=es an& prootes theri,hts of IN!I2ENOUS CULTURALCO00UNITIES within the fraeworD of nationalunit" an& &e%elopent'

Se!tion H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution rea&s: heStateH sue!t to the pro%isions of this Constitutionan& national &e%elopent poli!ies an& pro,rasHshall prote!t the ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural!ounities to their an!estral lan&s to ensuretheir e!onoi!H so!ial an& !ultural well*ein,'

he Con,ress a" pro%i&e for the appli!ailit" of !ustoar" laws ,o%ernin, propert" ri,hts or relations in &eterinin, the ownership an& etentof the an!estral &oains'

Se!tion H +rt' M555 of the Constitution pro%i&es: heState shall appl" the prin!iples of A2RARIANREFOR0 or stewar&shipH whene%er appli!ale ina!!or&an!e with lawH in the &isposition or utili=ationof other natural resour!esH in!lu&in, lan&s of thepuli! &oain un&er lease or !on!ession suitaleto a,ri!ultureH sue!t to prior ri,htsH hoestea&ri,hts of sall settlersH an& the ri,hts of in&i,enous!ounities to their an!estral lan&s'

he State a" resettle lan&less farers an& farworDers in its own a,ri!ultural estates whi!h shalle &istriute& to the in the anner pro%i&e& "law'

Se!tion 17' +rti!le M5E of the Constitution states:he State shall re!o,ni=eH respe!t an& prote!tthe ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural !ounities topreser%e an& &e%elop their !ulturesH tra&itionsHan& institutions' 5t shall



78:



79;

!onsi&er these ri,hts in the forulation ofnational plans an& poli!ies'



791

e) Se!tion 17H +rti!le 55 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: he State shall ,i%e priorit" toE!UCATION3 SCIENCE an& TECHNOLO2D3ARTS3 CULTURE3 an& SPORTS to foster patriotis an& nationalisH a!!elerate so!ialpro,ressH an& proote total huan lieration an&

&e%elopent'

Se!tion 1#H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution rea&s inpart: he sustaine& &e%elopent of a reser%oir of NATIONAL TALENTS !onsistin, of Filipinos!ientistsH entrepreneursH professionalsHana,ersH hi,h*le%el te!hni!al anpower an&sDille& worDers an& !raftsen shall e proote&" the StateH he State shall en!oura,eappropriate te!hnolo," an& re,ulate 5ts transfer for the national enefit'

Su*se!tion 2H Se!tion 3' +rti!le M5E of the

Constitution states: he" (E!UCATIONALINSTITUTIONS) shall in!ul!ate patriotis an&nationalisH foster lo%e of huanit"H respe!t for huan ri,htsH appre!iation of the role of nationalheroes in the histori!al &e%elopent of the!ountr"H tea!h the ri,hts an& &uties of !iti=enshipHstren,then ethi!al an& spiritual %aluesH &e%eloporal !hara!ter an& personal &is!iplineHen!oura,e !riti!al an& !reati%e thinDin,H roa&ens!ientifi! an& te!hnolo,i!al Dnowle&,eH an&proote %o!ational effi!ien!"'

Se!tion 10' +rti!le M5E of the Constitution &e!lares:SCIENCE an& TECHNOLO2D are essential for national &e%elopent an& pro,ress' he State shall,i%e priorit" to resear!h an& &e%elopentHin%entionH inno%ationH an& their utili=ation; an& tos!ien!e an& te!hnolo," e&u!ationH trainin,Hser%i!es' 5t shall support in&i,enousH appropriateHan& self*reliant s!ientifi! an& !ultural !apailitiesHan& their appli!ation to the !ountr"Bs pro&u!ti%es"stes an& national life'

Se!tion 11H +rti!le M5E of the Constitution pro%i&es:

he Con,ress a" pro%i&e for in!enti%esHin!lu&in, TA/ !E!UCTIONSH to en!oura,e pri%ateparti!ipation in pro,ras of asi! an& applie&s!ientifi! resear!h' S!holarshipsH ,rants*in*ai& or other fors of 5n!enti%es shall e pro%i&e& to&eser%in, s!ien!e stu&entsH resear!hersHs!ientistsH in%estorsH te!hnolo,istsH an& spe!iall",ifte& !iti=ens'

Se!tion 12H +rti!le M5E of the Constitution rea&s:he State shall re,ulate the transfer an& prootethe a&aptation of te!hnolo," fro all sour!es for the national enefit' 5t shall en!oura,e wi&estparti!ipation of pri%ate ,roupsH lo!al ,o%ernentsHan& !ounit"*ase& or,ani=ations in the,eneration an& utili=ation of s!ien!e an&te!hnolo,"'

NOTE: 5t is su,,este& that if an eainee ,a%e a sustanti%eanswer without ,i%in, the ea!t pro%isions of the ConstitutionHthen he shoul& e ,i%en full !re&it' FurtherH one pro%ision?uote&I&is!usse& " the eainee shoul& e suffi!ient for hito e ,i%en full !re&it'

Tran%$aren"y5 0atter% o# P-bi" Intere%t61989No' 3: -oes the 1987 Constitution pro%i&e for apoli!" of transparen!" in atters of puli!interestL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es for a poli!"of transparen!" in atters of puli! interest'

Se!tion 28H +rti!le 55 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es:

1 Sue!t to reasonale !on&itionspres!rie& " lawH the State a&opts an&ipleents a poli!" of full &is!losure of allits transa!tions in%ol%in, puli! interestH

2 Se!tion 7H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitutionstates: he ri,ht of the people toinforation on atters of puli! !on!ernshall e re!o,ni=e&H +!!ess to offi!ialre!or&sH an& to &o!uentsH an& paperspertainin, to offi!ial a!tsH transa!tionsH or

&e!isionsH as well as to ,o%ernentresear!h &ata use& as asis for poli!"&e%elopentH shall e affor&e& the !iti=enHsue!t to su!h liitations as a" epro%i&e& " law'

3 Se!tion 20H +rti!le E5 of the 1987Constitution rea&s: he re!or&s an& ooDsof a!!ount of the Con,ress shall epreser%e& an& e open to the puli! ina!!or&an!e with lawH an& su!h ooDs shalle au&ite& " the Coission on +u&itwhi!h shall pulish annuall" an itei=e& listof aounts pai& to an& epenses in!urre&

for ea!h eer'4 <n&er Se!tion 17H +rti!le M5 of the 1987

ConstitutionH the sworn stateent of assetsHliailities an& net worth of the Presi&entH theEi!e*Presi&entH the eers of the CainetHthe Con,ressH the Supree CourtH theConstitutional Coission an& other!onstitutional offi!esH an& offi!ers of the



79(



79)

are& for!es with ,eneral or fla, ranD file&upon their assuption of offi!e shall e&is!lose& to the puli! in the anner pro%i&e&" law'



79*

1 Se!tion 21H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution&e!lares: 5nforation on forei,n loansotaine& or ,uarantee& " the ,o%ernentshall e a&e a%ailale to the puli!'

2 +s hel& in Ealonte %s' elonteH $'' No'7#930H Fe' 13H 1989H these pro%isions onpuli! &is!losures are inten&e& to enhan!e therole of the !iti=enr" in ,o%ernental &e!ision*aDin, as well as in !he!Din, ause in,o%ernent'

Tran%$aren"y5 0atter% o# P-bi" Intere%t6No E' State at least three !onstitutional pro%isionsrefle!tin, the State poli!" on transparen!" inatters of puli! interest' 6hat is the purpose of

sai& poli!"L ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he followin, are the !onstitutional pro%isionsrefle!tin, the State poli!" on transparen!" inatters of puli! interest:1' Sue!t to reasonale !on&itions pres!rie&" lawH the State a&opts an& 5pleents a poli!"of full puli! &is!losure of all its transa!tionsin%ol%in, puli! interest' (Se!tion 28H +rti!le 55)

2' he ri,ht of the people to inforation onatters of puli! !on!ern shall e re!o,ni=e&'

+!!ess to offi!ial re!or&sH an& to &o!uentsH an&papers pertainin, to offi!ial a!tsH transa!tionsH or&e!isionsH as well as to ,o%ernent resear!h &atause& as asis for poli!" &e%elopentH shall eaffor&e& to !iti=enH sue!t to su!h liitations asa" e pro%i&e& " law' (Se!tion 7H +rti!le 555)

3' he re!or&s an& ooDs of a!!ounts of theCon,ress shall e preser%e& an& e open to thepuli! in a!!or&an!e with lawH an& su!h ooDsshall e au&ite& " the Coission on +u&it

whi!h shall pulish annuall" an itei=e& list ofaounts pai& to an& epenses in!urre& for ea!heer' (Se!tion 20' +rti!le E5)

#' he Affi!e of the Au&san shall ha%e thefollowin, powersH fun!tionsH an& &uties: MMMMMM

() Puli!i=e atters !o%ere& " itsin%esti,ation when !ir!ustan!es sowarrant an& with &ue pru&en!eH (Se!tion12H +rti!le M5)

' + puli! offi!er or eplo"ee shallH uponassuption of offi!eH an& as often as thereaftera" e re?uire& " lawH suit a &e!laration un&er oath of his assetsH liailitiesH an& net worth' 5n the!ase of the Presi&entH the Ei!e Presi&entH theeers of the CainetH the Con,ressH theSupree CourtH the Constitutional Coissions

an& other !onstitutional offi!esH an& offi!ers of theare& for!es with ,eneral or fla, ranDH the&e!laration shall e &is!lose& to the puli! in theanner pro%i&e& " law' (Se!tion 17H +rti!le M5)

' 5nforation on forei,n loans otaine& or,uarantee& " the $o%ernent shall e a&ea%ailale to the puli!' (Se!tion 21 +rti!le M55)

+s eplaine& 5n Ealonte %' elonteH170 SC+ 2 (1989)H the purpose of thepoli!" is to prote!t the people fro auseof ,o%ernental power' 5f a!!ess toinforation of puli! !on!ern is &enie&H

the postulate puli! offi!e is a puli!trust woul& e ere ept" wor&s' UNote:he eainee shoul& e ,i%en full !re&it if he ,i%es an" three of the ao%e*entione& pro%isions'T

ARTICLE III &i o# Rig't%

&i o# Attainder 61987No' M5: Con,ress passe& a law relatin, tooffi!ials an& eplo"ees who ha& ser%e& in the

$o%ernent for the perio& fro Septeer 21H1972 up to Feruar" 2H 198'

(a) Ane pro%ision of the law &e!lare& alloffi!ials fro the ranD of assistant hea& of a&epartentH ureauH offi!e or a,en!" <nfit for!ontinue& ser%i!e in the ,o%ernent an& &e!lare&their respe!ti%e positions %a!ant'() +nother pro%ision re?uire& all the otheroffi!ials an& eplo"ees to taDe an oath of lo"alt"to the fla, an& ,o%ernent as a !on&ition fortheir !ontinue& eplo"ent' +re the twopro%isions %ali&L 6h"LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he law is a ill of attain&er " whi!hCon,ressH " assuin, u&i!ial a,istra!"H ineffe!t &e!lares all offi!ials an& eplo"ees &urin,artial law (Septeer 21H 1972Feruar" 2H198) as &islo"al an&H on this asisH reo%essoe while sue!tin, others to a lo"alt" test'

6ith respe!t to the pro%ision &e!larin, positions%a!antH e%en the power to reor,ani=e !an not



796



797

e in%oDe& e!ause un&er the Free&oConstitution su!h power !an e eer!ise& onl" "the Presi&ent an& onl" up to Feruar" 2H 1987'Sin!e the law un&er ?uestion was presual"passe& after Feruar" 2H 1987 an& " Con,ressHit is un!onstitutional'



798

() 6ith respe!t to the pro%ision re?uirin, thelo"alt" testH lo"alt" as a ,eneral rule is a rele%ant

!onsi&eration in assessin, eplo"eesB fitness'@owe%erH the re?uireent in this !ase is not a,eneral re?uireent ut sin,les out artial laweplo"ees an& therefore is a&inistere& in a&is!riinator" anner' o"alt"H thereforeH while arele%ant !onsi&eration in other !ir!ustan!esH isein, eplo"e& in this !ase for an un!onstitutionalpurpose'

&i o# Attainder 6199No' 1; /e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1 an& 2 issue& "Presi&ent Cora=on C' +?uino !reate& the

Presi&ential Coission on $oo& $o%ernent(PC$$) an& epowere& it to se?uester an"propert" shown pria fa!ie to e ill*,otten wealthof the late Presi&ent ar!osH his relati%es an&!ronies' /e!uti%e Ar&er No' 1# %ests on theSan&i,ana"an uris&i!tion to tr" hi&&en wealth!ases' An +pril 1#H 198H after an in%esti,ationHthe PC$$ se?uestere& the assets of MCorporationH 5n!'(1) M CorporationH 5n!' !laie& that Presi&ent

+?uinoH as Presi&entH !oul& not lawfull" issue/e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1#H whi!h ha%ethe for!e of lawH on the ,roun& that le,islation isa fun!tion of Con,ress' -e!i&e'

(2) Sai& !orporation also ?uestione& the%ali&it" of the three ee!uti%e or&ers on the,roun& that the" are ills of attain&er an&HthereforeH un!onstitutional' -e!i&e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) /e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# wereissue& in 198' +t that tie Presi&ent Cora=on

+?uino eer!ise& le,islati%e power ''''

(2) /e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# are not

ills of attain&er' A bi'' o a++ainder is a 'egis'a+i/eac+ -ic- in'ic+s p*nis-0en+ i+-o*+ *dicia' +ria'.

+!!or&in,l"H it was hel& in ataan Ship"ar&s an&/n,ineerin, !opan"' 5n!' %' Presi&entialCoission on $oo& $o%ernentH that/e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# are not ills ofattain&erH e!ause the" &o not infli!t an"punishent' An the !ontrar"H the" epressl"pro%i&e that an" u&,ent that the propert"se?uestere& is ill*,otten wealth is to e a&e "a !ourt (the San&i,ana"an) onl" after trial'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 E,tra-di"ia Con#e%%ion61No 5M * afaelH Carlos an& >oseph were a!!use& of ur&er efore the e,ional rial Court of anila'

+!!use& >oseph turne& state witness a,ainst his!o*a!!use& afael an& CarlosH an& wasa!!or&in,l" &is!har,e& fro the inforation'

+on, the e%i&en!e presente& " the prose!ution

was an etrau&i!ial !onfession a&e " >oseph&urin, the !usto&ial 5n%esti,ationH ipli!atin,afael an& Carlos whoH he sai&H to,ether with hi(>oseph)H !oitte& the !rie' he etrau&i!ial!onfession was ee!ute& without the assistan!e of!ounsel'

+!!use& afael an& Carlos %eheentl" oe!te&on the ,roun& that sai& etrau&i!ial !onfessionwas ina&issile in e%i&en!e a,ainst the'

ule on whether the sai& etrau&i!ial !onfessionis a&issile in e%i&en!e or not' ()

FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER: +!!or&in, to People %s' alisterosH 237 SC+#99 (199#)H the !onfession is a&issile' <n&erSe!tion 12H +rti!le 555 of the ConstitutionH the!onfession is ina&issile onl" a,ainst the onewho !onfesse&' Anl" the one whose ri,hts were%iolate& !an raise the oe!tion as his ri,ht ispersonal'SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5

+!!or&in, to People us' >araH 1## SC+1(198)H the !onfession is ina&issile' 5f it isina&issile a,ainst the one who !onfesse&H withore reason it shoul& e ina&issile a,ainstothers'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 E,tra-di"iaCon#e%%ion5 Poi"e Line<U$ 6199;No' 10: +n inforation for parri!i&e was file&a,ainst -ann"' +fter the N5 foun& an e"ewitnessto the !oission of the !rie' -ann" waspla!e& in a poli!e line*up where he was i&entifie&as the one who shot the %i!ti' +fter the line*upH

-ann" a&e a !onfession to a newspaperreporter who inter%iewe& hi' 1) Can -ann" !laithat his i&entifi!ation "

the e"ewitness e e!lu&e& on the ,roun&that the line*up was a&e without enefit

of his !ounselL 2) Can -ann" !lai that his!onfession e

e!lu&e& on the ,roun& that he was notaffor&e& his iran&a ri,htsLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



799



79:

1) NoH the i&entifi!ation of -ann"H a pri%atepersonH " an e"ewitness &urin, the line*up!annot e e!lu&e& in e%i&en!e' 5n a!!or&an!ewith the rulin, in People %s' @attonH 210 SC+ 1Hthe a!!use& is not entitle& to e assiste& "!ounsel &urin, a poli!e line*upH e!ause it is notpart of !usto&ial in%esti,ation'



7:;

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5

OesH in <nite& States %' 6a&eH 338 <'S' 218(197) an& $ilert %' CaliforniaH 338 <'S' 23(197)' it was hel& that on the asis of the SithHrather than the Fifth +en&ent (e?ui%alent to

+rt' 555H Se!' 1# (2) rather than Se!' 12(1))H thepoli!e line*up is su!h a !riti!al sta,e that it !arriespotential sustantial preu&i!e for whi!h reasonthe a!!use& is entitle& to the assistan!e of Counsel'

2) No' -ann" !annot asD that his !onfession to anewspaper reporter shoul& e e!lu&e& ine%i&en!e' +s hel& in People %s' ernar&oH 220

SC+ 31H su!h an a&ission was not a&e&urin, a !usto&ial interro,ation ut a %oluntar"stateent a&e to the e&ia'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Poi"e Line<U$ 61997

No' 10: +H while on oar& a passen,er eep oneni,htH was hel& up " a ,roup of three teena,erswho for!il" &i%este& her of her wat!hH ne!Dla!ean& wallet !ontainin, P100'00' hat &oneH the trio

upe& off the passen,er eep an& fle&' H the eep &ri%erH an& + !oplaine& to the poli!e towho the" ,a%e &es!ription of the !ulprits'

+!!or&in, to the eep &ri%erH he woul& e ale toi&entif" the !ulprits if presente& to hi' Netornin, + an& were suone& to the poli!estation where fi%e persons were line& up eforethe for i&entifi!ation' + an& positi%el" i&entifie&C an& - as the !ulprits' +fter preliinar"in%esti,ation' C an& - an& one >ohn -oe were!har,e& with roer" in an inforation file&a,ainst the in !ourt' C an& - set upH in &efenseHthe ille,alit" of their apprehensionH arrest an&!onfineent ase& on the i&entifi!ation a&e of the " + an& at a poli!e line*up at whi!h the"

were not assiste& " !ounsel' @ow woul& "ouresol%e the issues raise& " C an& -L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ar,uents of the a!!use& are untenale' +shel& in People %s' +!otH 232 SC+ #0H thewarrantless arrest of a!!use& roers 5e&iatel"after their !oission of the !rie " poli!eoffi!ers sent to looD for the on the asis of theinforation relate& " the %i!tis is

%ali& un&er Se!tion ()'ule 113 of the ules onCriinal Pro!e&ure' +!!or&in, to People %s'asin,H 2#8 SC+ #71H the ri,ht to !ounsel&oes not eten& to poli!e line*upsH e!ause the"are not part of !usto&ial in%esti,ations' @owe%erHa!!or&in, to People %s' a!an 238 SC+ 30Hafter the start of !usto&ial in%esti,ationH if thea!!use& was not assiste& " !ounselH an"i&entifi!ation of the a!!use& in a poli!e line*up is

ina&issile'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't to Co-n%e61988No' 1: +ran&o Salaan!aH a notorious poli!e!hara!terH !ae un&er !usto&ial in%esti,ation for a roer" in Caloo!an Cit"' Fro the outsetH thepoli!e offi!ers infore& hi of his ri,ht to reainsilentH an& also his ri,ht to ha%e a !ounsel of his!hoi!eH if he !oul& affor& one or if notH the,o%ernent woul& pro%i&e hi with su!h!ounsel'

@e thanDe& the poli!e in%esti,atorsH an& &e!lare&that he full" un&erstan&s the ri,hts enuerate& tohiH ut thatH he is %oluntaril" wai%in, the'Claiin, that he sin!erel" &esires to atone for hisis&ee&sH he ,a%e a written stateent on hisparti!ipation in the !rie un&er in%esti,ation'

5n the !ourse of the trial of the !riinal !ase for the sae roer"H the written a&ission of Salaan!a whi!h he ,a%e &urin, the !usto&ialin%esti,ationH was presente& as the onl" e%i&en!eof his ,uilt' 5f "ou were his !ounselH what woul&"ou &oL /plain "our answer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5 woul& oe!t to it on the ,roun& that the wai%er of the ri,hts to silen!e an& to !ounsel is %oi&Hha%in, een a&e without the presen!e of !ounsel' (+rt' 555H se!' 12(1); People %' $alitH 13SC+ # (1980)' he wai%er ust also e inwritin,H althou,h this re?uireent i,ht possil"ha%e een !oplie& with in this !ase "eo&"in, the wai%er in the written !onfession' 5tshoul& also e note& that un&er ule 13#H se!' 3He%en if the etrau&i!ial !onfession is %ali&H it is

not a suffi!ient ,roun& for !on%i!tion if it is not!orroorate& " e%i&en!e of !orpus &eli!ti'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't to Co-n%e6199No' 17; 5n his etrau&i!ial !onfession ee!ute&efore the poli!e authoritiesH >ose 6alan,taDota&itte& Dillin, his ,irlfrien& in a fit of ealous"'his a&ission was a&e after the followin,answer an& ?uestion to wit:



7:1



7:(

*5Daw a" a" Darapatan pa rin Duuha n,seris"o n, isan, ao,a&o para aDatulon,o sa iesti,as"on, ito at Dun, wala Dan,aDuhaH iDaw a" ain, ii,"an n, liren,ao,a&oH ano n,a"on an, i"on, asasaiL S* Nan&i"an naan po si Fis!al (point to +ssistant Fis!al +ni!eto alaputo) Da"a hin&i Dona DinaDailan,anan, ao,a&o'



7:)

-urin, the trial' >ose 6alan,taDot repu&iate& his

!onfession !onten&in, that it was a&e withoutthe assistan!e of !ounsel an& therefore5na&issile in e%i&en!e' -e!i&e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !onfession of >ose 6alan,taDot isina&issile in e%i&en!e' he warnin, ,i%en tohi is insuffi!ient in a!!or&an!e with the rulin, inPeople %' -ueroH 10# SC+ 379H he shoul& ha%eeen warne& also that he has the ri,ht to reainsilent an& that an" stateent he aDes a" euse& as e%i&en!e a,ainst hi' esi&esH un&er +rt'555H Se!' 12(1) of the ConstitutionH the !ounselassistin, a person ein, in%esti,ate& ust e

in&epen&ent' +ssistant Fis!al +ni!eto alaputo!oul& not assist >ose 6alan,taDot' +s hel& inPeople %' Ei&u"aH 189 SC+ #03H his fun!tion is toprose!ute !riinal !ases' o allow hi to a!t as&efense !ounsel &urin, !usto&ial in%esti,ationswoul& ren&er nu,ator" the !onstitutional ri,hts of the a!!use& &urin, !usto&ial in%esti,ation' 6hatthe Constitution re?uires is a !ounsel who willeffe!ti%el" un&ertaDe the &efense of his !lientwithout an" !onfli!t of interest' he answer of >ose 6alan,taDot in&i!ates that he &i& not full"un&erstan& his ri,hts' @en!eH it !annot e sai&that he Dnowin,l" an& intelli,entl" wai%e& thoseri,hts'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't to Co-n%e6No M5' An A!toer 1H 198H aos was arreste&" a se!urit" ,uar& e!ause he appeare& to esuspi!ious an& rou,ht to a poli!e pre!in!twhere in the !ourse of the in%esti,ation hea&itte& he was the Diller in an unsol%e&hoi!i&e !oitte& a weeD earlier' hepro!ee&in,s of his in%esti,ation were put in

writin, an& &ate& A!toer 1H 198H an& the onl"parti!ipation of !ounsel assi,ne& to hi was hisere presen!e an& si,nature on the stateent'he a&issiilit" of the stateent of aos waspla!e& in issue ut the prose!ution !lais thatthe !onfession was taDen on A!toer 1H 198 an&the 1987 Constitution pro%i&in, for the ri,ht to!ounsel of !hoi!e an& opportunit" to retainH tooDeffe!t onl" on Feruar" 2H 1987 an& !annot e,i%en retroa!ti%e effe!t' ule on this' (3)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !onfession of aos is not a&issileH sin!ethe !ounsel assi,ne& to hi &i& not a&%ise hi of his ri,hts' he fa!t that his !onfession was taDenefore the effe!ti%it" of the 1987 Constitution is of no oent' /%en prior to the effe!ti%it" of the1987 ConstitutionH the Supree Court alrea&"lai& &own stri!t rules on wai%er of the ri,hts&urin, in%esti,ation in the !ase of People %' $alitH

13 SC+ # (198)'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't to Co-n%e5Re"ei$t o# Pro$erty Sei)ed 6No E555' Ane &a" a passen,er us !on&u!tor foun&a anBs han&a, left in the us' 6hen the!on&u!tor opene& the a,H he foun& insi&e a!atlin, !ar& with the ownerBs nae (-ante $alan,)an& a&&ressH a few hun&re& peso illsH an& a sallplasti! a, !ontainin, a white pow&er" sustan!e'@e rou,ht the pow&er" sustan!e to the Nationalureau of 5n%esti,ation for laorator" eaination

an& it was &eterine& to e ethaphetaineh"&ro!hlori&e or shauH a prohiite& &ru,' -ante$alan, was suse?uentl" tra!e& an& foun& an&rou,ht to the N5 Affi!e where he a&itte&ownership of the han&a, an& its !ontents' 5n the!ourse of the interro,ation " N5 a,entsH an&without the presen!e an& assistan!e of !ounselH$alan, was a&e to si,n a re!eipt for the plasti!a, an& its shau !ontents' $alan, was !har,e&with ille,al possession of prohiite& &ru,s an& was!on%i!te&' An appeal he !onten&s that *

+' he plasti! a, an& its !ontents areina&issile in e%i&en!e ein, the pro&u!t of anille,al sear!h an& sei=ure; (3) an&' he re!eipt he si,ne& is alsoina&issile as his ri,hts un&er !usto&ialin%esti,ation were not oser%e&' (2)-e!i&e the !ase with reasons'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+' 5t is a&issile'''' he re!eipt whi!h $alan, si,ne& without theassistan!e of !ounsel is not a&issile in

e%i&en!e' +s hel& in People %' CastroH 27# SC+11 U1997)H sin!e the re!eipt is a &o!uenta&ittin, the offense !har,e&H $alan, shoul&ha%e een assiste& " !ounsel as re?uire& "

+rti!le 555H Se!tion 11 of the Constitution'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Poi"e Line<-$ 6199

No' 9: >ohann learne& that the poli!e werelooDin, for hi in !onne!tion with the rape of an



7:*



7:6

18*"ear ol& ,irlH a nei,hor' @e went to the poli!estation a weeD later an& presente& hiself to the&esD ser,eant' Coin!i&entall"H the rape %i!tiwas in the preises ee!utin, an etrau&i!ialstateent' >ohannH alon, with si



7:7

() other suspe!tsH were pla!e& in a poli!e lineupan& the ,irl pointe& to hi as the rapist' >ohannwas arreste& an& lo!De& up in a !ell' >ohann was!har,e& with rape in !ourt ut prior to

arrai,nent in%oDe& his ri,ht to preliinar"in%esti,ation' his was &enie& " the u&,eH an&thusH trial pro!ee&e&' +fter the prose!utionpresente& se%eral witnessesH >ohann throu,h!ounselH in%oDe& the ri,ht to ail an& file& aotion thereforH whi!h was &enie& outri,ht " the>u&,e' >ohann now files a petition for !ertiorariefore the Court of +ppeals ar,uin, that: 2) @eshoul& ha%e een infore& of his ri,ht to erepresente& " !ounsel prior to his i&entifi!ation%ia the poli!e line up' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

2T Pursuant to the &e!ision in People us'Castillo' 213' SC+ 777H >ohann nee& not einfore& of his ri,ht to !ounsel prior to hisi&entifi!ation &urin, the poli!e line*up' he poli!eline*up is not part of !usto&ial in%esti,ationH sin!e>ohann was not ein, ?uestione& ut was erel"ein, asDe& to ehiit his o&" for i&entifi!ation "a witness'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5t a" e ar,ue& that in <nite& States %s' 6a&e'388 <'S' 218 (197) an& $ilert %s' California'388 <'S' 23 (197) 5t was hel& that on the asisof the SithH rather than the Fifth +en&ent(e?ui%alent to +rt' 555' se!' 1# (2) rather than se!'12 (1))H the poli!e lineup is su!h a !riti!al sta,ethat it !arries potential sustantial preu&i!e forwhi!h reason the a!!use& is entitle& to theassistan!e of !ounsel'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 6199No' 9; Soe poli!e operati%esH a!tin, un&er alawfull" issue& warrant for the purpose ofsear!hin, for firears in the @ouse of M lo!ate& atNo' 10 Shaw oule%ar&H Pasi,H etro anilaHfoun&H instea& of firearsH ten Dilo,ras of

!o!aine'(1) a" the sai& poli!e operati%es lawfull"sei=e the !o!aineL /plain "our answer'(2) a" M su!!essfull" !hallen,e the le,alit"of the sear!h on the ,roun& that the pea!eoffi!ers &i& not infor hi aout his ri,ht toreain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounselL /plain"our answer'(3) Suppose the pea!e offi!ers were ale tofin& unli!ense& firears in the house in ana&a!ent lotH that is' NoH 12 Shaw

oule%ar&H whi!h is also owne& " M' a"the" lawfull" sei=e the sai& unli!ense&firearsL /plain "our answer'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) OesH the poli!e operati%es a" lawfull" sei=ethe !o!aineH ''''

(2) NoH M !annot su!!essfull" !hallen,e the

le,alit" of the sear!h sipl" e!ause the pea!eoffi!ers &i& not infor hi aout his ri,ht toreain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounsel' Se!tion12(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es:

+n" person un&er in%esti,ation for the!oission of an offense shall ha%e theri,ht to e infore& of his ri,ht to reainsilent an& to ha%e !opetent an&in&epen&ent !ounsel preferal" of hisown !hoi!e'

+s hel& in People %' -"H 18 SC+ 111' for this

pro%ision to appl"H a suspe!t ust e un&erin%esti,ation' here was no in%esti,ation in%ol%e&in this !ase'

(3) he unli!ense& firears store& at 12 Shawoule%ar& a" lawfull" e sei=e& '''

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 6199No' #: arr" was an o%erni,ht ,uest in a otel'

+fter he !he!De& out the followin, &a"H the!haerai& foun& an atta!he !ase whi!h shesurise& was left ehin& " arr"' She turne& ito%er to the ana,er whoH to &eterine the naean& a&&ress of the ownerH opene& the atta!he !asean& saw pa!Da,es whi!h ha& a pe!uliar sell an&upon s?uee=in, felt liDe &rie& lea%es' @is !uriosit"arouse&H the ana,er a&e an openin, on one ofthe pa!Da,es an& tooD se%eral ,ras of the!ontents thereof' @e tooD the pa!Da,es to the N5Han& in the presen!e of a,entsH opene& thepa!Da,esH the !ontents of whi!h upon laorator"eainationH turne& out to e ariuana flowerin,topsH arr" was suse?uentl" foun&H rou,ht to theN5 Affi!e where he a&itte& ownership of theatta!he !ase an& the pa!Da,es' @e was a&e to

si,n a re!eipt for the pa!Da,es' arr" was !har,e&in !ourt for possession of prohiite& &ru,s' @e was!on%i!te&' An appealH he now poses the followin,issues: 1) he pa!Da,es are ina&issile ine%i&en!e

ein, the pro&u!t of an ille,al sear!h an&sei=ure;



7:8



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2) Neither is the re!eipt he si,ne& a&issileH



7::

his ri,hts un&er !usto&ial in%esti,ation notha%in, een oser%e&' -e!i&e' SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: An the assuption that the issueswere tiel" raise& the answers are as follows: 1)he pa!Da,es are a&issile in e%i&en!e' '''

2) he re!eipt is not a&issile in e%i&en!e'

+!!or&in, to the rulin, in People %s' irantesH209 SC+ 179H su!h re!eipt is in effe!t anetrau&i!ial !onfession of the !oission of anoffense' @en!eH if it was si,ne& without theassistan!e of !ounselH in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion12(3)H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH it isina&issile in e%i&en!e' People %' -uhanH 1#2SC+ 100 (198)Q'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 6199?No' 3: 1) +H who was arreste& as a suspe!t in aur&er !ase was not represente& " !ounsel&urin, the ?uestion an& answer sta,e' @owe%erH

efore he was asDe& to si,n his stateents to thepoli!e in%esti,atorH the latter pro%i&e& + with a!ounselH who happene& to e at the poli!estation' +fter !onferrin, with +H the !ounsel tol&the poli!e in%esti,ator that + was rea&" to si,n thestateents'

Can the stateents of + e presente& in !ourt ashis !onfessionL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) NoH the stateents of + !annot e presente& in!ourt as his !onfession' @e was not assiste& "!ounsel &urin, the a!tual ?uestionin,' here is noshowin, that the law"er who elate&l" !onferre&with hi full" eplaine& to hi the nature an&!onse?uen!es of his !onfession' 5n People %s'Copil 2## SC+ 13H the Supree Court hel&that the a!!use& ust e assiste& " !ounsel&urin, the a!tual ?uestionin, an& the elate&assistan!e of !ounsel efore he si,ne& the!onfession &oes not !ure the &efe!t'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:OesH the stateents of + !an e presente& in!ourt as his !onfession' +s hel& in People %s'

ousH 2#2 SC+ 732H e%en if the a!!use& wasnot assiste& " !ounsel &urin, the ?uestionin,Hhis !onfession is a&issile if he was ale to!onsult a law"er efore he si,ne&'

C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 61989No' 7: Pursuin, reports that ,reat ?uantities ofprohiite& &ru,s are ein, su,,le& at ni,httiethrou,h the shores of Ca%iteH the Southern u=onCoan& set up !he!Dpoints at the en& of theCa%ite !oastal roa& to sear!h

passin, otor %ehi!les' + 19*"ear ol& o"H whofinishe& fifth ,ra&eH while &ri%in,H was stoppe& "the authorities at the !he!Dpoint' 6ithout an"oe!tion fro hiH his !ar was inspe!te&H an&the sear!h "iel&e& ariuana lea%es hi&&en in thetrunD !opartent of the !ar' he prohiite& &ru,was proptl" sei=e&H an& the o" was rou,ht tothe poli!e station for ?uestionin,'

(1) 6as the sear!h without warrant le,alL(2) efore interro,ationH the poli!ean on &ut"infore& the o" in /n,lish that he &oes ha%e ari,ht to reain silent an& the ri,ht to !ounsel'@owe%erH there was no !ounsel a%ailale as itwas i&ni,ht' @e &e!lare& orall" that he &i& notnee& an" law"er as he was inno!entH sin!e hewas onl" rin,in, the ariuana lea%es to hiseplo"er in ue=on Cit" an& was not a &ru,user' @e was !har,e& with ille,al possession ofprohiite& &ru,s' 5s his wai%er of the ri,ht to!ounsel %ali&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

(1) NoH the sear!h was not %ali&H e!ause therewas no proale !ause ''''

(2) NoH the wai%er of the ri,ht to !ounsel is not%ali&H sin!e it was not re&u!e& in writin, an&a&e in the presen!e of !ounsel' <n&er Se!tion12(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution to e%ali&H the wai%er ust e a&e in writin, an& inthe presen!e of !ounsel'

!o-be .eo$ardy 61988No' 21: he Filipino seaen &etaine& at GotaGinaaluH alle,e&l" fishin, in ala"sian territorialwatersH ha& een a!?uitte&H after trialH " thesessions !ourt in the sae !it"' he" !oul& not erelease& an& returne& to the PhilippinesH e!ausethe prose!ution ha& appeale& the u&,ent of a!?uittal to the Supree Court of ala"sia'

+ssue the situations ha& een re%erse& an& aala"sian ha& een apprehen&e& in ShasiH SuluHfor an alle,e& offenseH !har,e& efore thee,ional rial Court an& after trial a!?uitte&'

a" the Pro%in!ial Fis!al of Sulu appeal su!h u&,ent of a!?uittal to the Supree CourtH liDewhat the ala"sians &i& in the !ase of theFilipino fisheren at Gota GinaaluL /plain "our answer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH e!ause it woul& pla!e the a!!use& in&oule eopar&"H !ontrar" to +rt' 555H se!' 21 of our Constitution' P- No' 199 prohiits an" personnot a !iti=en to eplore or eploit an" of theresour!es of the e!lusi%e e!onoi! =one



8;;



8;1

an& aDes %iolation of the prohiition a !riepunishale " a fine of P2H000'00 to P100H000'00an&Ior iprisonent of not less than onths nor ore than 10 "ears' 5f aliens are arreste& forfishin, within this =one ut for soe reason area!?uitte&H the &e!ision a,ainst the !annot eappeale& to the Court of +ppeals e!ause thatwoul& pla!e the in &oule eopar&"' his is sowell estalishe& that the Supree Court turne&

&own an" pleas for re*eaination of the&o!trine first announ!e& in Gepner %' <nite&States' 11 Phil' 9 (190#)' he &o!trine is sai& toe part an& par!el not onl" of settle&

urispru&en!e ut also of !onstitutional law' Nor&oes it atter that the a!!use& are aliens' his,uarantee has een applie& e%en to aliens withoutthou,ht of their !iti=enship'



8;(

(See e','H People %' +n, Chio GioH 9 Phil' #7



8;)

(19#) (Chinese pre%iousl" !on%i!te& of ur&er); People %'Poero"H 97 Phil 927 (19) ( +eri!an pre%iousl" !on%i!te& of reellion with ur&erH arson an& roer")'

!o-be .eo$ardy 6199No' 13: + Paero &ri%en " >oe si&eswipe& aotor!"!le &ri%en " Nelson resultin, in &aa,eto the otor!"!le an& inuries to Nelson' >oe spe&on without ,i%in, assistan!e to Nelson' he Fis!alfile& two inforations a,ainst >oeH to wit: (1)re!Dless ipru&en!e resultin, in &aa,e topropert" with ph"si!al inuries un&er +rt' 3HPCH efore the C; an& (2) aan&onent of oneBs %i!ti un&er par' 2 +rt 27H efore the C'

>oe was arrai,ne&H trie& an& !on%i!te& for

aan&onent of oneBs %i!ti in the C' @eappeale& to the C' 5t was onl" a "ear later thathe was arrai,ne& in the re!Dless ipru&en!e!har,e efore the C' @e plea&e& not ,uilt"'

Suse?uentl"H the C affire& the &e!ision of the C relati%e to the aan&onent of oneBs%i!ti !har,e' >oe file& a petition for re%iew eforethe Court of +ppealsH in%oDin, his ri,ht to &oule>eopar&"H !onten&in, that the prose!ution for aan&onent un&er +rt' 27 of the e%ise& PenalCo&e is a ar to the prose!ution for ne,li,en!e

un&er +rti!le 3 of the sae Co&e' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:>oe !annot !lai that his !on%i!tion foraan&onin, his %i!ti in %iolation of +rti!le 27 ofthe e%ise& Penal Co&e is a ar to hisprose!ution for ne,li,en!e un&er +rti!le 3 ofthe e%ise& Penal Co&e' +s hel& in aera %'Court of +ppealsH 198 SC+ 18H there is no&oule eopar&"H e!ause these two offenses arenot i&enti!al' e!Dless ipru&en!e is a

!rie fallin, un&er the !hapter on !riinalne,li,en!eH while aan&onent of oneBs %i!ti isa !rie fallin, un&er the !hapter on !riesa,ainst se!urit"' he forer is !oitte& "eans of !ulpaH while the latter is !oitte& "eans of &olo' Failure to help oneBs %i!ti is notan offense " itself nor an eleent of re!Dlessipru&en!e' 5t erel" 5n!reases the penalt" "one &e,ree'

!o-be .eo$ardy 61997No' 2: he San,,unian, Panlun,so& of anilaappro%e& an or&inan!e (No' 1000) prohiitin, theoperation in the streets within the !it" liits of tai!a units o%er ei,ht "ears ol& (fro "ear of anufa!ture)' he iposale penalt" for %iolationthereof is a fine of P#H000'00 or iprisonent for one "ear upon the errin, operator' hereafter an&while the !it" or&inan!e was alrea&" in effe!t'Con,ress ena!te& a law (epuli! +!t No' 00)prohiitin, the operation in the streets of !itiesthrou,hout the !ountr" of tai!a units e"on& ten

"ears ol&' he iposale penalt" for %iolationthereof is the sae as in Ar&inan!e No' 1000' +Han ownerIoperator of a tai!a unit operatin, inthe Cit" of anilaH was !har,e& with %iolation of the !it" or&inan!e' <pon arrai,nentH he plea&e&not ,uilt"; whereuponH trial was set fi%e &a"sthereafter' For failure of the witnesses to appear atthe trialH the Cit" Court &isisse& the !ase a,ainst

+' he Cit" Prose!utor of anila forthwith file&another inforation in the sae !ourt !har,in, +with %iolation of epuli! +!t No' 00 for operatin,the tai!a unit sue!t of the inforation in the

first !ase' he a!!use& o%e& to &isiss these!on& !ase a,ainst hi in%oDin, &oule>eopar&"'

@ow woul& "ou rule on +Bs otion if "ou werethe >u&,eLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5f 5 were the u&,eH 5 woul& ,rant the otion' he&isissal of the first !ase for failure of thewitnesses to appear terinate& the first eopar&"'

+s hel& in Caes %s' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH

179 SC+ #H the &isissal of a !ase for failureof the witnesses for the prose!ution to appear !onstitutes an a!?uittal' he a!?uittal of + for %iolation of Ar&inan!e No' 1000 ars hisprose!ution for %iolation of epuli! +!t No' 00'<n&er Se!tion 21H +rti!le in of the ConstitutionH if an a!t is punishe& " a law an& an or&inan!eH!on%i!tion or a!?uittal un&er either ars another prose!ution for the sae a!t'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:



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5f 5 were the u&,eH 5 woul& &en" the otion' he&isissal of the first !ase is %oi& an& &oes not,i%e rise to &oule eopar&"' he &isissal of thefirst !ase is aritrar" an& &enie& the prose!ution&ue pro!ess of law' he trial was set fi%e &a"safter the arrai,nent' here was no suffi!ienttie to supoena the witnesses an& this was thefirst tie the witnesses faile& to appear' +s hel&in People %s' -e!laro 170 SC+ 1#2H the

&isissal of a !ase for failure of the witnesses toappear at the initial hearin, is aritrar" an& %oi&an& &oes not ,i%e rise to &oule eopar&"'



8;7

!o-be .eo$ardy 61999 +' -is!uss the ri,ht of e%er" a!!use& a,ainst&oule eopar&"L (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+!!or&in, to elo %' PeopleH 8 Phil' 7H therule of &oule eopar&" eans that when aperson was !har,e& with an offense an& the!ase was terinate& " a!?uittal or !on%i!tion or

in an" other anner without his !onsentH he!annot a,ain e !har,e& with the sae or i&enti!al offense'

!o-be .eo$ardy 61999C' An A!toer 21H 198H 17 "ear ol& Eir,iniaSa,ra&o rou,ht a !oplaint a,ainst artin$eral&e for !onsente& a&u!tion' 6ith thea!!use& plea&in, not ,uilt" upon arrai,nentHtrial ensue&' +fter trialH a u&,ent of !on%i!tionwas ren&ere& a,ainst $eral&e' 6hen the !asewas appeale& to itH the Court of +ppeals re%erse&the u&,ent of the rial CourtH ratio!inatin, an&rulin, as follows: his is not to sa" that theappellant &i& nothin, wron,'''she was se&u!e& "the appellant with proises (of arria,e) ust toa!!oplish his lew& &esi,ns' Oears laterH Eir,iniarou,ht another !oplaint for ualifie& Se&u!tion'$eral&e presente& a otion to uash on the,roun& of &oule eopar&"H whi!h otion an& hissuse?uent otion for re!onsi&eration were&enie&: uestion: a" $eral&e %ali&l" in%oDe&oule eopar&" in ?uestionin, the institution ofthe !ase for ualifie& Se&u!tionL @e pla!e&relian!e prin!ipall" on the sae e%i&en!e test to

support his stan!e' @e asserte& that the offenseswith whi!h he was !har,e& arose fro the saeset of fa!ts' FurtheroreH he a%erte& that the!oplaint for ualifie& Se&u!tion is arre& "wai%er an& estoppel on the part of the!oplainantH she ha%in, opte& to !onsi&er the!ase as !onsente& a&u!tion' Finall"H he ar,ue&that her &ela" of ore than ei,ht (8) "ears eforefilin, the se!on& !ase a,ainst hi !onstitute&par&on on the part of

the offen&e& part"' @ow woul& "ou resol%e$eral&Bs !ontentionsL /plain' (#)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:$eral&e !annot in%oDe &oule eopar&"' +!!or&in,to Pere= %' Court of +ppealsH 18 SC+ 23H thereis no i&entit" etween !onsente& a&u!tion an&?ualifie& se&u!tion'

CANS/N/- +-<C5AN re?uires that the

taDin, awa" of the offen&e& part" ust e withher !onsentH after soli!itation or !aoler" fro theoffen&erH an& the taDin, awa" of the offen&e&part" ust e with lew& &esi,ns' An the otherhan&H <+5F5/- S/-<C5AN re?uires that the!rie e !oitte& " ause of authorit"H!onfi&en!e or relationship an& the offen&er ha&seual inter!ourse with the woan'

he &ela" in filin, the se!on& !ase &oes not!onstitute par&onH a!!or&in, to +rti!le 3## of thee%ise& Penal Co&eH to e %ali& the par&on of

the offen&er " the offen&e& part" ust eepressl" ,i%en'

!o-be .eo$ardy 6No ME' Char,e& " Fran!is!o with lielH Palowas arrai,ne& on >anuar" 3H 2000H Pre*trial was&ispense& with an& !ontinuous trial was set forar!h 7H 8 an& 9H 2000' An the first settin,H theprose!ution o%e& for its postponeent an&!an!ellation of the other settin,s e!ause itsprin!ipal an& proal" onl" witnessH the pri%ate!oplainant Fran!is!oH su&&enl" ha& to ,oaroa& to fulfill a professional !oitent' he

u&,e instea& &isisse& the !ase for failure toprose!ute' ) 6oul& the re%ersal of the trial!ourtBs assaile& &isissal of the !ase pla!e thea!!use& in &oule eopar&"L (3)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:) Sin!e the postponeent of the !ase woul& not%iolate the ri,ht of the a!!use& to spee&" trialHthe pre!ipitate &isissal of the !ase is %oi&' here%ersal of the &isissal will not pla!e thea!!use& in &oule >eopar&"'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

) Sin!e the &isissal of the !ase is %ali&H itsre%ersal will pla!e the a!!use& in &oule

eopar&"'

!o-be .eo$ardy 61No M * For the &eath of >oe"H /rnin, was !har,e&with the !rie of hoi!i&e efore the e,ionalrial Court of Ealen=uela' @e was arrai,ne&' -ueto nuerous postponeents of the s!he&ule&hearin,s at the instan!e of the prose!utionHparti!ularl" ase& on the ,roun& of



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una%ailailit" of prose!ution witnesses who !oul&not e foun& or lo!ate&H the !riinal !ase waspen&in, trial for a perio& of se%en "ears' <ponotion of a!!use& /rnin, who in%oDe& his ri,ht tospee&" trialH the !ourt &isisse& the !ase'



8;:

/%entuall"H the prose!ution witnesses surfa!e&Han& a !riinal !ase for hoi!i&eH in%ol%in, the

sae in!i&ent was file& anew a,ainst /rnin,' +!!use& /rnin, o%e& for &isissal of the !aseon the ,roun& of &oule eopar&"' heprose!ution oe!te&H suittin, the reason that itwas not ale to present the sai& witnesses earlier e!ause the latter went into hi&in, out of fear'esol%e the otion' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he otion shoul& e ,rante&' +s hel& in Caesus' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH 179 SC+ #(1989)H the &isissal of a !riinal !asepre&i!ate& on the ri,ht of the a!!use& to aspee&" trial aounts to an a!?uittal for failure of

the prose!ution to pro%e his ,uilt an& ars hissuse?uent prose!ution for the sae offense'

!o-be .eo$ardy 6No 5M' + aaraw FM &ri%en " +sion,Cas!aseroH who was &runDH si&eswipe& ape&estrian alon, /-S+ in aDati Cit"H resultin, inph"si!al inuries to the latter' he puli!prose!utor file& two separate inforations a,ainstCas!aseroH the first for re!Dless ipru&en!eresultin, in ph"si!al inuries un&er the e%ise&Penal Co&eH an& the se!on& for %iolation of anor&inan!e of aDati Cit" prohiitin, an&penali=in, &ri%in, un&er the influen!e of li?uor'Cas!asero was arrai,ne&H trie& an& !on%i!te& forre!Dless ipru&en!e resultin, in ph"si!al inuriesun&er the e%ise& Penal Co&e' 6ith re,ar& to these!on& !ase (i'e'H %iolation of the !it" or&inan!e)Hupon ein, arrai,ne&H he file& a otion to ?uashthe inforation in%oDin, his ri,ht a,ainst &oule

eopar&"' @e !onten&e& thatH un&er +rt' 555HSe!tion 21 of the ConstitutionH if an a!t ispunishe& " a law an& an or&inan!eH !on%i!tion or a!?uittal un&er either shall !onstitute a ar toanother prose!ution for the sae a!t @e ar,ue&

that the two !riinal !har,es a,ainst histee& fro the sae a!t of &ri%in, alle,e&l"un&er the influen!e of li?uor whi!h !ause& thea!!i&ent' 6as there &oule eopar&"L /plain"our answer ()

FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:OesH there is &oule eopar&"' <n&er the se!on&senten!e of +rti!le 555H Se!tion 21 of theConstitutionH if an a!t is punishe& " a law an&

an or&inan!eH !on%i!tion or a!?uittal un&er eithershall !onstitute a ar to another prose!ution forthe sae a!t' 5n this !aseH the sae a!t isin%ol%e& in the two !ases' he re!Dlessipru&en!e whi!h resulte& in ph"si!al inuriesarose fro the sae a!t of &ri%in, un&er theinfluen!e of li?uor' 5n Oap %' uteroH$'' No' *129H +pril 30H 199H the SupreeCourt hel& that an a!!use& who was a!?uitte& of

&ri%in, re!Dlessl" in %iolation of an or&inan!e!oul& not e prose!ute& for &aa,e to propert"throu,h re!Dless ipru&en!e e!ause the two!har,es were ase& on the sae a!t' 5n People%H elo%aH 1#8 SC+ 292 (1987)H it was hel& thatwhen there is i&entit" in the a!t punishe& " alaw an& an or&inan!eH !on%i!tion or a!?uittalun&er either shall ar prose!ution un&er theother'SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:here is no &oule eopar&" e!ause the a!tpenali=e& un&er the e%ise& Penal Co&e is&ifferent fro the a!t penali=e& " the or&inan!e

of aDati Cit"' he e%ise& Penal Co&e penali=esre!Dless ipru&en!e resultin, in ph"si!al inuriesHwhile the or&inan!e of aDati Cit" penali=es&ri%in, un&er the influen!e of li?uor'

!o-be .eo$ardy5 Re-i%ite% 61999' 6hat are the re?uisites of &oule eopar&"L(2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+s hel& in Cuison %' Court of +ppealsH 289 SC+19H for a !lai of &oule eopar&" to prosperHthe followin, re?uisites ust !on!ur:(1) a first eopar&" has atta!he&;(2) the first eopar&" was %ali&l" terinate&; an&(3) the se!on& is for the sae offense'

+ first eopar&" atta!hes:

1 upon a %ali& !oplaint or inforation;

2 efore a !opetent !ourt;

3 after arrai,nent;

4 a %ali& entr" of plea; an&

5 the &isissal or terination of the !asewithout the epress !onsent of the

a!!use&'!-e Pro"e%%5 Ab%en"e o# !enia 61999No E555 * ' An +pril H 193H Poli!e Affi!er ario$at&ula was !har,e& " the a"or with $ra%eis!on&u!t an& Eiolation of aw efore theuni!ipal oar&' he oar& in%esti,ate& $at&ulaut efore the !ase !oul& e &e!i&e&H the Cit"!harter was appro%e&' he Cit" Fis!alH !itin,Se!tion 30 of the !it" !harterH asserte& that he wasauthori=e& thereun&er to in%esti,ate !it" offi!ersan& eplo"ees' he !ase a,ainst $at&ula wasthen forwar&e& to



81;



811

hiH an& a re*in%esti,ation was !on&u!te&' heoffi!e of the Fis!al suse?uentl" re!oen&e&&isissal' An >anuar" 11H 19H the Cit" a"orreturne& the re!or&s of the !ase to the Cit" Fis!alfor the suission of an appropriate resolutionut no resolution was suitte&' An ar!h 3H198H the Cit" Fis!al transitte& the re!or&s tothe Cit" a"or re!oen&in, that final a!tionthereon e a&e " the Cit" oar& of

5n%esti,ators (C5)' +lthou,h the C5 &i& not!on&u!t an in%esti,ationH the re!or&s show thatoth the uni!ipal oar& an& the Fis!alBs Affi!eehausti%el" hear& the !ase with oth partiesaffor&e& aple opportunit" to a&&u!e theire%i&en!e an& ar,ue their !ause' he Poli!eCoission foun& $at&ula ,uilt" on the asis ofthe re!or&s forwar&e& " the C5' $at&ula!hallen,e& the a&%erse &e!ision of the Poli!eCoission theori=in, that he was &epri%e& of&ue pro!ess' uestions: 5s the Poli!eCoission oun& " the fin&in,s of the Cit"Fis!alL 5s $at&ulaBs protestation of la!D or non*

oser%an!e of &ue pro!ess well*,roun&e&L/plain "our answers' (#)



81(

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he Poli!e Coission is not oun& " thefin&in,s of the Cit" Fis!al' 5n an,uat %' &eCastroH 13 SC+ 08H it was hel& that the Poli!eCoission is not prohiite& fro aDin, its ownfin&in,s on the asis of its own e%aluation of there!or&s' iDewiseH the protestation of la!D of &uepro!ess is not well*,roun&e&H sin!e the hearin,sefore the uni!ipal oar& an& the Cit" Fis!aloffere& $at&ula the !han!e to e hear&' here is

no &enial of &ue pro!ess if the &e!ision wasren&ere& on the asis of e%i&en!e !ontaine& inthe re!or& an& &is!lose& to the parties affe!te&'

!-e Pro"e%%5 !e$ortation 6199;No' 9: + !oplaint was file& " 5ntelli,en!e a,entsof the ureau of 5i,ration an& -eportation (5-)a,ainst Ste%ieH a $eran nationalH for his&eportation as an un&esirale alien' he5i,ration Coissioner &ire!te& the Spe!ialoar& of 5n?uir" to !on&u!t an 5n%esti,ation' +t thesai& 5n%esti,ationH a law"er fro the e,al

-epartent of the 5- presente& as witnesses thethree 5ntelli,en!e a,ents who file& the !oplaint'An the asis of the fin&in,sH report an&re!oen&ation of the oar& of Spe!ial 5n?uir"Hthe 5- Coissioners unaniousl" %ote& forSte%ieBs &eportation' Ste%ieBs law"er ?uestione& the&eportation or&er 1) An the ,roun& that Ste%ie was&enie& &ue pro!ess e!ause the 5-Coissioners who ren&ere& the &e!ision werenot the ones who

re!ei%e& the e%i&en!eH in %iolation of the @e who&e!i&es ust hear rule' 5s he !orre!tL 2) An the,roun& that there was a %iolation of &ue pro!esse!ause the !oplainantsH the prose!utor an& thehearin, offi!ers were all suor&inates of the 5-Coissioners who ren&ere& the &eportation&e!ision' 5s he !orre!tL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

1) NoH Ste%ie is not !orre!t' +s hel& in +&ason + +&asonH 5n!' %s' +oresH 12 SC+ 237Ha&inistrati%e &ue pro!ess &oes not re?uire thatthe a!tual taDin, of testion" or the presentationof e%i&en!e efore the sae offi!er who will&e!i&e the !ase'

5n +eri!an oa!!o Co' %' -ire!tor of PatentsH 7SC+ 287H the Supree Court has rule& that solon, as the a!tual &e!ision on the erits of the!ases is a&e " the offi!er authori=e& " law to&e!i&eH the power to hol& a hearin, on the asis of whi!h his &e!ision will e a&e !an e &ele,ate&

an& is not offensi%e to &ue pro!ess' he Courtnote& that: +s lon, as a part" is not &epri%e& of his ri,ht to present his own !ase an& suite%i&en!e in support thereofH an& the &e!ision issupporte& " the e%i&en!e in the re!or&H there isno ?uestion that the re?uireents of &ue pro!essan& fair trial are full" et' 5n shortH there is noaro,ation of responsiilit" on the part of theoffi!er !on!erne& as the a!tual &e!ision reainswith an& is a&e " sai& offi!er' 5t isH howe%erHre?uire& that to ,i%e the sustan!e of a hearin,Hwhi!h is for the purpose of aDin, &eterinations

upon e%i&en!e the offi!er who aDes the&eterinations ust !onsi&er an& appraise thee%i&en!e whi!h ustifies the'

2) NoH Ste%ie was not &enie& &ue pro!ess sipl"e!ause the !oplainantsH the prose!utorH an& thehearin, offi!ers were all suor&inates of theCoissioner of the ureau of 5i,ration an&-eportation' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in/rian,er 4 $alin,erH 5n!' %s' Court of 5n&ustrialelationsH 110 Phil' #70H the fin&in,s of thesuor&inates are not !on!lusi%e upon the

CoissionersH who ha%e the &is!retion to a!!eptor ree!t the' 6hat is iportant is that Ste%ie wasnot &epri%e& of his ri,ht to present his own !asean& suit e%i&en!e in support thereofH the&e!ision is supporte& " sustantial e%i&en!eH an&the !oissioners a!te& on their own in&epen&ent!onsi&eration of the law an& fa!ts of the !aseH an&&i& not sipl" a!!ept the %iews of their suor&inates in arri%in, at a &e!ision'



81)



81*

!-e Pro"e%%5 For#eit-re Pro"eeding% 6199



816

No' 1#: he SIS aso" of Panaanian re,istr"Hwhile oore& at the South @arorH was foun& toha%e !ontraan& ,oo&s on oar&' he Custosea foun& out that the %essel &i& not ha%e there?uire& shipBs perit an& shippin, &o!uents'he %essel an& its !ar,o were hel& an& a warrantof Sei=ure an& -etention was issue& after &uein%esti,ation' 5n the !ourse of the forfeiture

pro!ee&in,sH the ship !aptain an& the shipBsresi&ent a,ent ee!ute& sworn stateents eforethe Custo le,al offi!er a&ittin, that !ontraan&!ar,o were foun& aoar& the %essel' heshippin, lines oe!t to the a&ission of thestateents as e%i&en!e !onten&in, that &urin,their ee!utionH the !aptain an& the shippin,a,ent were not assiste& " !ounselH in %iolation of &ue pro!ess' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he a&ission of the stateents of the !aptainan& the shippin, a,ent as e%i&en!e &i& not

%iolate &ue pro!ess e%en if the" were notassiste& " !ounsel' 5n Fee&er 5nternational ineHPts' t&' %' Court of +ppealsH 197 SC+ 8#2H 5twas hel& that the assistan!e of !ounsel is notin&ispensale to &ue pro!ess in forfeiturepro!ee&in,s sin!e su!h pro!ee&in,s are not!riinal in nature'

oreo%erH the stri!t rules of e%i&en!e an&pro!e&ure will not appl" in a&inistrati%epro!ee&in,s liDe sei=ure an& forfeiturepro!ee&in,s' 6hat is iportant is that the partiesare affor&e& the opportunit" to e hear& an& the&e!ision of the a&inistrati%e authorit" is ase& onsustantial e%i&en!e'

!-e Pro"e%%5 0edia Co*erage d-ring Hearing6199?No 2: +t the trial of a rape !ase where the %i!ti*!oplainant was a well Dnown personalit" whilethe a!!use& was a popular o%ie starH a E stationwas allowe& " the trial u&,e to tele%ise the entirepro!ee&in,s liDe theA'>' Sipson trial' he a!!use& oe!te& to theE !o%era,e an& petitione& the Supree Court

to prohiit the sai& !o%era,e' +s the SupreeCourtH how woul& "ou rule on the petitionL/plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he Supree Court shoul& ,rant the petition' 5nits esolution &ate& A!toer 22H 1991H theSupree Court prohiite& li%e ra&io an& tele%ision!o%era,e of !ourt pro!ee&in,s to prote!t the ri,htof the parties to &ue pro!essH to pre%ent the&istra!tion of the parti!ipants in

the pro!ee&in,sH an& in the last anal"sis to a%oi&a is!arria,e of usti!e'

!-e Pro"e%%5 0eeting *%= Hearing 61999No E555 * C' An No%eer 7H 1990H nine law"ers of the e,al -epartent of O anD who were allun&er Fre& orreH sent a !oplaint toana,eent a!!usin, orre of ausi%e !on&u!tan& isana,eent' Furnishe& with a !op" of

the !oplaintH orre &enie& the !har,es' wo &a"slaterH the law"ers an& orre were !alle& to a!onferen!e in the offi!e of the oar& Chairan to,i%e their respe!ti%e si&es of the !ontro%ers"'@owe%erH no a,reeent was rea!he& thereat'anD -ire!tor oulo oret was tasDe& to looDfurther into the atter' @e et with the law"ersto,ether with orre se%eral ties ut to no a%ail'oret then suitte& a report sustainin, the!har,es of the law"ers' he oar& Chairanwrote orre to infor hi that the anD ha&!hosen the !opassionate option of waitin, for orreBs resi,nation' orre was asDe&H without ein,

&isisse&H to turn o%er the &o!uents of all !aseshan&le& " hi to another offi!ial of the anD utorre refuse& to resi,n an& re?ueste& for a fullhearin,' -a"s laterH he reiterate& his re?uest for afull hearin,H !laiin, that he ha& een!onstru!ti%el" &isisse&' oret assure& orrethat he is free to reain in the eplo" of theanD e%en if he has no parti!ular worDassi,nent' +fter another re?uest for a fullhearin, was i,nore&H orre file& a !oplaint withthe aritration ran!h of NC for ille,al&isissal' ea!tin, theretoH the anD terinate&

the ser%i!es of orre' uestions: (a) 6as orre!onstru!ti%el" &isisse& efore he file& his!oplaintL () $i%en the ultiple eetin,s hel&aon, the anD offi!ialsH the law"ers an& orreH isit !orre!t for hi to sa" that he was not ,i%en anopportunit" to e hear&L /plain "our answers'(#)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a) orre was !onstru!ti%el" &isisse&H as hel& in/?uitale anDin, Corporation %' National aor elations CoissionH 273 SC+ 32' +llowin, an

eplo"ee to report for worD without ein, assi,ne&an" worD !onstitutes !onstru!ti%e &isissal'

) orre is !orre!t in sa"in, that he was not ,i%enthe !han!e to e hear&' he eetin,s in thenature of !onsultations an& !onferen!es !annote !onsi&ere& as %ali& sustitutes for the proper oser%an!e of noti!e an& hearin,'

!-e Pro"e%%5 Noti"e by P-bi"ation 61988



817



818

No' 9: a!aeeH Papan,a has se%eral arriosalon, the Papan,a ri%er' o ser%i!e the nee&sof their resi&entst the uni!ipalit" has eenoperatin, a ferr" ser%i!e at the sae ri%erH for anuer of "ears alrea&"'



81:



8(;

&epen&ent on the e%aluation after the li!enses ha%eeen !an!elle&' he issuan!e of the a&inistrati%eor&er also %iolate& pro!e&ural &ue pro!essH sin!eno prior puli! hearin, was !on&u!te&' +s hol& inCoissioner of 5nternal e%enue %s' Court of

+ppealsH 21 SC+ 237 (1998)H



8(1

-en a reg*'a+ion is being iss*ed *nder +-e 2*asi"'egis'a+i/e a*+-ori+y o an ad0inis+ra+i/e agency +-ere2*ire0en+s o no+ice -earing and p*b'ica+ion0*s+ be obser/ed.



8((

!-e Pro"e%%5 Pro"ed-ra *%= S-b%tanti*e61999No E555 * +' $i%e eaples of a!ts of the statewhi!h infrin,e the &ue pro!ess !lause:1' in its sustanti%e aspe!t an& (1)2' in its pro!e&ural aspe!tL (1)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1') + law %iolates sustanti%e &ue pro!ess whenit is unreasonale or un&ul" oppressi%e' For eapleH Presi&ential -e!ree No' 1717H whi!h

!an!elle& all the ort,a,es an& liens of a &etorHwas !onsi&ere& un!onstitutional for ein,oppressi%e' iDewiseH as state& in /rita*alate@otel an& otel Aperators +sso!iationH 5n!' %' Cit"a"or of anilaH 20 SC+ 8#9H a law whi!h is%a,ue so that en of !oon intelli,en!e ust,uess at its eanin, an& &iffer as to itsappli!ation %iolates sustanti%e &ue pro!ess' +shel& in ana&a %' u%eraH 1# SC+ ##H &uepro!ess re?uires that the law e pulishe&'

2') 5n State Prose!utors %' uroH 23 SC+ 0H itwas hel& that the &isissal of a !ase without theenefit of a hearin, an& without an" noti!e to theprose!ution %iolate& &ue pro!ess' iDewiseH ashel& in People %' Court of +ppealsH 22 SC+#2H the la!D of ipartialit" of the u&,e who will&e!i&e a !ase %iolates pro!e&ural &ue pro!ess'

!-e Pro"e%%5 Pro*i%iona Order 61991No 7 * An 29 >ul" 1991' the /ner," e,ulator"oar& (/)H in response to puli! !laorH issue&a resolution appro%in, an& a&optin, a s!he&ule

for rin,in, &own the pri!es of petroleupro&u!ts o%er a perio& of one (1) "ear startin, 1

+u,ust 1991H o%er the oe!tion of the oil!opanies whi!h !lai that the perio& !o%ere& istoo lon, to preu&,e an& foresee' 5s the resolution%ali&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the resolution is in%ali&H sin!e the /ner,"e,ulator" oar& issue& the resolution without ahearin,' he resolution here is not a pro%isionalor&er an& therefore it !an onl" e

issue& after appropriate noti!e an& hearin, toaffe!te& parties' he rulin, in PhilippineCouni!ations Satellite Corporation %s' +l!ua=H180 SC+ 218H to the effe!t that an or&erpro%isionall" re&u!in, the rates whi!h a puli!utilit" !oul& !har,eH !oul& e issue& withoutpre%ious noti!e an& hearin,H !annot appl"'

!-e Pro"e%%5 P-bi" S"'oo Tea"'er% 6No M * en puli! s!hool tea!hers of Caloo!anCit" left their !lassroos to oin a striDeH whi!hlaste& for one onthH to asD for tea!hersBenefits'

he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports!har,e& the a&inistrati%el"H for whi!h reasonthe" were re?uire& to answer an& forall"in%esti,ate& " a !oittee !opose& of the-i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hools as ChairanHthe -i%ision Super%isor as eer an& atea!herH as another eer' An the asis of the

e%i&en!e a&&u!e& at the foral in%esti,ationwhi!h apl" estalishe& their ,uiltH the -ire!tor ren&ere& a &e!ision etin, out to the thepenalt" of reo%al fro offi!e' he &e!ision wasaffire& " the -/CS Se!retar" an& the Ci%ilSer%i!e Coission'

An appealH the" reiterate& the ar,uents the"raise& efore the a&inistrati%e o&iesH nael":() he" were &epri%e& of &ue pro!ess of law asthe 5n%esti,atin, Coittee was iproperl"!onstitute& e!ause it &i& not in!lu&e a tea!her inrepresentation of the tea!hersB or,ani=ation asre?uire& " the a,na Carta for Puli! S!hoolea!hers ('+' No' #70H Se!' 9)'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he tea!hers were &epri%e& of &ue pro!ess oflaw' <n&er Se!tion 9 of the a,na Carta forPuli! S!hool ea!hersH one of the eers ofthe !oittee ust e a tea!her who is arepresentati%e of the lo!alH or in its asen!eH an"eistin, pro%in!ial or national or,ani=ation oftea!hers' +!!or&in, to Faella %' Court of

+ppealsH 283 SC+ 2 (1997)H to e !onsi&ere&the authori=e& representati%e of su!h

or,ani=ationH the tea!her ust e !hosen " theor,ani=ation itself an& not " the Se!retar" of/&u!ationH Culture an& Sports' Sin!e ina&inistrati%e pro!ee&in,sH &ue pro!ess re?uiresthat the triunal e %este& with uris&i!tion an& eso !onstitute& as to affor& a person !har,e&a&inistrati%el" a reasonale ,uarantee ofipartialit"H if the tea!her who is a eer of the!oittee was not appointe& in a!!or&an!e withthe lawH an" pro!ee&in, efore



8()



8(*

it is tainte& with &epri%ation of pro!e&ural &uepro!ess'



8(6

!-e Pro"e%%5 Radio Station 61987No' M5E: 5n the ornin, of +u,ust 28H 1987H&urin, the hei,ht of the fi,htin, at Channel # an&Caelot @otelH the ilitar" !lose& a&io StationMMH whi!h was e!ite&l" reportin, the su!!essesof the reels an& o%eents towar&s anila an&

troops frien&l" to the reels' he reports were!orre!t an& fa!tual' An A!toer H 1987H afternoral!" ha& returne& an& the $o%ernent ha&full !ontrol of the situationH the Nationalele!ouni!ations CoissionH without noti!ean& hearin,H ut erel" on the asis of the reportof the ilitar"H !an!elle& the fran!hise of stationMM' -is!uss the le,alit" of:

() he !an!ellation of the fran!hise of thestation on A!toer H 1987'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !an!ellation of the fran!hise of the station on

A!toer H 1987H without prior noti!e an& hearin,His %oi&' +s hel& in /astern roa&!astin, Corp'(-O/) %' -ansH 137 SC+ #7 (198)H the!ar&inal priar" re?uireents in a&inistrati%epro!ee&in,s (one of whi!h is that the parties ustfirst e hear&) as lai& &own in +n, ia" %' C5H 9Phil' 3 (19#0) ust e oser%e& in !losin, ara&io station e!ause ra&io roa&!asts are a forof !onstitutionall"*prote!te& epression'

!-e Pro"e%%5 Re$re%ented by a Non<Layer61988No' : Norerto alasas was a!!use& of estafaefore the e,ional rial Court of anila' +fterthe trialH he was foun& ,uilt"' An appealH his!on%i!tion was affire& " the Court of +ppeals'

+fter the re!or&s of his !ase ha& een rean&e&to the e,ional rial Court for ee!utionH an&after the latter Court ha& set the &ate for theproul,ation of u&,entH the a!!use& file& aotion with the Court of +ppeals to set asi&e theentr" of u&,entH an& to rean& the !ase to thee,ional rial Court for new trial on the ,roun&that he ha& ust &is!o%ere& that +tt"' eonilo

apora who he ha& !hosen an& who ha&a!te& as his !ounsel efore the trial !ourt an& theCourt of +ppealsH is not a law"er' esol%e& theotion of the a!!use& with reasons'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he otion shoul& e ,rante& an& the entr" of

u&,ent shoul& e set asi&e' +n a!!use& isentitle& to e hear& " hiself or !ounsel' (+rt'555H se!' 1#(2))' <nless he is represente& " anattorne"H there is a ,reat &an,er that an"

&efense presente& in his ehalf will e ina&e?uate!onsi&erin, the le,al re?uisite an& sDill nee&e& in!ourt pro!ee&in,s' here woul& !ertainl" e a&enial of &ue pro!ess' (-el,a&o%' Court of +ppealsH 1# SC+ 37 (198))'

!-e Pro"e%%5 S-b%tanti*e 62003 No M55 * he uni!ipal !oun!il of theuni!ipalit" of $ua,uaH Papan,aH passe& an

or&inan!e penali=in, an" person or entit"en,a,e& in the usiness of sellin, ti!Dets too%ies or other puli! ehiitionsH ,aes or perforan!es whi!h woul& !har,e !hil&renetween 7 an& 12 "ears of a,e the full pri!e of a&ission ti!Dets instea& of onl" one*half of theaount thereof' 6oul& "ou hol& the or&inan!e a%ali& eer!ise of le,islati%e power " theuni!ipalit"L 6h"LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he or&inan!e is %oi&' +s hel& in ala!uit %' Courtof First 5nstan!e of +,usan &el Norte' 13 SC+182 1988QH the or&inan!e is unreasonale' 5t

&epri%es the sellers of the ti!Dets of their propert"without &ue pro!ess' + ti!Det is a propert" ri,ht an&a" e sol& for su!h pri!e as the owner of it !anotain' here is nothin, perni!ious in !har,in,!hil&ren the sae pri!e as a&ults'

!-e Pro"e%%5 S-%$en%ion o# !ri*erG% Li"en%e6199NoH 3; Con,ress is !onsi&erin, a law a,ainst&runDen &ri%in,' <n&er the le,islationH poli!eauthorities a" asD an" &ri%er to taDe areathal"=er testH wherein the &ri%er ehalesse%eral ties into a &e%i!e whi!h !an &eterinewhether he has een &ri%in, un&er the influen!eof al!ohol' he results of the test !an e use&H inan" le,al pro!ee&in, a,ainst hi' FurtheroreH&e!larin, that the issuan!e of a &ri%erBs li!ense,i%es rise onl" to a pri%ile,e to &ri%e otor %ehi!les on puli! roa&sH the law pro%i&es that a&ri%er who refuses to taDe the test shall eautoati!all" sue!t to a 90*&a" suspension of his &ri%erBs li!enseH

Cite two 2Q possile !onstitutional oe!tions to

this law' esol%e the oe!tions an& eplainwhether an" su!h infirities !an e !ure&'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Possile oe!tions to the law are that re?uirin, a&ri%er to taDe the reathal"=er test will %iolate hisri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH that pro%i&in, forthe suspension of his &ri%erBs li!ense without an"hearin, %iolates &ue pro!essH an& that thepropose& law will %iolate the ri,ht a,ainstunreasonale sear!hes an& sei=uresH e!ause itallows poli!e authorities to



8(7



8(8

re?uire a &ri%e to taDe the reathal"=er test e%enif there is no proale !ause



8(9

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:e?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a reathal"=er test &oesnot %iolate his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationHe!ause he is not ein, !opelle& to ,i%etestionial e%i&en!e' @e is erel" ein, asDe& tosuit to a ph"si!al test' his is not !o%ere& "the !onstitutional ,uarantee a,ainst self*

in!riination' husH in South -aDota %s' Ne%illeH#9 <'S' 3H it was hel& for this reason thatre?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a loo&*al!ohol test is%ali&'

+s hel& in a!De" %s' +fontr"a ##3 <'S' 1H e!auseof !opellin, ,o%ernent interest in safet" alon,the streetsH the li!ense of a &ri%er who refuses totaDe the reathal"=er test a" e suspen&e&ie&iatel" pen&in, a post*suspension hearin,Hut there ust e a pro%ision for a post*suspensionhearin,' husH to sa%e the propose& law froun!onstitutionall" on the ,roun& of &enial of &ue

pro!essH it shoul& pro%i&e for an ie&iate hearin,upon suspension of the &ri%erBs li!ense' hepropose& law %iolates the ri,ht a,ainstunreasonale sear!hes an& sei=ures' 5t willauthori=e poli!e authorities to stop an" &ri%er an&asD hi to taDe the reathal"=er test e%en in theasen!e of a proale !ause'

!-e Pro"e%%5 Urgent P-bi" Need 61987No' 55: he anila ransportation Copan" applie&for upwar& a&ustent of its rates efore theransportation e,ulator" oar&' Pen&in, thepetitionH the H without pre%ious hearin,H,rante& a ,eneral nationwi&e pro%isional in!reaseof rates' 5n another Ar&erH re?uire& the!opan" to pa" the unpai& super%isor" fees!olle!tile un&er the Puli! Ser%i!e aw' +fter &uenoti!e an& hearin,H on the asis of the e%i&en!epresente& " anila ransportation Copan" an&the AppositorsH issue& an Ar&er re&u!in, therates applie& for " one*fourth'

Chara!teri=e the powers eer!ise& " the in this

!ase an& &eterine whether un&er the present!onstitutional s"ste the ransportation e,ulator"oar& !an e %ali&l" !onferre& the powers eer!ise&" it in issuin, the Ar&ers ,i%en ao%e' /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he or&ers in this !ase in%ol%e the eer!ise of

u&i!ial fun!tion " an a&inistrati%e a,en!"H an&thereforeH as a ,eneral ruleH the !ar&inal priar"ri,hts enuerate& in +n, ia" %' C5H 9 Phil'3 (19#0) ust e oser%e&' 5n Ei,art

/le!tri! i,ht CoH %' PSCH 10 SC+ # (19#) itwas hel& that a rate or&erH whi!h appliese!lusi%el" to a parti!ular part" an& is pre&i!ate&on a fin&in, of fa!tH partaDes of the nature of a?uasi u&i!ialH rather than le,islati%eH fun!tion'

he first or&erH ,rantin, a pro%isional ratein!rease without hearin,H is %ali& if ustifie& "

<$/N P<5C N//-H su!h as in!rease in the!ost of fuel' he power of the Puli! Ser%i!eCoission to ,rant su!h in!rease was uphel& inse%eral !ases' (Sil%a %' A!apoH 90 Phil' 777(192); @alili %' PSCH 92 Phil' 103(193))

he se!on& or&er re?uirin, the !opan" to pa"unpai& super%isor" fees un&er the Puli! Ser%i!e

+!t !annot e sustaine&' he !opan" has ari,ht to e hear&H efore it a" e or&ere& to pa"'(+n, ia" %' C5H 9 Phil' 3 (19#0)) he thir&or&er !an e ustifie&' he fa!t that the hasallowe& a pro%isional rate in!rease &oes not in&

it to aDe the or&er peranent if the e%i&en!elater suitte& &oes not ustif" in!rease utH onthe !ontrar"H warrants the re&u!tion of rates'

E+inent !o+ain5 2arni%'+ent 6199;No' 1#: he uni!ipalit" of +ntipoloH i=alHepropriate& the propert" of >uan e"es for use asa puli! arDet' he uni!ipal Coun!ilappropriate& PlH000H000'00 for the pur!hase of thelot ut the e,ional rial CourtH on the asis of thee%i&en!eH fie& the %alue at P2H000H000'00' 1)6hat le,al a!tion !an >uan e"es taDe to

!olle!t the alan!eL 2) Can >uan e"es asD thee,ional rial

Court to ,arnish the uni!ipalit"Bs a!!ountwith the an& anDL SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: 1)o !olle!t the alan!e of >u&,entH as state& inan o!o %s' uni!ipal Counsel of 5loiloH #9 Phil'2H >uan e"es a" le%" on patrionialproperties of the uni!ipalit" of +ntipolo' 5f it hasno patrionial propertiesH in a!!or&an!e with theuni!ipalit" of aDati %s' Court of +ppealsH 190

SC+ 20H the ree&" of >uan e"es is to file apetition for an&aus to !opel the uni!ipalit"of +ntipolo to appropriate the ne!essar" fun&s tosatisf" the u&,ent'

2) Pursuant to the rulin, in Pasa" Cit"$o%ernent %s' Court of First 5nstan!e of anilaH132 SC+ 1H sin!e the uni!ipalit" of +ntipolohas appropriate& P1H000H000 to pa"



8(:



8);

for the lotH its anD a!!ount a" e ,arnishe&ut up to this aount onl"'



8)1

E+inent !o+ain5 2arni%'+ent 61998No E5 * 2H 5f the Cit" of Ceu has one" in anDH!an it e ,arnishe&L 2QSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2' NoH the one" of the Cit" of Ceu in the anD!annot e ,arnishe& if it !ae fro puli! fun&s'

+s hel& in uni!ipalit" of aDati %s' Court of +ppealsH 190 SC+ 20H 212H puli! fun&s areeepte& fro ,arnishent'

E+inent !o+ain5 i++-nity #ro+ %-it 61No 555 * he epuli! of the PhilippinesH throu,hthe -epartent of Puli! 6orDs an& @i,hwa"s(-P6@)H !onstru!te& a new hi,hwa" linDin,etro anila an& ue=on pro%in!eH an& whi!haor thorou,hfare tra%erse& the lan& owne& "an, Pan&o"' he ,o%ernent neither file& an"epropriation pro!ee&in,s nor pai& an"!opensation to an, Pan&o" for the lan& thus

taDen an& use& as a puli! roa&'

an, Pan&o" file& a suit a,ainst the ,o%ernentto !opel pa"ent for the %alue of his lan&' he-P6@ file& a otion to &isiss the !ase on the,roun& that the State is iune fro suit' an,Pan&o" file& an opposition' esol%e the otion'()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he otion to &isiss shoul& e &enie&' +s hel& in

+i,ale %' Cuen!aH #3 SC+ 300 (1972)H whenthe $o%ernent epropriates pri%ate propert"without pa"in, !opensationH it is &eee& to ha%ewai%e& its iunit" fro suit' AtherwiseH the!onstitutional ,uarantee that pri%ate propert" shallnot e taDen for puli! use without pa"ent of ust!opensation will e ren&ere& nu,ator"'

E+inent !o+ain5 Indire"t P-bi" &ene#it6199No' 2: he Cit" of Ceu passe& an or&inan!epro!laiin, the epropriation of a ten (10)he!tare propert" of C Copan"H whi!h propert" is

alrea&" a &e%elope& !oer!ial !enter' he Cit"propose& to operate the !oer!ial !enter inor&er to finan!e a housin, proe!t for !it"eplo"ees in the %a!ant portion of the sai&propert"' he or&inan!e fie& the pri!e of the lan&an& the %alue of the ipro%eents to e pai& CCopan" on the asis of the pre%ailin, lan&%alue an& !ost of !onstru!tion'(1) +s !ounsel for C Copan"H ,i%e two!onstitutional oe!tions to the %ali&it" of theor&inan!e'

(2) +s the u&,eH rule on the sai& oe!tions'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

(1) +s !ounsel for C Copan"H 5 will ar,ue that thetaDin, of the propert" is not for a puli! use an&that the or&inan!e !annot fi the !opensation toe pai& C Copan"H e!ause this is a u&i!ial?uestion that is for the !ourts to &e!i&e'

(2) +s u&,eH 5 will sustain the !ontention that thetaDin, of the propert" of C Copan" to operatethe !oer!ial !enter estalishe& within it tofinan!e a housin, proe!t for !it" eplo"ees is notfor a puli! use ut for a pri%ate purpose' +s theCourt in&i!ate& in a &i!tu in anotoD' %' National@ousin, +uthorit"H 10 SC+ 89H that theepropriation of a !oer!ial !enter so that theprofits &eri%e& fro its operation !an e use& forhousin, proe!ts is a taDin, for a pri%ate purpose'

5 will also sustain the !ontention that the or&inan!eHe%en thou,h it fies the !opensation for the lan&on the asis of the pre%ailin, lan& %alue !annotreall" &ispla!e u&i!ial &eterination of the pri!e for the siple reason that an" fa!torsH soe of thesuper%enin,H !annot possil" e !onsi&ere& " thele,islature at the tie of ena!tin, the or&inan!e'here is ,reater reason for nullif"in, the use of the!ost of !onstru!tion in the or&inan!e as asis for !opensation for the ipro%eents' he fair arDet %alue of the ipro%eents a" not ee?ual to the !ost of !onstru!tion' he ori,inal !ostof !onstru!tion a" e lower than the fair arDet%alueH sin!e the !ost of !onstru!tion at the tie of epropriation a" ha%e in!rease&'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he taDin, of the !oer!ial !enter is ustifie&" the !on!ept of in&ire!t puli! enefit sin!e itsoperation is inten&e& for the &e%elopent of the%a!ant portion for so!iali=e& housin,H whi!h is!learl" a puli! purpose'

E+inent !o+ain5 .-%t Co+$en%ation 61988

No' 8: r' olan& i%era is the owner of four lotssou,ht to e epropriate& " the /portPro!essin, .one +uthorit" for the epansion of theeport pro!essin, =one at a,uio Cit"' he saepar!els of lan& ha& een %alue& " the +ssessorat P120'00 per s?uare eterH while r' i%era ha&pre%iousl" fie& the arDet %alue of the sae atP100 per s?uare eter' he e,ional rial Court&e!i&e& for epropriation an& or&ere& the pa"entto r' i%era at the rate of P100 a s?uare eter



8)(



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pursuant to Presi&ential -e!ree No' 133Hpro%i&in, that in &eterinin, ust !opensationfor pri%ate propert" a!?uire& throu,h einent&oain pro!ee&in,sH the !opensation to e pai&shall not e!ee& the %alue &e!lare& " the owneror &eterine& " the +ssessorH pursuant to theeal Propert" a Co&eH whi!he%er %alue islowerH prior to the re!oen&ation or &e!ision ofthe appropriate ,o%ernent offi!e to a!?uire the

propert"'



8)*

r' i%era appeale&H insistin, that ust!opensation for his propert" shoul& e&eterine& " Coissioners who !oul& e%aluateall e%i&en!e on the real %alue of the propert"H atthe tie of its taDin, " the ,o%ernent' @eaintains that the lower !ourt erre& in rel"in, onPresi&ential -e!ree NoH 133H whi!h he !lais isun!onstitutional'

@ow woul& "ou &e!i&e the appealL /plain "our answer'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he &e!ision of the lower !ourt shoul& e re%erse&'5n /P.+ %H -ula"H 1#9 SC+ 30 (1987) theSupree Court &e!lare& P- No' 133 to e anun!onstitutional en!roa!hent on the prero,ati%esof the u&i!iar"' 5t was eplaine& that althou,h a!ourt woul& te!hni!all" ha%e the power to&eterine the ust !opensation for propert" un&er the -e!reeH the !ourtBs tasD woul& e rele,ate& tosipl" statin, the lower %alue of the propert" as&e!lare& either " the owner or " the assessor'>ust !opensation eans the %alue of the propert"

at the tie of the taDin,' 5t eans a fair an& fulle?ui%alent for the loss sustaine&' o &eterine itre?uires !onsi&eration of the !on&ition of thepropert" an& its surroun&in,H its ipro%eents an&!apailities'

E+inent !o+ain5 .-%t Co+$en%ation 61989NoH : + law pro%i&es that in the e%ent of epropriationH the aount to e pai& to alan&owner as !opensation shall e either thesworn %aluation a&e " the owner or the offi!ial

assessent thereofH whi!he%er is lower' Can thelan&owner su!!essfull" !hallen,e the law in!ourtL -is!uss riefl" "our answer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the lan&owner !an su!!essfull" !hallen,ethe law in !ourt' +!!or&in, to the &e!ision in/port Pro!essin, .one +uthorit" %s' -ula"H 1#9SC+ 30H su!h a law is un!onstitutional' First of allH it %iolates &ue pro!essH e!ause it &enies tothe lan&owner the opportunit" to pro%e that the%aluation in the ta &e!laration is

wron,' Se!on&l"H the &eterination of ust!opensation in epropriation !ases is a u&i!ialfun!tion' Sin!e un&er Se!tion 9H +rti!le 555 of the1987 Constitution pri%ate propert" shall not etaDen for puli! use without ust !opensationH nolaw !an an&ate that its &eterination as to the

ust !opensation shall pre%ail o%er the fin&in,sof the !ourt'

E+inent !o+ain5 .-%t Co+$en%ation 61998No E5' he Cit" of Ceu epropriate& the propert"of Carlos opi!o for use as a uni!ipal parDin,lot' he San,,unian, Panlun,so& appropriate&P10 illion for this purpose ut the e,ional rialCourt fie& the !opensation for the taDin, of thelan& at P1 illion'1' 6hat le,al ree&"H if an"H &oes Carlosopi!o ha%e to re!o%er the alan!e of P illionfor the taDin, of his lan&L 3QS<$$/S/- +NS6/:1' he ree&" of Carlos opl!o is to le%" onthe patrionial properties of the Cit" of Ceu' 5n

uni!ipalit" of Paoa" %s anaoisH 8 Phil 29'32H the Supree Court hel&:

Propert"H howe%erH whi!h is patrionialan& whi!h is hel& " a uni!ipalit" in itsproprietar" !apa!it" as treate& " the ,reatwei,ht of authorit" as the pri%ate asset of the town an& a" e le%ie& upon an& sol&un&er an or&inar" ee!ution'

5f the Cit" of Ceu &oes not ha%e patrionialpropertiesH the ree&" of Carlos opi!o is to file apetition for an&aus to !opel it to appropriateone" to satisf" the >u&,ent' 5n uni!ipalit"

aDati %s' Court of +ppealsH 190 SC+ 20H 213'the Supree Court sai&:

6here a uni!ipalit" falls or refusesHwithout ustifiale reasonH to effe!t pa"entof a final one" u&,ent ren&ere& a,ainstitH the !laiant a" a%ail of the ree&" of an&aus in or&er to !opel the ena!tentan& appro%al of the ne!essar" appropriationor&inan!eH an& the !orrespon&in,&isurseent of uni!ipal fun&s therefor'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

1' @e !an file the one" !lai with theCoission on +u&it'

E+inent !o+ain5 Lega Intere%t 6199NoH : 5n epropriation pro!ee&in,s: 1) 6hatle,al interest shoul& e use& in the !oputationof interest on ust !opensationLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+s hel& in National Power Corporation %s' +n,as'208 SC+ #2H in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le 2209of the Ci%il Co&eH the le,al interest



8)6



8)8

E+inent !o+ain5 Non<ob%er*an"e o# t'e

$oi"y o# a or none 6No E555' a&lan,a"an is the owner of a 00s?uare eter lot whi!h was the irthpla!e of thefoun&er of a reli,ious se!t who a&itte&l" pla"e&an iportant role in Philippine histor" an& !ulture'he National @istori!al Coission (N@C) passe&a resolution &e!larin, it a national lan&arD an& onits re!oen&ation the lot was sue!te& toepropriation pro!ee&in,s' his was oppose& "a&lan,a"an on the followin, ,roun&s: a) that thelot is not a %ast tra!t; ) that those to e enefite&" the epropriation woul& onl" e the eers of the reli,ious se!t of its foun&erH an& !) that the N@C

has not initiate& the epropriation of irthpla!es of other ore &eser%in, histori!al personalities'esol%e the opposition raise& " a&lan,a"an'()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ar,uents of a&lan,a"an are noteritorious' +!!or&in, to anos!a %' Court of

+ppealsH 22 SC+ #12 (199)H the power of einent &oain is not !onfine& to epropriation of %ast tra!ts of the lan&' he epropriation of the lotto preser%e it as the irthpla!e of the foun&er of

the reli,ious se!t e!ause of his role in Philippinehistor" an& !ulture is for a puli! purposeHe!ause puli! use is no lon,er restri!te& to thetra&itional !on!ept' he fa!t that the epropriationwill enefit the eers of the reli,ious se!t iserel" in!i&ental' he fa!t that other irthpla!esha%e not een epropriate& is liDewise not a %ali&asis for opposin, the epropriation' +s hel& in>'' uason an& Copan"H 5n!' %' an& enure

+&inistrationH 31 SC+ #13 (1970)H theepropriatin, authorit" is not re?uire& to a&here tothe poli!" of all or none'

E+inent !o+ain5 Poer to E,er"i%e 6(10*2) he San,,unian, a"an of the uni!ipalit"of SantaH 5lo!os Sur passe& esolution No' 1authori=in, its a"or to initiate a petition for theepropriation of a lot owne& " Christina as sitefor its uni!ipal sports !enter' his was appro%e&" the a"or' @owe%erH the San,,unian,Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os Sur &isappro%e& theesolution as there i,ht still

e other a%ailale lots in Santa for a sports!enter'

NonethelessH the uni!ipalit" of SantaH throu,h itsa"orH file& a !oplaint for einent &oain'Christina oppose& this on the followin, ,roun&s:

1 the uni!ipalit" of Santa has no power toepropriate;

2 esolution No' 1 has een %oi&e& sin!ethe San,,unian, Panlalawi,an&isappro%e& it for ein, aritrar"; an&

3 the uni!ipalit" of Santa has other an&ette! lot& o! t+at /u!/o&e.Re&ol0e t+e ca&e "it+ !ea&on&.<6=>SU22ESTE! ANS4ERS:a) <n&er Se!tion 19 of '+' No' 710H thepower of einent &oain is epli!itl" ,rante& to theuni!ipalit"H ut ust e eer!ise& throu,h anor&inan!e rather than throu,h a resolution'(uni!ipalit" ofParana?ue %' E'' ealt" Corp'H

$'' No' 127820H >ul" 20H 1998)

) he San,,unian, Panlalawi,an of 5lo!osSur was without the authorit" to &isappro%eesolution No' 1 as the uni!ipalit" !learl" hasthe power to eer!ise the ri,ht of einent &oainan& its San,,unian, a"an the !apa!it" toproul,ate sai& resolution' he onl" ,roun& uponwhi!h a pro%in!ial oar& a" &e!lare an"uni!ipal resolutionH or&inan!e or or&er in%ali& iswhen su!h resolutionH or&inan!e or or&er is

e"on& the powers !onferre& upon the !oun!il or presi&ent aDin, the sae' Su!h is not thesituation in this !ase' (o&a" %' Court of +ppealsH$'' No' 10791H Feruar" 20H 1997)

!) he ?uestion of whether there is ,enuinene!essit" for the epropriation of ChristinaBs lot or whether the uni!ipalit" has other an& etter lotsfor the purpose is a atter that will ha%e to eresol%e& " the Court upon presentation of e%i&en!e " the parties to the !ase'

E+inent !o+ain5 P-bi" U%e 61987No' ME5: 5n >anuar" 198#H Pasa" Cit" file&epropriation pro!ee&in,s a,ainst se%erallan&owners for the !onstru!tion of an a?ue&u!t for floo& !ontrol in a aran,a"' Clearl"H onl" theresi&ents of that aran,a" woul& e enefite& "the proe!t' +s !opensationH the !it" offere& topa" onl" the aount &e!lare& " the owners intheir ta



8)9



8):

&e!larationsH whi!h aount was lower than theassesse& %alue as &eterine& " the assessor'he lan&owners oppose the epropriation on the,roun&s that:



8*;

(a) the sae is not for puli! use; an&() assuin, it is for puli! useH the!opensation ust e ase& on the e%i&en!epresente& in !ourt an& notH as pro%i&e& inpresi&ential &e!rees pres!riin, pa"ent of the

%alue state& in the ownerBs ta &e!larations or the%alue &eterine& " the assessorH whi!he%er islower'

5f "ou were u&,eH how woul& "ou rule on theissueL 6h"LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he !ontention that the taDin, of pri%atepropert" for the purpose of !onstru!tin, ana?ue&u!t for floo& !ontrol is not for puli! use isuntenale* he i&ea that P<5C <S/ eanse!lusi%el" use " the puli! has een &is!ar&e&'

+s lon, as the purpose of the taDin, is puli!H the

eer!ise of power of einent &oain is ustifiale'6hate%er a" e enefi!iall" eplo"e& for the,eneral welfare satisfies the re?uireent of puli!use' (@eirs of>uan!ho +r&ona %' e"esH 123 SC + 220 (1983))

() ut the !ontention that the Presi&ential -e!reespro%i&in, that in &eterinin, ust !opensation the%alue state& " the owner in his ta &e!laration or that &eterine& " the assessorH whi!he%er is lowerHin un!onstitutional is !orre!t' 5n /P.+ %' -ula"'

$'' No' 903H +pril 29H 1987H it was hel& thatthis etho& pres!rie& for as!ertainin, ust!opensation !onstitutes an iperissileen!roa!hent on the prero,ati%es of !ourts' 5tten&s to ren&er !ourts inutile in a atter whi!hHun&er the ConstitutionH is reser%e& to the for final&eterination' For althou,h un&er the &e!rees the!ourts still ha%e the power to &eterine ust!opensationH their tasD is re&u!e& to sipl"&eterinin, the lower %alue of the propert" as&e!lare& either " the owner or " the assessor'><S CAP/NS+5AN eans the %alue of thepropert" at the tie of the taDin,' 5ts &eterination

re?uires that all fa!ts as to the !on&ition of thepropert" an& its surroun&in,s an& itsipro%eents an& !apailities ust e!onsi&ere&H an& this !an onl" e &one in a u&i!ialpro!ee&in,'

E+inent !o+ain5 So"iai)ed Ho-%ing 6199?No' # * he Cit" of Pasi, initiate& epropriationpro!ee&in,s on a one*he!tare lot whi!h is part ofa ten*he!tare par!el of lan& &e%ote& to the,rowin, of %e,etales' he purpose of the

epropriation is to use the lan& as a relo!ationsite for 200 failies s?uattin, alon, the Pasi,ri%er' a) Can the owner of the propert" opposethe

epropriation on the ,roun& that onl" 200out of the ore than 10H000 s?uatterfailies in Pasi, Cit" will enefit fro the

epropriationL /plain' ) Can the -epartent of +,rarian efor

re?uire the Cit" of Pasi, to first se!ureauthorit" fro sai& -epartent efore!on%ertin, the use of the lan& fro

a,ri!ultural to housin,L /plain' SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: a) NoH the owner of the propert"!annot oppose the epropriation on the ,roun&that onl" 200 out of ore than 10H000 s?uatterfailies in Pasi, Cit" will enefit fro theepropriation' +s hel& in Philippine Coluian

+sso!iation %s' PantsH 228 SC+ 8H thea!?uisition of pri%ate propert" for so!iali=e&housin, is for puli! use an& the fa!t that onl" afew an& not e%er"one will enefit fro the

epropriation &oes not &etra!t fro the nature ofthe puli! use'

) NoH the -epartent of +,rarian efor !annotre?uire Pasi, Cit" to first se!ure authorit" fro itefore !on%ertin, the use of the lan& froa,ri!ultural to resi&ential' +!!or&in, to Pro%in!e of Caarines Sur %s' Court of +ppealsH 222 SC+173H there is no pro%ision in the Coprehensi%e

+,rarian efor aw whi!h sue!ts theepropriation of a,ri!ultural lan&s " lo!al,o%ernent units to the !ontrol of the -epartent

of +,rarian efor an& to re?uire appro%al frothe -epartent of +,rarian efor will ean thatit is not the lo!al ,o%ernent unit ut the-epartent of +,rarian efor who will&eterine whether or not the epropriation is for apuli! use'

E+inent !o+ain5 4rit o# Po%%e%%ion 6199NoH : 5n epropriation pro!ee&in,s: Can the

u&,e %ali&l" withhol& issuan!e of the writ ofpossession until full pa"ent of the final %alue ofthe epropriate& propert"LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

NoH the u&,e !annot %ali&l" withhol& the issuan!eof the writ of possession until full pa"ent of thefinal %alue of the epropriate& propert"' +s hel& inNational Power Corporation %s' >o!sonH 20SC+ 20' it is the rninisterial &ut" of the >u&,eto issue the writ of possession upon &eposit of thepro%isional %alue of the epropriate& propert" withthe National or Pro%in!ial reasurer'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:



8*1



8*(

(per -on&ee) in



8*)

Republic vs. Gingoyon



8**

H $ no' 1#29H -e!' 19H 200H the SC hel& that+ 897# now re?uires full pa"ent efore theState a" eer!ise proprietar" ri,hts in anepropriation pro!ee&in, an& aDin, the pre%iousrulin, oiter &i!tu'



8*6

E-a Prote"tion5 Aien E+$oy+ent 61989No 18: +n or&inan!e of the Cit" of anila re?uires

e%er" alien &esirin, to otain eplo"ent of whate%er Din&H in!lu&in, !asual an& part*tieeplo"entH in the !it" to se!ure an eplo"entperit fro the Cit" a"or an& to pa" a worDperit fee of P00' 5s the or&inan!e %ali&L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the or&inan!e is not %ali&' 5n Eille,as %s' @iuChion, sai Pao @oH 8 SC+ 270H it was hel&that su!h an or&inan!e %iolates e?ual prote!tion' 5tfaile& to !onsi&er the %ali& sustantial &ifferen!esaon, the aliens re?uire& to pa" the fee' hesae aon, it ein, !olle!te& fro e%er"

eplo"e& alienH whether he is !asual or peranentH part*tie or full*tie' he or&inan!ealso %iolates &ue pro!essH e!ause it &oes not!ontain an" stan&ar& to ,ui&e the a"or in theeer!ise of the power ,rante& to hi " theor&inan!e' husH it !onfers upon hi unrestri!te&power to allow or pre%ent an a!ti%it" whi!h islawful per se'

E-a Prote"tion5 In*idio-% !i%"ri+ination61987No' E5: arina NeptuniaH &au,hter of a sea !aptainan& sister to four arine offi!ers &e!i&e& as a !hil&to follow in her fatherBs footsteps' 5n her ,rowin, up"ears she was as u!h at hoe on oar& a oatas she was in the fail" hoe " the sea' 5n tieshe earne& a a!helor of S!ien!e &e,ree inarine ransportationH aor in Na%i,ation an&Seaanship' She ser%e& her apprenti!eship for a"ear in a er!hant arine %essel re,istere& for forei,n tra&e an& another "ear on a er!hantarine %essel re,istere& for !oastwise tra&e' utto e!oe a full*fle&,e& arine offi!er she ha& topass the appropriate oar& eainations efore

she !oul& ,et her professional li!ense an&re,istration' She applie& in >anuar" 198 to taDeeaination for arine offi!ers ut her appli!ationwas ree!te& for the reason that the law e,ulatin,the Pra!ti!e of arine Profession in the Philippines(Pres' -e!' No' 97 (1973) ) spe!ifi!all" pres!riesthat No person shall e ?ualifie& for eainationas arine offi!er unless he is:

arina feels %er" a,,rie%e& o%er the &enial an&has !oe to "ou for a&%i!e' She wants to Dnow:(1) 6hether the oar& of /ainers ha& an"plausile or le,al asis for ree!tin, herappli!ation in 198' /plain riefl"'(2) 6hether the 1987 Constitution,uarantees her the ri,ht to a&ission to taDe the!oin, >anuar" 1988 arine offi!erseainations' /plain an& !ite rele%ant

pro%isions'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he &is?ualifi!ation of feales fro the pra!ti!eof arine profession !onstitutes as in%i&ious&is!riination !on&ene& " the /?ual Prote!tionClause of that Constitution (+rt' 5EH Se!' 1) 5n the<nite& StatesH un&er a siilar pro%isionH whileearlier &e!isions of the Supree Court uphel& the%ali&it" of a statute prohiitin, woen froarten&in, unless she was the wife or &au,hter of a ale owner (3oesar+ /. C'eary 445 6.7. ,%, (19,)

an& &en"in, to woen the ri,ht to pra!ti!e law(Brade'' /. 7+a+e 4 6.7. (1% Wa'') 14$ (1!4)H re!ent

&e!isions ha%e in%ali&ate& statutes or re,ulationspro%i&in, for &ifferential treatent of feales ase&on nothin, stereot"pi!al an& ina!!urate,enerali=ations' he Court hel& that !lassifi!ationase& on seH liDe !lassifi!ations ase& upon ra!eHaliena,eH or national ori,inH are inherentl" suspe!tHan& ust therefore e sue!te& to stri!t u&i!ials!rutin"' +!!or&in,l"H the Court in%ali&ate& astatute perittin, a ale ser%i!ean to !lai hisspouse as a &epen&ent to otain in!rease& ?uarter allowan!eH re,ar&less of whether the wife isa!tuall" &epen&ent on hiH while &en"in, the sae

ri,ht to a ser%i!ewoan unless her husan& was infa!t &epen&ent on her for o%er one half of hissupport' (8ron+ierro / Ric-ardson ,11 6.7. %!

(19!4) Accord Craig /. Boren ,#9 6.7. 19$ (19!%)

(pro%i&in, for sale of eer to ales un&er 21 an&to feales un&er 18); ee& %' ee&' #0#<'S' 71 (1971) (preferen!e ,i%en to en o%er woen for appointent as a&inistrators of estates in%ali&)'

() 5n a&&ition to the /?ual Prote!tion ClauseH the

1987 Constitution now re?uires the State toensure the fun&aental e?ualit" efore the law of woen an& en (+rt 55H Se!' 1#) an& to pro%i&ethe with su!h fa!ilities an& opportunities that willenhan!e their welfare an& enale the to reali=etheir full potential in the ser%i!e of the nation' (+rt'M555H Se!' 1#)' hese pro%isions put in serious&out the %ali&it" of P- 97 liitin, the pra!ti!e of arine profession to ales'



8*7



8*8

E-a Prote"tion5 In*idio-% !i%"ri+ination61987



8*9

No' 10: MH a son of a ri!h fail"H applie& for enrolent with the San Carlos Seinar" inan&alu"on,H etro anila' e!ause he ha&een pre%iousl" epelle& fro another seinar"for s!holasti! &efi!ien!"H the e!tor of San CarlosSeinar" &enie& the appli!ation without ,i%in, an",roun&s for the &enial' +fter M was refuse&

a&issionH the e!tor a&itte& another appli!antHwho is the son of a poor farer who was alsoa!a&ei!all" &efi!ient'(a) Prepare a short ar,uent !itin, rulesH lawsHor !onstitutional pro%isions in support of MBsotion for re!onsi&eration of the &enial of hisappli!ation'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he refusal of the seinar" to a&it M!onstitutes in%i&ious &is!riinationH %iolati%e of the/?ual Prote!tion Clause (+rt' 555H Se!' 1) of theConstitution' he fa!tH that the other appli!ant isthe son of a poor farer &oes not aDe the

&is!riination an" less in%i&ious sin!e the other appli!ant is also a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient' here%erse &is!riination pra!ti!e& " the seinar"!annot e ustifie& e!ause unliDe the ra!eprole in +eri!aH po%ert" is not a !on&ition of inferiorit" nee&in, re&ress'

E-a Prote"tion5 Poi"e Poer 6No 5E' <n&aunte& " his three failures in theNational e&i!al +&ission est (N+)H Cru=applie& to taDe it a,ain ut he was refuse&e!ause of an or&er of the -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports (-/CS) &isallowin,flunDers fro taDin, the test a fourth tie' Cru=file& suit assailin, this rule raisin, the!onstitutional ,roun&s of a!!essile ?ualit"e&u!ationH a!a&ei! free&o an& e?ualprote!tion' he ,o%ernent opposes thisHuphol&in, the !onstitutionalit" of the rule on the,roun& of eer!ise of poli!e power' -e!i&e the!ase &is!ussin, the ,roun&s raise&' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+s hel& in -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an&Sports %' San -ie,oH180 SC+ 33 (1989)H therule is a %ali& eer!ise of poli!e power to ensure

that those a&itte& to the e&i!al profession are?ualifie&' he ar,uents of Cru= are noteritorious' he ri,ht to ?ualit" e&u!ation an&a!a&ei! free&o are not asolute' <n&erSe!tion (3)H +rti!le M5E of the ConstitutionH theri,ht to !hoose a profession is sue!t to fairHreasonale an& e?uitale a&ission an&a!a&ei! re?uireents' he rule &oes not %iolatee?ual prote!tion' here is a sustantial &istin!tionetween e&i!al stu&ents an& other stu&ents'<nliDe other

professionsH the e&i!al profession &ire!tl"affe!ts the li%es of the people'

E-a Prote"tion5 Rig't to Ed-"ation 6199;No' 12; he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an&Sports 5ssue& a !ir!ular &is?ualif"in, an"one whofails for the fourth tie in the National /ntran!eests fro a&ission to a Colle,e of -entistr"' Mwho was thus &is?ualifie&H ?uestions the

!onstitutionalit" of the !ir!ular' 1) -i& the !ir!ular&epri%e her of her

!onstitutional ri,ht to e&u!ationL 2) -i& the!ir!ular %iolate the e?ual prote!tion!lause of the ConstitutionL SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: 1) NoH e!ause it is a perissi%eliitation to ri,ht to e&u!ationH as it is inten&e& toensure that onl" those who are ?ualifie& to e&entists are a&itte& for enrollent''''

2) NoH the !ir!ular &i& not %iolate the e?ual

prote!tion !lause of the Constitution' here is asustantial &istin!tion etween &entistr" stu&entsan& other stu&ents' he &ental profession &ire!tl"affe!ts the li%es an& health of people' Atherprofessions &o not in%ol%e the sae &eli!ateresponsiilit" an& nee& not e siilarl" treate&'his is in a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in -epartentof /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports %s' San -ie,oH180 SC+ 33'

E-a Prote"tion5 S-b%idiary I+$ri%on+ent61989No' #: M was senten!e& to a penalt" of 1 "earan& onths of prision !orre!tional an& to pa" afine of P8H000'00H with susi&iar" iprisonent in!ase of sol%en!"' +fter ser%in, his prison terH MasDe& the -ire!tor of Prisons whether he !oul&alrea&" e release&' M was asDe& to pa" the fineof PH000'00 an& he sai& he !oul& not affor& itHein, an in&i,ent' he -ire!tor infore& hi hehas to ser%e an a&&itional prison ter at the rate of one &a" per ei,ht pesos in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le39 of the e%ise& Penal Co&eH he law"er of Mfile& a petition for haeas !orpus !onten&in, thatthe further in!ar!eration of his !lient for unpai&

fines %iolates the e?ual prote!tion !lause of theConstitution' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) he petition shoul& e ,rante&H e!ause

+rti!le 39 of the e%ise& Penal Co&e isun!onstitutional' 5n ate %s' ShortH #01 <'S' 39Hthe <nite& States Supree Court hel& thatiposition of susi&iar" iprisonent upon a!on%i!t who is too poor to pa" a fine %iolatese?ual prote!tionH e!ause e!onoi! status



8*:



86;

!annot ser%e as a %ali& asis for &istin,uishin,the &uration of the iprisonent etween a!on%i!t who is ale to pa" the fine an& a !on%i!twho is unale to pa" it'



861

(2) An the other han&H in <nite& States e rel'Pri%itera %s' GrossH 239 F Supp 118H it was hel&that the iposition of susi&iar" iprisonent for inailit" to pa" a fine &oes not %iolate e?ual

prote!tionH e!ause the punishent shoul& etailore& to fit the in&i%i&ualH an& e?ual prote!tion&oes not !opel the era&i!ation of e%er"&isa&%anta,e !ause& " in&i,en!e' he &e!isionwas affire& " the <nite& States Cir!uit Court of

+ppeals in 3# F2& 33H an& the <nite& StatesSupree Court &enie& the petition for !ertiorari in382 <'S' 911' his rulin, was a&opte& " the5llinois Supree Court in People %s' 6illiasH 31

+3& 920'

Freedo+ o# E,$re%%ion5 Cen%or%'i$ 6No 5M * a" the CA//C (CA//C) prohiit

the postin, of &e!als an& sti!Ders on oilepla!esH puli! or pri%ateH su!h as on a pri%ate%ehi!leH an& liit their lo!ation onl" to theauthori=e& postin, areas that the CA//C itself fiesL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+!!or&in, to +&ion, %' CA//C' 207 SC+ 7121992QH the prohiition is un!onstitutional' 5t!urtails the free&o of epression of in&i%i&ualswho wish to epress their preferen!e for a!an&i&ate " postin, &e!als an& sti!Ders on their !ars an& to !on%in!e others to a,ree with the' 5t

is also o%erroa&H e!ause it en!opassespri%ate propert" an& !onstitutes &epri%ation of propert" without &ue pro!ess of law' Awnership of propert" in!lu&es the ri,ht to use' he prohiitionis !ensorshipH whi!h !annot e ustifie&'

Freedo+ o# E,$re%%ion5 Prior Re%traint 61988

No' 1: he Se!retar" of ransportation an&Couni!ations has warne& ra&io stationoperators a,ainst sellin, lo!De& tieH on the!lai that the tie !o%ere& there" are often use&

" those u"in, the to atta!D the presenta&inistration' +ssue that the &epartentipleents this warnin, an& or&ers owners an&operators of ra&io stations not to sell lo!De& tieto intereste& parties without prior !learan!e frothe -epartent of ransportation an&Couni!ations'

Oou are approa!he& " an intereste& part" affe!te&a&%ersel" " that or&er of the Se!retar" ofransportation an&

Couni!ations' 6hat woul& "ou &o re,ar&in,that an on the sale of lo!De& tieL /plain"our answer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5 woul& !hallen,e its %ali&it" in !ourt on the,roun& that it !onstitutes a prior restraint onfree&o of epression' Su!h a liitation is %ali&onl" in e!eptional !asesH su!h as where thepurpose is to pre%ent a!tual ostru!tion to

re!ruitent of ser%i!e or the sailin, &ates of transports or the nuer an& lo!ation of troopsHor for the purpose of enfor!in, the priar"re?uireents of &e!en!" or the se!urit" of !ounit" life' (Near %' innesotaH 283 <'SH 97(1931))' +tta!Ds on the ,o%ernentH on the other han&H !annot ustif" prior restraints' For as haseen pointe& outH the interest of so!iet" an& theaintenan!e of ,oo& ,o%ernent &ean& a full&is!ussion of puli! affairs' Coplete liert" to!oent on the !on&u!t of puli! en is as!alpel in the !ase of free spee!h' he sharpin!ision of its proe relie%es the as!esses of

offi!ial&o' en in puli! life a" suffer un&er ahostile an& an unust a!!usation; the woun& !ane assua,e& with the al of a !lear !ons!ien!eH (<nite& States % ustosH 37 Phil'7#1 (1918))'

he parties a&%ersel" affe!te& a" also &isre,ar&the re,ulation as ein, on its fa!e %oi&' +s haseen hel&H an" s"ste of prior restraints of epression !oes to the !ourt earin, a hea%"presuption a,ainst its !onstitutional %ali&it"H an&the ,o%ernent thus !arries a hea%" ur&en of

showin, ustifi!ation for the iposition of su!h arestraint' (New OorD ies Co' %' <nite& StatesH#03 <'S' 713 (1971))'

he usual presuption of %ali&it" that inheres inle,islation is re%erse& in the !ase of laws iposin,prior restraint on free&o of epression'

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Con*i"ted Pri%oner%61989No' : M is ser%in, his prison senten!e in

untinlupa' @e elon,s to a reli,ious se!t thatprohiits the eatin, of eat' @e asDe& the-ire!tor of Prisons that he e ser%e& witheatless &iet' he -ire!tor refuse& an& M sue&the -ire!tor for &aa,es for %iolatin, hisreli,ious free&o' -e!i&e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the -ire!tor of Prison is liale un&er +rti!le32 of the Ci%il Co&e for %iolatin, the reli,iousfree&o of M' +!!or&in, to the &e!ision of the<nite& States Supree Court in the !ase of



86(



86)

ABone %s' /state of Shaa==H 107 S' Ct' 2#00H!on%i!te& prisoners retain their ri,ht to freeeer!ise of reli,ion' +t the sae tieH lawfulin!ar!eration rin,s aout ne!essar" liitationsof an" pri%ile,es an& ri,hts ustifie& " the!onsi&erations un&erl"in, the penal s"ste' 5n!onsi&erin, the appropriate alan!e etweenthese two fa!torsH reasonaleness shoul& e thetest' +!!oo&ation to reli,ious free&o !an e

a&e if it will not in%ol%e sa!rifi!in, the interestsof se!urit" an& it will ha%e no ipa!t on theallo!ation of the resour!es of the penitentiar"' 5nthis !aseH pro%i&in, M with a eatless &iet willnot !reate a se!urit" prole or un&ul" in!reasethe !ost of foo& ein, ser%e& to the prisoners' 5nfa!tH in the !ase of AB one %s' /state ofShaa==H it was note& that the osle prisonerswere ein, ,i%en a &ifferent eal whene%er porDwoul& e ser%e&'



86*

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he suit shoul& e &isisse&' he Free /er!iseClause of the Constitution is essentiall" a restraint

on ,o%ernental interferen!e with the ri,ht of in&i%i&uals to worship as the" please' 5t is not aan&ate to the state to taDe positi%eH affirati%ea!tion to enale the in&i%i&ual to eno" hisfree&o' 5t woul& ha%e een &ifferent ha& the-ire!tor of Prisons prohiite& eatless &iets in thepenal institution'

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Li+itation% 61998No ME' * + reli,ious or,ani=ation has a weeDl"tele%ision pro,ra' he pro,ra presents an&propa,ates its reli,iousH &o!trinesH an& !oparestheir pra!ti!es with those of other reli,ions'

+s the o%ie an& ele%ision e%iew an&Classifi!ation oar& (C) foun& as offensi%ese%eral episo&es of the pro,ra whi!h atta!De&other reli,ionsH the C re?uire& theor,ani=ation to suit its tapes for re%iew prior toairin,'

he reli,ious or,ani=ation rou,ht the !ase to!ourt on the ,roun& that the a!tion of the C

suppresses its free&o of spee!h an& interfereswith its ri,ht to free eer!ise of reli,ion' -e!i&e'QSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he reli,ious or,ani=ation !annot in%oDe free&oof spee!h an& free&o of reli,ion as ,roun&s forrefusin, to suit the tapes to the o%ie an&ele%ision e%iew an& Classifi!ation oar& forre%iew prior to airin,' 6hen the reli,iousor,ani=ation starte& presentin, its pro,ra o%ertele%isionH it went into the real

of a!tion' he ri,ht to a!t on oneBs reli,ious eliefis not asolute an& is sue!t to poli!e power forthe prote!tion of the ,eneral welfare' @en!e thetapes a" e re?uire& to e re%iewe& prior toairin,'

5n 5,lesia ni Cristo %s' Court of +ppealsH 29$CRA 6(:' 6**' t+e $u/!e#e Cou!t +eld?@e t+u& !e4ect /etitione!& /o&tulate t+at

It& !eligiou& /!og!a# i& /e! &e eyond!e0ie" y t+e !e&/ondent Boa!d. It& /ulic!oadca&t on T o it& !eligiou& /!og!a#!ing& it out o t+e o&o# o inte!nal elie.

Tele0i&ion i& a #ediu# t+at !eac+e& e0ent+e eye& and ea!& o c+ild!en. T+e Cou!t!eite!ate& t+e !ule t+at t+e ee!ci&e o!eligion& !eedo# can e !egulated y t+e$tate "+en it "ill !ing aout t+e CLEARAND PRE$ENT DANGER o &o#e&u&tanti0e e0il "+ic+ t+e $tate i& dutyound to /!e0ent' i.e.' &e!iou& det!i#ent tot+e #e!e o0e!!iding Inte!e&t o /ulic+ealt+' /ulic #o!al&' o! /ulic "ela!e.@o"e0e!' t+e o0ie and Tele0i&ion Re0ie"and Cla&&i3cation Boa!d cannot an t+eta/e& on t+e g!ound t+at t+ey attac,edot+e! !eligion&. In Igle&ia ni C!i&to 0&. Cou!to A//eal&'. (6: $CRA 6(:' 6*8' t+e$u/!e#e Cou!t +eld?@E0en a &ide glance at $ection ) o PD

No. 1:97 "ill !e0eal t+at it i& not a#ongt+e g!ound& to 4u&tiy an o!de!/!o+iiting t+e !oadca&t o /etitione!&tele0i&ion /!og!a#.@o!eo0e!' t+e !oadca&t& do not gi0e!i&e to a clea! and /!e&ent dange! o a&u&tanti0e e0il. In t+e ca&e o Igle&ia niC!i&to 0&. Cou!t o A//eal&' (6: $CRA6(:' 6*:?@P!io! !e&t!aint on &/eec+' including t+e!eligiou& &/eec+' cannot e 4u&ti3ed y+y/ot+etical ea!& ut only y t+e&+o"ing o a &u&tanti0e and i##inente0il "+ic+ +a& ta,en t+e !eality al!eadyon t+e g!ound.@

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Fag Sa-te 61997No' 12: Se!tion 28' itle E5H Chapter 9H of the

+&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987 re?uires all

e&u!ational institutions to oser%e a siple an&&i,nifie& fla, !ereon"H in!lu&in, the pla"in, orsin,in, of the Philippine National +ntheHpursuant to rules to e proul,ate& " theSe!retar" of /&u!ation' Culture an& SportsH herefusal of a tea!herH stu&ent or pupil to atten& orparti!ipate in the fla, !ereon" is a ,roun& for&isissal after &ue in%esti,ation' he Se!retar" of /&u!ation Culture an& Sports issue& aeoran&u ipleentin, sai& pro%ision of law'

+s or&ere&H the fla, !ereon"



866



867

woul& e hel& on on&a"s at 7:30 a'' &urin,!lass &a"s' + ,roup of tea!hersH stu&ents an&pupils re?ueste& the Se!retar" that the" eeepte& fro atten&in, the fla, !ereon" on the,roun& that atten&an!e thereto was a,ainst theirreli,ious elief' he Se!retar" &enie& the re?uest'he tea!hersH stu&ents an& pupils !on!erne& wentto Court to ha%e the eoran&u !ir!ular&e!lare& null an& %oi&' -e!i&e the !ase'



868

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he tea!hers an& the stu&ents shoul& eeepte& fro the fla, !ereon"' +s hel& in/ralina, %s' -i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hoolsof CeuH 21 SC+ 9' to !opel the toparti!ipate in the fla, !ereon" will %iolate their free&o of reli,ion' Free&o of reli,ion !annot eipaire& e!ept upon the showin, of a !lear an&present &an,er of a sustanti%e e%il whi!h theState has a ri,ht to pre%ent' he refusal of thetea!hers an& the stu&ents to parti!ipate in the fla,!ereon" &oes not pose a !lear an& present

&an,er'

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Fag Sa-te 6No 555 * Chil&ren who are eers of a reli,iousse!t ha%e een epelle& fro their respe!ti%epuli! s!hools for refusin,H on a!!ount of their reli,ious eliefsH to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"whi!h in!lu&es pla"in, " a an& or sin,in, thenational antheH salutin, the Philippine fla, an&re!itin, the patrioti! ple&,e' he stu&ents an&their parents assail the epulsion on the ,roun&that the s!hool authorities ha%e a!te& in %iolationof their ri,ht to free puli! e&u!ationH free&o of spee!hH an& reli,ious free&o an& worship'-e!i&e the !ase'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he stu&ents !annot e epelle& fro s!hool' +shel& in /ralina, %' he -i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hools of Ceu' 219 SC+ 2 1993QH to!opel stu&ents to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"when it is a,ainst their reli,ious eliefs will %iolatetheir reli,ious free&o' heir epulsion also%iolates the &ut" of the State un&er +rti!le M5EHSe!tion 1 of the Constitution to prote!t an&

proote the ri,ht of all !iti=ens to ?ualit"e&u!ation an& aDe su!h e&u!ation a!!essile toall'

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Non<E%tabi%'+entCa-%e 61988No' 7: * awi*awi is a pre&oinantl" oslepro%in!e' he $o%ernorH the Ei!e*$o%ernorH an&eers of its San,*,unian, Panlalawi,an areall osles' 5ts u&,et pro%i&es the $o%ernorwith a !ertain aount as his

&is!retionar" fun&s' e!entl"H howe%erH theSan,,unian, Panlalawi,an passe& a resolutionappropriatin, P100H000 as a spe!ial &is!retionar"fun& of the $o%ernor to e spent " hi in lea&in,a pil,ria,e of his pro%in!eates to e!!aH Sau&i

+raiaH 5slaBs holiest !it"'

Phil!onsaH on !onstitutional ,roun&sH has file&

suit to nullif" the resolution of the San,,unian,Panlalawi,an ,i%in, the spe!ial &is!retionar"fun& to the $o%ernor for the state& purpose' @owwoul& "ou &e!i&e the !aseL $i%e "our reasons'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he resolution is un!onstitutional FirstH it %iolatesart' E5H se!' 29(2) of the Constitution whi!hprohiits the appropriation of puli! one" orpropert"H &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl"H for the useH enefitor support of an" s"ste of reli,ionH an&H se!on&Hit !ontra%enes art' E5H se!H 2() whi!h liits theappropriation of &is!retionar" fun&s onl" for puli!

purposes' he use of &is!retionar" fun&s forpurel" reli,ious purpose is thus un!onstitutionalHan& the fa!t that the &isurseent is a&e "resolution of a lo!al le,islati%e o&" an& not "Con,ress &oes not aDe it an" less offensi%e tothe Constitution' +o%e allH the resolution!onstitutes a !lear %iolation of the Non*estalishent Clause (art' 555H se!' ) of theConstitution'

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Non<E%tabi%'+entCa-%e 6199No' 10: e!o,ni=in, the %alue of e&u!ation inaDin, the Philippine laor arDet attra!ti%e toforei,n in%estentH the -epartent of /&u!ationHCulture an& Sports offers susi&ies to a!!re&ite&!olle,es an& uni%ersities in or&er to proote?ualit" tertiar" e&u!ation' he -/CS ,rants asusi&" to a Catholi! s!hool whi!h re?uires itsstu&ents to taDe at least 3 hours a weeD ofreli,ious instru!tion' a) 5s the susi&" perissileL/plainH ) Presuin, that "ou answer in thene,ati%eH

woul& it aDe a &ifferen!e if the susi&"

were ,i%en solel" in the for of laorator"e?uipent in !heistr" an& ph"si!sL !)PresueH on the other han&H that the

susi&" is ,i%en in the for of s!holarship%ou!hers ,i%en &ire!tl" to the stu&ent an&whi!h the stu&ent !an use for pa"in, tuitionin an" a!!re&ite& s!hool of his !hoi!eHwhether reli,ious or non*se!tarian' 6ill

"our answer e &ifferentLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



869



86:

a) NoH the susi&" is not perissile' 5t will fosterreli,ionH sin!e the s!hool ,i%es reli,iousinstru!tions to its stu&ents' esi&esH it will %iolatethe prohiition in Se!tion 292>H +rti!le E5 of theConstitution a,ainst the use of puli! fun&s to ai&reli,ion' 5n eon %s Gurt=an' #03 <'S' 02H itwas hel& that finan!ial assistan!e to a se!tarians!hool %iolates the prohiition a,ainst theestalishent of reli,ion if it fosters an e!essi%e

,o%ernent entan,leent with reli,ion' Sin!e thes!hool re?uires its stu&ents to taDe at least threehours a weeD of reli,ious instru!tionsH to ensurethat the finan!ial assistan!e will not e use& forreli,ious purposesH the ,o%ernent will ha%e to!on&u!t a !ontinuin, sur%eillan!e' his in%ol%ese!essi%e entan,leent with reli,ion'



87;

) 5f the assistan!e woul& e in the for of laorator" e?uipent in !heistr" an& ph"si!sH itwill e %ali&' he purpose of the assistan!e isse!ularH i'e'H the ipro%eent of the ?ualit" of

tertiar" e&u!ation' +n" enefit to reli,ion is erel"in!i&ental' Sin!e the e?uipent !an onl" e use&for a se!ular purposeH it is reli,iousl" neutral' +shel& in ilton %s' i!har&sonH #03 <'S' 72H it willnot in%ol%e e!essi%e ,o%ernent entan,leentwith reli,ionH for the use of the e?uipent will notre?uire sur%eillan!e'

!) 5n ,eneralH the ,i%in, of s!holarship %ou!hersto stu&ents is %ali&' Se!tion 2(3)H +rti!le M5E of the Constitution re?uires the State to estalish as"ste of susi&ies to &eser%in, stu&ents in othpuli! an& pri%ate s!hools' @owe%erH the law is%a,ue an& o%er*roa&' <n&er itH a stu&ent whowants to stu&" for the priesthoo& !an appl" for the susi&" an& use it for his stu&ies' his willin%ol%e usin, puli! fun&s to ai& reli,ion'

Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Non<E%tabi%'+entCa-%e 61997No' #: <pon re?uest of a ,roup of o%erseas!ontra!t worDers in runeiH e%' Father >uan &e laCru=H a oan Catholi! priestH was sent to that

!ountr" " the Presi&ent of the Philippines toinister to their spiritual nee&s' he tra%elepensesH per &iesH !lothin, allowan!e an&onthl" stipen& of PH000 were or&ere& !har,e&a,ainst the Presi&entBs &is!retionar" fun&' <ponpost au&it of the %ou!hers thereforH theCoission on +u&it refuse& appro%al thereof !laiin, that the epen&itures were in %iolation of the Constitution'

6as the Coission on +u&it !orre!t in&isallowin, the %ou!hers in ?uestionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the Coission on +u&it was !orre!t in&isallowin, the epen&itures' Se!tion 29(2)H

+rti!le E5 of the Constitution prohiits theepen&iture of puli! fun&s for the useH enefitH or support of an" priest' he onl" e!eption is whenthe priest is assi,ne& to the are& for!esH or to

an" penal institution or ,o%ernent orphana,e orleprosariu' he sen&in, of a priest to inister tothe spiritual nee&s of o%erseas !ontra!t worDers&oes not fall within the s!ope of an" of thee!eptions'

Freedo+ o# S$ee"'5 &an on Toba""o A!6199No' 1: Con,ress passes a law prohiitin,tele%ision stations fro airin, an" !oer!iala&%ertiseent whi!h prootes toa!!o or in an"wa" ,laori=es the !onsuption of toa!!opro&u!ts'

his le,islation was passe& in response tofin&in,s " the -epartent of @ealth aout thealarin, rise in lun, &iseases in the !ountr"' he6orl& @ealth Ar,ani=ation has also reporte& that<'S' toa!!o !opanies ha%e*shifte& arDetin,efforts to the hir& 6orl& &ue to &win&lin, sales inthe health*!ons!ious +eri!an arDet'

Cowo" e%"BsH a >eans !opan"H re!entl"release& an a&%ertiseent featurin, o&eli!har& ur,os wearin, e%"Bs a!Dets an& eansan& hol&in, a pa!D of arloro !i,arettes'

he +sian roa&!astin, NetworD (+N)H apri%atel" owne& tele%ision stationH refuses to airthe a&%ertiseent in !oplian!e with the law' a)

+ssue that su!h refusal ari&,es thefree&o of spee!h' -oes the !onstitutionalprohiition a,ainst the ari&,eent of thefree&o of spee!h appl" to a!ts &one "

+NH a pri%ate !orporationL /plain' ) a"Cowo" e%"BsH a pri%ate !orporationH

in%oDe the free spee!h ,uarantee in itsfa%orL /plain' !) e,ar&less of "our answersao%eH &e!i&ethe !onstitutionalit" of the law in ?uestion'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: a) he !onstitutionalprohiition a,ainst the free&o of spee!h &oes notappl" to +NH a pri%ate !orporation' +s state& in@u&,ens %s' National aor elations oar&H #2#<'S' 07H the !onstitutional ,uarantee of free&oof spee!h is a ,uarantee onl" a,ainst



871



87(

ari&,eent " the ,o%ernent' 5t &oes nottherefore appl" a,ainst pri%ate parties'



87)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:Sin!e +N has a fran!hiseH it a" e !onsi&ere&an a,ent of the ,o%ernent " !opl"in, with thelaw an& refusin, to air the a&%ertiseentH itali,ne& itself with the ,o%ernent' hus itren&ere& itself liale for a lawsuit whi!h is ase&on ari&,eent of the free&o of spee!h' <n&er

+rti!le 32 of the Ci%il Co&eH e%en pri%ate partiesa" e liale for &aa,es for ipairent of thefree&o of spee!h'

) Cowo" e%"Bs a" in%oDe the !onstitutional,uarantee of free&o of spee!h in its fa%or' 5n First

National anD of oston %s' ellottiH #3 <'S' 7 H it wasrule& that this ,uarantee eten&s to !orporations' 5nEir,inia

State oar& of Phara!" %s' Eir,inia Citi=ens Consuer

Coun!il 5n!'H #2 <'S' 7#8H it was hel& that this ri,hteten&s to !oer!ial a&%ertiseents' 5n +"er

Pro&u!tions Pt"H t&' %s' Capulon,H 10 SC+ 81H theSupree Court hel& that e%en if the pro&u!tion of a fil is a !oer!ial a!ti%it" that is epe!te& to"iel& profitsH it is !o%ere& " the ,uarantee of free&o of spee!h'

!) he law is !onstitutional' 5t is a %ali& eer!iseof poli!e powerH ''''

Freedo+ o# t'e Pre%%5 A"t-a 0ai"e 6;(*a) he S+H a national &ail" newspaperH!arrie& an e!lusi%e report statin, that Senator MM re!ei%e& a house an& lot lo!ate& at OO StreetHaDatiH in !onsi&eration for his %ote !uttin,!i,arette taes " 0' he Senator sue& theS+H its reporterH e&itor an& pulisher for lielH!laiin, the report was !opletel" false an&ali!ious' +!!or&in, to the SenatorH there is noOO Street in aDatiH an& the ta !ut was onl"20' @e !laie& one illion pesos in &aa,es'he &efen&ants &enie& a!tual ali!eH !laiin,pri%ile,e& !ouni!ation an& asolute free&oof the press to report on puli! offi!ials an&atters of puli! !on!ern' 5f there was an" errorH

the S+ sai& it woul& pulish the !orre!tionproptl"' 5s there a!tual ali!e in S+BSreporta,eL @ow is a!tual ali!e &efine&L +rethe &efen&ants liale for &aa,esL ()

FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:Sin!e Senator MM is a puli! person an& the?uestione& iputation is &ire!te& a,ainst hi inhis puli! !apa!it"H in this !ase a!tual ali!eeans the stateent was a&e with

Dnowle&,e that it was false or with re!Dless&isre,ar& of whether it was false or not (ora %'Court of +ppealsH 301 SC+ 1 I1999)' Sin!ethere is no proof that the report was pulishe&with Dnowle&,e that it is false or with re!Dless&isre,ar& of whether it was false or notH the&efen&ants are not liale for &aa,e'

SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

Sin!e Senator MM is a puli! person an& the?uestione& iputation is &ire!te& a,ainst hi inhis puli! !apa!it"H in this !ase a!tual ali!eeans the stateent was a&e with Dnowle&,ethat it was false or with re!Dless &isre,ar& ofwhether it was false or not (oral%' Court of +ppealsH 301 SC+ 1 I1999Q)' Sin!e itis a atter of puli! Dnowle&,e that there is noOO Street in aDatiH the puli!ation was a&ewith re!Dless &isre,ar& of whether or not it isfalse' he &efen&ants a" e hel& liale for&aa,es'

Freedo+ o# t'e Pre%%5 4arti+e Cen%or%'i$61987No' M5E: 5n the ornin, of +u,ust 28H 1987H&urin, the hei,ht of *the fi,htin, at Channel # an&Caelot @otelH the ilitar" !lose& a&io StationMMH whi!h was e!ite&l" reportin, the su!!essesof the reels an& o%eents towar&s anila an&troops frien&l" to the reels' he reports were!orre!t an& fa!tual' An A!toer H 1987H afternoral!" ha& returne& an& the $o%ernent ha&full !ontrol of the situationH the Nationalele!ouni!ations CoissionH without noti!ean& hearin,H ut erel" on the asis of the reportof the ilitar"H !an!elle& the fran!hise of stationMM' -is!uss the le,alit" of:

(a) he a!tion taDen a,ainst the station on +u,ust 28H 1987;() he !an!ellation of the fran!hise of thestation on A!toer H 1987'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he !losin, &own of a&io Station MM &urin,the fi,htin, is perissile' 6ith respe!t newse&iaH wartie !ensorship has een uphel& onthe ,roun& that when a nation is at war an"

thin,s that i,ht e sai& in tie of pea!e aresu!h a hin&ran!e to its efforts that their utteran!ewill not e en&ure& so lon, as en fi,ht an& thatno Court !oul& re,ar& the as prote!te& " an"!onstitutional ri,ht' he se!urit" of !ounit"life a" e prote!te& a,ainst in!iteents to a!tsof %iolen!e an& the o%erthrow " for!e of or&erl",o%ernent' (Near %' innesotaH 283 <'S' 97(1931)H ?uotin, >usti!e @oleBs opinion inS!hen!D %' <nite& StatesH 2#9 <'S' #7 (1919);New OorD



87*



876

ies %' <nite& StatesH #03 <'S' 713 (1971) )6ith ,reater reason then a" !ensorship in tiesof eer,en!" e ustifie& in the !ase of roa&!aste&ia sin!e their free&o is soewhat lesser ins!ope' he ipa!t of the %irant spee!hH as>usti!e $utierre= sai&H is for!eful an& ie&iate'<nliDe rea&ers of the printe& worDH a ra&ioau&ien!e has lesser opportunit" to !o,itateHanal"=e an& ree!t the utteran!e' (/astern

roa&!astin, Corp (-O/) %H -ansH 137 SC+#7 (198) )' 5n FCC %' Pa!ifi!a Foun&ationH #38<'S' 72 (1978)H it was hel& that of all fors of!ouni!ationH it is roa&!astin, whi!h hasre!ei%e& the ost liite& First +en&entProte!tion'



877

I+$air+ent Ca-%e5 &a%i" H-+an Rig't%6199No' 2: SheilaH an a!tressH si,ne& a two*"ear!ontra!t with Soli&ari&a& FilsH he fil !opan"un&ertooD to proote her !areer an& to featureher as the lea&in, la&" in at least four o%ies' 5n

turnH Sheila proise& thatH for the &uration of the!ontra!tH she shall not ,et arrie& or ha%e aa"; otherwiseH she shall e liale to refun& tothe fil !opan" a portion of its prootionepenses' a) -oes this !ontra!t ipairH or ipin,euponH

an" !onstitutionall" prote!te& liert" ofSheilaL /plain' ) 5f Soli&ari&a& Fils tries toenfor!e this

!ontra!t u&i!iall"H will this !onstitutionall"prote!te& liert" pre%ailL /plain' SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: a) OesH the !ontra!t ipairs the ri,ht of Sheila to arr" an& to pro!reate' he !ase ofo%in, %s' Eir,iniaH 388 <'S' 1 an& .alo!Di %s'e&hail #3# <'S' 37# re!o,ni=e& the ri,ht toarr" is a asi! !i%il ri,ht' iDewiseH the !ase ofSDinner %s ADlahoaH 31 <'S' 3 re!o,ni=e&that the ri,ht to pro!reate is a asi! !i%il ri,ht'hese ri,hts are part of the liert" prote!te& "the &ue pro!ess !lause in Se!tion

1' +rti!le 1 of the Constitution'

) OesH the !onstitutionall" prote!te& liert" of Sheilawill pre%ailH e!ause it in%ol%es asi! huan ri,hts'

he wai%er of these asi! huan ri,hts is %oi&'6hat Soli&ari&a& Fils is seeDin, to re!o%er areprootion epenses' hese in%ol%e propert" ri,hts'

+s hel& in Philippine looin, ills /plo"eesAr,ani=ation %s' Philippine looin, illsH 5n!'H 1SC+ 189H !i%il ri,hts are superior to propert"ri,hts'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5he wai%er of the ri,ht to arr" an& the ri,ht topro!reate is %ali&' /nfor!eent of the !ontra!t

&oes not entail enfor!eent of the stipulation notto arr" an& not to ha%e a a"' 5t is liite& to arefun& of a portion of the prootion epensesin!urre& " Soli&ari&a& Fils'

In*o-ntary Ser*it-de 6199No' 1; * >o"H an C steno,rapherH retire& at thea,e of ' She left unfinishe& the trans!ription of her notes in a !riinal !ase whi!h was on appeal'

he Court of +ppeals or&ere& >o" to trans!rieher notes' She refuse& to !opl" with the or&er reasonin, that she was no lon,er in the,o%ernent ser%i!e' he C+ &e!lare& >o" in!ontept of !ourt an& she was in!ar!erate&' >o"file& a petition for haeas !orpus ar,uin, that her in!ar!eration is tantaount to ille,al &etentionan& to re?uire her to worD sans !opensationwoul& e in%oluntar" ser%itu&e' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:>o" !an e in!ar!erate& for !ontept of !ourt for refusin, to trans!rie her steno,raphi! notes' +s

hel& 5n +&ora!ion %' $ataitanH # SC+ 132H her in!ar!eration &oes not !onstitute ille,al &etention'5t is lawfulH e!ause it is the !onse?uen!e of her &isoe&ien!e of the !ourt or&er' Neither !an she!lai that to re?uire her to worD without!opensation is tantaount to in%oluntar"ser%itu&e' Sin!e !ourts ha%e the 5nherent power to5ssue su!h or&ers as are ne!essar" for thea&inistration of >usti!eH the Court of +ppealsa" or&er her to trans!rie her steno,raphi!notes e%en if she is no lon,er 5n the ,o%ernentser%i!e'

Liberty o# Abode5 Li+itation% 61998No E555 * >uan Casano%a !ontra!te& @ansenBs&isease (lepros") with open lesions' + lawre?uires that lepers e isolate& upon petition of the Cit" @ealth Affi!er' he wife of >uanCasano%a wrote a letter to the Cit" @ealth Affi!er to ha%e her forerl" philan&erin, husan&!onfine& in soe isolate& leprosariu' >uanCasano%a !hallen,e& the !onstitutionalit" of thelaw as %iolatin, his liert" of ao&e' 6ill the suitprosperL QSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

NoH the suit will not prosper' Se!tion H +rti!le 555of the Constitution pro%i&es:

he liert" of ao&e an& of !han,in,the sae within the liits pres!rie& "law shall not e ipaire& e!ept uponlawful or&er of the !ourt'

he liert" of ao&e is sue!t to the poli!epower of the State' e?uirin, the se,re,ation oflepers is a %ali& eer!ise of poli!e power' 5n



878



879

oren=o us' -ire!tor of @ealth' 0 Phil 9H



87:

98H the Supree Court hel&:>u&i!ial noti!e will e taDen of the fa!t thatlepros" is !oonl" elie%e& to e aninfe!tious &isease ten&in, to !ause oneaffli!te& with it to e shunne& an& e!lu&e&fro so!iet"H an& that !opulsor"se,re,ation of lepers as a eans ofpre%entin, the sprea& of the &isease is

supporte& " hi,h s!ientifi! authorit"'

Liberty o# Abode5 Te+$orary 6199?No 2: he ilitar" !oan&er*in !har,e of theoperation a,ainst reel ,roups &ire!te& theinhaitants of the islan& whi!h woul& e the tar,etof atta!D " ,o%ernent for!es to e%a!uate thearea an& offere& the resi&ents teporar" ilitar"halet'

Can the ilitar" !oan&er for!e the resi&entsto transfer their pla!es of ao&e without a !ourtor&erL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the ilitar" !oan&er !annot !opel theresi&ents to transfer their pla!es of ao&e withouta !ourt or&er' <n&er Se!tion H +rti!le 555 of theConstitutionH a lawful or&er of the !ourt isre?uire& efore the liert" of ao&e an& of !han,in, the sae !an e ipaire&'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5OesH the ilitar" !oan&er !an !opel theresi&ents to transfer their pla!es of ao&e withouta !ourt or&er' 5f there is no reasonale tie to ,eta !ourt or&er an& the !han,e of ao&e is erel"teporar"H e!ause of the ei,en!"H this eer!iseof poli!e power a" e ustifie&'

Non<I+$ri%on+ent #or Non<Pay+ent o# !ebt6199No 12: Se!' 13 of P- 11 (rust e!eipts aw)pro%i&es that when the entrustee in a trust re!eipta,reeent fails to &eli%er the pro!ee&s of the saleor to return the ,oo&s if not sol& to the entrustee*anDH the entrustee is liale for estafa un&er thePC' -oes this pro%ision not %iolate the!onstitutional ri,ht a,ainst iprisonent for non*

pa"ent of a &etL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH Se!tion 13 of Presi&ential -e!ree No' 11&oes not %iolate the !onstitutional ri,ht a,ainstiprisonent for non*pa"ent of a &et' +s hel&in ee %s' o&ilH 17 SC+ 100H the !riinalliailit" arises fro the %iolation of the trustre!eiptH whi!h is separate an& &istin!t fro theloan se!ure& " it' Penali=in, su!h an a!t is

a %ali& eer!ise of poli!e power' (See alsoPeople %s' NitafanH 207 SC+ 730)

Poi"e Poer5 Abate+ent o# N-i%an"e 6;(9*) he Cit" of San afael passe& an or&inan!eauthori=in, the Cit" a"orH assiste& " the poli!eHto reo%e all a&%ertisin, si,ns &ispla"e& orepose& to puli! %iew in the ain !it" streetH forein, offensi%e to si,ht or otherwise a nuisan!e'

+H whose a&%ertisin, a,en!" owns an& rentsout an" of the illoar&s or&ere& reo%e& "the Cit" a"orH !lais that the Cit" shoul& pa" for the &estro"e& illoar&s at their !urrent arDet%alue sin!e the Cit" has appropriate& the for thepuli! purpose of !it" eautifi!ation' he a"orrefuses to pa"H so + is suin, the Cit" an& thea"or for &aa,es arisin, fro the taDin, of hispropert" without &ue pro!ess nor ust!opensation' 6ill + prosperL eason riefl"'() FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER: he suitof + will not prosper' he reo%al of theilloar&s is not an eer!ise of the power of

einent &oain ut of poli!e power (Chur!hill

%' affert"H 32 Phil' 80 1910* he aateent of anuisan!e in the eer!ise of poli!e power &oes not!onstitute taDin, of propert" an& &oes not entitle theowner of the propert" in%ol%e& to !opensation'(+sso!iation of Sall an&owners in the PhilippinesH5n!' %' Se!retar" of +,rarian eforH 17 SC+ 3#31989Q)'

SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he reo%al of the illoar&s for the purpose ofeautifi!ation peranentl" &epri%e& + of theri,ht to use his propert" an& aounts to itstaDin,' Conse?uentl"H he shoul& e pai& ust!opensation' (People %' Faar&oH 10# Phil' ##31198Q)'

Poi"e Poer5 &an on Toba""o A! 6199No' 1: Con,ress passes a law prohiitin,tele%ision stations fro airin, an" !oer!iala&%ertiseent whi!h prootes toa!!o or in an"wa" ,laori=es the !onsuption of toa!!opro&u!ts'

his le,islation was passe& in response tofin&in,s " the -epartent of @ealth aout thealarin, rise in lun, &iseases in the !ountr"' he6orl& @ealth Ar,ani=ation has also reporte& that<'S' toa!!o !opanies ha%e*shifte& arDetin,efforts to the hir& 6orl& &ue to &win&lin, sales inthe health*!ons!ious +eri!an arDetH



88;



881

Cowo" e%"BsH a >eans !opan"H re!entl"release& an a&%ertiseent featurin, o&eli!har& ur,os wearin, e%"Bs a!Dets an& eansan& hol&in, a pa!D of arloro !i,arettes'



88(

he +sian roa&!astin, NetworD (+N)H apri%atel" owne& tele%ision stationH refuses to airthe a&%ertiseent in !oplian!e with the law'

-e!i&e the !onstitutionalit" of the law in ?uestion'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he law is !onstitutional' 5t is a %ali& eer!ise of poli!e powerH e!ause soDin, is harful tohealth' 5n Posa&as &e Puerto i!o +sso!iates %s'ouris Copan" of Puerto i!oH #78 <'S' 328H itwas rule& that a law prohiitin, !ertain t"pes of a&%ertiseents is %ali& if it was a&opte& in theinterest of the healthH safet"H an& welfare of thepeople' 5n Capital roa&!astin, Copan" us'it!hell 333 F Supp 82H a law aDin, it unlawfulto a&%ertise !i,arettes on an" e&iu of

ele!troni! !ouni!ation was uphel&' he<nite& States Supree Court suaril"sustaine& this rulin, in CapitaV roa&!astin,Copan" usH +!tin, +ttorne" $eneral #0 <'S'1000' he law in ?uestion was ena!te& on theasis of the le,islati%e fin&in, that there is a nee&to prote!t puli! healthH e!ause soDin, !auseslun, &iseases' Cowo" e%"Bs has noto%erthrown this fin&in,'

Poi"e Poer5 @oning Ordinan"e *%= Non<I+$air+ent o# Contra"t% 61989No' 12: Pe&ro ou,ht a par!el of lan& fro SartCorporationH a realt" fir en,a,e& in &e%elopin,an& sellin, lots to the puli!' Ane of therestri!tions in the &ee& of sale whi!h wasannotate& in the title is that the lot shall e use&" the u"er e!lusi%el" for resi&ential purposes'

+ ain hi,hwa" ha%in, een !onstru!te& a!rossthe su&i%isionH the area e!ae !oer!ial innature' he uni!ipalit" later passe& a =onin,or&inan!e &e!larin, the area as a !oer!ialanD uil&in, on his lot' Sart Corporation wentto !ourt to stop the !onstru!tion as %iolati%e of the

uil&in, restri!tions ipose& " it' he !orporation!onten&s that the =onin, or&inan!e !annot nullif"the !ontra!tual oli,ation assue& " the u"er'-e!i&e the !ase'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ase ust e &isisse&' +s hel& in Arti,asan& Copan"H iite& Partnership %s' F/+5ianD an& rust Copan"H 9# SC+ 33H su!h arestri!tion in the !ontra!t !annot pre%ail o%er the=onin, or&inan!eH e!ause the ena!tent

of the or&inan!e is a %ali& eer!ise of poli!epower' 5t is ha=ar&ous to health an& !ofort touse the lot for resi&ential purposesH sin!e ahi,hwa" !rosses the su&i%ision an& the areahas e!oe !oer!ial'

Poi"e Poer5 @oning Ordinan"e *%= Non<I+$air+ent o# Contra"t% 61No ME555 5n the &ee&s of sale toH an& in the lan&

titles of hoeowners of a resi&ential su&i%ision inPasi, Cit"H there are restri!tions annotate& thereinto the effe!t that onl" resi&ential houses or stru!tures a" e uilt or !onstru!te& on the lots'@owe%erH the Cit" Coun!il of Pasi, ena!te& anor&inan!e aen&in, the eistin, =onin, or&inan!e" !han,in, the =one !lassifi!ation in that pla!efro purel" resi&ential to !oer!ial'

+H a lot ownerH sol& his lot to a anDin, fir an&the latter starte& !onstru!tin, a !oer!ialuil&in, on the lot to house a anD insi&e the

su&i%ision' he su&i%ision owner an& thehoeownersB asso!iation file& a !ase in !ourt tostop the !onstru!tion of the uil&in, for anDin,usiness purposes an& to respe!t the restri!tionseo&ie& in the &ee& of sale " the su&i%ision&e%eloper to the lot ownersH as well as theannotation in the titles'

5f "ou were the >u&,eH how woul& "ou resol%ethe !aseL ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5f 5 were the u&,eH 5 woul& &isiss the !ase' +shel& in Arti,as an& Copan" iite& Partnership%s' F/+5 anD an& rust Copan"' 9# SC+ 33(1979)H the =onin, or&inan!e is a %ali& eer!ise of poli!e power an& pre%ails o%er the !ontra!tualstipulation restri!tin, the use of the lot toresi&ential purposes'

Pri*a"y o# Co++-ni"ation 61No M55 * + has a telephone line with an etension'Ane &a"H + was talDin, to o%er the telephone'+ !onspire& with his frien& CH who was at theen& of the etension line listenin, to +Bs

telephone !on%ersation with in or&er too%erhear an& tape*re!or& the !on%ersation wherein !onfi&entiall" a&itte& that with e%i&entpree&itationH he () Dille& - for ha%in, !heate&hi in their usiness partnership' was notaware that the telephone !on%ersation was ein,tape*re!or&e&'



88)



88*

5n the !riinal !ase a,ainst for ur&erH is thetape*re!or&e& !on%ersation !ontainin, hisa&ission a&issile in e%i&en!eL 6h"L ()



886

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he tape*re!or&e& !on%ersation is not a&issilein e%i&en!e' +s hel& in Sal!e&o*Artane= %s' Courtof +ppealsH 23 SC+ 111 (199#)' epuli! +!tNo' #200 aDes the tape*re!or&in, of a telephone!on%ersation &one without the authori=ation of all

the parties to the !on%ersationH ina&issile ine%i&en!e' 5n a&&itionH the tapin, of the!on%ersation %iolate& the ,uarantee of pri%a!" of !ouni!ations enun!iate& in Se!tion 3H +rti!le 555of the Constitution'

Pri*a"y o# Corre%$onden"e 61998No E55' * he poli!e ha& suspi!ions that >uanSasonH eer of the su%ersi%e NewProletarian +r"H was usin, the ail for propa,an&a purposes in ,ainin, new a&herentsto its !ause' he Chief of Poli!e of antolanH

anao &el Sur or&ere& the Postaster of the townto inter!ept an& open all ail a&&resse& to an&!oin, fro >uan Sason in the interest of thenational se!urit"' 6as the or&er of the Chief of Poli!e %ali&L ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the or&er of the Chief of Poli!e is not %ali&He!ause there is no law whi!h authori=es hi toor&er the Postaster to open the lettersa&&resse& to an& !oin, fro >uan Sason' +noffi!ial in the /e!uti%e -epartent !annotinterfere with the pri%a!" of !orrespon&en!e an&!ouni!ation in the asen!e of a lawauthori=in, hi to &o so or a lawful or&er of the!ourt' Se!tion 3(1)H +rti!le 555 of the Constitutionpro%i&es:

he pri%a!" of !ouni!ation an&!orrespon&en!e shall e in%iolalee!ept upon lawful or&er of the !ourtH orwhen puli! safet" or or&er re?uiresotherwise as pres!rie& " law'

Pri*a"y o# Corre%$onden"e5 .ai 61989No' 8: 6hile ser%in, senten!e in untinlupa forthe !rie of theftH M stae& &ea& one of his

,uar&sH M was !har,e& with ur&er' -urin, histrialH the prose!ution intro&u!e& as e%i&en!e aletter written in prison " M to his wife ten&in, toestalish that the !rie of ur&er was the resultof pree&itation' he letter was written%oluntaril"' 5n the !ourse of inspe!tionH it wasopene& an& rea& " a war&en pursuant to therules of &is!ipline of the ureau of Prisons an&!onsi&erin, its !ontentsH the letter was turne&o%er to the prose!utor' he law"er of Moe!te& to the presentation of the letter an&

o%e& for its return on the ,roun& that it %iolatesthe ri,ht of M a,ainst unlawful sear!h an&sei=ure' -e!i&e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he oe!tion of the law"er ust e sustaine&HSe!tion 3(1)H +rti!le 5E of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es:

he pri%a!" of !ouni!ation an&!orrespon&en!e shall e in%iolale e!ept

upon lawful or&er of the !ourtH or when puli!safet" or or&er re?uires otherwise aspres!rie& " law'

here was no !ourt or&er whi!h authori=e& thewar&en to rea& the letter of M' Neither is therean" law spe!ifi!all" authori=in, the ureau of Prisons to rea& the letter of MH <n&er Se!tion3(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 ConstitutionH tointerfere with an" !orrespon&en!e when there isno !ourt or&erH there ust e a law authori=in, itin the interest of puli! safet" or or&er'

he rulin, of the <nite& States Supree Court inthe !ase of Strou& %s' <nite& StatesH 21<'S' 1 is not appli!ale hereH e!ause Se!tion3(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution has no!ounterpart in the +eri!an Constitution' @en!eHin a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 3(2)H +rti!le 555 of the1987 ConstitutionH the letter is ina&issile ine%i&en!e'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he oe!tion of the law"er ust e o%errule&' 5n@u&son %s' PalerH #8 <'S' 17H it was hel& that

the !onstitutional prohiition a,ainst ille,alsear!hes an& sei=ures &oes not eten& to the!onfines of the prison' 5n Strou& %s' <nite& StatesH21 <'S' 1H the <nite& States Supree Court hel&that letters %oluntaril" written " a prisoner an&eaine& " the war&en whi!h !ontaine&in!riinator" stateents were a&issile ine%i&en!e' heir inspe!tion " the prison authorities&i& not %iolate the !onstitutional prohiition a,ainstille,al sear!hes an& sei=ures' his is anestalishe& pra!ti!e reasonal" &esi,ne& toproote &is!ipline within the penitentiar"'

Rig't to A%%e+by5 Per+it A$$i"ation5Freedo+ Par% 6><?he Saahan n, ,a ahihirap (S) file& withthe Affi!e of the Cit" a"or of anila anappli!ation for perit to hol& a rall" on en&iolaStreet on Septeer H 200 fro 10:00 a'' to3:00 p'' to protest the politi!al Dillin,s of

ournalists' @owe%erH the Cit" a"or &enie& theirappli!ation on the ,roun& that a rall" at the



887



888

tie an& pla!e applie& for will lo!D the traffi! inthe San i,uel an& uiapo -istri!ts' @esu,,este& the iwasan, onifa!ioH whi!h haseen &esi,nate& a Free&o ParDH as %enue forthe rall"'



889

1' -oes the S ha%e a ree&" to !ontestthe &enial of its appli!ation for a peritL (2')

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH S has a ree&"' <n&er 'P' i,' 880 (hePuli! +ssel" +!t of 198)H in the e%ent of &enial of the appli!ation for a peritH the appli!anta" !ontest the &e!ision in an appropriate !ourtof law' he !ourt ust &e!i&e within twent"*four (2#) hours fro the &ate of filin, of the !ase' Sai&&e!ision a" e appeale& to the appropriate!ourt within fort"*ei,ht (#8) hours after re!eipt of the sae' 5n all !asesH an" &e!ision a" eappeale& to the Supree Court (a"an una %'/ritaH $'' No' 19838H +pril 2H 200)'

2' -oes the a%ailailit" of a Free&o ParD ustif" the &enial of SBs appli!ation for a peritL(2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the a%ailailit" of a free&o parD &oes not

ustif" the &enial of the perit' 5t &oes ipl" thatno perits are re?uire& for a!ti%ities in free&oparDs' <n&er 'P' i,' 880H the &enial a" e

ustifie& onl" if there is !lear an& !on%in!in,e%i&en!e that the puli! assel" will !reate a!lear an& present &an,er to puli! or&erH puli!

safet"H puli! !on%enien!eH puli! orals or puli! health (a"an una %' /ritaH $'' No'19838H +pril 2H 200)'

3' 5s the re?uireent to appl" for a peritto hol& a rall" a prior restraint on free&o of spee!h an& assel"L (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the re?uireent for a perit to hol& a rall" isnot a prior restraint on free&o of spee!h an&assel"' he Supree Court has hel& that theperit re?uireent is %ali&H referrin, to it asre,ulation of the tieH pla!eH an& anner of

hol&in, puli! asseliesH ut not the !ontent of the spee!h itself' husH there is no prior restraintHsin!e the !ontent of the spee!h is not rele%ant tothe re,ulation (a"an una %' /ritaH $'' No'19838H +pril 2H 200)'

#' +ssuin, that &espite the &enial of SBsappli!ation for a peritH its eers hol& a rall"Hproptin, the poli!e to arrest the' +re thearrests without u&i!ial warrants lawfulL (2')

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he arrests are unlawful' 6hat is prohiite& an&penali=e& un&er Se!' 13 (a) an& 1# (a) of 'P'i, 880 is the hol&in, of an" puli! assel" as&efine& in this +!t " an" lea&er or or,ani=er without ha%in, first se!ure& that written peritwhere a perit is re?uire& fro the offi!e!on!erne& Pro%i&e&H howe%erH that noperson !an e punishe& or hel& !riinall" liale

for parti!ipatin, in or atten&in, an otherwisepea!eful assel"'

husH onl" the lea&er or or,ani=er of the rall"without a perit a" e arreste& without awarrant while the eers a" not e arreste&Has the" !an not e punishe& or hel& !riinall"liale for atten&in, the rall"' @owe%erH un&er Se!tion 12 thereofH when the puli! assel" ishel& without a perit where a perit is re?uire&Hthe sai& puli! assel" a" e pea!efull"&isperse&'

Rig't to A%%e+by5 Per+it Re-ire+ent%6199No' #: Al"pia +!a&e"H a pri%ate uni%ersit"Hissue& a stu&ent re,ulation for aintainin, or&er inthe s!hool !apus an& to ensure that a!a&ei!a!ti%ities shall e !on&u!te& effe!ti%el"'

@en!eforthH e%er" stu&ent or,ani=ation inten&in, tohol& an" s"posiuH !on%o!ationH rall" or an"assel" within s!hool propert" an& in%ol%in, atleast 20 people ust fileH for the prior appro%al of the -ean of Stu&entsH an +ppli!ation settin, forththe tieH pla!eH epe!te& si=e of the ,roupH an& thesue!t*atter an& purpose of the assel"'

he ea,ue of Nationalist Stu&ents ?uestionsthe %ali&it" of the new re,ulation' esol%e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he re,ulation is %ali&' +s hel& 5n arnento us'al*aananH 129 SC+ 39H if an assel" wille hel& " stu&ents in s!hool preisesH peritust e sou,ht fro the s!hool authoritiesH whoare &e%oi& of the power to &en" su!h re?uest

aritraril" or unreasonal"' 5n ,rantin, su!hperitH there a" e !on&itions as to the tiean& pla!e of the assel" to a%oi& &isruption of !lasses or stoppa,e of worD of the nona!a&ei!personnel'

Rig't to A%%e+by5 P-bi" Tea"'er% 6No M55 * Puli! s!hool tea!hers sta,e& for &a"sass a!tions at the -epartent of /&u!ationHCulture an& Sports to press for the ie&iate,rant of their &ean& for a&&itional pa"' he



88:



89;

-/CS Se!retar" issue& to the a noti!e of theille,alit" of their unauthori=e& a!tionH or&ere&the to ie&iatel" return to worDH an& warne&the of iposale san!tions' he" i,nore& thisan& !ontinue& with their ass a!tion' he -/CSSe!retar" issue& or&ers for their pre%enti%esuspension without pa" an& !har,e& the tea!herswith ,ross is!on&u!t an& ,ross ne,le!t of &ut"for unauthori=e& aan&onent of tea!hin, posts

an& asen!es without lea%e' a) +re eplo"ees inthe puli! se!tor allowe&



891

to for unionsL o striDeL 6h"L (3) ) hetea!hers !lai that their ri,ht to

pea!eal" assele an& petition the,o%ernent for re&ress of ,rie%an!es haseen !urtaile&' +re the" !orre!tL 6h"L

(2) SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: a) Se!tion 8H +rti!le 555 of the Constitution allows eplo"ees inthe puli! se!tor to for unions' @owe%erH the"!annot ,o on striDe' +s eplaine& in So!ialSe!urit" S"ste /plo"ees +sso!iation %' Courtof +ppeals' 17 SC+ 8 1989QH the ters an&

!on&itions of their eplo"ent are fie& " law'/plo"ees in the puli! se!tor !annot striDe tose!ure !on!essions fro their eplo"er'

' he tea!hers !annot !lai that their ri,ht topea!eal" assele an& petition for the re&ressof ,rie%an!es has een !urtaile&' +!!or&in, toan,alisan %' Court of +ppeals' 27 SC+ 19(1997)H the" !an eer!ise this ri,ht withoutstoppa,e of !lasses'

Rig't to A%%e+by5 P-bi" Tea"'er% 6No M * en puli! s!hool tea!hers of Caloo!anCit" left their !lassroos to oin a striDeH whi!hlaste& for one onthH to asD for tea!hersBenefits'

he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports!har,e& the a&inistrati%el"H for whi!h reasonthe" were re?uire& to answer an& forall"in%esti,ate& " a !oittee !opose& of the-i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hools as ChairanHthe -i%ision Super%isor as eer an& a

tea!herH as another eer' An the asis of thee%i&en!e a&&u!e& at the foral in%esti,ationwhi!h apl" estalishe& their ,uiltH the -ire!torren&ere& a &e!ision etin, out to the thepenalt" of reo%al fro offi!e' he &e!ision wasaffire& " the -/CS Se!retar" an& the Ci%ilSer%i!e Coission' An appealH the" reiterate&the ar,uents the" raise& efore thea&inistrati%e o&iesH nael":

(a) heir striDe was an eer!ise of their!onstitutional ri,ht to pea!eful assel" an& topetition the ,o%ernent for re&ress of ,rie%an!es'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) +!!or&in, to -e la Cru= %' Court of +ppealsH30 SC+ 303 (1999)H the ar,uent of thetea!hers that the" were erel" eer!isin, their !onstitutional ri,ht to pea!eful assel" an& to

petition the ,o%ernent for re&ress of ,rie%an!e!annot e sustaine&H e!ause su!h ri,hts uste eer!ise& within reasonale liits' 6hen su!hri,hts were eer!ise& on re,ular s!hool &a"sinstea& of &urin, the free tie of the tea!hersH thetea!hers !oitte& a!ts preu&i!ial to the estinterests of the ser%i!e'

Rig't to Tra*e5 Order o# Arre%t 61991No' : r' /stean Gron"H a Filipino !iti=enH isarreste& for the !rie of su,,lin,' @e posts ailfor his release' Suse?uentl"H he ups ail an&

is aout to lea%e the !ountr" when the-epartent of Forei,n +ffairs (-F+) !an!els hispassport' @e sues the -F+H !laiin, %iolation of his free&o to tra%elH !itin, the new pro%ision inthe ill of i,hts of the 1987 ConstitutionH to wit:Neither shall the ri,ht to tra%el e ipaire&e!ept in the interest of national se!urit"H puli!safet"H or puli! healthH as a" e pro%i&e& "law' -e!i&e the !ase'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ase shoul& e &isisse&' +n" person un&er an or&er of arrest is un&er restraint an& thereforehe !an not !lai the ri,ht to tra%el' 5f he isa&itte& to ail his free&o of o%eent is!onfine& within the !ountr"' hereforeH if hesuse?uentl" ups ailH he !annot &ean&passport whi!h in effe!t will fa!ilitate his es!apefro the !ountr"; he is in fa!t liale to earreste& an"tie' 5n&ee&H the ri,ht to tra%elun&er the Constitution presupposes that thein&i%i&ual is un&er no restraint su!h as that whi!hwoul& follow fro the fa!t that one has a pen&in,!riinal !ase an& has een pla!e& un&er arrest'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Co-n%e o# 'i% C'oi"e6>8<(1) ariano was arreste& " the N5 as asuspe!t in the shoppin, all oin,s' +&%ise& of his ri,htsH ariano asDe& for the assistan!e of hisrelati%eH +tt"' Santos' he N5 noti!e& that +tt"'Santos was ineperien!e&H in!opetent an&inattenti%e' -eein, hi unsuite& to prote!t theri,hts of arianoH the N5 &isisse& +tt"' Santos'

+ppointe& in his pla!e was +tt"' arrosoH a



89(



89)

ar topnot!her who was in the preises%isitin, a relati%e' +tt"' arroso al" assiste&ariano when the latter ,a%e a stateent'@owe%erH ariano assaile& the in%esti,ation!laiin, that he was &epri%e& of !ounsel ofhis !hoi!e'



89*

6as the N5 !orre!t in &isissin, +tt"'Santos an& appointin, +tt"' arroso in his

stea&L 5s arianoBs stateentH a&e with theassistan!e of +tt"' arrosoH a&issile ine%i&en!eL ()

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he N5 was not !orre!t in &isissin, +tt"' Santosan& appointin, +tt"' arroso in his stea&' +rti!le 555HSe!tion 12(1) of the 1987 Constitution re?uiresthat a person un&er in%esti,ation for the!oission of an offense shall ha%e no less than!opetent an& in&epen&ent !ounsel preferal" of his own !hoi!e his is eant to stress thepria!" a!!or&e& to the %oluntariness of the

!hoi!e un&er the uni?uel" stressful !on&itions of a!usto&ial in%esti,ationB husH the law"er !alle& toe present &urin, su!h in%esti,ation shoul& e asfar as reasonal" possileH the !hoi!e of thein&i%i&ual un&er,oin, ?uestionin,' heappointent of +tt"' arroso is ?uestionalee!ause he was %isitin, a relati%e worDin, in theN5 an& thus his in&epen&en!e is &outful'aw"ers en,a,e& " the poli!eH whate%er testionials are ,i%en as proof of their proit" an&suppose& in&epen&en!eH are ,enerall" suspe!tHas in an" areasH the relationship etween

law"ers an& law enfor!eent authorities !an es"ioti!' Consi&erin, that ariano was &epri%e&of !ounsel of his own !hoi!eH the stateent isina&issile in e%i&en!e' (People %' >anuarioH $''No' 9822H Feruar" 7H 1997)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he N5 was !orre!t in &isissin, +tt"' Santos ashe was in!opetent' he 1987 Constitutionre?uires !ounsel to e !opetent an&in&epen&ent' +tt"' arrosoH ein, a ar topnot!her

al" assiste& ariano an& there is no showin,that his ha%in, a relati%e in the N5 affe!te& hisin&epen&en!e' oreo%erH the a!!use& has thefinal !hoi!e of !ounsel as he a" ree!t the one!hosen for hi an& asD for another' + law"erpro%i&e& " the in%esti,ators is &eee& en,a,e&" the a!!use& where he raises no oe!tiona,ainst the law"er &urin, the !ourse of thein%esti,ationH an& the a!!use& thereaftersus!ries to the truth of his stateent efore theswearin, offi!er' husH

on!e the prose!ution shows there was !oplian!ewith the !onstitutional re?uireent on pre*interro,ation a&%isoriesH a !onfession is presue&to e %oluntar" an& the &e!larant ears theur&en of pro%in, that his !onfession isin%oluntar" an& untrue' + !onfession is a&issileuntil the a!!use& su!!essfull" pro%es that it was,i%en as a result of %iolen!eH intii&ationH threat or proise of rewar& or lenien!" whi!h are not

present in this !ase' +!!or&in,l"H the stateent isa&issile'(People %' >ere=H $'' No' 11#38H >anuar" 29H 1998)

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Pre%-+$tion o#Inno"en"e *%= Pre%-+$tion o# T'e#t 6;(*) A. lost fi%e hea& of !attle whi!h he reporte&to the poli!e as stolen fro his arn' @e re?ueste&se%eral nei,horsH in!lu&in, H for help in looDin,for the issin, anials' +fter an etensi%e sear!hHthe poli!e foun& two hea& in Bs far' !oul&not eplain to the poli!e how the" ,ot hi&&en in areote area of his far' 5nsistin, on his

inno!en!eH !onsulte& a law"er who tol& hi hehas a ri,ht to e presue& inno!ent un&er the illof i,hts' ut there is another presuption of theftarisin, fro his uneplaine& possession of stolen!attleR un&er the penal law' +re the twopresuptions !apale of re!on!iliation 5n this!aseL 5f soH how !an the" e re!on!ile&L 5f notHwhi!h shoul& pre%ailL ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he two presuptions !an e re!on!ile&' hepresuption of inno!en!e stan&s until the!ontrar" is pro%e&' 5t a" e o%er!oe " a!ontrar" presuption foun&e& upon huaneperien!e' he presuption that is the onewho stole the !attle of A. is lo,i!alH sin!e he wasfoun& in possession of the stolen !attle' !anpro%e his inno!en!e " presentin, e%i&en!e toreut the presuption' he ur&en of e%i&en!e isshifte& to H e!ause how he !ae intopossession of the !attle is pe!uliarl" within hisDnowle&,e' (-i=on*Paintuan %' PeopleH 23#SC+ 3 (199#))'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai 6199No' 9: >ohann learne& that the poli!e werelooDin, for hi in !onne!tion with the rape of an18*"ear ol& ,irlH a nei,hor' @e went to the poli!estation a weeD later an& presente& hiself to the&esD ser,eant' Coin!i&entall"' the rape %i!tiwas in the preises ee!utin, an etrau&i!ialstateent' >ohannH alon, with si() other suspe!tsH were pla!e& in a poli!e lineupan& the ,irl pointe& to hi as the rapist' >ohannwas arreste& an& lo!De& up in a !ell'



896



897

>ohann was !har,e& with rape in !ourt ut priorto arrai,nent in%oDe& his ri,ht to preliinar"in%esti,ation' his was &enie& " the u&,eH an&thusH trial pro!ee&e&' +fter the prose!utionpresente& se%eral witnessesH >ohann throu,h!ounselH in%oDe& the ri,ht to all an& file& aotion thereforH whi!h was &enie& outri,ht " the>u&,e' >ohann now files a petition for !ertiorariefore the Court of +ppeals ar,uin, that: 3) @e is

entitle& to ail as a atter of ri,htH thus the >u&,eshoul& not ha%e &enie& his otion to fi alloutri,ht' -e!i&e'



898

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:3) 5n a!!or&an!e with +rt' 555' se!' 13 of theConstitutionH >ohann a" e &enie& ail if thee%i&en!e of his ,uilt is stron, !onsi&erin, that the!rie with whi!h he is !har,e& is punishale "re!lusion perpetua' 5t is thus not a atter of ri,htfor hi to e release& on ail in su!h !ase' he!ourt ust first aDe a &eterination of thestren,th of the e%i&en!e on the asis of e%i&en!e

alrea&" presente& " the prose!utionH unless it&esires to present soe oreH an& ,i%e thea!!use& the opportunit" to present !ounter%ailin,e%i&en!e' 5f ha%in, &one this the !ourt fin&s thee%i&en!e not to e stron,H then it e!oes theri,ht of >ohann to e a&itte& to ail' he error ofthe trial !ourt lies in outri,htl" &en"in, the otionfor ail of >ohann'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai5 Ca$itaO##en%e 6>;<?State whether or not the law is !onstitutional'/plain riefl"'2' + law &en"in, persons !har,e& with!ries punishale " re!lusion perpetua or &eaththe ri,ht to ail' (2) S<$$/S/- +NS6/:he law is in%ali& as it !ontra%enes Se!tion 13H

+rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution whi!h pro%i&esthat all personsH e!ept those !har,e& withoffenses punishale " re!lusion perpetua whene%i&en!e of ,uilt is stron,H shallH efore !on%i!tionHe ailale " suffi!ient suretiesH or e release&on re!o,ni=an!e as a" e pro%i&e& " law' hea!!use& a" not e &epri%e& of his !onstitutional

ri,ht to ail e%en if !har,e& with a !apital offensewhere the e%i&en!e of ,uilt is not stron,'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai5!e$ortation Ca%e 61989

No' 1: a" an alien in%oDe the !onstitutionalri,ht to ail &urin, the pen&en!" of &eportationpro!ee&in,sLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:No' an alien a" not in%oDe the !onstitutionalri,ht to ail &urin, the pen&en!" of &eportationpro!ee&in,s' 5n @ar%e" %s Santia,oH 12 SC+8#0H it was hel& that the !onstitutional ,uaranteeto ail a" not e in%oDe& in &eportation

pro!ee&in,sH e!ause the" &o not partaDe of thenature of a !riinal a!tion'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai5 0atter o# Rig't or a 0atter o# !i%"retion 6>7<a) State with reason(s) whether ail is a atter

of ri,ht or a atter of &is!retion in thefollowin, !ases: (#) a) he iposale penalt"for the !rie

!har,e& is rec'*sion perpe+*a an& thea!!use& is a inor;

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

5f the a!!use& is a inor where the iposalepenalt" for the !rie !har,e& is re!lusionperpetuaH ail woul& e a atter of ri,ht' <n&er

+rti!le 8 of the e%ise& Penal Co&eH when theoffen&er is a inor un&er ei,hteen "ears of a,eHhe is entitle& to a penalt"H &epen&in, on his a,eHlower " one or two &e,rees than that pres!rie&" law for the !rie !oitte&' he Constitutionwithhol&s the ,uarant" of ail fro one who isa!!use& of a !apital offense where the e%i&en!eof ,uilt is stron,' he o%ious reason is that onewho fa!es a proale &eath senten!e has a

parti!ularl" stron, teptation to flee' his reason&oes not hol& where the a!!use& has eenestalishe& without oe!tion to e a inor who" law !annot e senten!e& to &eath' (ra%o %'oraH $'' No' *228H Feruar" 18H 198)

) he iposale penalt" for the !rie!har,e& is life iprisonent an& thea!!use& is a inor;

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:5f the a!!use& is a inor an& the iposale

penalt" for the !rie !har,e& is life iprisonentHail woul& not e a atter of ri,ht' 5n the instant!aseH assuin, that e%i&en!e of ,uilt stron,H ailshall e &enie& as the pri%ile,e& iti,atin,!ir!ustan!e of inorit" is not a%ailale for %iolation of spe!ial laws penali=e& " lifeiprisonent'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER: +lthou,h the Constitution entions onl" re!lusionperpetuaH ule 11# of the ules of



899



89:

Court a&&s life iprisonentH an& thereforeHappl"in, the



8:;

PRO R:O ;OCTRI<:



8:1

H ail woul& still e a atter of ri,htH sin!e it isfa%orale to the a!!use&'



8:(

!) he a!!use& has een !on%i!te& ofhoi!i&e on a !har,e of ur&er an& senten!e& tosuffer an in&eterinate penalt" of fro ei,ht (8)"ears an& one (1) &a" of prision a"orH as

iniuH to twel%e(12) "ears an& four (#) onths of re!lusionteporalH as aiu'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5f the a!!use& has een !on%i!te& of hoi!i&e ona !har,e of ur&er an& senten!e& to sufferiprisonent of fro 8 to 12 "earsH ail is aatter of &is!retion' <n&er ule 11#H Se!' H par'1 of the ules of CourtH if the &e!ision of the trial!ourt !on%i!tin, the a!!use& !han,e& the natureof the offense fro non*ailale to ailaleH theappli!ation for ail a" e file& an& a!te& upon

" the appellate !ourt' +&ission to ail is&is!retionar"'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to S$eedy Tria6No ME' Char,e& " Fran!is!o with lielH Palowas arrai,ne& on >anuar" 3H 2000H Pre*trial was&ispense& with an& !ontinuous trial was set forar!h 7H 8 an& 9H 2000' An the first settin,H theprose!ution o%e& for its postponeent an&!an!ellation of the other settin,s e!ause itsprin!ipal an& proal" onl" witnessH the pri%ate!oplainant Fran!is!oH su&&enl" ha& to ,oaroa& to fulfill a professional !oitent' he

u&,e instea& &isisse& the !ase for failure toprose!ute' a) 6oul& the ,rant of the otion forpostponeent ha%e %iolate& the a!!use&Bs ri,ht tospee&" trialL (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ,rant of the otion for postponeent woul&not ha%e %iolate& the ri,ht of the a!!use& tospee&" trial' +s hel& 5n People %' e%isteH 2SC+ 238 (199)' sin!e the otion forpostponeent was the first one re?ueste&H the

nee& for the offen&e& part" to atten& to aprofessional !oitent is a %ali& reasonH nosustantial ri,ht of the a!!use& woul& epreu&i!e&H an& the prose!ution shoul& eaffor&e& a fair opportunit" to prose!ute its !aseHthe otion shoul& e ,rante&'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:Sin!e !ontinuous trial of !ases is re?uire& an&sin!e the &ate of the initial hearin, was set upona,reeent of all partiesH in!lu&in, the

pri%ate !oplainantH the u&,e properl" &isisse&the !ase for failure to prose!ute'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination61988No' 3: -r' >uan Sto' oas is a pra!ti!in, &entistin ariDinaH etro anila' @e was !har,e& withioralit" efore the oar& of -entistr" " a la&"patientH who !lais that -r' Sto' oas tooD

lierties with her person an& Disse& her while shewas un&er the treatent at the latterBs !lini!'

+t the initial hearin, of the a&inistrati%e!oplaintH the !oplainantBs !ounsel !alle& therespon&ent as his first witness' he respon&entthrou,h !ounselH oe!te& %i,orousl"H !laiin, his!onstitutional ri,ht to e eept fro ein, awitness a,ainst hiself' he oar& note& theoe!tionH ut rule& that in the net s!he&ule&hearin,H a onth an& a half laterH the respon&entwoul& e !alle& to testif" as a witnessH as the ri,ht

he !lais is not a%ailale in a&inistrati%ein%esti,ationsH ut onl" in !riinal prose!utions'

-r' Sto' oas is &e!i&e& not to testif"' +s hislaw"erH what woul& "ou &oL 6h"LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5 will file a petition for prohiition with pra"er for preliinar" inun!tion with the e,ional rialCourt' he pri%ile,e a,ainst self in!riination isa%ailale not onl" in u&i!ial pro!ee&in,s ut alsoin a&inistrati%e in%esti,ations' 5n Pas!ual%' oar& of e&i!al /ainersH 28 SC+ 3##(199)H it was hel& that the re%o!ation of a li!enseas a e&i!al pra!titioner !an e an e%en ,reater &epri%ation than ere forfeiture of propert"' 5nsoe aspe!ts it is siilar to !riinal pro!ee&in,san&H thereforeH the respon&ent !an not e a&e totestif" as a witness for the !oplainant'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination6199No' #: he pri%ile,e of self*in!riination ust etiel" in%oDe&H otherwise it is &eee& wai%e&'

1 5n a C5E5 C+S/H the plaintiff !alle& the&efen&ant a hostile witness an& announ!e&that the &efen&ant woul& e asDe&in!riinatin, ?uestions in the &ire!teaination' 6hen shoul& the &efen&antin%oDe the pri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationL

2 5n a C55N+ C+S/H the prose!ution!alle& the a!!use& to the witness stan& asthe first witness in %iew of !ertain fa!ts



8:)



8:*

a&itte& " the a!!use& at the pre*trial'6hen shoul& the a!!use& in%oDe thepri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationL



8:6

3' 5n an a&inistrati%e !ase for alpra!ti!ean& the !an!ellation of li!ense to pra!ti!ee&i!ine file& a,ainst CH the !oplainant !alle&C to the witness stan&' 6hen shoul& C in%oDethe pri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationL

/plain "our answers to the three ?uestions'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) +s hel& in a,a&ion, %H -e $u=anH 9# SC+90H the &efen&ant shoul& taDe the witness stan&an& oe!t when a ?uestion !allin, for anin!riinatin, ?uestion is propoun&e&' <nliDe inpro!ee&in,s whi!h are !riinal in !hara!ter inwhi!h the a!!use& !an refuse to testif"H the&efen&ant ust wait until a ?uestion !allin, for anin!riinator" answer is a!tuall" asDe&' (Suare= %'on,!oH 2 SC+ 71)

(2) +s hel& in Cha%e= %' Court of +ppealsH 2#

SC+ 3H in a !riinal !ase the a!!use& a"alto,ether refuse to taDe the witness an& refuseto answer an" ?uestionH e!ause the purpose of!allin, hi as a witness for the prose!ution hasno other purpose ut to in!riinate hi'

(3) +s in a !riinal !aseH C !an refuse to taDe thewitness stan& an& refuse to answer an" ?uestion'5n Pas!ual %' oar& of e&i!al /ainersH 28SC+ 3##H it was hel& that an a&inistrati%e !asefor alpra!ti!e an& !an!ellation of the li!ense topra!ti!e e&i!ine is penal in !hara!terH e!ausean unfa%orale &e!ision woul& result in there%o!ation of the li!ense of the respon&ent topra!ti!e e&i!ine' Conse?uentl"H he !an refuse totaDe the witness stan&'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination6199NoH 3; Con,ress is !onsi&erin, a law a,ainst&runDen &ri%in,' <n&er the le,islationH poli!eauthorities a" asD an" &ri%er to taDe areathal"=er testH wherein the &ri%er ehalesse%eral ties into a &e%i!e whi!h !an &eterine

whether he has een &ri%in, un&er the influen!eof al!ohol' he results of the test !an e use&H inan" le,al pro!ee&in, a,ainst hi' FurtheroreH&e!larin, that the issuan!e of a &ri%erBs li!ense,i%es rise onl" to a pri%ile,e to &ri%e otor %ehi!les on puli! roa&sH the law pro%i&es that a&ri%er who refuses to taDe the test shall eautoati!all" sue!t to a 90*&a" suspension of his &ri%erBs li!enseH

Cite two 2Q possile !onstitutional oe!tions tothis law' esol%e the oe!tions an& eplainwhether an" su!h infirities !an e !ure&'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Possile oe!tions to the law are that re?uirin, a&ri%er to taDe the reathal"=er test will %iolate hisri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH that pro%i&in, for the suspension of his &ri%erBs li!ense without an"hearin, %iolates &ue pro!essH an& that the

propose& law will %iolate the ri,ht a,ainstunreasonale sear!hes an& sei=uresH e!ause itallows poli!e authorities to re?uire a &ri%e to taDethe reathal"=er test e%en if there is no proale!ause'

e?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a /+@+O.//S &oes not %iolate his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH e!ause he is not ein, !opelle&to ,i%e testionial e%i&en!e' @e is erel" ein,asDe& to suit to a ph"si!al test' his is not!o%ere& " the !onstitutional ,uarantee a,ainstself*in!riination' husH in South -aDota %s'

Ne%illeH #9 <'S' 3H it was hel& for this reasonthat re?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a loo&*al!ohol testis %ali&'

+s hel& in a!De" %s' +fontr"a ##3 <'S' 1H e!auseof !opellin, ,o%ernent interest in safet" alon,the streetsH the li!ense of a &ri%er who refuses totaDe the reathal"=er test a" e suspen&e&ie&iatel" pen&in, a post*suspension hearin,Hut there ust e a pro%ision for a post*suspensionhearin,' husH to sa%e the propose& law froun!onstitutionall" on the ,roun& of &enial of &ue

pro!essH it shoul& pro%i&e for an ie&iate hearin,upon suspension of the &ri%erBs li!ense' hepropose& law %iolates the ri,ht a,ainstunreasonale sear!hes an& sei=ures' 5t willauthori=e poli!e authorities to stop an" &ri%er an&asD hi to taDe the reathal"=er test e%en in theasen!e of a proale !ause'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination6No M5' ) + an was shot an& Dille& an& his Diller fle&' oents after the shootin,H an e"ewitness

&es!rie& to the poli!e that the sla"er wore whitepantsH a shirt with floral &esi,nH ha& oots an&was aout 70 Dilos an&1' eters' oraH who fit the &es!ription ,i%enHwas seen near"' @e was taDen into !usto&" an&rou,ht to the poli!e pre!in!t where his pantsHshirt an& oots were for!il" taDen an& he waswei,he&H easure&H photo,raphe&H fin,erprinte&an& sue!te& to paraffin testin,' +t his trialH oraoe!te& to the a&ission in e%i&en!e of theapparelH his



8:7



8:8

hei,ht an& wei,htH his photo,raphsH fin,erprints!oparison an& the results of the paraffin testHassertin, that these were taDen in %iolation of hisri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination' ule on theoe!tion' (2)



8:9

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:) he oe!tion of ora is not tenale' +s hel&in People %' Pa"norH 21 SC+ 1 (199)H theri,hts ,uarantee& " Se!tion 12H +rti!le in of the

Constitution applies onl" a,ainst testioniale%i&en!e' +n a!!use& a" e !opelle& to ephoto,raphe& or easure&H his ,arents a"e reo%e&H an& his o&" a" e eaine&'

Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination 6>7<?Sele!t the est answer an& eplain'1' +n a!!use&Bs ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination is%iolate& in the followin, !ases: ()

1 6hen he is or&ere& " the trial !ourt toun&er,o a paraffin test to pro%e he is ,uilt" ofur&er;

2 6hen he is !opelle& to pro&u!e hisanDooDs to e use& as e%i&en!e a,ainst hisfather !har,e& with plun&er;

3 6hen he is or&ere& to pro&u!e a saple of hishan&writin, to e use& as e%i&en!e that he isthe author of a letter wherein he a,ree& to Dillthe %i!ti;

4 6hen the presi&ent of a !orporation is su*poenae& to pro&u!e !ertain &o!uents asproofs he is ,uilt" of il le,al re!ruitent'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he est answer is !) when he is or&ere& topro&u!e a saple of his han&writin, to e use&as e%i&en!e that he is the author of a letter wherein he a,ree& to Dill the %i!ti' <n&er +rti!le@5H Se!tion 17 of the 1987 ConstitutionH noperson shall e !opelle& to e a witnessa,ainst hiself' Sin!e the pro%ision prohiits!opulsor" testionial in!riinationH it &oes notatter whether the testion" is taDen " oral or written eans as either wa" it in%ol%es the <S/AF 5N//C<+ F+C<5/S' he purpose of the pri%ile,e is to a%oi& an& prohiit there" therepetition an& re!urren!e of !opellin, a personH

in a !riinal or an" other !aseH to furnish theissin, e%i&en!e ne!essar" for his !on%i!tion(eru&e= %' CastilloH Per e!' No' 71#*+H >ul"2H 1937; eltran %' SasonH $'' No' 3202HSepteer 23H1929)'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re5 Pri*ate Indi*id-a%6>8<(2) /ilio ha& lon, suspe!te& that +l%inH hiseplo"eeH ha& een passin, tra&e se!rets to his!opetitorH an&"H ut he ha& no

proof' Ane &a"H /ilio roDe open the &esD of +l%in an& &is!o%ere& a letter wherein an&"thanDe& +l%in for ha%in, passe& on to hi%ital tra&e se!rets of /ilio' /n!lose& in theletter was a !he!D for P0H000'00 &rawna,ainst the a!!ount of an&" an& pa"ale to

+l%in' /ilio then &isisse& +l%in fro hiseplo"ent' /ilioBs proof of +l%inBs perfi&"are the sai& letter an& !he!D whi!h are

oe!te& to as ina&issile for ha%in, eenotaine& throu,h an ille,al sear!h' +l%in file&a suit assailin, his &isissal' ule on thea&issiilit" of the letter an& !he!D' ()

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER: +s hel& in People %' arti ($'' No' 811H>anuar" 18H 1991)H the !onstitutionH in la"in, &ownthe prin!iples of the ,o%ernent an& fun&aentallierties of the peopleH &oes not ,o%ernrelationships etween in&i%i&uals' husH if the

sear!h is a&e at the ehest or initiati%e of theproprietor of a pri%ate estalishent for its ownan& pri%ate purposes an& without the inter%entionof poli!e authoritiesH the ri,ht a,ainstunreasonale sear!h an& sei=ure !annot ein%oDe& for onl" the a!t of pri%ate in&i%i&ualsH notthe law enfor!ersH is in%ol%e&' 5n suH +-e

pro+ec+ion agains+ *nreasonab'e searc-es andsei=*res canno+ be e>+ended +o ac+s co00i++edby PRI?AT: I<;I?I;6AL7 so as +o bring i+ i+-in+-e a0bi+ o a''eged *n'a*' in+r*sion by +-ego/ern0en+. +!!or&in,l"H the letter an& !he!D are

a&issile in e%i&en!e' (6aterous -ru, Corp' %'NCH $'' No' 113271H A!toer 1H 1997)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he letter is ina&issile in e%i&en!e' he!onstitutional inun!tion &e!larin, the pri%a!" of!ouni!ation an& !orrespon&en!e to ein%iolale is no less appli!ale sipl" e!ause itis the eplo"er who is the part" a,ainst whothe !onstitutional pro%ision is to e enfor!e&' heonl" e!eption to the prohiition in theConstitution is if there is a lawful or&er fro the

!ourt or when puli! safet" or or&er re?uiresotherwiseH as pres!rie& " law' +n" %iolation ofthis pro%ision ren&ers the e%i&en!e otaine&ina&issile for an" purpose in an" pro!ee&in,'(.ulueta %' Court of +ppealsH $'' No' 107383HFeruar" 20H 199)

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 Aien% 61No 5E * + is an alien' State whetherH in thePhilippinesH he: 5s entitle& to the ri,ht a,ainst



8::



9;;

ille,al sear!hes an& sei=ures an& a,ainst ille,alarrests' (2)



9;1

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +liens are entitle& to the ri,ht a,ainst ille,alsear!hes an& sei=ures an& ille,al arrests' +sapplie& in People %' Chua @o SanH 307 SC+#32 (1999)H these ri,hts are a%ailale to allpersonsH in!lu&in, aliens'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 &reat'ay)er Te%t6199NoH 3; Con,ress is !onsi&erin, a law a,ainst&runDen &ri%in,' <n&er the le,islationH poli!eauthorities a" asD an" &ri%er to taDe areathal"=er testH wherein the &ri%er ehalesse%eral ties into a &e%i!e whi!h !an &eterinewhether he has een &ri%in, un&er the influen!eof al!ohol' he results of the test !an e use&H inan" le,al pro!ee&in, a,ainst hi' FurtheroreH&e!larin, that the issuan!e of a &ri%erBs li!ense,i%es rise onl" to a pri%ile,e to &ri%e otor%ehi!les on puli! roa&sH the law pro%i&es that a

&ri%er who refuses to taDe the test shall eautoati!all" sue!t to a 90*&a" suspension ofhis &ri%erBs li!enseH Cite two 2Q possile!onstitutional oe!tions to this law' esol%e theoe!tions an& eplain whether an" su!hinfirities !an e !ure&'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Possile oe!tions to the law are that re?uirin, a&ri%er to taDe the reathal"=er test will %iolate hisri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH that pro%i&in, forthe suspension of his &ri%erBs li!ense without an"hearin, %iolates &ue pro!essH an& that thepropose& law will %iolate the ri,ht a,ainstunreasonale sear!hes an& sei=uresH e!ause itallows poli!e authorities to re?uire a &ri%e to taDethe reathal"=er test e%en if there is no proale!ause

e?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a reathal"=er test &oesnot %iolate his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationHe!ause he is not ein, !opelle& to ,i%etestionial e%i&en!e' @e is erel" ein, asDe& tosuit to a ph"si!al test' his is not !o%ere& "the !onstitutional ,uarantee a,ainst self*in!riination' husH in South -aDota %s' Ne%illeH

#9 <'S' 3H it was hel& for this reason thatre?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a loo&*al!ohol test is%ali&'

+s hel& in a!De" %s' +fontr"a ##3 <'S' 1He!ause of !opellin, ,o%ernent interest insafet" alon, the streetsH the li!ense of a &ri%erwho refuses to taDe the reathal"=er test a" esuspen&e& ie&iatel" pen&in, a post*suspension hearin,H ut there ust e apro%ision for a post*suspension hearin,' husH

to sa%e the propose& law fro un!onstitutionall" onthe ,roun& of &enial of &ue pro!essH it shoul&pro%i&e for an ie&iate hearin, upon suspensionof the &ri%erBs li!ense' he propose& law %iolatesthe ri,ht a,ainst unreasonale sear!hes an&sei=ures' 5t will authori=e poli!e authorities to stopan" &ri%er an& asD hi to taDe the reathal"=er teste%en in the asen!e of a proale !ause'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 I++ediate Contro61987No' 555: M a Constaular" Affi!erH was arreste&pursuant to a lawful !ourt or&er in a,uio Cit" for ur&er' @e was rou,ht to anila where awarrantless sear!h was !on&u!te& in his offi!ial?uarters at Cap CraeH he sear!h tea foun&an& sei=e& the ur&er weapon in a &rawer of M' Can M !lai that the sear!h an& sei=urewere ille,al an& o%e for e!lusion froe%i&en!e of the weapon sei=e&L /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

OesH M !an &o so' he warrantless sear!h !annote ustifie& as an in!i&ent of a %ali& arrestHe!ause !onsi&erale tie ha& elapse& after hisarrest in a,uio efore the sear!h of his ?uartersin Cap CraeH ue=on Cit" was a&eH an&e!ause the &istan!e etween the pla!e of arrestan& the pla!e of sear!h ne,ates an" !lai that thepla!e sear!he& is within his ie&iate !ontrol soas to ustif" the apprehension that he i,ht&estro" or !on!eal e%i&en!e of !rie efore awarrant !an e otaine&' (Chiel %' CaliforniaH 39<'S' 72 (199) ) in Nolas!o %' Cru= PanoH 1#7

SC+ 09 (1987)H the Supree Courtre!onsi&ere& its pre%ious &e!ision hol&in, that awarrantless sear!hH a&e after 30 inutes frothe tie of arrestH an&H in a pla!e se%eral lo!Dsawa" fro the pla!e of arrestH was %ali&' 5t hel&that a warrantless sear!h is liite& to the sear!h of the person of the arrestee at the tie an& in!i&entto his arrest an& for &an,erous weapons or an"thin, whi!h a" e use& as proof of theoffense' + !ontrar" rule woul& ustif" the poli!e inpro!urin, a warrant of arrest an&H " %irtue thereofHnot onl" arrest the person ut also sear!h his&wellin,' + warrant re?uires that all fa!ts as to the

!on&ition of the propert" an& its surroun&in,s an&its ipro%eents an& !apailities ust e!onsi&ere&H an& this !an onl" e &one in a u&i!ialpro!ee&in,'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 In"identa to (aidSear"' 6199No' 9; Soe poli!e operati%esH a!tin, un&er alawfull" issue& warrant for the purpose of



9;(



9;)

sear!hin, for firears in the @ouse of M lo!ate& atNo' 10 Shaw oule%ar&H Pasi,H etro anilaHfoun&H instea& of firearsH ten Dilo,ras of!o!aine'



9;*

(1) a" the sai& poli!e operati%es lawfull"sei=e the !o!aineL /plain "our answer'(2) a" M su!!essfull" !hallen,e the le,alit"of the sear!h on the ,roun& that the pea!eoffi!ers &i& not infor hi aout his ri,ht to

reain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounselL /plain"our answer'(3) Suppose the pea!e offi!ers were ale tofin& unli!ense& firears in the house in ana&a!ent lotH that is' NoH 12 Shaw oule%ar&Hwhi!h is also owne& " M' a" the" lawfull" sei=ethe sai& unli!ense& firearsL /plain "ouranswer'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) OesH the poli!e operati%es a" lawfull" sei=ethe !o!aineH e!ause it is an ite whosepossession is prohiite& " lawH it was in plain

%iew an& it was onl" ina&%ertentl" &is!o%ere& inthe !ourse of a lawful sear!h' he possession of!o!aine is prohiite& " Se!tion 8 of the-an,erous -ru,s +!t' +s hel& in a,on!ia %'Pala!ioH 80 Phil' 770H an arti!le whose possessionis prohiite& " law a" e sei=e& without thenee& of an" sear!h warrant if it was &is!o%ere&&urin, a lawful sear!h' he a&&itional re?uireentlai& &own in oan %' $on=alesH 1# SC+ 87that the &is!o%er" of the arti!le ust ha%e eena&e ina&%ertentl" was also satisfie& in this !ase'

(2) NoH M !annot su!!essfull" !hallen,e thele,alit" of the sear!h sipl" e!ause the pea!eoffi!ers &i& not infor hi aout his ri,ht toreain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounsel' Se!tion12(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es:+n" person un&er in%esti,ation for the!oission of an offense shall ha%e the ri,ht toe infore& of his ri,ht to reain silent an& toha%e !opetent an& in&epen&ent !ounselpreferal" of his own !hoi!e'

+s hel& in People %' -"H 18 SC+ 111' for thispro%ision to appl"H a suspe!t ust e un&er

in%esti,ation' here was no in%esti,ationin%ol%e& in this !ase'

(3) he unli!ense& firears store& at 12 Shawoule%ar& a" lawfull" e sei=e& sin!e theirpossession is ille,al' +s hel& in a,on!ia aPala!ioH 80 Phil' 770H when an in&i%i&ualpossesses !ontraan& (unli!ense& firearselon, to this !ate,or")H he is !oittin, a !riean& he !an e arreste& without a warrant an& the!ontraan& !an e sei=e&'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin,s in <" Ge"tin %HEillarealH #2 Phil' 88 an& People %' S" >u!oH #Phil' 7H the unli!ense& firears foun& in thehouse at 12 Shaw oule%ar& a" not e lawfull"sei=e&H sin!e the" were not in!lu&e& in the&es!ription of the arti!les to e sei=e& " %irtue of the sear!h warrant' he sear!h warrant &es!rie&the arti!les to e sei=e& as firears in the house

of M lo!ate& at 10 Shaw oule%ar&'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 Pa"e o# Sear"'61No M5 * +re& with a sear!h an& sei=ure warrantHa tea of poli!een le& " 5nspe!tor riasentere& a !opoun& an& sear!he& the house&es!rie& therein as No' 17 SpeaDer Pere= St'HSta' esa @ei,htsH ue=on Cit"H owne& " r'/rnani PeletsH for a reporte& !a!he of firearsan& aunition' @owe%erH upon thorou,h sear!hof the houseH the poli!e foun& nothin,'

henH a!tin, on a hun!hH the poli!eenpro!ee&e& to a saller house insi&e the sae!opoun& with a&&ress at No' 17*+ SpeaDerPere= St'H entere& itH an& !on&u!te& a sear!htherein o%er the oe!tion of r' Pelets whohappene& to e the sae owner of the firsthouse' hereH the poli!e foun& the unli!ense&firears an& aunition the" were looDin, for' +sa result' r' /rnani Pelets was !riinall" !har,e&in !ourt with 5lle,al possession of firears an&aunition as penali=e& un&erP'-' 18H as aen&e& " +' 829#' +t the trialHhe %eheentl" oe!te& to the presentation of thee%i&en!e a,ainst hi for ein, ina&issile' 5s r'/ani PeletBs !ontention %ali& or notL 6h"L ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ontention of /rnani Pelet is %ali&' +s hel& inPeople %s' Court of +ppealsH 291SC+ #00(1993)H if the pla!e sear!he& is &ifferent frothat state& in the sear!h warrantH the e%i&en!esei=e& is ina&issile' he poli!ean !annoto&if" the pla!e to e sear!he& as set out in the

sear!h warrant'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 %ear"' +ade by a$ri*ate "iti)en 6199No' #: arr" was an o%erni,ht ,uest in a otel'

+fter he !he!De& out the followin, &a"H the!haerai& foun& an atta!he !ase whi!h shesurise& was left ehin& " arr"' She turne& ito%er to the ana,er whoH to &eterine the naean& a&&ress of the ownerH opene& the atta!he!ase an& saw pa!Da,es whi!h ha& a



9;6



9;7

pe!uliar sell an& upon s?uee=in, felt liDe &rie&lea%es' @is !uriosit" arouse&H the ana,er a&ean openin, on one of the pa!Da,es an& tooDse%eral ,ras of the !ontents thereof' @e tooD thepa!Da,es to the N5H an& in the presen!e ofa,entsH opene& the



9;8

pa!Da,esH the !ontents of whi!h uponlaorator" eainationH turne& out to e

ariuana flowerin, topsH arr" was&u&euently ound' !oug+t to t+e NBIOFce "+e!e +e ad#itted o"ne!&+i/ o t+eattac+e ca&e and t+e /ac,age&. e "a&#ade to &ign a !ecei/t o! t+e /ac,age&.La!!y "a& c+a!ged in cou!t o! /o&&e&&iono /!o+iited d!ug&. e "a& con0icted. Ona//eal' +e no" /o&e& t+e ollo"ing i&&ue&?1> T+e /ac,age& a!e inad#i&&ile ine0idenceeing t+e /!oduct o an illegal &ea!c+

and &eiu!eH .(> Neit+e! i& t+e !ecei/t +e &igned ad#i&&ile'

+i& !ig+t& unde! cu&todial in0e&tigation not+a0ing een o&e!0ed. Decide. SU22ESTE!

ANS4ER: An the assuption that the issueswere tiel" raise& the answers are as follows: 1)he pa!Da,es are a&issile in e%i&en!e' heone who opene& the pa!Da,es was the ana,erof the otel without an" interferen!e of the a,entsof the National ureau of 5n%esti,ation' +s hel& inPeople %s' artiH 193 SC+ 7H the !onstitutionalri,ht a,ainst unreasonale sear!hes an& sei=uresrefers to unwarrante& intrusion " the ,o%ernentan& &oes not operate as a restraint upon pri%atein&i%i&uals' 2) he re!eipt is not a&issile ine%i&en!e' '''

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 %ear"' +ade by a$ri*ate "iti)en 6No E555' Ane &a" a passen,er us !on&u!tor foun&a anBs han&a, left in the us' 6hen the!on&u!tor opene& the a,H he foun& insi&e a!atlin, !ar& with the ownerBs nae (-ante $alan,)an& a&&ressH a few hun&re& peso illsH an& a sallplasti! a, !ontainin, a white pow&er" sustan!e'@e rou,ht the pow&er" sustan!e to the Nationalureau of 5n%esti,ation for laorator" eaination

an& it was &eterine& to e ethaphetaineh"&ro!hlori&e or shauH a prohiite& &ru,' -ante$alan, was suse?uentl" tra!e& an& foun& an&rou,ht to the N5 Affi!e where he a&itte&ownership of the han&a, an& its !ontents' 5n the!ourse of the interro,ation " N5 a,entsH an&without the presen!e an& assistan!e of !ounselH$alan, was a&e to si,n a re!eipt for the plasti!a, an& its shau !ontents' $alan, was !har,e&with ille,al

possession of prohiite& &ru,s an& was!on%i!te&' An appeal he !onten&s that *

(1) he plasti! a, an& its !ontents areina&issile in e%i&en!e ein, the pro&u!t of anille,al sear!h an& sei=ure; (3) an&(2) he re!eipt he si,ne& is also ina&issile ashis ri,hts un&er !usto&ial in%esti,ation were notoser%e&' (2)

-e!i&e the !ase with reasons'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +' he plasti! a, an& its !ontents are a&issilein e%i&en!eH sin!e it was not the National ureauof 5n%esti,ation ut the us !on&u!tor whoopene& the a, an& rou,ht it to the Nationalureau of 5n%esti,ation' +s hel& 5n People %'artiH 193 SC+ 7 (1991)H the !onstitutionalri,ht a,ainst unreasonale sear!h an& sei=ure isa restraint upon the ,o%ernent' 5t &oes notappl" so as to re?uire e!lusion of e%i&en!ewhi!h !ae into the possession of the$o%ernent throu,h a sear!h a&e " a pri%ate

!iti=en'' 5t is ina&issile''''

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 (aid 4arrante%%Sear"' 6a) Cra!D offi!ers of the +nti*Nar!oti!s <nit wereassi,ne& on sur%eillan!e of the en%irons of a!eeter" where the sale an& use of &an,erous&ru,s are rapant' + an with re&&ish an&,lass" e"es was walDin, unstea&il" o%in,towar&s the ut %eere& awa" when he sense&the presen!e of poli!een' he" approa!he&hiH intro&u!e& thesel%es as poli!e offi!ers an&asDe& hi what he ha& !len!he& in his han&' +she Dept uH the poli!een prie& his han& openan& foun& a sa!het of shauH a &an,erous &ru,'

+!!or&in,l" !har,e& in !ourtH the a!!use&oe!te& to the a&ission in e%i&en!e of the&an,erous &ru, e!ause it was the result of anille,al sear!h an& sei=ure' ule on the oe!tion'(3) ) 6hat are the instan!es when warrantlesssear!hes a" e effe!te&L (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a) he oe!tion is not tenale' 5n a!!or&an!e

with analili %' Court of +ppealsH 280 SC+ #00(1997)' sin!e the a!!use& ha& re& e"es an& waswalDin, unstea&il" an& the pla!e is a Dnownhan,*out of &ru, a&&i!tsH the poli!e offi!ers ha&suffi!ient reason to stop the a!!use& an& to frisDhi' Sin!e shau was a!tuall" foun& &urin, thein%esti,ationH it !oul& e sei=e& without the nee&for a sear!h warrant'



9;9



9;:

) + warrantless sear!h a" e effe!te& in thefollowin, !ases: a) Sear!hes in!i&ental to alawful arrest: ) Sear!hes of o%in, %ehi!les; !)Sear!hes of prohiite& arti!les in plain %iew: &)/nfor!eent of !ustos law; e) Consente&sear!hes; f) Stop an& frisD (People %' ona!oH28



91;

SC+ 703 1998Q);

,) outine sear!hes at or&ers an& ports of entr" (<nite& States %' ase"H #31 <'S' 01977Q); an&h) Sear!hes of usinesses in the eer!ise of%isitorial powers to enfor!e poli!e re,ulations (NewOorD %' ur,erH #82 <'S' 91 (1987Q)'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 (i%-a Sear"' 6199No' : -urin, the re!ent ele!tionsH !he!Dpointswere set up to enfor!e the ele!tion perio& anon firears'

-urin, one su!h routine sear!h one ni,htH whilelooDin, throu,h an open win&ow with a flashli,htHthe poli!e saw firears at the a!Dseat of a !arpartiall" !o%ere& " papers an& !lothes' +ntonioHowner an& &ri%er of the !ar in ?uestionH

was !har,e& for %iolation of the firearsan' +re the firears a&issile ine%i&en!e a,ainst hiL /plain'

5fH upon further inspe!tion " the poli!eH prohiite&&ru,s were foun& insi&e the %arious!opartents of +ntonioBs !arH !an the &ru,s euse& in e%i&en!e a,ainst +ntonio if he isprose!ute& for possession of prohiite& &ru,sL/plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a) OesH the firears are a&issile in e%i&en!eHe!ause the" were %ali&l" sei=e&' 5n Ealonte%s' -e EillaH 178 SC+ 211 an& 18 SC+ Hthe Supree Court hel& that !he!Dpoints a" eset up to aintain pea!e an& or&er for the enefitof the puli! an& !he!Dpoints are a se!urit"easure a,ainst unauthori=e& firears' Sin!ethe sear!h whi!h resulte& in the &is!o%er" of thefirears was liite& to a %isual sear!h of the !arH

it was reasonale' e!ause of the an onfirearsH the possession of the firears wasprohiite&' Sin!e the" were foun& in plain %iew inthe !ourse of a lawful sear!hH in a!!or&an!e withthe &e!ision in a,an!ia %s' Pala!ioH 80 Phil'770H the" are a&issile in e%i&en!e'

) NoH the &ru,s !annot e use& in e%i&en!ea,ainst +ntonio if he is prose!ute& for possessionof prohiite& &ru,s' he &ru,s

were foun& after a ore etensi%e sear!h of the%arious !opartents of the !ar' +s hel& inEalonte %s' -e EillaH 18 SC+ H for su!h asear!h to e %ali&H there ust e a proale!ause' 5n this !aseH there was no proale !auseHas there was nothin, to in&i!ate that +ntonio ha&prohiite& &ru,s insi&e the !opartents of his!ar'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 4ai*er o# Con%ent61989No' 7: Pursuin, reports that ,reat ?uantities of prohiite& &ru,s are ein, su,,le& at ni,httiethrou,h the shores of Ca%iteH the Southern u=onCoan& set up !he!Dpoints at the en& of theCa%ite !oastal roa& to sear!h passin, otor %ehi!les' + 19*"ear ol& o"H who finishe& fifth,ra&eH while &ri%in,H was stoppe& " theauthorities at the !he!Dpoint' 6ithout an"oe!tion fro hiH his !ar was inspe!te&H an& thesear!h "iel&e& ariuana lea%es hi&&en in thetrunD !opartent of the !ar' he prohiite& &ru,

was proptl" sei=e&H an& the o" was rou,ht tothe poli!e station for ?uestionin,' 6as the sear!hwithout warrant le,alL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the sear!h was not %ali&H e!ause there wasno proale !ause for !on&u!tin, the sear!h' +shel& in +le&a San!he= %s' <nite& StatesH #13<'S' 2H while a o%in, %ehi!le !an e sear!he&without a warrantH there ust still e proale!ause' 5n the !ase in ?uestionH there was nothin,to in&i!ate that ariuana lea%es were hi&&en inthe trunD of the !ar' he ere fa!t that the o" &i&not oe!t to the inspe!tion of the !ar &oes not!onstitute !onsent to the sear!h' +s rule& inPeople %s' ur,osH 1## SC+ 1H the failure tooe!t to a warrantless sear!h &oes not !onstitute!onsentH espe!iall" in the li,ht of the fa!t'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:Oes' he re?uireent of proale !ause &iffersfro !ase to !ase' 5n this oneH sin!e the poli!ea,ents are !onfronte& with lar,e*s!alesu,,lin, of prohiite& &ru,sH eisten!e of whi!his of puli! Dnowle&,eH the" !an set up

!he!Dpoints at strate,i! pla!esH in the sae wa"that of in a nei,horhoo& a !hil& is Di&nappe&H itis lawful to sear!h !ars an& %ehi!les lea%in, thenei,horhoo& or %illa,e: his situation is alsosiilar to warrantless sear!hes of o%in,%ehi!les in !ustos areaH whi!h sear!hes ha%eeen uphel&' (Papa %s' a,oH 22 SC+ 87(198)' he rule is ase& on pra!ti!al ne!essit"'



91(

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 4arrante%% Arre%t%6199



91)

No' 9: >ohann learne& that the poli!e werelooDin, for hi in !onne!tion with the rape of an18*"ear ol& ,irlH a nei,hor' @e went to the poli!estation a weeD later an& presente& hiself to the&esD ser,eant' Coin!i&entall"' the rape %i!tiwas in the preises ee!utin, an etrau&i!ialstateent' >ohannH alon, with si

() other suspe!tsH were pla!e& in a poli!e lineupan& the ,irl pointe& to hi as the rapist' >ohannwas arreste& an& lo!De& up in a !ell' >ohann was!har,e& with rape in !ourt ut prior toarrai,nent in%oDe& his ri,ht to preliinar"in%esti,ation' his was &enie& " the u&,eH an&thusH trial pro!ee&e&' +fter the prose!utionpresente& se%eral witnessesH >ohann throu,h!ounselH in%oDe& the ri,ht to ail an& file& aotion thereforH whi!h was &enie& outri,ht " the>u&,e' >ohann now files a petition for !ertiorariefore the Court of +ppeals ar,uin, that: @isarrest was not in a!!or&an!e with law' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the warrantless arrest of >ohann was not ina!!or&an!e with law' +s hel& in $o %' Court of

+ppealsH 20 SC+ 138H his !ase &oes not fallun&er the 5nstan!es in ule 113H se!' (a) of the198 ules of Criinal Pro!e&ure authori=in,warrantless arrests' 5t !annot e !onsi&ere& a%ali& warrantless arrest e!ause >ohann &i& not!oit a !rie in the presen!e of the poli!eoffi!ersH sin!e the" were not present when >ohannha& alle,e&l" rape& his nei,hor' Neither !an 5t e

!onsi&ere& an arrest un&er ule 113 se!' ()whi!h allows an arrest without a warrant to ea&e when a !rie has in fa!t ust een!oitte& an& the person aDin, the arrest haspersonal Dnowle&,e offsets in&i!atin, that theperson to e arreste& !oitte& it' Sin!e >ohannwas arreste& a weeD after the alle,e& rapeH it!annot e &eee& to e a !rie whi!h has usteen !oitte&' Nor &i& the poli!e offi!ers whoarreste& hi ha%e personal Dnowle&,e of fa!tsin&i!atin, that >ohann rape& his nei,hor'

Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 4arrant% o# Arre%t61991No' 8: An the asis of a %erifie& report an&!onfi&ential inforation that %arious ele!troni!e?uipentH whi!h were ille,all" iporte& into thePhilippinesH were foun& in the o&e,a of theiDasan Corporation lo!ate& at 1002 inaDa"anSt'H Ceu Cit"H the Colle!tor of Custos of Ceuissue&H in the ornin, of 2 >anuar" 1988H a6arrant of Sei=ure an& -etention a,ainst the!orporation for the sei=ure of the ele!troni!

e?uipent' he warrant parti!ularl" &es!ries theele!troni! e?uipent an& spe!ifies the pro%isionsof the ariff an& Custos Co&e whi!h were%iolate& " the iportation'

he warrant was ser%e& an& ipleente& in theafternoon of 2 >anuar" 1988 " Custospoli!een who then sei=e& the &es!rie&e?uipent' he in%entor" of the sei=e& arti!les

was si,ne& " the Se!retar" of the iDasanCorporation' he followin, &a"H a hearin, offi!er in the Affi!e of the Colle!tor of Custos!on&u!te& a hearin, on the !onfis!ation of thee?uipent'

wo &a"s thereafterH the !orporation file& with theSupree Court a petition for !ertiorariH prohiitionan& an&aus to set asi&e the warrantH enointhe Colle!tor an& his a,ents fro further pro!ee&in, with the forfeiture hearin, an& tose!ure the return of the !onfis!ate& e?uipentHalle,in, therein that the warrant issue& is null an&

%oi& for the reason thatH pursuant to Se!tion 2 of +rti!le 555 of the 1987 ConstitutionH onl" a u&,ea" issue a sear!h warrant' 5n his !oent tothe petitionH the Colle!tor of CustosH throu,h theAffi!e of the Soli!itor $eneralH !onten&s that he isauthori=e& un&er the ariff an& Custo Co&e toor&er the sei=ure of the e?uipent whose &utiesan& taes were not pai& an& that the !orporation&i& not ehaust a&inistrati%e ree&ies' Shoul&the petition e ,rante&L -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he petition shoul& not e ,rante&' <n&er Se!s'220 an& 2208 of the ariff an& Custos Co&eH!ustos offi!ials are authori=e& to enter an"warehouseH not use& as &wellin,H for the purposeof sei=in, an" arti!le whi!h is sue!t to forfeiture'For this purpose the" nee& no warrant issue& "a !ourt' +s state& in Ei&u"a %s' er&ia,oH 73SC+ 3' for !enturies the sei=ure of ,oo&s "!ustos offi!ials to enfor!e the !ustos lawswithout nee& of a sear!h warrant has eenre!o,ni=e&'

ARTICLE I( Citi)en%'i$A"tion #orCan"eation5 Pre%"ri$tion B E##e"t o# !eat'6199;No' 7: * /n=oH a Chinese nationalH was ,rante&Philippine !iti=enship in a &e!ision ren&ere& "the Court of First 5nstan!e of Papan,a on>anuar" 10H 19' @e tooD his oath of offi!e on>une H 199' 5n 1970H the Soli!itor $eneral file&a petition to !an!el his !iti=enship on the ,roun&that in >ul" 199 the Court of a +ppeals foun&that /n=o ha& !heate& the



91*



916

,o%ernent of in!oe taes for the "ears 19 to199' Sai& &e!ision of the a Court was affire&" the Supree Court in 199' etween 190an& 1970H /n=o ha& a!?uire& sustantial realpropert" 5n the PhilippinesH



917

(1) @as the a!tion for !an!ellation of /n=oBs!iti=enship pres!rie&L(2) Can /n=o asD for the &enial of the petition onthe ,roun& that he ha& a%aile& of the a

+nest" for his ta liailitiesL(3) 6hat is the effe!t on the petition for!an!ellation of /n=oBs !iti=enship if /n=o &ie&&urin, the pen&en!" of the hearin, on sai&petitionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) NoH the a!tion has not pres!rie&' +s hel& inepuli! %s' i OaoH 21# SC+ 7#8H a !ertifi!ateof naturali=alion a" e !an!elle& at an" tie if itwas frau&ulentl" otaine& " islea&in, the !ourtre,ar&in, the oral !hara!ter of the petitioner'

2) NoH /n=o !annot asD for the &enial of thepetition for the !an!ellation of his !ertifi!ate ofnaturali=ation on the ,roun& that he ha& a%aile& ofthe ta anest"' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, inepuli! %s' i OaoH 22# SC+ 7#8H the taanest" erel" reo%e& all the !i%ilH !riinal an&a&inistrati%e liailities of /n=o' 5t &i& not oliteratehis la!D of ,oo& oral !hara!ter an&irreproa!hale !on&u!t' 3) An the assuption thathe left a fail"H the &eath of /n=o &oes not ren&erthe petition for the !an!ellation of his !ertifi!ate ofnaturali=ation oot' +s hel& in epuli! %s' i OaoH

22# SC+ 7#8H the out!oe of the !ase will affe!this wife an& !hil&ren'

Citi)en%'i$5 Ee"ted O##i"ia 6199No' 7: Fer&ie ii,rate& to the <nite& States inthe 1980s' hereafterH he %isite& his hoetownHaDaho"H e%er" other "ear &urin, town fiestas' 5n>anuar" 1993' Fer&ie !ae hoe an& file& his!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for a"or of aDaho"' @ewon in the ele!tions' >oeH the &efeate& !an&i&ateHlearne& that Fer&ie is a ,reen!ar& hol&er whi!hon its fa!e i&entifies Fer&ie as a resi&ent alien

an& on the a!D thereof is !learl" printe&:

Person i&entifie& " this !ar& is entitle& toresi&e peranentl" an& worD in the <nite&States' >oe file& a !ase to &is?ualif" Fer&ie

fro assuin, the a"orship of aDa*ho"'uestions:(1) 6hether or not a ,reen !ar& is proof that thehol&er is a peranent resi&ent of the <nite&States'

(2) 6hether or not Fer&ieBs a!t of filin, his!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" !onstitutes wai%er of hisstatus as a peranent resi&ent of the <nite&States'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) +!!or&in, to the rulin, in Coast %s' Court of

+ppealsH 191 SC+ 229H a ,reen !ar& is proofthat the hol&er is a peranent resi&ent of the<nite& StatesH for it i&entifies the hol&er as a

resi&ent of the <nite& States an& states that thehol&er is entitle& to resi&e peranentl" an& worDin the <nite& States'

2) he filin, of a !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" &oes not!onstitute a wai%er of the status of the hol&er of a,reen !ar& as a peranent resi&ent of the <nite&States' +s hel& in Coast %s' Court of +ppealsH191 SC+229H the wai%er shoul& e anifeste&" an a!t in&epen&ent of an& prior to the filin, ofhis !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!"'

!-a Aegian"e *%= !-a Citi)en%'i$ 61987

No' E555: + was orn in 191 in the <nite&States of a Chinese father an& a Filipina other'<n&er Chinese lawsH +Bs other autoati!all"e!ae a Chinese national " her arria,e'

5n 1973H upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit"H +ele!te& to a!?uire Philippine !iti=enship' @owe%erH+ !ontinue& to resi&e in California an& to !arr"an +eri!an passport' @e also pai& alle,ian!e tothe aipei ,o%ernent' 5n the 1987 PhilippineNational ele!tionsH he was ele!te& Senator' @isopponent o%e& to &is?ualif" hi on the ,roun&s:a) hat he was not a natural orn !iti=en; an& )hat he ha& &ual alle,ian!e not onl" to

the <nite& States ut also to the epuli! ofChina' -e!i&e' SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ele!toral !ontest ust e &isisse&'

(a) + is a natural orn !iti=en' +rt' 5EH Se!' 2 ofthe 1987 Constitution pro%i&es that those whoele!t Philippine !iti=enship in a!!or&an!e withpara,raph (3)H Se!' 1 hereof shall e &eee&

natural orn !iti=ens' he purpose of thispro%ision is to e?uali=e the status of those whoele!te& Philippine !iti=enship efore an& thosewho &i& so after >anuar" 17H 1973 when thepre%ious Constitution tooD effe!t'

() he -<+ +/$5+NC/ &e!lare& inii!al tonational interest in +rt' 5EH Se!' refers to the &ualalle,ian!e of soe su!h as naturali=e& Filipino!iti=ens (ostl" Chinese) who aintain alle,ian!eto Nationalist China as



918



919

shown in soe !ases " their eership in thele,islati%e Ouan after their naturali=ation as!iti=ens of the Philippines' he prohiition &oesnot appl" in situations rou,ht aout " &ual!iti=enshipH su!h as the one in%ol%e& in theprole' 5n&ee&H a Filipino woan !an ha%e &ualalle,ian!e resultin, fro her arria,e to aforei,ner un&er Se!' #H so lon, as she &oes not&o or oit to &o an a!t aountin, to renun!iation

un&er Coonwealth +!t' No' 3H Se!' 1(2)'<n&er this lawH epress renun!iation is &ifferentfro an a!t of alle,ian!e to a forei,n power as a,roun& for loss of Philippine !iti=enship'oreo%erH what !onstitutes &ual alle,ian!einii!al to national interest is an& what thesan!tions for su!h &ual alle,ian!e will eH will stillha%e to e &efine& " law pen&in, a&option ofsu!h le,islationH oe!tion ase& on &ualalle,ian!e will e preature'



91:

!-a Aegian"e *%= !-a Citi)en%'i$ 61988

No' 13: oert rown was orn in @awaii on a"1H 192H of an +eri!an father an& a Filipinaother' An a" 1H 1983 while hol&in, an

+eri!an passportH he re,istere& as a Filipinowith the Philippine Consulate at @onoluluH @awaii'5n SepteerH 1983 he returne& to the PhilippinesHan& tooD up resi&en!e at oa!H arin&u?ueHhoetown of his other' @e re,istere& as a %oterH%ote&H an& e%en parti!ipate& as a lea&er of one of the !an&i&ates in that &istri!t in the 198# atasanele!tions' 5n the ele!tions of 1987H he ran for Con,ressanH an& won' @is sole opponent is now?uestionin, his ?ualifi!ations an& is tr"in, to ousthi on two asi! !lais:

(1) @e is not a natural orn Filipino !iti=enH ut isin fa!tH an +eri!anH orn in @awaiiH an inte,ralportion of the <'S'+'H who hol&s an +eri!anpassport;(2) @e &i& not eet the a,e re?uireent; an&(3) @e has a ,reen !ar& fro the <'S'$o%ernent'

+ssue that "ou are a eer of the @ouse/le!toral riunal where the petition for rownBs

ouster is pen&in,' @ow woul& "ou &e!i&e thethree issues raise& a,ainst hiLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he first an& thir& ,roun&s ha%e no erit' utthe se!on& is well taDen an&H thereforeH rownshoul& e &is?ualifie&'1' oert rown is a natural orn !iti=en of thePhilippines' + person orn of a Filipino otheran& an alien father efore >anuar" 17H 1973H whothereafter upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit" ele!tPhilippine !iti=enshipH is a !iti=en

of the Philippines (+rt' 5EH se!' 1(3))' <n&er +rt'5EH se!H 2 he is also &eee& a natural*orn!iti=en'

2' he Constitution re?uiresH aon, other thin,sHthat a !an&i&ate for eer of the @ouse ofepresentati%es ust e at least 2 "ears of a,eon the &a" of the ele!tion' (+rt' E5H se!' )' +srown was orn on a" 1H 192H he &i& not

e!oe 2 "ears ol& until a" 1H 1987' @en!eon a" 11H 1987H when the ele!tion was hel&H hewas # &a"s short of the re?uire& a,e'

3' he Constitution pro%i&es that those who seeDeither to !han,e their !iti=enship or to a!?uire thestatus of an ii,rant of another !ountr" &urin,their tenure shall e &ealt with " law (+rt' M5Hse!' 17)' he pro%ision !annot appl" to rown forthe followin, reasons: FirstH rown is in a&&itionan +eri!an !iti=en an& thus has a &ual!iti=enship whi!h is allowe& " the Constitution'

(Cf' +rt' 5EH se!' #)H Se!on&H rown &i& not seeD toa!?uire the status of an ii,rantH ut is an

+eri!an " irth un&er the prin!iple of us soliotainin, in the <nite& States' hir&H he &i& notseeD to !han,e his status &urin, his tenure as apuli! offi!er' FourthH the pro%ision of +rt' M5H se!'17 is not self*ee!utin, ut re?uires anipleentin, law' FifthH ut ao%e allH the @ouse/le!toral riunal has no uris&i!tion to &e!i&e this?uestion sin!e it &oes not !on!ern the?ualifi!ation of a eer*ele!t'

!-a Citi)en%'i$ 6199;No' 8: 5n 1989H .en" e"es arrie& en ulo,H anational of the State of Gon,o' <n&er the laws of Gon,oH an alien woan arr"in, a Gon,o nationalautoati!all" a!?uires Gon,o !iti=enship' +fter her arria,eH .en" resi&e& in Gon,o an& a!?uire& aGon,o passport' 5n 1991H .en" returne& to thePhilippines to run for $o%ernor of Sorso,on'

(1) 6as .en" ?ualifie& to run for $o%ernorL(2) Suppose instea& of enterin, politi!s' .en"

ust ,ot herself ele!te& as %i!e*presi&ent of the

Philippine ulletinH a lo!al newspaper' 6as she?ualifie& to hol& that positionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) <n&er Se!tion #H +rti!le 5E of the Constitution'.en" retaine& her Filipino !iti=enship' Sin!e shealso e!ae a !iti=en of Gon,oH she possesses&ual !iti=enship' Pursuant to Se!tion #0 (&) of theo!al $o%ernent Co&eH she is &is?ualifie& to runfor ,o%ernor' 5n a&&itionH if .en" returne& to thePhilippinesH less than a "ear ie&iatel" efore



9(;



9(1

the &a" of the ele!tionH .en" is not ?ualifie& to runfor $o%ernor of Sorso,on' <n&er Se!tion 39(a) of the o!al $o%ernent Co&eH a !an&i&ate for,o%ernor ust e a resi&ent in the pro%in!ewhere he inten&s to run at least one



9((

(1) "ear ie&iatel" pre!e&in, the &a" of theele!tion' " resi&in, in Gon,o upon her arria,ein 1989H .en" aan&one& her resi&en!e in thePhilippines' his is in a!!or&an!e with the

&e!ision in Caasi %s' Court of +ppealsH 191 SC+229'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:No' .en" was not ?ualifie& to run for $o%ernor'<n&er the ConstitutionH !iti=ens of the Philippineswho arr" aliens shall retain their !iti=enshipHunless " their a!t or oission the" are &eee&Hun&er the law to ha%e renoun!e& it' (Se!' #H +rt'5EH Constitution)' @er resi&in, in Gon,o an&a!?uirin, a Gon,o passport are in&i!ati%e of her renun!iation of Philippine !iti=enshipH whi!h is a,roun& for loss of her !iti=enship whi!h she wassuppose& to ha%e retaine&' 6hen she ran for

$o%ernor of Sorso,onH .en" was no lon,er aPhilippine !iti=en an&H hen!eH was &is?ualifie& for sai& position'

2) +lthou,h un&er Se!tion 11(1)H +rti!le ME5 of theConstitutionH ass e&ia ust e wholl" owne& "Filipino !iti=ens an& un&er Se!tion 2 of the +nti*-u" aw aliens a" not inter%ene in theana,eent of an" nationali=e& usiness a!ti%it"'.en" a" e ele!te& %i!e presi&ent of the PhilippineulletinH e!ause she has reaine& a Filipino!iti=en' <n&er Se!tion #H +rti!le 5E of theConstitutionH Filipino !iti=ens who arr" aliensretains their !iti=enship unless " their a!t or oission the" are &eee&H un&er the lawH to ha%erenoun!e& it' he a!ts or oission whi!h will resultin loss of !iti=enship are enuerate& inCoonwealth +!t NoH 3' .en" is not ,uilt" of an"of the' +s hel& in GawaDita %s' <nite& StatesH 3#3<'S' 717H a person who possesses &ual !iti=enshipliDe .en" a" eer!ise ri,hts of !iti=enship in oth!ountries an& the use of a passport pertainin, toone !ountr" &oes not result in loss of !iti=enship inthe other !ountr"'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:NeitherH was .en" ?ualifie& to hol& the position of%i!e*presi&ent of Philippine ulletin' <n&er theConstitutionH the ownership an& ana,eent ofass e&ia shall e liite& to !iti=ensH of thePhilippinesH or to !orporationH !ooperati%es orasso!iations wholl" owne& an& ana,e& " su!h!iti=ens (Se!tion M5 1QH +rt' ME5)H ein, a non*Philippine !iti=enH .en" !an

not ?ualif" to parti!ipate in the ana,eent ofthe ulletin as Ei!e*Presi&ent thereof'

E##e"t o# 0arriage5 Fii$ino 61989NoH 2: (1) il" eh arri%e& in anila on one of her re,ular tours to the Philippines fro aipeh' Sheet Peter $oH a naturali=e& Filipino !iti=en' +fter awhirlwin& !ourtshipH il" an& Peter were arrie& atthe San +,ustin Chur!h' + weeD after the we&&in,H

il" eh petitione& in a&inistrati%e pro!ee&in,sefore ii,ration authorities to &e!lare her aFilipino !iti=en statin, that she ha& none of the&is?ualifi!ations pro%i&e& in the e%ise&Naturali=ation aw' he ilte& Filipino ,irlfrien& of Peter $o oppose& the petition !laiin, that il"eh was still a inor who ha& not e%en !elerate&her 21st irth&a"H who ne%er resi&e& in thePhilippines e!ept &urin, her one*weeD %isit astourist fro aipeh &urin, the Chinese New OearHwho spoDe onl" ChineseH an& who ha& ra&i!ali&eas liDe& a&%o!atin, unifi!ation of aiwan withainlan& China' il" ehH howe%erH swore that she

was renoun!in, her Chinese alle,ian!e an& whileshe Dnew no Filipino !ustos an& tra&itions as "etHshe e%in!e& a sin!ere &esire to learn an& era!ethe' 6oul& il" eh su!!ee& in e!oin, aFilipino !iti=en throu,h her arria,e to Peter $oL/plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH il" eh ipso fa!to e!ae a Philippine !iti=enupon her arria,e to Peter $oH who is a Philippine!iti=enH pro%i&e& she possesses none of the&is?ualifi!ations lai& &own in Se!tion # of thee%ise& Naturali=ation aw' +!!or&in, to to therulin, in o" Oa i Oao %s' Coissioner of 5i,rationH #1 SC+ 292H an alien woan whoarries a Filipino husan& ipso fa!to e!oes aFilipino !iti=en without ha%in, to possess an" of the ?ualifi!ations pres!rie& in Se!tion 2 of thee%ise& Naturali=ation aw pro%i&e& shepossesses none of the &is?ualifi!ations set forth inSe!tion # of the sae law' +ll of the ,roun&sin%oDe& " the forer ,irlfrien& of Peter $o for opposin, the petition of il" ehH e!ept for the lastoneH are ?ualifi!ationsH whi!h il" eh nee& not

possess' he fa!t that il" eh is a&%o!atin, theunifi!ation of aiwan with ainlan& China is not a,roun& for &is?ualifi!ation un&er Se!tion # of thee%ise& Naturali=ation aw'

E##e"t o# Oat' o# Aegian"e 6;(#*a) C+H a Filipina e&i!al te!hnolo,istH left in197 to worD in .A. State' 5n 1988 she arrie&A-@H a !iti=en of .A.' Pursuant to .A.Bs lawH "taDin, an oath of alle,ian!eH she



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a!?uire& her husan&Bs !iti=enship' A-@ &ie& in2001H lea%in, her finan!iall" se!ure&' Shereturne& hoe in 2002H an& sou,ht ele!ti%e offi!ein 200# " runnin, for a"or of +PPH herhoetown' @er opponent sou,ht to ha%e her&is?ualifie& e!ause of her .A. !iti=enship' Shereplie& that althou,h she a!?uire& .A.Bs!iti=enship e!ause of arria,eH she &i& not loseher Filipino !iti=enship' oth her parentsH she

sai&H are Filipino !iti=ens' 5s C+ ?ualifie& to runfor a"orL ()



9(6

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:An the assuption that C+ tooD an oath of alle,ian!e to .A. to a!?uire the !iti=enship of her husan&H she is not ?ualifie& to run for a"or' She &i& not e!oe a !iti=en of .A.erel" " %irtue of her arria,eH she also tooDan oath of alle,ian!e to .A.' " this a!tH she losther Philippine !iti=enship' (Se!tion 1 3QHCoonwealth +!t No' 3')

E##e"t o# Re$atriation 61999No 555 * ' >ulio @ortal was orn of Filipinoparents' <pon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit"H hee!ae a naturali=e& !iti=en in another !ountr"'aterH he rea!?uire& Philippine !iti=enship' Coul&@ortal re,ain his status as natural orn Filipino!iti=enL 6oul& "our answer e the sae whether he rea!?uires his Filipino*!iti=enship "repatriation or " a!t of Con,ressL /plain' (3)

FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:>ulian ortal !an re,ain his status as a naturalorn !iti=en " repatriatin,' Sin!e repatriationin%ol%es restoration of a person to !iti=enshippre%iousl" lost " epatriation an& >ulian ortalwas pre%iousl" a natural orn !iti=enH in !ase herepatriates he will e restore& to his status as anatural orn !iti=en' 5f he rea!?uire& his !iti=enship" an a!t of Con,ressH >ulian @ortal will not e anatural orn !iti=enH sin!e he rea!?uire& his!iti=enship " le,islati%e naturali=ation'

SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:>ulian @ortal !annot re,ain his status as a natural

orn !iti=en " repatriatin,' @e ha& to perforan a!t to a!?uire his !iti=enshipH i'e'H repatriation'<n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionHnatural orn !iti=ens are those who are !iti=ensfro irth without ha%in, to perfor an a!t toa!?uire or perfe!t their !iti=enship' 5f herea!?uire& his !iti=enship " an a!t of Con,ressH>ulian @ortal will not e a natural orn !iti=ensin!e he rea!?uire& his !iti=enship " le,islati%enaturali=ation'

E##e"t o# Re$atriation 6No 5 * + was orn in the Philippines of Filipinoparents' 6hen artial law was &e!lare& in thePhilippines on Septeer 21H 1972H he went to the<nite& States an& was naturali=e& as an +eri!an!iti=en' +fter the /-S+ e%olutionH he !ae hoeto the Philippines an& later on rea!?uire& Philippine!iti=enship " repatriation' Suppose in the a"200# ele!tions he is ele!te& eer of the @ouse

of epresentati%es an& a !ase is file& seeDin, his&is?ualifi!ation on the ,roun& that he is not anatural*orn !iti=en of the PhilippinesH how shoul&the !ase a,ainst hi e &e!i&e&L /plain "our answer' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ase shoul& e &e!i&e& in fa%or of +' +s hel&5n Bengson /. @o*se o Represen+a+i/es :'ec+ora' Trib*na' H 37 SC+ # (2001)H repatriationresults in the re!o%er" of the ori,inal nationalit"'Sin!e + was a natural*orn Filipino !iti=en eforehe e!ae a naturali=e& +eri!an !iti=enH he

was restore& to his forer status as a natural*orn Filipino when he repatriate&'

E##e"t o# Re$atriation 6No 5E * >uan Cru= was orn of Filipino parents in190 in Papan,a' 5n 198H he enliste& in the<'S' arine Corps an& tooD an oath of alle,ian!eto the <nite& States of +eri!a' 5n 1990H he wasnaturali=e& as an +eri!an !iti=en' 5n 199#H hewas repatriate& un&er epuli! +!t No' 2#30'-urin, the 1998 National /le!tionsH he ran for an& was ele!te& representati%e of the First-istri!t of Papan,a where he resi&e& sin!e hisrepatriation' 6as he ?ualifie& to run for thepositionL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Cru= was ?ualifie& to run as representati%e of theFirst -istri!t of Papan,a' Sin!e his parents wereFilipino !iti=ensH he was a natural*orn !iti=en'

+lthou,h he e!ae a naturali=e& +eri!an!iti=enH un&er the rulin, in en,son %' @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toral riunal' 37 SC+# 2001QH " %irtue of his repatriationH Cru= wasrestore& to his ori,inal status as a natural*orn

Filipino !iti=en'

E##e"t% o# 0arriage% 61999No 555* 6hat are the effe!ts of arria,es of:

1 a !iti=en to an alien; (1)

2 an alien to a !iti=en; on their spousesan& !hil&renL -is!uss' (1)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1') +!!or&in, to Se!tion #H +rti!le 5E of theConstitutionH Filipino !iti=ens who arr" aliensretain their !iti=enshipH unless " their a!t or



9(8

oission the" are &eee&H un&er the lawH toha%e renoun!e& it'



9(9

2) +!!or&in, to o Oa i Oao %' Coissioner of 5i,rationH #1 SC+ 292H un&er Se!tion 1 of the e%ise& Naturali=ation awH a forei,n woanwho arries a Filipino !iti=en e!oes a Filipino!iti=en pro%i&e& she possesses none of the&is?ualifi!ations for naturali=ation' + forei,n an

who arries a Filipino !iti=en &oes not a!?uirePhilippine !iti=enship' @owe%erH un&er Se!tion 3 of the e%ise& Naturali=ation +!tH in su!h a !ase theresi&en!e re?uireent for naturali=ation will ere&u!e& fro ten (10) to fi%e () "ears' <n&er Se!tion 1(2)H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH the!hil&ren of an alien an& a Filipino !iti=en are!iti=ens of the Philippines'

E##e"t% o# P'ii$$ine &i o# 19 61No 5 * Fro ainlan& China where he was ornof Chinese parentsH r N"a sa Chan i,rate& to

the Philippines in 189#' +s of +pril 11H 1899H hewas alrea&" a peranent resi&ent of thePhilippine 5slan&s an& !ontinue& to resi&e in this!ountr" until his &eath' -urin, his lifetie an&when he was alrea&" in the PhilippinesH r' N"asa Chan arrie& Charin,H a FilipinaH with whohe e,ot one sonH @ap ChanH who was orn onA!toer 18' 1897' @ap Chan ,ot arrie& also toNifaH a FilipinaH an& one of their !hil&ren wasa!?ui Chan who was orn on Septeer 27H193' a!?ui Chan finishe& the !ourse a!helor of S!ien!e in Coer!e an& e%entuall" en,a,e&

in usiness'

5n the a" 1989 ele!tionH a!?ui Chan ran for an&was ele!te& epresentati%e (Con,ressan)' @is ri%al!an&i&ateH aon -eloriaH file& a ?uo warranto or &is?ualifi!ation !ase a,ainst hi on the ,roun& thathe was not a Filipino !iti=en' 5t was pointe& out inparti!ularH that a!?ui Chan &i& not ele!t Philippine!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of 21'

-e!i&e whether r' a!?ui Chan suffers fro a&is?ualifi!ation or not' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a!?ui Chan is a Filipino !iti=en an& nee& notele!t Philippine !iti=enship' @is fatherH @ap ChanHwas a Spanish sue!tH was resi&in, in thePhilippines on +pril 11H 1899H an& !ontinue& toresi&e in the Philippines' 5n a!!or&an!e withSe!tion # of the Philippine ill of 1902H he was aFilipino !iti=en' @en!eH in a!!or&an!e withSe!tion 1(3T of the 193 ConstitutionH a!?uiChan is a natural orn Filipino !iti=enH sin!e hisfather was a Filipino !iti=en'

Ee"ted O##i"ia 6199No' 1: /&win Ni!asioH orn in the Philippines ofFilipino parents an& raise& in the pro%in!e ofNue%a /!iaH ran for $o%ernor of his hoepro%in!e' @e won an& he was sworn into offi!e' 5twas re!entl" re%eale&H howe%erH that Ni!asio is anaturali=e& +eri!an !iti=en' a) -oes he stillpossess Philippine !iti=enshipL ) 5f the se!on&*

pla!er in the ,uernatorialele!tions files a ?uo warranto suit a,ainstNi!asio an& he is foun& to e &is?ualifie&fro offi!eH !an the se!on&*pla!er e sworn

into offi!e as ,o%ernorL !) 5fH instea&H Ni!asioha& een orn (of the

sae set of parents) in the <nite& Statesan& he there" a!?uire& +eri!an!iti=enship " irthH woul& "our answer e

&ifferentL SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: a) NoH Ni!asiono lon,er possesses Philippine !iti=enship' +s hel&in Fri%al&o %s' CA//CH 17# SC+ 2#H "e!oin, a naturali=e& +eri!an !iti=enH Ni!asio

lost his Philippine !iti=enship' <n&er Se!tion 1(1) ofCoonwealth +!t No' 3H Philippine !iti=enship islost " naturali=ation in a forei,n !ountr"H

) 2n& pla!er !ant e sworn to offi!e'''

!) 5f Ni!asio was orn in the <nite& StatesH hewoul& still e a !iti=en of the PhilippinesH sin!e hisparents are Filipinos' <n&er Se!tion 1(2)H thosewhose fathers or others are !iti=ens of thePhilippines are !iti=ens of the Philippines' Ni!asiowoul& possess &ual !iti=enshipH sin!e un&er

+eri!an aw persons orn in the <nite& Statesare +eri!an !iti=ens' +s hel& in +=nor %s'CA//C' 18 SC+ 703H a person whopossesses oth Philippine an& +eri!an!iti=enship is still a Filipino an& &oes not lose hisPhilippine !iti=enship unless he renoun!es it'

Ee"ting P'ii$$ine Citi)en%'i$ 6>8<?1' +tt"' /il" $oH a le,itiate &au,hter of a

Chinese father an& a Filipino otherH was orn in19#' +t 21H she ele!te& Philippine !iti=enship an&stu&ie& law' She passe& the ar eainationsan& en,a,e& in pri%ate pra!ti!e for an" "ears'he >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il noinate& her as a!an&i&ate for the position of +sso!iate >usti!e ofthe Supree Court' ut her noination is ein,!onteste& " +tt"' >uris CastilloH also an aspirantto the position' She



9(:



9);

!lais that +tt"' /il" $o is not a natural*orn !iti=enH hen!eH not ?ualifie& to eappointe& to the Supree Court' 5s this!ontention !orre!tL ()



9)1

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ontention is not !orre!t' <n&er +rti!le 5EHSe!tion 1(3) of the 1987 ConstitutionH it ispro%i&e& that those orn efore >anuar" 17H 1973of Filipino othersH who ele!t Philippine

Citi=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit" areFilipino !iti=ens' +tt"' /il" $o was orn of aFilipino other in 19# an& ele!te& !iti=enshipupon rea!hin, the a,e of 21' She is a natural ornFilipino !iti=en as pro%i&e& " +rti!le 5EH Se!tion 2of the Constitution R those who ele!tPhilippine !iti=enship in a!!or&an!e withpara,raph (3)H Se!tion 1 hereof shall e &eee&natural*orn !iti=ens' @en!e she is ?ualifie& to eappointe& to the Supree Court'

Ee"ting P'ii$$ine Citi)en%'i$5 4'en Pro$er

6>8<?2' +tt"' i!har& Chua was orn in 19#' @e isa le,itiate son of a Chinese father an& a Filipinoother' @is father e!ae a naturali=e& Filipino!iti=en when +tt"' Chua was still a inor' /%entuall"Hhe stu&ie& law an& was allowe& " the SupreeCourt to taDe the ar eainationsH sue!t to hissuission to the Supree Court proof of hisPhilippine !iti=enship' +lthou,h he ne%er !oplie&with su!h re?uireentH +tt"' Chua pra!ti!e& law for an" "ears until one Noel /u,enio file& with theSupree Court a !oplaint for &isarent a,ainsthi on the ,roun& that he is not a Filipino !iti=en'@e then file& with the ureau of 5i,ration anaffi&a%it ele!tin, Philippine !iti=enship' Noel!onteste& it !laiin, it was file& an" "ears after

+tt"' Chua rea!he& the a,e of aorit"' 6ill +tt"'Chua e &isarre&L /plain' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH +tt"' Chua will not e &isarre&' +tt"' Chua is

alrea&" a Filipino !iti=en an& there was no nee&for hi to file the affi&a%it ele!tin, Filipino!iti=enship' +n ele!tion of Philippine !iti=enshippresupposes that the person ele!tin, is an alien'@is fatherH howe%erH alrea&" e!ae a Filipino!iti=en when +tt"' Chua was still a inor an&thusH he was alrea&" a Filipino efore the a,e of aorit" (Co %' @/H $'' Nos' 92191*92H >ul"30H1991)'

Nat-ra &orn Fii$ino 61989

NoH 2: (2) + !hil& was orn to a >apanese father an& a Filipina other' 6oul& he e eli,ile to runfor the position of eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es upon rea!hin, twent"*fi%e "earsof a,eLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !hil& !an run for the @ouse of epresentati%espro%i&e& upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit" heele!te& Philippine !iti=enship' <n&er Se!tion H

+rti!le E5 of the 1987 ConstitutionH to ?ualif" to ea eer of the @ouse of epresentati%esH oneust e a natural*orn Philippine !iti=en'

+!!or&in, to Se!tion 1 (3)H +rti!le 5E of the 1987ConstitutionH !hil&ren orn efore >anuar" 17H1973 of Filipino othersH who ele!t Philippine!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit" arePhilippine !iti=ens'

Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es: hose who ele!t Philippine !iti=enship ina!!or&an!e with para,raph (3)H Se!tion 1 hereof

shall e &eee& natural*orn !iti=ens' An theother han&H if the !hil& was orn after >anuar" 17H1973H he woul& e !onsi&ere& a natural orn!iti=en without nee& of ele!tion pursuant to +rt' 5EHSe!' 1(2)'

Nat-ra &orn Fii$ino 61998No 5E * +n&res +n, was orn of a Chinese father an& a Filipino other in Sorso,onH Sorso,on' An>anuar" 20H 1973H in 1988H his father wasnaturali=e& as a Filipino !iti=en' An a" 11H 1998H

+n&res +n, was ele!te& epresentati%e of theFirst -istri!t of Sorso,on' >uan onto whore!ei%e& the se!on& hi,hest nuer of %otesHfile& a petition for uo 6arranto a,ainst +n,' hepetition was file& with the @ouse of epresentati%e /le!toral riunal (@/)' onto!onten&s that +n, is not a natural orn !iti=en of the Philippines an& therefore is &is?ualifie& to ea eer of the @ouse'

he @/ rule& in fa%or of +n,' onto file& apetition for !ertiorari in the Supree Court' hefollowin, issues are raise&:

(1) 6hether the !ase is usti!iale !onsi&erin, that +rti!le E5' Se!tion 17 of the Constitution &e!laresthe @/ to e the sole >u&,e of all !ontestsrelatin, to the ele!tion returns an&&is?ualifi!ations of eers of the @ouse ofepresentati%es' Q(2) 6hether +n, is a natural o !iti=en of thePhilippines' WQ @ow shoul& this !ase e&e!i&e&L SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



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1' he !ase is usti!iale' (,ra%e ause of&is!retion)'''2' +n&res +n, shoul& e !onsi&ere& a naturalorn !iti=en of the Philippines' @e was orn of aFilipino other on >anuar" 20H 1973' his wasafter the effe!ti%it" of the 1973 Constitution on>anuar" 17H 1973' <n&er Se!tion (1)H +rti!le 555 ofthe 1973 ConstitutionH those whose fathers orothers are !iti=ens of the Philippines are !iti=ens

of the Philippines' +n&res +n, reaine& a !iti=enof the Philippines after the effe!ti%it" of the 1987Constitution' Se!tion 1H +rti!le 5E of the 1987Constitution pro%i&es: he followin, are !iti=ensof the Philippines: (l) hose who are !iti=ens ofthe Philippines at the tie of the a&option of thisConstitution;

Nat-ra<&orn Fii$ino6199No' 1: 5n 19#H uffaH a Filipina &oesti! helperworDin, in @on,Don,H went to aipei for a %a!ationHwhere she et Chen, Sio PaoH who shearrie&' <n&er Chinese awH uffa autoati!all"

e!ae a Chinese !iti=en' he !ouple resi&e& in@on,Don,H where on a" 9H 19H uffa ,a%eirth to a o" nae& /rnest' <pon rea!hin, thea,e of aorit"H /rnest ele!te& Philippine!iti=enship' +fter the /-S+ e%olutionH /rnest&e!i&e& to li%e peranentl" in the PhilippinesHwhere he prospere& as a usinessan' -urin, thea" 11H 1993 ele!tionH /rnest ran an& won as a!on,ressan' @is opponentH notin, /rnestBsChinese an!estr"H file& a petition to &is?ualif" thelatter on the followin, ,roun&s; (1) /rnest Chen, isnot a natural orn Filipino; an& (2) he is un&er*a,e&' -e!i&e'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) /rnest !annot e &is?ualifie&' Se!tion 1H +rti!le5E of the Constitution pro%i&es: he followin, are!iti=ens of the Philippines; MMM MMM MMM (3)hose orn efore >anuar" 17H 1973H of FilipinoothersH who ele!t Philippine !iti=enship uponrea!hin, the a,e of aorit"; /rnest !oul& ele!tPhilippine !iti=enship sin!e he was orn efore>anuar" 17H 1973 an& his other is a Filipino' +sstate& in the !ases of orres %s' an ChiH 9 Phil'18 an& Cu %s' epuli!H 83 Phil' #73H for this

pro%ision to appl"H the other nee& not e aFilipino !iti=en at the tie she ,a%e irth to the!hil& in ?uestion' 5t is suffi!ient that she was aFilipino !iti=en at the tie of her arria,e'AtherwiseH the nuer of persons who woul& eenefite& " the fore,oin, pro%ision woul& eliite&'

@a%in, ele!te& Philippine !iti=enshipH /rnest is anatural*orn Filipino !iti=en in a!!or&an!e

with Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionHwhi!h rea&s:

hose who ele!t Philippine !iti=enship ina!!or&an!e with para,raph (3)H Se!tion 1+e!eo &+all e dee#ed natu!al o!n citien&.@

(> E!ne&t i& not unde!-aged. <#ini#u# (6y!& old>....

Nat-rai)ation5 Can"eation o# Citi)en%'i$61998No M' * i on, iaoH a Chinese !iti=en applie&for an& was ,rante& Philippine !iti=enship " the!ourt' @e tooD his oath as !iti=en of the Philippinesto >ul" 193H in 197H the Affi!e of the Soli!itor $eneral file& a petition to !an!el his Philippine!iti=enship for the reason that in +u,ust 193H theCourt of a +ppeals foun& hi ,uilt" of tae%asion for &elieratel" un&erstatin, his in!oetaes for the "ears 199*191'

(1) Coul& i on, iao raise the &efense of

pres!ription of the a!tion for !an!ellation of hisFilipino !iti=enshipL 3Q(2) Supposin, i on, iao ha& a%aile& of thea +nest" of the ,o%ernent for his taliailitiesH woul& this !onstitute a %ali& &efense tothe !an!ellation of his Filipino !iti=enshipL 2Q

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' NoH i on, iao !annot raise the &efense ofpres!ription' +s hel& in epuli! us' $o on eeH1 SC+ 11H 1170H a &e!ision ,rantin,!iti=enship is not res u&i!ata an& the ri,ht of the,o%ernent to asD for the !an!ellation of a!ertifi!ate !an!ellation is not arre& " the lapseof tie'

2' he fa!t that i on, iao a%aile& of the taanest" is not a %ali& &efense to the !an!ellationof his Filipino !iti=enship' 5n epuli! %s' i OaoH21# SC+ 7#8H 7#H the Supree Court hel&:

5n other wor&sH the ta anest" &oes not ha%ethe effe!t of oliteratin, his la!D of ,oo& oral!hara!ter an& irreproa!hale !on&u!t whi!hare ,roun&s for &enaturali=ationH

Re%iden"y Re-ire+ent%5 Ee"ti*e O##i"ia6>9<(1) 5n the a" 8H199 ele!tions for lo!aloffi!ials whose ters were to !oen!e on >une30H 199H i!D" file& on ar!h 20H 199 his!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the Affi!e of $o%ernor of a,una' @e wonH ut his ?ualifi!ations as anele!te& offi!ial was ?uestione&' 5t is a&itte& that



9)*



9)6

he is a repatriate& Filipino !iti=en an& aresi&ent of the Pro%in!e of a,una' o e?ualifie& for the offi!e to whi!h a lo!aloffi!ial has een ele!te&H when at the latestshoul& he e: ()



9)7

<a> A ili/ino Citien E/lain.

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he !iti=enship re?uireent is to e possesse& "an ele!ti%e offi!ial at the latest as of the tie he ispro!laie& an& at the start of the ter of offi!e towhi!h he has een ele!te&' Se!tion 39 of theo!al $o%ernent Co&eH whi!h enuerates the?ualifi!ations of ele!ti%e lo!al ,o%ernent offi!ialsH&oes not spe!if" an" parti!ular &ate or tie whenthe !an&i&ate ust possess !iti=enship' (Fri%al&o%' CA//CH$'' No' 12029H >une 28H199)

() + resi&ent of the lo!alit"L /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er Se!tion 39 of the o!al $o%ernentCo&eH an in&i%i&ual ust possess the resi&en!"re?uireent in the lo!alit" where he inten&s torun at least one "ear ie&iatel" pre!e&in, the&a" of ele!tion'

Stat-%5 Iegiti+ate C'id 6199No' 3: O was ele!te& Senator in the a" 1987national ele!tions' @e was orn out of we&lo!D in19#9 of an +eri!an father an& a naturali=e&Filipina other' O ne%er ele!te& Philippine

!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit"'(1) efore what o&" shoul& H the losin,!an&i&ateH ?uestion the ele!tion of OL State thereasons for "our answer'(2) 5s O a Filipino !iti=enL /plain "ouranswer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) H the losin, !an&i&ateH shoul& ?uestion theele!tion of O efore the Senate /le!toral riunalH''''

(2) OesH O is a Filipino !iti=en' ore than that heis a natural orn !iti=en of the Philippines

?ualifie& to e!oe a Senator' Sin!e O is anille,itiate !hil& of a Filipino otherH he followsthe !iti=enship of his other' @e nee& not ele!tPhilippine !iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e ofaorit" as hel& 5n re allare' 9 SC+ #' 5nAsias %' +ntoninoH /le!toral Case No' 11H +u,ustH 1971H the Senate /le!toral riunal hel& thatthe ille,itiate !hil& of an alien father an& aFilipino other is a Filipino !iti=en an& is ?ualifie&to e a Senator'

Stat-%5 Iegiti+ate C'id5 !-a Citi)en%'i$6199?No' 8: 2) M was orn in the <nite& States of aFilipino father an& a ei!an other' @e returne&to the Philippines when he was twent"*si "earsof a,eH !arr"in, an +eri!an passport an& hewas re,istere& as an alien with the ureau of 5i,ration'

6as M ?ualifie& to run for eership in the@ouse of epresentati%es in the 199 ele!tionsL/plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:6hether or not M was ?ualifie& to run for eership in the @ouse of epresentati%es in the199 ele!tion &epen&s on the !ir!ustan!es'

5f M was an 5lle,itiate !hil&H he is not ?ualifie& torun for the @ouse of epresentati%es' +!!or&in,to the !ase of in re allareH 9 SC+ #H anille,itiate !hil& follows the !iti=enship of the

other' Sin!e the other of M is a ei!anH hewill e a ei!an !iti=en if he is an ille,itiate!hil&H e%en if his father is a Filipino'

5f M is a le,itiate !hil&H he is a Filipino !iti=en'<n&er Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionHthose whose fathers are !iti=ens of the Philippinesare Filipino !iti=ens' Sin!e M was orn in the<nite& StatesH whi!h follows us soliH M is also an

+eri!an !iti=en' 5n a!!or&an!e with +=nar %s'CoissionH on /le!tionsH 18 SC+ 703H theere fa!t a person with &ual !iti=enship re,istere&as an alien with the Coission on 5i,rationan& -eportation &oes not ne!essaril" ean thathe is renoun!in, his Philippine !iti=enship'iDewiseH the ere fa!t that M use& an +eri!anpassport &i& not result in the loss of his Philippine!iti=enship' +s hel& in GawaDita %s' <ntie& StatesH3#3 <'S' 717H sin!e a person with &ual !iti=enshiphas the ri,hts of !iti=enship in oth !ountriesH theuse of a passport issue& " one !ountr" is notin!onsistent with his !iti=enship in the other !ountr"'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

5f M has taDen an oath of alle,ian!e to the <'S' hewill e &eee& to ha%e renoun!e& his Philippine!iti=enship' Conse?uentl"H he is &is?ualifie& to runfor the @ouse of epresentati%es'

Stat-%5 Legiti+ate C'id 6No 5E * i,uel Sin was orn a "ear a,o in Chinato a Chinese father an& a Filipino other @isparents et in Shan,hai where the" were



9)8



9)9

lawfull" arrie& ust two "ears a,o' 5s i,uel Sina Filipino !iti=enL



9):

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:i,uel Sin is a Filipino !iti=en e!ause he is thele,itiate !hil& of a Filipino other' <n&er +rti!le5EH Se!tion # of the 1987 ConstitutionH his other retaine& her Philippine !iti=enship &espite her arria,e to an alien husan&H an& a!!or&in, to

+rti!le 5EH Se!tion 1(2) of the 1987 ConstitutionH

!hil&ren orn of a Filipino other are Filipino!iti=ens'

4ay% o# Rea"-iring Citi)en%'i$ 6No ME555' * Cru=H a Filipino " irthH e!ae an

+eri!an !iti=en' 5n his ol& a,e he has returne&to the !ountr" an& wants to e!oe a Filipinoa,ain' +s his law"erH enuerate the wa"s "whi!h !iti=enship a" e rea!?uire&' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Cru= a" rea!?uire Philippine !iti=enship in thefollowin, wa"s:

1 " naturali=ation;

2 " repatriation pursuant to epuli! +!t No'8171; an&

3 " &ire!t a!t of Con,ress (Se!tion 2 ofCoonwealth +!t No' 3)'

ARTICLE (I Legi%ati*e!e$art+ent

A$$ro$riation o# P-bi" F-nd% 61988No' : * etropolitan newspapers ha%e reporte& thatthe Philippine $aes an& +useent Corporation(P+$CA) ,i%es heft" !ontriutions to ala!anan,H

to fun& so!ioe!onoi! an& !i%i! proe!ts of thePresi&entH he reports a&& that for 1988 aloneHsoe si hun&re& illion (P00) pesos ha%ealrea&" een eararDe& for reittan!e to the Affi!eof the Presi&ent' P+$CA ha& also een reporte&to ha%e fun&e&H as !oor&inate& " a Con,ressanfro in&anaoH spe!ial proe!ts of ?uite a nuer of eers of the @ouse of epresentati%es'

+ssuin, that one" earne& " P+$CA fro its

operations are puli! fun&sH are su!h !ontriutionsto ala!aXan, an& to !ertain Con,ressen an&their epen&iture as reporte&H le,alL Cite!onstitutional or &e!isional rules in support of "our answer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ontriutions a&e to ala!aXan, an& to!ertain !on,ressen are 5lle,al' <n&er art' E5H se!'29(1) no one" !an e pai& out of the reasur"e!ept in pursuan!e of an appropriation a&e "law' he &isurseent

of puli! fun&s " P+$CAH not ein, a&epursuant to an appropriation a&e " lawH%iolates the Constitution'

A$$ro$riation o# P-bi" F-nd%5 !ebt Ser*i"ing6199No 13: /plain how the autoati! appropriation of puli! fun&s for &et ser%i!in, !an e re!on!ile&with +rti!le E5H Se!tion 29(1) of the Constitution'

Sai& pro%ision sa"s that no one" shall e pai&out of the reasur" e!ept in pursuan!e of anappropriation a&e " law'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+s state& in $uin,ona %s' Cara,ueH 19 SC+221H the presi&ential &e!rees pro%i&in, for theappropriation of fun&s to pa" the puli! &et &o not%iolate Se!tion 29(1)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitution'he" pro%i&e for a !ontinuin, appropriationH thereis no !onstitutional prohiition a,ainst this' hepresi&ential &e!rees appropriate as u!h one"as is nee&e& to pa" the prin!ipalH interestH taesan& other noral anDin, !har,es on the loan'

+lthou,h no spe!ifi! aounts are entione&H theaounts are !ertain e!ause the" !an e!opute& fro the ooDs of the National reasur"'

A$$ro$riation o# P-bi" F-nd%5 P-bi"P-r$o%e% 61988No' 7: * awi*awi is a pre&oinantl" oslepro%in!e' he $o%ernorH the Ei!e*$o%ernorH an&eers of its San,,unian, Panlalawi,an are allosles' 5ts u&,et pro%i&es the $o%ernor with a!ertain aount as his &is!retionar" fun&s' e!entl"Hhowe%erH the San,,unian, Panlalawi,an passe& aresolution appropriatin, P100H000 as a spe!ial&is!retionar" fun& of the $o%ernorH to' e spent "hi in lea&in, a pil,ria,e of his pro%in!eates toe!!aH Sau&i +raiaH 5slaBs holiest !it"'

Phil!onsaH on !onstitutional ,roun&sH has file&suit to nullif" the resolution of the San,,unian,Panlalawi,an ,i%in, the spe!ial &is!retionar"fun& to the $o%ernor for the state& purpose' @ow

woul& "ou &e!i&e the !aseL $i%e "our reasons'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he resolution is un!onstitutional FirstH it %iolatesart' E5H se!' 29(2) of the Constitution whi!hprohiits the appropriation of puli! one" or propert"H &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl"H for the useH enefitor support of an" s"ste of reli,ionH an&H se!on&Hit !ontra%enes art' E5H se!H 2() whi!h liits theappropriation of &is!retionar" fun&s onl" for puli!purposes'



9*;



9*1

he use of &is!retionar" fun&s for purel" reli,iouspurpose is thus un!onstitutionalH an& the fa!t thatthe &isurseent is a&e " resolution of a lo!alle,islati%e o&" an& not " Con,ress &oes notaDe it an" less offensi%e to the Constitution'

+o%e allH the resolution !onstitutes a !lear%iolation of the Non*estalishent Clause (art' 555Hse!' ) of the Constitution'



9*(

Co++i%%ion on A$$oint+ent% 6No 555 * Suppose there are 202 eers in the@ouse of epresentati%es' Af this nuerH 18elon, to the Pro,ressi%e Part" of the Philippinesor PPPH while 17 elon, to the Citi=ens Part" or CP'@ow woul& "ou answer the followin, ?uestionsre,ar&in, the representation of the @ouse in theCoission on +ppointentsL

+' + @ow an" seats woul& the PPP e entitle&to ha%e in the Coission on +ppointentsL/plain "our answer full"' ()

' Suppose 1 of the CP representati%esH whileaintainin, their part" affiliationH entere& into apoliti!al allian!e with the PPP in or&er to for theainow CoalitionBB in the @ouse' 6hat effe!tH if an"H woul& this ha%e on the ri,ht of the CP to ha%ea seat or seats in the Coission on

+ppointentsL /plain "our answer full"' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +' he 18 eers of the Pro,ressi%e Part" of the Philippines represent 91'8 per !ent of the 202eers of the @ouse of epresentati%es' 5na!!or&an!e with +rti!le E5H Se!tion 18 of theConstitutionH it is entitle& to ha%e ten of the twel%eseats in the Coission on +ppointents'

+lthou,h the 18 eers of Pro,ressi%e Part" of the Philippines represent10'98 seats in the Coission on +ppointentsHun&er the rulin, in $uin,ona %' $on=alesH 21#SC+ 789 (1992)H a fra!tional eership !annote roun&e& off to full eership e!ause it willresult in o%er*representation of that politi!al part"an& un&er*representation of the other politi!alparties'

' he politi!al allian!e fore& " the 1eers of the Citi=ens Part" with thePro,ressi%e Part" of the Philippines will not resultin the &iinution of the nuer of seats in theCoission on +ppointents to whi!h theCiti=ens Part" is entitle&' +s hel& in Cunanan %'anH SC+ 1 (192)H a teporar" allian!eetween the eers of one politi!al part" an&another politi!al part" &oes not authori=e a!han,e in the eership of the

Coission on +ppointentsH AtherwiseH theCoission on +ppointents will ha%e to ereor,ani=e& as often as %otes shift fro one si&e toanother in the @ouse of epresentati%es'

!eegation o# Poer% 6No ME55' * Suppose that Con,ress passe& a law!reatin, a -epartent of @uan @aitat an&

authori=in, the -epartent Se!retar" toproul,ate ipleentin, rules an& re,ulations'Suppose further that the law &e!lare& that %iolationof the ipleentin, rules an& re,ulations soissue& woul& e punishale as a !rie an&authori=e& the -epartent Se!retar" to pres!riethe penalt" for su!h %iolation' 5f the law &efines!ertain a!ts as %iolations of the law an& aDesthe punishaleH for eapleH with iprisonentof three (3) "ears or a fine in the aount of P10H000'00H or oth su!h iprisonent an& fineHin the &is!retion of the !ourtH !an it e pro%i&e& inthe ipleentin, rules an& re,ulations

proul,ate& " the -epartent Se!retar" thattheir %iolation will also e sue!t to the saepenalties as those pro%i&e& in the law itselfL/plain "our answer full"' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he rules an& re,ulations proul,ate& " theSe!retar" of @uan @aitat !annot pro%i&e thatthe penalties for their %iolation will e the saeas the penalties for the %iolation of the law' +shel& in <nite& States %' arriasH 11 Phil' 327(1908)H the fiin, of the penalt" for !riinal

offenses in%ol%es the eer!ise of le,islati%epower an& !annot e &ele,ate&' he law itself ust pres!rie the penalt"'

!eegation o# Poer%5 6>?<(2) Se!tion 32 of epuli! +!t No' #70 (hea,na Carta for Puli! S!hool ea!hers) rea&s:

Se!' 32' Penal Pro%ision' R + person who shallwillfull" interfere withH restrain or !oer!e an"tea!her in the eer!ise of his ri,hts ,uarantee&" this +!t or who shall in an" other anner !oit an" a!t to &efeat an" of the pro%isions

of this +!t shallH upon !on%i!tionH e punishe&" a fine of not less than one hun&re& pesos nor ore than one thousan& pesosH or "iprisonentH in the &is!retion of the !ourt'

5s the pro%iso ,rantin, the !ourt the authorit" toipose a penalt" or iprisonent in its &is!retion!onstitutionalL /plain riefl"' (#)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



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9**

he pro%iso is un!onstitutional' Se!tion 32 of



9*6

'+' No' #70 pro%i&es for an in&eterinaleperio& of iprisonentH with neither a iniunor a aiu &uration ha%in, een set " thele,islati%e authorit"' he !ourts are thus ,i%enwi&e latitu&e of &is!retion to fi the ter of iprisonentH without e%en the enefit of an"suffi!ient stan&ar&H su!h that the &uration thereof a" ran,eH in the wor&s of respon&ent u&,eH

fro one inute to the life span of the a!!use&'his !annot e allowe&' 5t %ests in the !ourts apower an& a &ut" essentiall" le,islati%e in naturean& whi!hH as applie& to this !aseH &oes %iolen!eto the rules on separation of powers as well asthe non*&ele,ailit" of le,islati%e powers' (People%' >u&,e -a!u"!u"H$'' No' *#127H a" H 1989)

!eegation o# Poer%5 Co+$etene%% Te%t5S-##i"ient Standard Te%t 6>?<(1) he two a!!epte& tests to &eterinewhether or not there is a %ali& &ele,ation of

le,islati%e power are the Copleteness est an&the Suffi!ient Stan&ar& est' /plain ea!h' (#)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:<n&er the CAP//N/SS /SH a law uste !oplete in all its ters an& pro%isions whenit lea%es the le,islature that nothin, is left to the

u&,ent of the &ele,ate' he le,islature &oesnot a&i!ate its fun!tions when it &es!ries what

o ust e &oneH who is to &o itH an& what is thes!ope of his authorit"' @owe%erH a &ele,ation of power to aDe the laws whi!h ne!essaril"in%ol%es a &is!retion as to what it shall e a"not !onstitutionall" e &one' (/&u%' /ri!taH $'' No' *3209H A!toer 2#H 1970)

<n&er the S<FF5C5/NCO AF S+N-+-S/SH the statute ust not onl" &efine afun&aental le,islati%e poli!"H arD its liits an&oun&ariesH an& spe!if" the puli! a,en!" toeer!ise the le,islati%e power' 5t ust alsoin&i!ate the !ir!ustan!es un&er whi!h thele,islati%e !oan& is to e effe!te&' o a%oi&the taint of unlawful &ele,ationH there ust e a

stan&ar&H whi!h iplies at the %er" least that thele,islature itself &eterines atters of prin!iplean& la"s &own fun&aental poli!"' (Freeelephone 6orDers <nion %' inister of aorH$'' No' *818#H A!toer 30H 1981)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:CAP//N/SS /S' he law ust e!oplete in all its essential ters an& !on&itionswhen it lea%es the le,islature so that there will enothin, left for the &ele,ate to &o

when it rea!hes hi e!ept to enfor!e it' (See5S %' +n, an, @oH $'' No' *17122H Feruar"27H 1922)

S<FF5C5/N S+N-+- /S' + suffi!ientstan&ar& is inten&e& to ap out the oun&aries of the &ele,ateBs authorit" " &efinin, the le,islati%epoli!" an& in&i!atin, the !ir!ustan!es un&er whi!h it is to e pursue& an& effe!te&; inten&e& to

pre%ent a total transferen!e of le,islati%e power fro the le,islature to the &ele,ate' he stan&ar& isusuall" in&i!ate& in the law &ele,atin, le,islati%epower' (See Onot u' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH$'' No' 7##7H ar!h 20H 1987)

!i%"i$ine5 0ode% o# Re+o*a 6199No' 11: * @ow a" the followin, e reo%e&fro offi!e: 1) Senators 4 Con,ressen 2)>u&,es of lower !ourts 3) Affi!ers an&eplo"ees in the Ci%il Ser%i!e

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) 5n a!!or&an!e with +rt' 555H se!tion 1(3)H of theConstitutionH Senators an& Con,ressen a" ereo%e& " their /MP<S5AN for &isor&erl"eha%iorH with the !on!urren!e of at least two*thir&s of all the eers of the @ouse to whi!hthe" elon,' 5n a&&itionH the" a" also ereo%e& in !onse?uen!e of an ele!tion !ontestfile& with the Senate or @ouse of epresentati%es/le!toral riunal'

2) +s to >u&,esH +rt' E555H se!' 11 of theConstitutionH ''''

3) +s to Ci%il Ser%i!e /plo"eesH +rt' 5M*' Se!'2(3) of the Constitution''''

!i%"i$ine5 S-%$en%ion o# a 0e+ber o# t'eCongre%% 6No 55' * Sieon Ealera was forerl" a Pro%in!ial$o%ernor who ran an& won as a eer of the@ouse of epresentati%es for the Se!on&Con,ressional -istri!t of lloilo' For %iolation of Se!tion 3 of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es

+!t ('+' No'3019)H as aen&e&H alle,e&l"!oitte& when he was still a Pro%in!ial$o%ernorH a !riinal !oplaint was file& a,ainsthi efore the Affi!e of the Au&san for whi!hH upon a fin&in, of proale !auseH a!riinal !ase was file& with the San&i,ana"an'-urin, the !ourse of trialH the San&i,ana"anissue& an or&er of pre%enti%e suspension for 90&a"s a,ainst hi'



9*7



9*8

epresentati%e Ealera ?uestione& the %ali&it" ofthe San&i,ana"an or&er on the ,roun& thatHun&er +rti!le E5H Se!tion 1(3) of the ConstitutionHhe !an e suspen&e& onl" " the @ouse ofepresentati%es an& that the !riinal !asea,ainst hi &i& not arise fro his a!tuations as aeer of the @ouse of epresentati%es' 5sepresentati%e EaleraBs !ontention !orre!tL 6h"L()



9*9

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !ontention of epresentati%e Ealera is not!orre!t +s hel& in Santia,o %' San&i,ana"anH3 SC+ 3H the suspension !onteplate& in

+rti!le E5H Se!tion 1(3) of the Constitution is apunishent that is ipose& " the Senate or @ouse of epresentati%es upon an errin,eerH it is &istin!t fro the suspension un&er Se!tion 13 of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es

+!tH whi!h is not a penalt" ut a pre%enti%eeasure' Sin!e Se!tion 13 of the +nti*$raft an&Corruption Pra!ti!es +!t &oes not state that thepuli! offi!er ust e suspen&e& onl" in the offi!e

where he is alle,e& to ha%e !oitte& the a!tswhi!h he has een !har,e&H it applies to an"offi!e whi!h he a" e hol&in,'

Ee"ted O##i"ia5 !e Fa"to O##i"er 6; 61<b +E/ ran for Con,ressan of < pro%in!e'@owe%erH his opponentH +H was the onepro!laie& an& seate& as the winner of theele!tion " the CA//C' +E/ file& seasonal" aprotest efore @/ (@ouse of epresentati%es/le!toral riunal)' +fter two "earsH @/re%erse& the CA//CBs &e!ision an& +E/ waspro!laie& finall" as the &ul" ele!te&Con,ressan' husH he ha& onl" one "ear toser%e in Con,ress'

Can +E/ !olle!t salaries an& allowan!es frothe ,o%ernent for the first two "ears of his teras Con,ressanL

Shoul& + refun& to the ,o%ernent thesalaries an& allowan!es he ha& re!ei%e& asCon,ressanL

6hat will happen to the ills that + aloneauthore& an& were appro%e& " the @ouse of epresentati%es while he was seate& asCon,ressanL eason an& eplain riefl"' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: +E/ !annot !olle!tsalaries an& allowan!es fro the ,o%ernent for the first two "ears of his terH e!ause in theeanwhile + !olle!te& the salaries an&allowan!es' +

was a &e fa!to offi!er while he was in possessionof the offi!e' o allow +E/ to !olle!t the salariesan& allowan!es will result in aDin, the,o%ernent pa" a se!on& tie' (e!heH +reatise on the aw of Puli! Affi!es an& Puli!Affi!ersH 1890Q pp' 222*223')

+ is not re?uire& to refun& to the ,o%ernentthe salaries an& allowan!es he re!ei%e&' +s a &e

fa!to offi!erH he is entitle& to the salaries an&allowan!es e!ause he ren&ere& ser%i!es &urin,his in!uen!"' (o&ri,ue= %' anH 91 Phil' 72#192Q)

he ills whi!h + alone authore& an& wereappro%e& " the @ouse of epresentati%es are%ali& e!ause he was a &e fa!to offi!er &urin,his in!uen!"' he a!ts of a &e fa!to offi!er are%ali& insofar as the puli! is !on!erne&' (People%' $ar!iaH 313 SC+ 279 1999Q)'

Ee"tora Trib-na5 HRET 0e+ber%J Rig't B

Re%$on%ibiitie% 6No 5E' 5n an ele!tion !aseH the @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toral riunal ren&ere& a&e!ision uphol&in, the ele!tion protest of protestant +H a eer of the Free&o Part"Ha,ainst protestee H a eer of the Fe&eralPart"' he &e!i&in, %ote in fa%or of + was !ast "epresentati%e MH a eer of the Fe&eralPart" '

For ha%in, %ote& a,ainst his part" ateHepresentati%e M was reo%e& " esolution of the @ouse of epresentati%esH at the instan!e of his part" (the Fe&eral Part")H fro eership inthe @/' epresentati%e M proteste& hisreo%al on the ,roun& that he %ote& on the asisof the e%i&en!e presente& an& !onten&e& that heha& se!urit" of tenure as a @/ eer an&that he !annot e reo%e& e!ept for a %ali&!ause'

6ith whose !ontention &o "ou a,reeH that of theFe&eral Part" or that of epresentati%e ML 6h"L()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

5 a,ree with the !ontention of epresentati%e M' +shel& 5n on&o! %' Pine&aH 201 SC+ 792 (1991)Hthe eers of the @ouse of epresentati%es/le!toral riunal are entitle& to se!urit" of tenureliDe eers of the u&i!iar"' eership in it a"not e terinate& e!ept for a ust !ause' -islo"alt"to part" is not a %ali& ,roun& for the epulsion of aeer of the @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toralriunal' 5ts eers ust &is!har,e their fun!tions with ipartialit" an&



9*:



96;

in&epen&en!e fro the politi!al part" to whi!hthe" elon,'



961

Ee"tora Trib-na5 Senate5 .-ri%di"tion 6199

No' 3: O was ele!te& Senator in the a" 1987national ele!tions' @e was orn out of we&lo!D in19#9 of an +eri!an father an& a naturali=e&Filipina other' O ne%er ele!te& Philippine

!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit"'efore what o&" shoul& H the losin, !an&i&ateH?uestion the ele!tion of OLState the reasons for "our answer' 5s O aFilipino !iti=enL /plain "our answer'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) H the losin, !an&i&ateH shoul& ?uestion theele!tion of O efore the Senate /le!toral riunalHe!ause the issue in%ol%e& is the ?ualifi!ation of O to e a Senator' Se!tion 17H +rti!le E5 of the1987 Constitution pro%i&es that' he Senate an&the @ouse of epresentati%es shall ea!h*ha%e an/le!toral riunal whi!h shall e the sole u&,e of

all !ontests relatin, to the ele!tionH returnsH an&?ualifi!ations of their respe!ti%e eers'

(2) OesH O is a natural orn Filipino !iti=en' ''''

Foreign A##air%5 Roe o# Ho-%e o# Re$ 6199?No' 7: ) Can the @ouse of epresentati%es taDea!ti%e part in the !on&u!t of forei,n relationsHparti!ularl" in enterin, into treaties an&international a,reeentsL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the @ouse of epresentati%es !annot taDea!ti%e part in the !on&u!t of forei,n relationsHparti!ularl" in enterin, into treaties an&international a,reeents' +s hel& in <nite& States%s' Curtiss*6ri,ht /port CorporationH 299 <'S'30#H the Presi&ent alone is the representati%e of the nation in the !on&u!t of forei,n affairs'

+lthou,h the Senate has the power to !on!ur intreatiesH the Presi&ent alone ne,otiates treatiesan& Con,ress is powerless to intru&e into this'@owe%erH if the atter in%ol%es a treat" or anee!uti%e a,reeentH the @ouse of epresentati%es a" pass a resolution

epressin, its %iews on the atter'

Foreign A##air%5 Roe o# Senate 6199;No' 13: 1) <n&er the ConstitutionH what is therole of the Senate in the !on&u!t of forei,naffairsLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he Senate pla"s a role in the !on&u!t of forei,naffairsH e!ause of the re?uireent in Se!tion 21H

+rti!le E55 of the Constitution that to e %ali& an&effe!ti%e a treat" or international

a,reeent ust e !on!urre& in " at least two*thir&s of all the eers of the Senate'

Se!tion #H +rti!le ME555 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: +ll eistin, treaties or internationala,reeents whi!h ha%e not een ratifie& shall note renewe& or eten&e& without the !on!urren!eof at least two*thir&s of all the eers of theSenate'K

In*e%tigation% in Aid o# Legi%ation 6199No' 8: + !ase was file& efore the San&i,ana"anre,ar&in, a ?uestionale ,o%ernent transa!tion'5n the !ourse of the pro!ee&in,sH newspaperslinDe& the nae of Senator >' &e eon to thes!an&al'

Senator &e eon tooD the floor of the Senate tospeaD on a atter of personal pri%ile,e to%in&i!ate his honor a,ainst those aseless an&ali!ious alle,ations' he atter was referre& tothe Coittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli!

Affi!ersH whi!h pro!ee&e& to !on&u!t a le,islati%ein?uir"' he Coittee asDe& r' Ein!e e&esaHa usinessan linDe& to the transa!tion an& nowa respon&ent efore the San&i,ana"anH toappear an& to testif" efore the Coittee'

r e&esa refuses to appear an& file suit eforethe Supree Court to !hallen,e the le,alit" of thepro!ee&in,s efore the Coittee' @e also asDswhether the Coittee ha& the power to re?uirehi to testif"'

5&entif" the issues 5n%ol%e& an& resol%e the'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he issues in%ol%e& in this !ase are the followin,:

1 6hether or not the Supree Court has uris&i!tion to entertain the !ase;

2 6hether or not the Coittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli! Affi!ers has thepower to in%esti,ate a atter whi!h isin%ol%e& in a !ase pen&in, in !ourt; an&

3 6hether or not the petitioner !an in%oDe

his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination'

+ll these 5ssues were resol%e& in the !ase of en,=on %s' Senate lue ion CoitteeH203 SC+ 77'

he Supree Court has uris&i!tion o%er the !ase(&eterination of ,ra%e ause of &is!retion)''''



96(



96)

he Coittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli!Affi!ers has no power to in%esti,ate the s!an&al'(no u&i!ial fun!tions)'''



96*

he petitioner !an in%oDe his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH e!ause this ri,ht is a%ailale in allpro!ee&in,s' Sin!e the petitioner is a respon&entin the !ase pen&in, efore the San&i,ana"anHhe a" refuse to testif"'

La 0aing5 Pro"e%% B P-bi"ation 6199No' 2; /rnest Chen,H a usinessanH has noDnowle&,e of le,islati%e pro!e&ure' Chen,retains "ou as his le,al a&%iser an& asDsenli,htenent on the followin, atters:(1) 6hen &oes a ill e!oe a law e%en withoutthe si,nature of the Presi&entL(2) 6hen &oes the law taDe effe!tLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) <n&er Se!tion 27(1)H +rti!le E5 of theConstitutionH a ill e!oes a law e%en withoutthe si,nature of the Presi&ent if he %etoe& it ut

his %eto was o%erri&en " two*thir&s %ote of allthe eers of oth the Senate an& the @ouseof epresentati%es an& 5f the Presi&ent faile& to!ouni!ate his %eto to the @ouse fro whi!hthe ill ori,inate&H within thirt" &a"s after the &ateof re!eipt of the ill " the Presi&ent'

2) +s hel& in ana&a %s' u%eraH 1# SC+ ##H alaw ust e pulishe& as a !on&ition for itseffe!ti%it" an& in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le 2 of theCi%il Co&eH it shall taDe effe!t fifteen &a"s followin,the !opletion of its puli!ation in the Affi!ial$a=ette or in a newspaper of ,eneral !ir!ulationunless it is otherwise pro%i&e&' (/e!uti%e Ar&er No' 292H e%ise& +&inistrati%e Co&e of 1989)

La<0aing5 A$$ro$riation &i 6199?No : +re the followin, ills file& in Con,ress!onstitutionalL + ill ori,inatin, fro the Senate whi!h pro%i&esfor the !reation of the Puli! <tilit" Coission tore,ulate puli! ser%i!e !opanies an& nee&e& toestalish the sae' /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: + ill pro%i&in, for the

!reation of the Puli! <tilit" Coission tore,ulate puli! ser%i!e !opanies an&appropriatin, fun&s nee&e& to estalish it a"ori,inate fro the Senate' 5t is not anappropriation illH e!ause the appropriation of puli! fun&s is not the prin!ipal purpose of the ill'5n +sso!iation of Sall an&owners of thePhilippinesH 5n!' %s' Se!retar" of +,rarian efor17 SC+ 3#3H it was hel& that a law is not anappropriate

easure if the appropriation of puli! fun&s isnot its prin!ipal purpose an& the appropriation isonl" in!i&ental to soe other oe!ti%e'

La<0aing5 A$$ro$riation La5 A-to+ati"Renea B Poer o# A-g+entation 61998No M5' * Suppose the Presi&ent suits a u&,etwhi!h &oes not !ontain pro%isions for C-F(Countr"wi&e -e%elopent Fun&s)H popularl"

Dnown as the porD arrelH an& e!ause of thisCon,ress &oes not pass the u&,et'

1' 6ill that ean parali=ation of ,o%ernentoperations in the net fis!al "ear for la!D of anappropriation lawL (2)

2' Suppose in the sae u&,etH there is a spe!ialpro%ision in the appropriations for the +re&For!es authori=in, the Chief of StaffH +FPH sue!tto the appro%al of the Se!retar" of National-efenseH to use sa%in,s in the appropriationspro%i&e& thereto to !o%er up whate%er finan!ial

losses suffere& " the +FP etireent an&Separation enefits S"ste (SS) in the lastfi%e () "ears &ue to alle,e& a& usiness

u&,ent' 6oul& "ou ?uestion the!onstitutionalit" %ali&it" of the spe!ial pro%isionL3QSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' NoH the failure of Con,ress to pass theu&,et will not paral"=e the operations of the$o%ernent'

Se!tion 2(7)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: 5fH " the en& of an" fis!al "earH theCon,ress shall ha%e faile& to pass the ,eneralappropriations ill for the ensuin, fis!al "earHthe ,eneral appropriations law for the pre!e&in,fis!al "ear shall e &eee& reena!te& an& shallreain in for!e an& effe!t until the ,eneralappropriations ill is passe& " the Con,ress'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2' OesH the pro%ision authori=in, the Chief of StaffH with the appro%al of the Se!retar" of National -efenseH to use sa%in,s to !o%er thelosses suffere& " the +FP etireent an&

Separation enefits S"ste is un!onstitutional'

Se!tion 2(QH +rti!le E5 of the Constitutionpro%i&es: No law shall e passe& authori=in, an"transfer of appropriations; howe%erH the Presi&entHthe Presi&ent of the SenateH the SpeaDer of the@ouse of epresentati%esH the Chief >usti!e of theSupree CourtH an& the hea&s of ConstitutionalCoissions a"H " lawH e authori=e& toau,ent an" ite in the



966



967

,eneral appropriation law for their respe!ti%eoffi!es fro sa%in,s in other 5tes of theirrespe!ti%e appropriations'



968

5n Philippine Constitution %s /nri?ue=H 23 SC+0H ##H the Supree Court hel& that a pro%isionin the $eneral +ppropriation +!t authori=in, theChief of Staff to use sa%in,s to au,ent the fun&sof the +FP etireent an& Separation enefits

S"stes was un!onstitutional' 6hile Se!tion2() allows as an e!eption the reali,nent of sa%in,s to au,ent ites in the ,eneralappropriations law for the ee!uti%e ran!hH su!hri,ht ust an& !an e eer!ise& onl" " thePresi&ent pursuant to a spe!ifi! law'

La<0aing5 A$$ro$riation La5 Rider Pro*i%ion 61No E55 * Suppose that the forth!oin, $eneral

+ppropriations aw for Oear 2002H in the portionpertainin, to the -epartent of /&u!ationH

Culture an& SportsH will !ontain a pro%ision to theeffe!t that the eser%e Affi!ers rainin, Course(AC) in all !olle,es an& uni%ersities is here"aolishe&H an& in lieu thereof all ale !olle,estu&ents shall e re?uire& to plant ten(10) trees e%er" "ear for two (2) "ears in areas toe &esi,nate& " the -epartent of /n%ironentan& Natural esour!es in !oor&ination with the-epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports an&the lo!al ,o%ernent unit !on!erne&' 5t further pro%i&es that the sae pro%ision shall ein!orporate& 5n future $eneral appropriations +!ts'here is no spe!ifi! ite of appropriation of fun&sfor the purpose'Coent on the !onstitutionalit"of sai& pro%ision' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he pro%ision is un!onstitutionalH e!ause it is ari&er' Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitutionpro%i&esH No pro%ision or ena!tent shall eera!e& in the ,eneral appropriations ill unless itrelates spe!ifi!all" to soe parti!ular appropriationtherein' he aolition of the eser%e Affi!ersrainin, Course in%ol%es a poli!" atter' +s hel& inPhilippine Constitution +sso!iation %s' /nri?ue=H

23 SC+ 0 (199#)H this !annot e in!orporate&in the $eneral +ppropriations +!t ut ust eeo&ie& in a separate law'

La<0aing5 Foreign A##air%5 Treatie% 6199?No : +re the followin, ills file& in Con,ress!onstitutionalL 2) + ill !reatin, a ointle,islati%e*ee!uti%e !oission to ,i%eH onehalf of the SenateH its a&%i!eH !onsent an&!on!urren!e to treaties

entere& into " the Presi&ent' he ill !ontainsthe ,ui&elines to e followe& " the !oission5n the &is!har,e of its fun!tions' /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+ ill !reatin, a oint le,islati%e*ee!uti%e!oission to ,i%eH on ehalf of the SenateH itsa&%i!eH !onsent an& !on!urren!e to treatiesentere& into " the Presi&ent' he Senate !annot&ele,ate this fun!tion to su!h a !oissionH

e!ause un&er Se!tion 21H +rti!le E55 of theConstitutionH the !on!urren!e of at least two*thir&s of the Senate itself is re?uire& for theratifi!ation of treaties'

La<0aing5 O*erriding t'e Pre%identia (eto61991No' 2: he Presi&ent si,ns into law the

+ppropriations +!t passe& " Con,ress ut she%etoes separate ites thereinH aon, whi!h is apro%ision statin, that the Presi&ent a" notin!rease an ite of appropriation " transfer of sa%in,s fro other ites'

he @ouse of epresentati%es !hooses not too%erri&e this %eto' he SenateH howe%erHpro!ee&s to !onsi&er two options: (1) to o%erri&ethe %eto an& (2) to !hallen,e the !onstitutionalit"of the %eto efore the Supree Court' a) 5s option(1) %ialeL 5f so' what is the %ote

re?uire& to o%erri&e the % %ialeH how shoul& theCourt &e!i&e the %etoL ) 5s option (2) %ialeL 5fnot' wh" notL 5f !aseL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) Aption 1 is not %iale in as u!h as the @ouseof epresentati%esH fro whi!h the +ppropriations

+!t ori,inate& an& to whi!h the Presi&ent ustha%e returne& the lawH is unwillin, to o%erri&e thepresi&ential %eto' here isH thereforeH no asis for the Senate to e%en !onsi&er the possiilit" of o%erri&in, the Presi&entBs %eto' <n&er theConstitution the %ote of two*thir& of all theeers of the @ouse of epresentati%es an&the SenateH %otin, separatel"H will e nee&e& too%erri&e the presi&ential %eto'

() 5t is not feasile to ?uestion the !onstitutionalit"of the %eto efore the Supree Court' 5n $on=ales%s' a!arai,H 191 SC+ 12H the Supree Courtuphel& the !onstitutionalit" of a siilar %eto' <n&er

+rti!le E5H Se!' 27(2) of the ConstitutionH a &istin!tan& se%erale part of the $eneral +ppropriationsa!t a" e the sue!t of a separate %eto'oreo%erH the %etoe& pro%ision &oes not relate toan" parti!ular appropriation an& is ore an



969



96:

epression of a !on,ressional poli!" in respe!t of au,entation fro sa%in,s than a u&,etar"pro%ision' 5t is therefore an inappropriatepro%ision an& it shoul& e treate& as an ite forpurposes of the %eto power of the Presi&ent'



97;

he Supree Court shoul& uphol& the %ali&it" of the %eto in the e%ent the ?uestion is rou,htefore it'

La<0aing5 Pa%%age o# a La 61988No' 12: * 2' + ill upon filin, " a Senator or aeer of the @ouse of epresentati%es ,oesthrou,h spe!ifie& steps efore it lea%es the@ouse of epresentati%es or the SenateH as the!ase a" e' +fter lea%in, the le,islatureH pleasenae the three etho&s " whi!h sai& ill a"e!oe a law'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+ ill passe& " Con,ress a" e!oe a law inan" of the followin, !ases: 5f it is si,ne& into law" the Presi&ent' (+rt' E5H

se!' 27(1))'

5f it is re*passe& o%er the Presi&entBs %eto " the%ote of two thir&s of all the eers of the@ouse of epresentati%es an& of the Senate'(5&')

5f the Presi&ent fails to %eto it within thirt" &a"safter re!eipt thereof an& !ouni!ate the %etoto the @ouse fro whi!h it ori,inate&H (5&')

Legi%ati*e Poer5 Pre%= A-inoJ% Ti+e 6199

No' 1; * /e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1 an& 2 issue& "Presi&ent Cora=on C' +?uino !reate& thePresi&ential Coission on $oo& $o%ernent(PC$$) an& epowere& it to se?uester an"propert" shown pria fa!ie to e ill*,otten wealthof the late Presi&ent ar!osH his relati%es an&!ronies' /e!uti%e Ar&er No' 1# %ests on theSan&i,ana"an uris&i!tion to tr" hi&&en wealth!ases' An +pril 1#H 198H after an in%esti,ationHthe PC$$ se?uestere& the assets of MCorporationH 5n!' M CorporationH 5n!' !laie& that

Presi&ent +?uinoH as Presi&entH !oul& not lawfull" issue/e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1#H whi!h ha%ethe for!e of lawH on the ,roun& that le,islation isa fun!tion of Con,ress' -e!i&e'

Sai& !orporation also ?uestione& the %ali&it" of the three ee!uti%e or&ers on the ,roun& that the"are ills of attain&er an&H thereforeHun!onstitutional' -e!i&e'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

(1) he !ontention of M Corporation shoul& eree!te&' /e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# wereissue& in 198' +t that tie Presi&ent Cora=on

+?uino eer!ise& le,islati%e power Se!tion 1H +rti!le 55 of the Pro%isional Constitutionestalishe& " Pro!laation NoH 3H pro%i&e&:

<ntil a le,islature is ele!te& an& !on%ene& un&er a new !onstitutionH the Presi&ent shall !ontinue to

eer!ise le,islati%e power'

iDewiseH Se!tion H +rti!le ME555 of the 1987Constitution rea&s:

he in!uent Presi&ent shall !ontinue toeer!ise le,islati%e power until the firstCon,ress is !on%ene&'

5n the !ase of Gapatiran n, ,a Na,lilin,Do& saPaa*halaan n, Pilipinas' 5n!' %' anH 13 SC+371' the Supree Court rule& that the Pro%isionalConstitution an& the 1987 ConstitutionH othre!o,ni=e& the power of the presi&ent to eer!ise

le,islati%e powers until the first Con,ress !reate&un&er the 1987 Constitution was !on%ene& on >ul"27H 1987'(2) /e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# are notills of attain&er' ''''

Legi%ati*e Poer% 61989No' 1#: +n eistin, law ,rants ,o%ernenteplo"ees the option to retire upon rea!hin, thea,e of 7 "ears an& !opletion of at least 30"ears of total ,o%ernent ser%i!e' +s a fis!alretren!hent easureH the Affi!e of the Presi&entlater issue& a eoran&u Cir!ular re?uirin,ph"si!al in!apa!it" as an a&&itional !on&ition for optional retireent a,e of "ears' + ,o%ernenteplo"eeH whose appli!ation for optionalretireent was &enie& e!ause he was elow "ears of a,e an& was not ph"si!all" in!apa!itate&Hfile& an a!tion in !ourt ?uestionin, the &isappro%alof his appli!ation !laiin, that the eoran&uCir!ular is %oi&' 5s the !ontention of the eplo"ee!orre!tL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the !ontention of the eplo"ee is !orre!t' 5n

arasi,an %s' Cru=H 10 SC + 1H it was hel& thatsu!h a eoran&u !ir!ular is %oi&' "intro&u!in, ph"si!al !apa!it" as an a&&itional!on&ition for optional retireentH theeoran&u !ir!ular trie& to aen& the law'Su!h a power is lo&,e& with the le,islati%e ran!han& not with the ee!uti%e ran!h'

Loan% E,tended to 0e+ber% o# Congre%%61991



971



97(

No' 9: +' +fter 2 Feruar" 1987H the PhilippineNational anD (PN) ,rants a loan toCon,ressan M' 5s the loan %iolati%e of theConstitutionL



97)

Suppose the loan ha& instea& een ,rante&efore 2 Feruar" 1987H ut was outstan&in, onthat &ate with a reainin, alan!e on theprin!ipal in the aount of P0H000'00H !an the

PN %ali&l" ,i%e Con,ressan M an etension of tie after sai& &ate to settle the oli,ationLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+' 6hether or not the loan is %iolati%e of the 1987Constitution &epen&s upon its purpose' 5f it wasotaine& for a usiness purposeH it is %iolati%e of the Constitution' 5f it was otaine& for soe other purposeH e','H for housin,' 5t is not %iolati%e of theConstitution e!ause un&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le M5'eers of Con,ress are prohiite& frootainin, loans fro ,o%ernent*owne& anDsonl" if it is for a usiness purpose'

5f the loan was ,rante& efore the effe!ti%it" of the Constitution on Feruar" 2H 1987H thePhilippine National anD !annot eten& itsaturit" after Feruar" 2H 1987H if the loan wasotaine& for a usiness purpose' 5n su!h a !asethe etension is a finan!ial a!!oo&ation whi!his also prohiite& " the Constitution'

0-ti<Party Sy%te+ 61999No M5E * -is!uss the erits an& &eerits of theulti*part" s"ste' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+ ulti*part" s"ste pro%i&es %oters with a,reater !hoi!e of !an&i&atesH i&easH an& platforsinstea& of liitin, their !hoi!e to two partiesHwhose i&eas a" e sterile' 5t also lea%es roofor &eser%in, !an&i&ates who are not a!!eptaleto those who !ontrol the two &oinant parties toseeD puli! offi!e'

An the other han&H a ulti*part" s"ste a"aDe it &iffi!ult to otain a stale an& worDaleaorit"H sin!e proal" no part" will ,et aaorit"' iDewiseH the opposition will e

weaDene& if there are se%eral inorit" parties'

Non<Legi%ati*e Poer% 61988No' 12: e,islati%e powers ha& een %este& "the Constitution in the Con,ress of thePhilippines' 5n a&&itionH the Constitution also,rante& the lawaDin, o&"H non*le,islati%epowers' Gin&l" nae fi%e of the latter'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Con,ress has the followin, non*le,islati%epowers:

(1) o a!t as national oar& of !an%assersfor Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&ent' (+rt' E55H se!' #)'

(2) o &e!i&e whether the Presi&ent isteporaril" &isale& in the e%ent he reassueshis offi!e after the CainetH " a aorit" of %ote of its eersH &e!lare& that he is unale to&is!har,e the powers an& &uties of his offi!e an&now within fi%e &a"s insists that the Presi&ent is

reall" unale to &is!har,e the powers an& &utiesof the presi&en!"' (+rt' E55H se!' 11)

(3) o !on!ur in the ,rant of anest" " thePresi&ent' (+rt' E55H se!' 19)H

(#) o initiate throu,h the @ouse of epresentati%es an&H throu,h the SenateH to tr" all!ases of ipea!hent a,ainst the Presi&entH Ei!ePresi&entH the eers of the Supree CourtH theeers of the Constitutional Coissions an&the Au&sanH for !ulpale %iolation of the

ConstitutionH treasonH rier"H ,raft an& !orruptionHother hi,h !riesH or etra"al of puli! trust' (+rt'M5H se!s' 2*3)'

() o a!t as a !onstituent assel" for there%ision or aen&ent of the Constitution' (+rt'ME55)'

Non<Legi%ati*e Poer%5 E+ergen"y Poer%5Re-i%ite% 61997No' 11: -urin, a perio& of national eer,en!"'Con,ress a" ,rant eer,en!" powers to thePresi&entH State the !on&itions un&er whi!h su!h%esture is allowe&'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er Se!tion 23(2)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitution'Con,ress a" ,rant the Presi&ent eer,en!"powers sue!t to the followin, !on&itions:

(1) here is a war or other national eer,en!":(2) he ,rant of eer,en!" powers ust e fora liite& perio&;(3) he ,rant of eer,en!" powers is sue!t tosu!h restri!tions as Con,ress a" pres!rie; an&

(#) he eer,en!" powers ust e eer!ise& to!arr" out a &e!lare& national poli!"'

Pro'ibition% and In'ibition% o# P-bi" O##i"e6; 6<a >+ fa!es a &ilea: shoul& hea!!ept a Cainet appointent now or run later for SenatorL @a%in, su!!ee&e& in law pra!ti!e aswell as prospere& in pri%ate usiness where hean& his wife ha%e sustantial in%estentsH he



97*



976

now !onteplates puli! ser%i!e ut withoutlosin, the fleiilit" to en,a,e in !orporate affairsor parti!ipate in professional a!ti%ities withinethi!al oun&s'



977

aDin, into a!!ount the prohiitions an&inhiitions of puli! offi!e whether as Senator orSe!retar"H he turns to "ou for a&%i!e to resol%e his&ilea' 6hat is "our a&%i!eL /plain riefl"'

()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5 shall a&%ise >+ to run for S/N+A' +s aSenatorH he !an retain his in%estents in hisusinessH althou,h he ust aDe a full &is!losureof his usiness an& finan!ial interests an& notif"the Senate of a potential !onfli!t of interest if heauthors a ill' (Se!tion 12H +rti!le E5 of the 1987Constitution') @e !an !ontinue pra!ti!in, lawH uthe !annot personall" appear as !ounsel eforean" !ourt of usti!eH the /le!toral riunalsH or ?uasi*u&i!ial an& other a&inistrati%e o&ies'(Se!tion 1#H +rti!le E5 of the 1987 Constitution')

+s a eer of the CainetH >+ !annot &ire!tl"or in&ire!tl" pra!ti!e law or parti!ipate in an"usiness' @e will ha%e to &i%est hiself of hisin%estents in his usiness' (Se!tion 13H +rti!leE55 of the 1987 Constitution') 5n fa!tH theConstitutional prohiition ipose& on eers of the Cainet !o%ers oth puli! an& pri%ate offi!eor eplo"ent' (Ci%il ierties <nion %' /e!uti%eSe!retar"H 19# SC+ 317)

>-ai#i"ation%5 Congre%%+en 61988No' 13: *oert rown was orn in @awaii on a"1H 192H of an +eri!an father an& a Filipinaother' An a" 1H 1983 while hol&in, an

+eri!an passportH he re,istere& as a Filipinowith the Philippine Consulate at @onoluluH @awaii'5n SepteerH 1983 he returne& to the PhilippinesHan& tooD up resi&en!e at oa!H arin&u?ueHhoetown of his other' @e re,istere& as a %oterH%ote&H an& e%en parti!ipate& as a lea&er of one of the !an&i&ates in that &istri!t in the 198# atasanele!tions' 5n the ele!tions of 1987H he ran for Con,ressanH an& won' @is sole opponent is now

?uestionin, his ?ualifi!ations an& is tr"in, to ousthi on two asi! !lais: @e is not a natural ornFilipino !iti=enH ut is in fa!tH an +eri!anH orn in@awaiiH an inte,ral portion of the <S+H who hol&san +eri!an passport; @e &i& not eet the a,ere?uireent; an& @e has a J,reen !ar&K fro the<'S' $o%ernent'

+ssue that "ou are a eer of the @ouse/le!toral riunal where the petition for rownBsouster is pen&in,' @ow woul& "ou &e!i&e thethree issues raise& a,ainst hiLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he first an& thir& ,roun&s ha%e no erit' utthe se!on& is well taDen an&H thereforeH rownshoul& e &is?ualifie&'1' oert rown is a natural orn !iti=en of the

Philippines' + person orn of a Filipino other an& an alien father efore >anuar" 17H 1973H whothereafter upon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit" ele!tPhilippine !iti=enshipH is a !iti=en of thePhilippines (+rt' 5EH se!' 1(3))' <n&er +rt' 5EH se!H2 he is also &eee& a natural*orn !iti=en'

2' he Constitution re?uiresH aon, other thin,sHthat a !an&i&ate for eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es ust e at least 2 "ears of a,eon the &a" of the ele!tion' (+rt' E5H se!' )' +srown was orn on a" 1H 192H he &i& not

e!oe 2 "ears ol& until a" 1H 1987' @en!eon a" 11H 1987H when the ele!tion was hel&H hewas # &a"s short of the re?uire& a,e'

3' he Constitution pro%i&es that those who seeDeither to !han,e their !iti=enship or to a!?uire thestatus of an ii,rant of another !ountr" &urin,their tenure shall e &ealt with " law (+rt' M5Hse!' 17)' he pro%ision !annot appl" to rown for the followin, reasons: FirstH rown is in a&&itionan +eri!an !iti=en an& thus has a &ual!iti=enship whi!h is allowe& " the Constitution'(Cf' +rt' 5EH se!' #)H Se!on&H rown &i& not seeD toa!?uire the status of an ii,rantH ut is an

+eri!an " irth un&er the prin!iple of us soliotainin, in the <nite& States' hir&H he &i& notseeD to !han,e his status &urin, his tenure as apuli! offi!er' FourthH the pro%ision of +rt' M5H se!'17 is not self*ee!utin, ut re?uires anipleentin, law' FifthH ut ao%e allH the @ouse/le!toral riunal has no uris&i!tion to &e!i&e this?uestion sin!e it &oes not !on!ern the?ualifi!ation of a eer*ele!t'

>-ai#i"ation%5 Congre%%+en5 6199No' 1: 5n 19#' uffaH a Filipina &oesti! helper worDin, in @on,Don,H went to aipei for a%a!ationH where she et Chen, Sio Pao' whoshe arrie&' <n&er Chinese awH uffaautoati!all" e!ae a Chinese !iti=en' he!ouple resi&e& in @on,Don,H where on a" 9H19H uffa ,a%e irth to a o" nae& /rnest'<pon rea!hin, the a,e of aorit"H /rnest ele!te&Philippine !iti=enship' +fter the /-S+



978



979

e%olutionH /rnest &e!i&e& to li%e peranentl" inthe PhilippinesH where he prospere& as ausinessan' -urin, the a" 11H 1993 ele!tionH/rnest ran an& won as a !on,ressan' @isopponentH notin, /rnestBs Chinese an!estr"H file& apetition to &is?ualif" the latter on the followin,,roun&s; (1) /rnest Chen, is not a natural oFilipino; an& (2) he is un&era,e&' -e!i&e'



97:

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) /rnest !annot e &is?ualifie&'''''

2) /rnest is not un&er*a,e&' @a%in, een orn ona" 9H 19H he was o%er twent"*fi%e "ears ol& onthe &ate of the a" 11H 1993 ele!tion' (/le!tionwas hel& on a" 11H 1992)' Se!tion H +rti!le E5 of the ConstitutionH re?uires !on,ressen to e atleast twent"*fi%e "ears of a,e on the &a" of theele!tion'

>-ai#i"ation%5 Congre%%+en5 61999No 555 * C' Ei!tor +ha& was orn on -e!eer

1H 1972 of a Filipino other an& an alien father'<n&er the law of his fatherBs !ountr"H his other &i& not a!?uire his fatherBs !iti=enship' Ei!tor !onsults "ou on -e!eer 21H 1993 an& infors"ou of his intention to run for Con,ress in the199 ele!tions' 5s he ?ualifie& to runL 6hata&%i!e woul& "ou ,i%e hiL 6oul& "our answer e the sae if he ha& seen an& !onsulte& "ou on-e!eer 1H 1991 an& infore& "ou of his&esire to run for Con,ress in the 1992 ele!tionsL-is!uss "our answer' (3)

FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:C' NoH Ei!tor +ha& is not ?ualifie& to run for Con,ress in the 199 ele!tions' <n&er Se!tion H

+rti!le E5 of the ConstitutionH a eer of the@ouse of epresentati%es ust e at leasttwent"*fi%e (2) "ears of a,e on the &a" of theele!tion' Sin!e he will e less than twent"*fi%e(2) "ears of a,e in 199H Ei!tor +ha& is not?ualifie& to run'

<n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH toe &eee& a natural*orn !iti=enH Ei!tor +ha&ust ele!t Philippine !iti=enship upon rea!hin,

the a,e of aorit"' 5 shall a&%ise hi to ele!tPhilippine !iti=enshipH if he has not "et &one soHan& to wait until the 1998 ele!tions'

" answer will e the sae if he !onsulte& ein 1991 an& infore& e of his &esire to run inthe 1992 ele!tions'

SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:C' <n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionHEi!tor +ha& ust ha%e ele!te&

Philippine !iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e ofaorit" to e !onsi&ere& a natural orn !iti=enan& ?ualifie& to run for Con,ress' epuli! +!tNo' 809 re&u!e& the aorit" a,e to ei,hteen(18) "ears' Cuen!o %' Se!retar" of >usti!eH SC+ 108 re!o,ni=e& three (3) "ears frorea!hin, the a,e of aorit" as the reasonaleperio& for ele!tin, Philippine !iti=enship' Sin!eepuli! +!t No' 809 tooD effe!t in 1989 an&

there is no showin, that Ei!tor +ha& ele!te&Philippine !iti=enship within three (3) "ears frothe tie he rea!he& the a,e of aorit" on-e!eer 1H 199CH he is not ?ualifie& to run for Con,ress'

5f he !onsulte& e on -e!eer 1H 1991H 5woul& infor hi that he shoul& ele!t Philippine!iti=enship so that he !an e !onsi&ere& anatural orn !iti=en'

Se$aration o# Poer% 61988No' 2: Can an" other &epartent or a,en!" of

the $o%ernent re%iew a &e!ision of theSupree CourtL 6h" or wh" notLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:No' he Supree Court is the hi,hest ariter of le,al ?uestions' (>a%ier %' Coele!H 1## SC+19# (198)) o allow re%iew of its &e!ision " theother &epartents of ,o%ernent woul& upset the!lassi! pattern of separation of powers an&&estro" the alan!e etween the u&i!iar" an& theother &epartents of ,o%ernent' +s the >usti!essai& in their answer to the !oplaint for ipea!hent in the Coittee on >usti!e of the

@ouse of epresentati%esH >ust as it is!opletel" una!!eptale to file !har,es a,ainstthe in&i%i&ual eers of Con,ress for the lawsena!te& " the upon the ar,uent that theselaws are %iolati%e of the ConstitutionH or are aetra"al of puli! trustH or are unust' So tooHshoul& it e e?uall" iperissile to aDe thein&i%i&ual eers of the Supree Courta!!ountale for the !ourtBs &e!isions or rulin,s'

Se$aration o# Poer% 6No 55 * + ,roup of losin, liti,ants in a !ase &e!i&e&

" the Supree Court file& a !oplaint efore theAu&san !har,in, the >usti!es with Dnowin,l"an& &elieratel" ren&erin, an unust &e!ision inutter %iolation of the penal laws of the lan&' Canthe Au&san %ali&l" taDe !o,ni=an!e of the!aseL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the Au&san !annot entertain the!oplaint' +s state& in the !ase of 5n re: aureta'1#8 SC+ 382 1987QH pursuant to the prin!iple of separation of powersH the



98;



981

!orre!tness of the &e!isions of the SupreeCourt as final ariter of all usti!iale &isputes is!on!lusi%e upon all other &epartents of the,o%ernent; the Au&san has no power tore%iew the &e!isions of the Supree Court "entertainin, a !oplaint a,ainst the >usti!es ofthe Supree Court for Dnowin,l" ren&erin, anunust &e!ision'



98(


+rti!le M5H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es that puli! offi!ers ust at all ties ea!!ountale to the people' Se!tion 22 of theAu&san +!t pro%i&es that the Affi!e of theAu&san has the power to in%esti,ate an"serious is!on&u!t alle,e&l" !oitte& "offi!ials reo%ale " ipea!hent for thepurpose of filin, a %erifie& !oplaint for ipea!hent if warrante&' he Au&san !anentertain the !oplaint for this purpose'

T'ree<Ter+ Li+it: Congre%%+en 6199?No' 13: * MH a eer of the @ouse of

epresentati%esH was ser%in, his thir& !onse!uti%eter in the @ouse' 5n >une 199 he was appointe&Se!retar" of National -efense' Can he run for ele!tion to the Senate in the 1998 ele!tionsL/plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH M !an run for the Senate in the 1988 ele!tion'<n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M of the ConstitutionHha%in, ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e ters aseer of the @ouse of epresentati%es' M is onl"prohiite& fro runnin, for the sae position'

T'ree<Ter+ Li+it5 Congre%%+en 61No E * -urin, his thir& terH +H a eer of the@ouse of epresentati%esH was suspen&e& frooffi!e for a perio& of 0 &a"s " his !ollea,uesupon a %ote of two*thir&s of all the eers of the @ouse' 5n the net su!!ee&in, ele!tionH hefile& his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the saeposition' H the opposin, !an&i&ateH file& ana!tion for &is?ualifi!ation of + on the ,roun&that the latterBsH !an&i&a!" %iolate& Se!tion 7'

+rti!le E5 of the Constitution whi!h pro%i&es that

no eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es shallser%e for ore than three !onse!uti%e ters' +answere& that he was not arre& fro runnin,a,ain for that position e!ause his ser%i!e wasinterrupte& " his 0&a" suspension whi!h wasin%oluntar"' Can B+BH le,all" !ontinue with his!an&i&a!" or is he alrea&" arre&L 6h"L ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:+ !annot le,all" !ontinue with his !an&i&a!"'@e was ele!te& as eer of the @ouse of

epresentati%es for a thir& ter' his ter shoul&e in!lu&e& in the !oputation of the ter liitsHe%en if + &i& not ser%e for a full ter' (e!or& of the Constitutional CoissionH Eol' nH p' 92') @ereaine& a eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es e%en if he was suspen&e&'

ARTICLE VIIExecutiveDepat!e"tApp#i"ti"$ P#%e& Acti"$ v'(Pe!a"e"t App#i"t!e"t )*++,-No E * 6hat is the nature of an a!tin,appointent to a ,o%ernent offi!eL -oes su!han appointent ,i%e the appointee the ri,ht to!lai that the appointent willH in tieH ripen intoa peranent oneL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+!!or&in, to Se%illa %' Court of +ppeals' 209

SC+ 37 1992QH an a!tin, appointent iserel" teporar"' +s hel& in arohosar %'

+lontoH 19# SC+ 390 1991QH a teporar"appointent !annot e!oe a peranentappointentH unless a new appointent whi!h isperanent is a&e' his hol&s true unless thea!tin, appointent was a&e e!ause of ateporar" %a!an!"' 5n su!h a !aseH the teporar"appointee hol&s offi!e until the assuption of offi!e " the peranent appointee'

A$$ointing Poer5 ad interi+ a$$oint+ent%

61991No' 3: * An 3 a" 1992H while Con,ress is on ashort re!ess for the ele!tionsH the presi&entappoints enato &e Sil%a to the ranD of $eneral(#*star) in the +re& For!es' She also &esi,nateshi as Chief of Staff of the +FP' @e ie&iatel"taDes his oath an& assues that offi!eH with theranD of #*star $eneral of the +FP'

6hen Con,ress resues its session on 17 a"1992H the Coission on +ppointents infors

the Affi!e of the Presi&ent that it has re!ei%e&fro her offi!e onl" the appointent of -e Sil%a tothe ranD of #*star $eneral an& that unless hisappointent to the Affi!e of the Chief of Staff of the +FP is also suitte&H the Coission will nota!t on the atter'

he Presi&ent aintains that she has suitte&to the Coission all that the Constitution !allsfor'(a) 6ho is !orre!tL



98)



98*

() -i& $en' &e Sil%a %iolate the Constitution inie&iatel" assuin, offi!e prior to a!onfiration of his appointentL(!) +re the appointent an& &esi,nation %ali&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he Presi&ent is !orre!t' <n&er Presi&ential-e!ree No' 30H the ,ra&e of four*star ,eneral is!onferre& onl" upon the Chief of Staff' @en!eH theappointent of enato &e Sil%a as a four*star

,eneral ust e &eee& to !arr" with it hisappointent as Chief of Staff of the +FPH

() $en' enato &e Sil%a &i& not %iolate theConstitution when he ie&iatel" assue& offi!eefore the !onfiration of his appointentH sin!ehis appointent was an a& interi appointent'<n&er +rti!le E5 5H Se!' 1 of the ConstitutionH su!happointent is ie&iatel" effe!ti%e an& is sue!tonl" to &isappro%al " the Coission on

+ppointents or as a result of the net a&ournentof the Con,ress'

(!) he appointent an& &esi,nation of $en' &eSil%a are %ali& for reasons ,i%en ao%e' @owe%erHfro another point of %iew the" are not %ali&e!ause the" were a&e within the perio& of thean for aDin, appointents' <n&er +rti!le E55HSe!' 1 the Presi&ent is prohiite& fro aDin,appointents within the perio& of two (2) onthspre!e&in, the ele!tion for Presi&ent an& Ei!ePresi&ent' he appointent in this !ase will ea&e on a" 3H 1992 whi!h is ust 8 &a"s awa"fro the ele!tion for Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&enton a" 11H 1992' For this reason the appointentan& &esi,nation of $en' &e Sil%a are after allin%ali&'

Note: a" 3H 1991 an& a" 17H 1992 areSun&a"s' @owe%er the Coittee fin&s norele%an!e in the fa!t that these are holi&a"s an&therefore &e!i&e& to i,nore this fa!t'Q

A$$ointing Poer5 Ad Interi+ A$$oint+ent%6199;No' 1; 5n -e!eer 1988H while Con,ress was inre!essH + was eten&e& an a& interiappointent as ri,a&ier $eneral of the

Philippine +r"H in Feruar" 1989' 6henCon,ress was in sessionH was noinate& asri,a&ier $eneral of the Philippine +r"' Bsnoination was !onfire& on +u,ust H 1989while +Bs appointent was !onfire& onSepteer H 1989' 6ho is &eee& ore seniorof the twoH + or L Suppose Con,ress a&ourne&without the

Coission on +ppointents a!tin, onoth appointentsH !an + an& retain theirori,inal ranDs of !olonelL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) + is senior to ' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin,in Suers %s' A=aeta' 81 Phil' 7#H the a&interi appointent eten&e& to + is peranentan& is effe!ti%e upon his a!!eptan!e althou,h it issue!t to !onfiration " the Coission on

+ppointents'

2) 5f Con,ress a&ourne& without the appointents

of + an& ha%in, een !onfire& " theCoission on +ppointentsH + !annot return tohis ol& position' +s hel& in Suers %s' =aetaH81 Phil' 7#H " a!!eptin, an a& interiappointent to a new positionH + wai%e& his ri,htto hol& his ol& position' An the other han&H sin!e &i& not assue the new positionH he retaine& hisol& position'

A$$ointing Poer5 A$$oint+ent% Re-iringCon#ir+ation5 RA ?97<Un"on%tit-tiona 6

No E * An -e!eer 13H 1990H the Presi&entsi,ne& into law epuli! +!t No' 97(suse?uentl" aen&e& " + No' 81) !reatin,the -epartent of 5nterior an& o!al $o%ernent'Se!tions 2 an& 31 of the law pro%i&e that senior offi!ers of the Philippine National Poli!e (PNP)Hfro Senior Superinten&entH Chief Superinten&entH-eput" -ire!tor $eneral to -ire!tor $eneral or Chief of PNP shallH aon, othersH e appointe& "the Presi&ent sue!t to !onfiration " theCoission on +ppointents'

5n 1991 the Presi&ent proote& Chief Superinten&ent oerto atapan, an& Senior Superinten&ent Conra&o ahi,pit to the positions of -ire!tor an& Chief Superinten&ent of the PNPHrespe!ti%el"' heir appointents were in aperanent !apa!it"' 6ithout un&er,oin,!onfiration " the Coission on +ppointentsHatapan, an& ahi,pit tooD their oath of offi!e an&assue& their respe!ti%e positions' hereafterH the-epartent of u&,et an& ana,eent authori=e&&isurseents for their salaries an& other eoluents'

>uan anta" file& a tapa"erBs suit ?uestionin, thele,alit" of the appointents an& &isurseentsa&e' anta" ar,ues that the appointents arein%ali& inasu!h as the sae ha%e not een!onfire& " the Coission on +ppointentsH asre?uire& un&er Se!tions 2 an& 31 of '+' No'97'



986



987

-eterine with reasons the le,alit" of theappointents an& the &isurseents for salaries" &is!ussin, the !onstitutional %ali&it" of Se!tions2 an& 31 of '+' No' 97' ()



988

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he appointents of atapan, an& ahi,pit are%ali& e%en if the" were not !onfire& " theCoission on +ppointentsH e!ause the" arenot aon, the puli! offi!ials whose appointents

are re?uire& to e !onfire& " the first senten!eof +rti!le E55H Se!tion 1 of the Constitution'

+!!or&in, to analo %' Sisto=aH 312 SC+ 239(1999)H Se!tions 2 an& 31 of epuli! +!t 97are un!onstitutionalH e!ause Con,ress !annot "law epan& the list of puli! offi!ials re?uire& to e!onfire& " the Coission on +ppointents'Sin!e the appointents of atapan, an& ahi,pitare %ali&H the &isurseents of their salaries an&eoluents are %ali&'

A$$ointing Poer5 Categorie% o# O##i"ia%61999

+' 1') 6hat are the si !ate,ories of offi!ialswho are sue!t to the appointin, power of thePresi&entL (2)

2') Nae the !ate,or" or !ate,ories of offi!ialswhose appointents nee& !onfiration " theCoission on +ppointentsL (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionHthe si !ate,ories of offi!ials who are sue!t tothe appointin, power of the Presi&ent are thefollowin,:

1 @ea& of ee!uti%e &epartents;

2 +assa&orsH other puli! inisters an&!onsuls;

3 Affi!ers of the are& for!es fro the ranD of!olonel or na%al !aptain;

4 Ather offi!ers whose appointents are %este&in hi " the Constitution;

5 +ll other offi!ers of the ,o%ernent whoseappointents are not otherwise pro%i&e& "

law; an&6 hose who he a" e authori=e& " law toappoint' (Cru=H Philippine Politi!al awH 1998e&'H pp' 20#*20)(I+ is s*gges+ed +-a+ i +-e e>a0inee o''oed +-ec'assiica+ion in 7ar0ien+o /. ison 15% 7CRA 5,9and na0ed on'y o*r ca+egories beca*se -eco0bined +-e irs+ +-ree ca+egories in+o one -e begi/en *'' credi+.)

2') +!!or&in, to Sariento %' isonH 1 SC+ #9H the onl"offi!ers whose appointents nee&

!onfiration " the Coission on +ppointents are the hea& ofee!uti%e &epartentsH

aassa&orsH other puli! inisters an&!onsulsH offi!ers of the are& for!es fro theranD of!olonel or na%al !aptainH an& other offi!ialswhose appointents are

%este& in the Presi&ent " the Constitution'

A$$ointing Poer5 ind% o# A$$oint+ent%6199;6hen is an appointent in the !i%il ser%i!eperanentL -istin,uish etween anappointent in an

a!tin, !apa!it" eten&e& " a -epartentSe!retar" fro an a& interi appointent

eten&e& " the Presi&ent' -istin,uish etween apro%isional an& ateporar" appointent' SU22ESTE!ANS4ER: 1) <n&er Se!tion 2(a) of the Ci%ilSer%i!e -e!reeH an appointent in the !i%il

ser%i!e is P/+N/N when issue& to a personwho eets all the re?uireents for the position towhi!h he is ein, appointe&H in!lu&in, theappropriate eli,iilit" pres!rie&H in a!!or&an!ewith the pro%isions of lawH rules an& stan&ar&sproul,ate& in pursuan!e thereof'

2) +n appointent in an +C5N$ C+P+C5Oeten&e& " a -epartent Se!retar" is notperanent ut teporar"' @en!eH the -epartentSe!retar" a" terinate the ser%i!es of theappointee at an" tie' An the other han&H an +-5N/5 +PPA5N/N eten&e& " thePresi&ent is an appointent whi!h is sue!t to!onfiration " the Coission on +ppointentsan& was a&e &urin, the re!ess of Con,ress' +shel& in Suers %s' =aetaH 81 Phil' 7#H an a&interi appointent is peranent'

3) 5n Se!tion 2# (&) of the Ci%il Ser%i!e +!t of199H a /PA+O +PPA5N/N is oneissue& to a person to a position nee&e& onl" for aliite& perio& not e!ee&in, si onths' <n&er

Se!tion 2() of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!reeH ateporar" appointent is one issue& to a personwho eets all the re?uireents for the position towhi!h he is ein, appointe& e!ept theappropriate !i%il ser%i!e eli,iilit" e!ause of theasen!e of appropriate eli,iles an& it isne!essar" in the puli! 5nterest to fill the %a!an!"'

An the other han&' Se!tion 2#(e) of the Ci%ilSer%i!e +!t of 199 &efine& a PAE5S5AN+



989



98:

+PPA5N/N as one 5ssue& upon the priorauthori=ation of the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission ina!!or&an!e with its pro%isions an& the rules an&stan&ar&s proul,ate& in pursuan!e thereto to aperson who has not ?ualifie& in an appropriateeaination ut who otherwise eets there?uireents for appointent to a re,ular positionin the !opetiti%e ser%i!eH whene%er a %a!an!"o!!urs an& the fillin, thereof is ne!essar" in the

interest of the ser%i!e an& there is no appropriatere,ister of eli,iles at the tie of appointent'



99;

Pro%isional appointents in ,eneral ha%e alrea&"een aolishe& " epuli! +!t 0#0' @owe%erH itstill applies with re,ar& to tea!hers un&er thea,na Carta for Puli! S!hool ea!hers'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he !ase of e,is %s' AsenaH 197 SC+ 308Hlai& &own the &istin!tion etween a pro%isionalan& a teporar" appointent'

+ PAE5S5AN+ +PPA5N/N is eten&e& toa person who has not ?ualifie& in an appropriateeaination ut who otherwise eets there?uireents for appointent to a re,ular positionin the !opetiti%e ser%i!e whene%er a %a!an!"o!!urs an& the fillin, thereof is ne!essar" in theinterest of the ser%i!e an& there is no appropriatere,ister of eli,ile at the tie of the appointent'An the other han&H a /PA+O

+PPA5N/N ,i%en to a non*!i%il ser%i!eeli,ile is without a &efinite tenure an& is

&epen&ent on the pleasure of the appointin,power'

+ pro%isional appointent is ,oo& onl" untilrepla!eent " a !i%il ser%i!e eli,ile an& in no!ase e"on& 30 &a"s fro &ate of re!eipt " theappointin, offi!er of the !ertifi!ate of eli,iilit"'(Se!' 2# !W' epuli! +!t 220)'

+ pro%isional appointent !onteplates a &ifferentsituation fro that of a teporar" appointent'6hereas a teporar" appointent is &esi,ne& to filla position nee&e& onl" for a liite& perio& not

e!ee&in, si () onthsH a pro%isional appointentHon the other han&H is inten&e& for the !ontin,en!"that a %a!an!" o!!urs an& the fillin, thereof isne!essar" in the interest of the ser%i!e an& there isno appropriate re,ister of eli,iles at the tie of theappointent'

5n other wor&sH the reason for eten&in, apro%isional appointent is not e!ause there isan o!!asional worD to e &one an& is epe!te&

to e finishe& in not ore than si onths ute!ause the interest of the ser%i!e re?uires that!ertain worD e &one " a re,ular eplo"eeH onl"that no one with appropriate eli,iilit" !an eappointe& to it' @en!eH an" other eli,ile a" eappointe& to &o su!h worD in the eantie that asuitale eli,ile &oes not ?ualif" for the position'

o e ore pre!iseH a pro%isional appointent a"e eten&e& onl" to a person who has not ?ualifie&in an appropriate eaination ut who otherwiseeets the re?uireents for appointent to are,ular position in the !opetiti%e ser%i!eHeanin, one who ust an" wa" e a !i%il ser%i!eeli,ile'

5n the !ase of a teporar" appointentH all that thelaw enoins is that preferen!e in fillin, su!hposition e ,i%en to persons on appropriate eli,ilelists' erel" ,i%in, preferen!e presupposes thate%en a non*eli,ile a" e appointe&' <n&er the

lawH e%en if the appointee has the re?uire& !i%ilser%i!e eli,iilit"H his appointent is still teporar"sipl" e!ause su!h is the nature of the worD toe &one'

NA/: Sin!e pro%isional appointents ha%ealrea&" een aolishe& eainees shoul& e,i%en full !re&it for whate%er answer the" a"or a" not ,i%e'

A$$ointing Poer5 Li+itation% on Pre%identiaA$$oint+ent% 61997No' 7: + onth efore a forth!oin, ele!tionH +one of the in!uent Coissioners of the

CA//CH &ie& while in offi!e an& H another CoissionerH suffere& a se%ere stroDe' 5n %iewof the proiit" of the ele!tions an& to a%oi&paral"=ation in the CA//CH the Presi&ent whowas not runnin, for an" offi!eH appointe&Coissioner C of the Coission on +u&itHwho was not a law"er ut a !ertifie& puli!a!!ountant " professionH a& interiCoissioner to su!!ee& Coissioner + an&&esi,nate& " wa" of a teporar" easure'

+sso!iate >usti!e - of the Court of +ppeals asa!tin, +sso!iate Coissioner &urin, theasen!e of Coissioner '

-i& the Presi&ent &o the ri,ht thin, in eten&in,su!h a& interi appointent in fa%or of Coissioner C an& &esi,natin, >usti!e - a!tin,Coissioner of the CA//CLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:No' he Presi&ent was wron, in eten&in, an a&interi appointent in fa%or of Coissioner C' 5nSuers %s' A=aetaH 81 Phil' 7#H it was hel& thatan a& interi appointent is a peranentappointent'



991



99(

<n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionHwithin two onths ie&iatel" efore the netpresi&ential ele!tions an& up to the en& of histerH the Presi&ent !annot aDe peranentappointents' he &esi,nation of >usti!e - asa!tin, +sso!iate Coissioner is also in%ali&'Se!tion 1(2)' +rti!le 5M*C of the Constitutionprohiits the &esi,nation of an" Coissioner ofthe CA//C in a teporar" or a!tin, !apa!it"'

Se!tion 12H +rti!le E555 of the Constitution prohiitsthe &esi,nation of an" eer of the >u&i!iar" toan" a,en!" perforin, ?uasi*u&i!ial ora&inistrati%e fun!tions'



99)

A$$ointing Poer%5 Ad Interi+ A$$oint+ent%6>;<(1) 5n ar!h 2001H while Con,ress wasa&ourne&H the Presi&ent appointe& Santos asChairan of the CA//C' Santos ie&iatel"tooD his oath an& assue& offi!e' 6hile hisappointent was proptl" suitte& to the

Coission on +ppointents for !onfirationH itwas not a!te& upon an& Con,ress a,aina&ourne&' 5n >une 2001H the Presi&ent eten&e& ase!on& a& interi appointent to Santos for thesae position with the sae terH an& thisappointent was a,ain suitte& to theCoission on +ppointents for !onfiration'Santos tooD his oath anew an& perfore& thefun!tions of his offi!e'

e"esH a politi!al ri%alH file& a suit assailin,!ertain or&ers issue& " Santos' @e also?uestione& the %ali&it" of SantosB appointent'esol%e the followin, issues: ()

(a) -oes SantosB assuption of offi!e on theasis of the a& interi appointents issue& "the Presi&ent aount to a teporar"appointent whi!h is prohiite& " Se!tion1(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the ConstitutionL

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:NoH SantosB appointent &oes not aount to a

teporar" appointent' +n a& interi appointentis a peranent appointent e!ause it taDes effe!tie&iatel" an& !an no lon,er e with&rawn "the Presi&ent on!e the appointee has ?ualifie& intooffi!e' he fa!t that it is sue!t to !onfiration "the Coission on +ppointents &oes not alter itsperanent !hara!ter' he Constitution itself aDesan a& interi appointent peranent in !hara!ter" aDin, it effe!ti%e until &isappro%e& " theCoission on +ppointents or until the net

a&ournent of Con,ress' + teporar" or a!tin,appointee &oes not eno" an" se!urit" of tenureHno atter how riefl"' (atia, %' enipa"oH $''No' 1#903H +pril 2H 2002)ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

+n a& interi appointent is a peranentappointent an& &oes not %iolate Se!tion 1(2)H

+rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution' (Paantasan n,un,so& n, a"nila %' 5+CH $'' No' #39H

No%eer 13H198)

() +ssuin, the le,alit" of the first a& interiappointent an& assuption of offi!e "SantosH were his se!on& a& interiappointent an& suse?uent assuption of offi!e to the sae position %iolations of theprohiition on reappointent un&er Se!tion1(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the ConstitutionL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the se!on& a& interi appointent an&suse?uent assuption of offi!e &oes not %iolate

the Constitution' he prohiition on reappointentin Se!tion 1(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution&oes not appl" to "*passe& a& interiappointents' 5t !an e re%i%e& " a new a&interi appointent e!ause there is no final&isappro%al un&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E55 of theConstitutionH an& su!h new appointent will notresult in the appointee ser%in, e"on& the fie&ter of se%en "ears' he phrase withoutreappointent applies onl" to one who has eenappointe& " the Presi&ent an& !onfire& " theCoission on +ppointentsH whether or not

su!h person !opletes his ter of offi!e' o hol&otherwise will lea& to asur&ities an& ne,ate thePresi&entBs power to aDe a& interiappointents' (atia, %' enipa"oH $'' No'1#903H +pril 2H 2002)

Cabinet 0e+ber%5 i+itation on a""e$tingadditiona d-tie% 6199?199 No' 7: Can the Se!retar" of Finan!e eele!te& Chairan of the oar& of -ire!tors of the San i,uel CorporationL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

NoH the Se!retar" of Finan!e !annot e ele!te&Chairan of the oar& of -ire!tors of the Sani,uel Corporation' <n&er Se!tion 13H +rti!le E55of the ConstitutionH eers of the Cainet!annot hol& an" other offi!e or eplo"ent&urin, their tenure unless it is otherwise pro%i&e&in the Constitution' he" shall not also &urin,sai& tenure parti!ipate in an" usiness or efinan!iall" intereste& in an" !ontra!t withH or inan" fran!hiseH or spe!ial pri%ile,e ,rante& " the$o%ernent or an"



99*



996

su&i%isionH a,en!" or instruentalit" thereofHin!lu&in, ,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle&!orporations or their susi&iaries' he" shallstri!tl" a%oi& !onfli!t of interest in the !on&u!t oftheir offi!e'



997

Caing<o-t Poer5 Pre%ident 6>1<?1' 6hat &o "ou ean " the Callin,*outPower of the Presi&ent un&er Se!tion 18H +rti!le

E55 of the ConstitutionL ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er +rti!le E55H Se!' 18 of the 1987ConstitutionH whene%er it e!oes ne!essar"H thePresi&entH as Coan&er*in*ChiefH a" !all outthe are& for!es to ai& hi in pre%entin, or suppressin, lawless %iolen!eH in%asion or reellion (-a%i& %' +rro"oH $'' No' 17139H a"3H 200)'

!e"aration5 State o# Caa+ity5 Lega E##e"t%6>1<() o ,i%e the u!h nee&e& help to the

Pro%in!e of +urora whi!h was &e%astate& "t"phoons an& torrential rainsH the Presi&ent&e!lare& it in a state of !alait"' $i%e at leastfour (#) le,al effe!ts of su!h &e!laration' (#)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:-e!laration of a state of !alait" pro&u!esH inter aliaH these le,al effe!ts within the Pro%in!e of

+urora R1' +utoati! Pri!e Control R un&er '+'No' 781H he Pri!e +!t;2' +uthori=ation for the iportation of ri!eun&er '+' No' 8178H he +,ri!ultural arrifi!ation

+!t;3' +utoati! appropriation un&er '+' No'710 is a%ailale for unforeseen epen&ituresarisin, fro the o!!urren!e of !alaities in areas&e!lare& to e in a state of !alait";

#' o!al ,o%ernent units a" ena!t asuppleental u&,et for supplies an& aterials or pa"ent of ser%i!es to pre%ent &an,er to or lossof life or propert"H un&er

'+' No' 710;' /ntitleent to ha=ar& allowan!e for Puli!@ealth 6orDers (un&er '+' No' 730H a,na

Carta for Puli! @ealth 6orDers)H who shall e!opensate& ha=ar& allowan!es e?ui%alent to atleast twent"*fi%e per!ent (2) of the onthl"asi! salar" of health worDers re!ei%in, salar",ra&e 19 an& elowH an& fi%e per!ent () forhealth worDers with salar" ,ra&e 20 an& ao%e;

' /ntitleent to ha=ar& allowan!e fors!ien!e an& te!hnolo,i!al personnel of the,o%ernent un&er '+' No' 8#39; an&

7' + !rie !oitte& &urin, the state of !alait" will e !onsi&ere& a,,ra%ate& un&er +rt'1#H par' 7 of the e%ise& Penal Co&e'

!e"aration5 State o# Nationa E+ergen"y 6>1<?2' An Feruar" 2#H 200H Presi&ent $loriaa!apa,al*+rro"o issue& Pro!laation No' 1017

&e!larin, a state of national eer,en!"' 5s thisPro!laation !onstitutionalL /plain' (2')

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he pro!laation is !onstitutional insofar as it!onstitutes a !all " the Presi&ent for the +FP topre%ent or suppress lawless %iolen!e as this issustaine& " Se!tion 18H +rti!le E55 of theConstitution'

@owe%erH PP 1017Bs pro%isions ,i%in, thePresi&ent epress or iplie& power (1) to issue&e!rees; (2) to &ire!t the +FP to enfor!e oe&ien!e

to all laws e%en those not relate& to lawless%iolen!e as well as &e!rees proul,ate& " thePresi&ent; an& (3) to ipose stan&ar&s on e&iaor an" for of prior restraint on the pressH are ultra%ires an& un!onstitutional' iDewiseH un&er Se!tion17H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH the Presi&entH inthe asen!e of le,islationH !annot taDe o%er pri%atel"*owne& puli! utilities an& usinessesaffe!te& with the puli! interest (-a%i& %' +rro"oH$'' No' 17139H a" 3H 200)'

3' -urin, the effe!ti%it" of this Pro!laationH$enerH ito an& on, were arreste& " the poli!efor a!ts of terroris' 5s the arrest le,alL /plain'(2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he arrestH apparentl" &one without a %ali&warrantH is ille,al' @owe%erH a warrantless arrestwoul& e %ali& if those a!!use& are !au,ht!oittin, !ries en fla,rante &eli!to' An theother han&H if the arrest is a&e pursuant to a%ali& warrantH then it is lawful' he ter a!ts of terroris has not een le,all" &efine& an& a&epunishale " Con,ress' No law has een

ena!te& to ,ui&e the law enfor!eent a,entsHan& e%entuall" the !ourtsH to &eterine the liitsin aDin, arrests for the !oission of sai& a!tsof terroris (-a%i& %' +rro"oH $'' No' 17139Ha" 3H 200)'Enter into Contra"t or 2-arantee ForeignLoan% 6199;No' 13: he Presi&ent of the Philippinesauthori=e& the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDs an&@i,hwa"s to ne,otiate an& si,n a loan a,reeentwith the $eran $o%ernent for



998



999

the !onstru!tion of a &a' he SenateH " aresolutionH asDe& that the a,reeent e suitte&to it for ratifi!ation' he Se!retar" of Forei,n

+ffairs a&%ise& the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDs an&@i,hwa"s not to !opl" with the re?uest of theSenate' 2) 5s the Presi&ent oun& to suit thea,reeent to the Senate for ratifi!ationL



99:

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

NoH the Presi&ent is not oun& to suit thea,reeent to the Senate for ratifi!ation' <n&er Se!tion 20H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH onl" theprior !on!urren!e of the onetar" oar& isre?uire& for the Presi&ent to !ontra!t forei,nloans on ehalf of the epuli! of the Philippines'

Enter into Contra"t or 2-arantee ForeignLoan% 61999No 5 * 6hat are the restri!tions pres!rie& " theConstitution on the power of the Presi&ent to!ontra!t or ,uarantee forei,n loans on ehalf of

the epuli! of the PhilippinesL /plain' (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er Se!tion 20H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionHthe power of the Presi&ent to !ontra!t or ,uarantee loans on ehalf of the epuli! of thePhilippines is sue!t to the prior !on!urren!e of the onetar" oar& an& sue!t to su!hliitations as a" e pres!rie& " law'

Enter into E,e"-ti*e Agree+ent% 6No MM * +n /e!uti%e +,reeent was ee!ute&etween the Philippines an& a nei,horin, State'he Senate of the Philippines tooD it upon itself topro!ure a !ertifie& true !op" of the /e!uti%e

+,reeent an&H after &elieratin, on itH &e!lare&H" a unanious %oteH that the a,reeent wasoth unwise an& a,ainst the est interest of the!ountr"' 5s the /e!uti%e +,reeent in&in, (a)fro the stan&point of Philippine law an& () frothe stan&point of international lawL /plain

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) Fro the stan&point of Philippine lawH the/e!uti%e +,reeent is in&in,' +!!or&in, to

Coissioner of Custos %' /astern Seara&in,' 3 SC+ 31 191QH the Presi&ent !anenter into an /e!uti%e +,reeent without thene!essit" of !on!urren!e " the Senate'

() he /e!uti%e +,reeent is also in&in,fro the stan&point of international law'''

I+$o%e Tari## Rate%3 I+$ort and E,$ort>-ota% 61999

No 5 * 6hat are the liitationsIrestri!tionspro%i&e& " the Constitution on the power of Con,ress to authori=e the Presi&ent to fi tariff ratesH iport an& eport ?uotasH tonna,e an&wharfa,e &ues' /plain' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+!!or&in, to Se!tion 28(2)H +rti!le E5 of theConstitutionH Con,ress a"H " lawH authori=e thePresi&ent to fi within spe!ifie& liitsH an& sue!t

to su!h liitations an& restri!tions it a" iposeHtariff ratesH iport an& eport ?uotasH tonna,e an&wharfa,e &ues an& other &uties or iposts withinthe fraeworD of the national &e%elopentpro,ra of the $o%ernent'

0artia La B S-%$en%ion o# 4rit o# Habea%Cor$-% 61987No' ME55: Ane of the features of the ,o%ernentestalishe& un&er the 1987 Constitution is therestoration of the prin!iple of !he!Ds an&alan!es' his is espe!iall" noteworth" in the

Coan&er*in*Chief powers of the Presi&entwhi!h sustantiall" affe!ts what was st"le& un&er the past &ispensation as the !alirate&response to national eer,en!iesH(a) -is!uss full" the pro%isions of the 1987ConstitutionH ,i%in, the s!opeH liits an& the roleof the prin!iple of !he!Ds an& alan!es on thePresi&entBs eer!ise of the power:

1 o suspen& the pri%ile,e of the writ ofhaeas !orpus

2 Pro!laation of artial law'

() Consi&erin, the pressin, proles of insur,en!"H reel a!ti%itiesH lieration o%eentsan& terrorist %iolen!eH whi!h in "our !onsi&ere&opinion aon, the options a%ailale to thePresi&ent as Coan&er*in*Chief woul& e theost effe!ti%e in eetin, the eer,en!ies " thenationL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he Presi&entBs power to suspen& the pri%ile,eof the writ of haeas !orpus an& to pro!laiartial law is sue!t to se%eral !he!Ds "Con,ress an& " the Supree Court' hePresi&ent is re?uire& to report to Con,ress within

#8 hours his a!tion in &e!larin, artial law orsuspen&in, the pri%ile,e of the writH an& Con,ressis in turn re?uire& to !on%eneH if it is not insessionH within 2# hours followin, thepro!laation of artial law or the suspension ofthe pri%ile,e without nee& of an" !allH ina!!or&an!e with its rules' he pro!laation ofartial law or suspension of the writ is effe!ti%e for 0 &a"s onl"H ut Con,ress !an !ut short itseffe!ti%it" " re%oDin, the pro!laation " the%ote of at least a aorit" of



9:;



9:1

all its eersH %otin,H ointl"' +n" etension ofthe pro!laation of artial law or suspension ofthe writ !an onl" e ,rante& " Con,ress whi!hwill &eterine also the perio& of su!h etension'



9:(

An the other han&H the Supree Court eer!ises a!he!D on /e!uti%e a!tion in the for of u&i!ialre%iew at the instan!e of an" !iti=en' he

Constitution eo&ies in this respe!t the rulin, in$ar!ia %' ansan,H #2 SC+ ##8 (1971) that theCourt !an &eterine the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tualasis of the pro!laation of artial law or thesuspension of the pri%ile,e or the etensionthereof not for the purpose of supplantin, the

u&,ent of the Presi&ent ut to &eterinewhether the latter &i& not a!t aritraril"' 5n&ee&H

+rt' E555H Se!' 1 iposes upon the !ourts the &ut"of &eterinin, whether or not there has een,ra%e ause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e!ess of uris&i!tion on the part of the other ran!hes of the ,o%ernentH in this !aseH the

Presi&ent'

he Presi&ent !annotH " eans of thepro!laation of artial lawH suspen& theConstitution or supplant the !ourts an& thele,islature' Neither !an he authori=e the trial of !i%ilians " ilitar" triunals so lon, as !ourts areopen an& fun!tionin,H thus o%errulin, the !ase of

+?uino %' ilitar" Coission No' 2H 3 SC+# (197)' @is pro!laation of artial law &oesnot !arr" with it the suspension of the writ of

haeas !orpusH so that the &e!ision on +?uino %'Pon!e /nrileH 9 SC+ 183 (1973) is nowo%errule&' Nor &oes the suspension of the writ&epri%e !ourts of their power to a&it persons toailH where proper' he Constitution thuso%errules the !ases of $ar!ia*Pa&illa %' Pon!e/nrileH 121 SC+ #72 (1983) an& orales %'Pon!e /nrile' 121 SC+ 38 (1983)'

() he Presi&ent has three options: (1) A C+A< the are& for!es to pre%ent or suppresslawless %iolen!eH in%asion or reellion; (2) AS<SP/N- the pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas

!orpus or (3) A PAC+5 artial law' he lasttwo options !an e resorte& to onl" in !ases of in%asion or reellion when puli! safet" re?uireseither the supension of the pri%ile,e or thepro!laation of artial law'

5t is suitte& that the ost effe!ti%e eans ofeetin, the !urrent eer,en!" whi!h is rou,htaout " reellionH lieration

o%eentsH an& terroris is to sipl" !all outthe are& for!es for the followin, reasons: 1)the ei,en!ies to e et are not solel"

those !ause& " in%asion or reellion utterroris an& other !ries'

2) Suspension of the pri%ile,e will onl" efor a liite& perio& an& then the perio& ofretention is liite& to 3 &a"s whi!h a" not reall"e effe!ti%e' An the other han&H puli! !riti!is of

the a!tion a" onl" ero&e the Presi&entBsauthorit"'3) here is pra!ti!all" little &ifferen!eH as far as the ailit" of the Presi&ent to eet aneer,en!" is !on!erne&H etween option 1H onthe other han&H the options 2 an& 3'

he Presi&ent a" well taDe !ofort in thefollowin, thou,ht: $o%ernent of liite& powernee& not e anei! ,o%ernent' +ssuran!e thatri,hts are se!ure ten&s to &iinish fear an&

ealous" of stron, ,o%ernentH an&H " aDin,us feel safe to li%e un&er it aDes for its etter

support' (6est Es' State r&' of /&u!' %'arnetteH 319 <'S' 2# (19#3))

0artia La5 Li+itation% 6No ME55' -e!larin, a reellionH hostile ,roupsha%e opene& an& aintaine& are& !onfli!ts onthe 5slan&s of Sulu an& asilan' a) o ?uell thisH!an the Presi&ent pla!e un&er

artial law the islan&s of Sulu an& asilanL$i%e "our reasonsL (3)

) 6hat are the !onstitutional safe,uar&son the eer!ise of the Presi&entBs power topro!lai artial lawL (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a) 5f puli! safet" re?uires itH the Presi&ent !anpla!e Sulu an& asilan un&er artial law sin!ethere is an a!tual reellion' <n&er Se!tion 18H

+rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH the Presi&ent !anpla!e an" part of the Philippines un&er artiallaw in !ase of reellionH when puli! safet"re?uires it'

) he followin, are the !onstitutional safe,uar&son the eer!ise of the power of the Presi&ent topro!lai artial law: a) here ust e a!tual

in%asion or reellion; ) he &uration of thepro!laation shall not

e!ee& sit" &a"s:!) 6ithin fort"*ei,ht hoursH the Presi&entshall report his a!tion to Con,ress' 5f Con,ressis not in sessionH it ust !on%ene within twent"*four hours;&) Con,ress a" " aorit" %ote of all itseers %otin, >ointl" re%oDe the pro!laationHan& the Presi&ent !annot set asi&e the re%o!ation;



9:)



9:*

e)



9:6



9:7

" the sae %ote an& in the sae annerH upon5nitiati%e of the Presi&entH Con,ress a" eten&the pro!laation 5f the in%asion or reellion!ontinues an& puli! safet" re?uires theetension;



9:8

f) he Supree Court a" re%iew thefa!tual suffi!ien!" of the pro!laationH an& theSupree Court ust &e!i&e the !ase within thirt"&a"s fro the tie it was file&;

,) artial law &oes not autoati!all"suspen& the pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas!orpus or the operation of the Constitution'h) 5t &oes not supplant the fun!tionin, of the!i%il !ourts an& of Con,ress' ilitar" !ourts ha%eno >uris&i!tion o%er !i%ilians where !i%il !ourtsare ale to fun!tion' (Cru=H Philippine Politi!alawH 199 e&'H pp' 21321#')

0artia La5 S-##i"ien"y o# t'e Fa"t-a &a%i%6><?he Presi&ent issue& a Pro!laation No' 1018

pla!in, the Philippines un&er artial aw on the,roun& that a reellion sta,e& " lawlesseleents is en&an,erin, the puli! safet"'Pursuant to the Pro!laationH suspe!te& reelswere arreste& an& &etaine& an& ilitar" triunalswere set up to tr" the' oert &ela Cru=H a!iti=enH file& with the Supree Court a petition?uestionin, the %ali&it" of Pro!laation No' 1018'

1' -oes oert ha%e a stan&in, to!hallen,ePro!laation No' 1018L /plain' (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: OesH oert hasstan&in,' <n&er +rti!le E555H Se!tion 17 of the1987 ConstitutionH the Supree Court a"re%iewH in an appropriate pro!ee&in, file& " an"!iti=enH the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual asis of thepro!laation of artial law' +s !iti=en thereforeHoert a" file the petition ?uestionin,Pro!laation No' 1018'

2' 5n the sae suitH the Soli!itor $eneral!onten&s that un&er the ConstitutionH the Presi&entas Coan&er*in*ChiefH &eterines whether theei,en!" has arisen re?uirin, the eer!ise of hispower to &e!lare artial aw an& that his

&eterination is !on!lusi%e upon the !ourts' @owshoul& the Supree Court ruleL (2')

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he Supree Court shoul& rule that his &eter*ination is not !on!lusi%e upon the !ourts' he1987 Constitution allows a !iti=enH in anappropriate pro!ee&in,H to file a petition?uestionin, the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual asis ofsai& pro!laation' oreo%erH the power to

suspen& the pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas !orpusan& the power to ipose artial law in%ol%e the!urtailent an& suppression of !ertain asi! !i%ilri,hts an& in&i%i&ual free&osH an& thusne!essitate safe,uar&s " Con,ress an& re%iew" the Supree Court (5P %' .aoraH $'' No'1#128#H +u,ust 1H 2000)'

3' he Soli!itor $eneral ar,ues thatH in an"e%entH the &eterination of whether the reellionposes &an,er to puli! safet" in%ol%es a ?uestionof fa!t an& the Supree Court is not a trier of fa!ts' 6hat shoul& e the rulin, of the CourtL(2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:>u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" of the !ourts of

usti!e to settle a!tual !ontro%ersies in%ol%in,ri,hts whi!h are le,all" &ean&ale an&enfor!ealeH an& to &eterine whether or not therehas een a ,ra%e ause of &is!retion aountin, tola!D or e!ess of uris&i!tion on the part of an"

ran!h or instruentalit" of the $o%ernent (+rt'EinH Se!' 1H par' 2H1987 Constitution)' 6hen the,rant of power is ?ualifie&H !on&itional or sue!t toliitationsH the issue of whether the pres!rie&?ualifi!ations or !on&itions ha%e een et or theliitations respe!te&H is usti!iale R the proleein, one of le,alit" or %ali&it"H not its wis&o'

+rti!le E55H Se!tion 18 of the 1987 Constitutionspe!ifi!all" ,rants the Supree Court the power to re%iewH in an appropriate pro!ee&in, file& "an" !iti=enH the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual asis of the pro!laation of artial law' husH in theatter of su!h &e!larationH two !on&itions ust!on!ur: (1) there ust e an a!tual in%asion or reellion; an& (2) puli! safet" ust re?uire it'he Supree Court !annot rene,e on its!onstitutional &ut" to &eterine whether or notthe sai& fa!tual !on&itions eist (5P %' .aoraH$'' No' 1#128#H +u,ust 1H 2000)'

#' Finall"H the Soli!itor $eneral aintainsthat the Presi&ent reporte& to Con,ress su!h

pro!laation of artial awH ut Con,ress &i& notre%oDe the pro!laation' 6hat is the effe!t of theina!tion of Con,ress on the suit rou,ht "oert to the Supree CourtL (2')

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ina!tion of Con,ress has no effe!t on thesuit rou,ht " oert to the Supree Court as

+rti!le E555H Se!tion 18 pro%i&es for !he!Ds onthe Presi&entBs power to &e!lare artial law toe eer!ise& separatel" " Con,ress an& the



9:9



9::

Supree Court' <n&er sai& pro%isionH the&uration of artial law shall not e!ee& sit" &a"sut Con,ress has the power to re%oDe thepro!laation or eten& the perio&' An the otherhan&H the Supree Court has the power to re%iewthe sai& pro!laation an& proul,ate its &e!isionthereon within thirt" &a"s fro its filin, (+rti!leE555H Se!tion 18)'



:;;

Pardoning Poer5 A+ne%ty 6199No 20: * he National <nifi!ation Coissionhas re!oen&e& the ,rant of asolute an&un!on&itional anest" to all reels' here is the%iew that it is not ne!essar" for the reels toa&it the !oission of the !rie !har,e&H itein, enou,h that the offense falls within thes!ope of the anest" pro!laation followin, the&o!trine lai& &own in arrio?uinto %s' Fernan&e=H82 Phil' #2' 5n other wor&sH a&ission of ,uilt isnot a !on&ition sine ?ua non for the a%ailent of anest"' 5s this !orre!tL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he %iew that it is not ne!essar" for reels toa&it the !oission of the !rie !har,e& inor&er to a%ail thesel%es of the enefits of anest" is not !orre!t' +s state& in Eera %'PeopleH 7 SC+ 1H the &o!trine lai& &own inorrio?uinto %s' Fernan&e=H 82 Phil' #2 haseen o%erturne&' +nest" presupposes the!oission of a !rie' 5t is in!onsistent for soeone to seeD for for,i%eness for a !riewhi!h he &enies ha%in, !oitte&' (People %s'PasilanH 1# SC+ 9#)'

Pardoning Poer5 A+ne%ty 6199No' : u!asH a ranDin, eer of the N-FH was!apture& " poli!een while aout to oar& apassen,er us oun& for Sorso,on' Char,e&with reellion he plea&e& not ,uilt" whenarrai,ne&' efore trial he was ,rante& asolutepar&on " the Presi&ent to allow hi toparti!ipate in the pea!e talDs etween the,o%ernent an& the !ounist reels'

3' 5nstea& of a par&onH a" the Presi&ent ,rantthe a!!use& anest" if fa%oral" re!oen&e&

" the National +nest" CoissionL /plain'

#' a" the a!!use& a%ail of the enefits ofanest" &espite the fa!t the he !ontinue& toprofess inno!en!eL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:3' he Presi&ent a" ,rant the a!!use& anest"'

+!!or&in, to arrio?uinto %s' Fernan&e=H 82 Phil'#2H +nest" a" e ,rante& efore or after theinstitution of the !riinal prose!ution'

#' NoH the a!!use& !annot a%ail of the enefits of anest" if he !ontinues to profess his inno!en!e'5n Eera %s' PeopleH 7 SC+ 12' sin!e anest"presupposes the !oission of a !rie' 5t isin!onsistent for an a!!use& to seeD for,i%enessfor soethin, whi!h he !lais he has not!oitte&'

Pardoning Poer5 &rea"' o# Condition5Re*o"ation 6><(1) runo still ha& se%eral "ears to ser%e on hissenten!e when he was !on&itionall" par&one& "the Presi&ent' +on, the !on&itions ipose& wasthat he woul& not a,ain %iolate an" of the penallaws of the Philippines' runo a!!epte& all of the!on&itions an& was release&' Shortl" thereafterHruno was !har,e& with 2 !ounts of estafa' @ewas then in!ar!erate& to ser%e the i epire&portion of his senten!e followin, the re%o!ation "the Presi&ent of the par&on'

runoBs fail" file& a petition for haeas!orpusH alle,in, that it was error to ha%e hire!oitte& as the !har,es were falseH infa!tH half of the were alrea&" &isisse&'esol%e the petition with reasons' (#)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he petition shoul& not e ,i%en &ue !ourse' he,rant of par&on an& the &eterination of theters an& !on&itions of a !on&itional par&on areP</O /M/C<5E/ +CS whi!h are notsue!t to u&i!ial s!rutin"' he a!!eptan!ethereof " the !on%i!t or prisoner !arrie& with itthe authorit" or power of the /e!uti%e to&eterine whether a !on&ition or !on&itions of thepar&on has or ha%e een %iolate&' 6here thePresi&ent opts to re%oDe the !on&itional par&on,i%enH no u&i!ial pronoun!eent of ,uilt of asuse?uent !rie is ne!essar"H u!h less!on%i!tion therefor " final u&,ent of a !ourtH inor&er that a !on%i!t a" e re!oen&e& for the%iolation of his !on&itional par&on' he&eterination of the o!!urren!e of a rea!h of a!on&ition of a par&onH an& the proper

!onse?uen!es of su!h rea!hH is a purel"ee!uti%e a!tH not sue!t to u&i!ial s!rutin"'(orres %' $on=alesH $'' No' 7872H >ul" 23H1987)

Pardoning Poer5 E,e" Ce+en"y5 Pardon6199No' : u!asH a ranDin, eer of the N-FH was!apture& " poli!een while aout to oar& apassen,er us oun& for Sorso,on' Char,e&with reellion he plea&e& not ,uilt"



:;1



:;(

when arrai,ne&' efore trial he was ,rante&asolute par&on " the Presi&ent to allow hi toparti!ipate in the pea!e talDs etween the,o%ernent an& the !ounist reels'



:;)

(1) 5s the par&on of the Presi&ent %ali&L/plain'(2) +ssuin, that the par&on is %ali&H !an u!asree!t itL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

1' he par&on is not %ali&' <n&er Se!tion 19H +rti!le E55 of the 1987 ConstitutionH par&on a"e ,rante& onl" after !on%i!tion " final>u&,ent'2' OesH u!as !an ree!t the par&on +s hel& in<nite& States %s' 6ilsonH 7 Pet' 10 an& ur&i!D%s' <nite& StatesH 27# <'S' #80' a!!eptan!e isessential to !oplete the par&on an& the par&ona" e ree!te& " the person to who it isten&ere&H for it a" infli!t !onse?uen!es of,reater &is,ra!e than those fro whi!h it purportsto relie%e'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

NoH u!as !annot ree!t the par&on' +!!or&in, toi&&le %s' Pero%i!hH 27# <'S' #80H a!!eptan!e isnot ne!essar"H for the ,rant of par&on in%ol%es a&eterination " the Presi&ent that puli! welfarewill e etter ser%e& " infli!tin, less than whatthe u&,ent fie&'

Pardoning Poer5 E,e"-ti*e Ce+en"y 61997

No' 1; $o%ernor + was !har,e& a&inistrati%el"with oppression an& was pla!e& un&er pre%enti%esuspension fro offi!e &urin, the pen&en!" of his!ase' Foun& ,uilt" of the !har,eH the Presi&entsuspen&e& hi fro offi!e for ninet" &a"s' aterHthe Presi&ent ,rante& hi !leen!" " re&u!in,the perio& of his suspension to the perio& he hasalrea&" ser%e&' he Ei!e $o%ernor ?uestione& the%ali&it" of the eer!ise of ee!uti%e !leen!" onthe ,roun& that it !oul& e ,rante& onl" in !riinalHnot a&inistrati%eH !ases' @ow shoul& the ?uestione resol%e&L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ar,uent of the Ei!e $o%ernor shoul& e

ree!te&' +s hel& in laas %s' ArosH 202 SC+8##' the power of ee!uti%e !leen!" eten&s toa&inistrati%e !ases' 5n ,rantin, the power ofee!uti%e !leen!" upon the Presi&entH Se!tion19H +rti!le E55 of the Constitution &oes not&istin,uish etween !riinal an& a&inistrati%e!ases' Se!tion 19H +rti!le E55 of the Constitutione!lu&es ipea!hent !asesH whi!h are not!riinal !asesH fro the s!ope of the power ofee!uti%e !leen!"' 5f this power a" eeer!ise& onl"

in !riinal !asesH it woul& ha%e een unne!essar"to e!lu&e ipea!hent !ases fro this s!ope' 5fthe Presi&ent !an ,rant par&ons in !riinal !asesHwith ore reason he !an ,rant ee!uti%e!leen!" in a&inistrati%e !asesH whi!h are lessserious'

Pardoning Poer5 E,e"-ti*e Ce+en"y 61999

+' 6hat are the !onstitutional liitations on thepar&onin, power of the Presi&entL (2)

' -istin,uish etween par&on an& anest"'(2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+' he followin, are the liitations on thepar&onin, power of the Presi&ent' 1) 5t !annot e,rante& in !ases ofipea!hent; 2) eprie%esH !outationsHpar&onH an&

reission of fines an& forfeitures !an e,rante& onl" after !on%i!tion " final

u&,ent'3) he fa%orale re!oen&ation of theCA//C is re?uire& for %iolation of ele!tionlawsH rules an& re,ulations'

' +!!or&in, to arrio?uinto %' Fernan&e=H 82Phil' #2H the followin, are the &istin!tionsetween par&on an& anest"'

1 Par&on is a pri%ate a!t an& ust eplea&e& an& pro%e& " the personpar&one&; while anest" is a puli! a!t ofwhi!h !ourts taDe u&i!ial noti!e;

2 Par&on &oes not re?uire the !on!urren!eof Con,ressH while anest" re?uires the!on!urren!e of Con,ress;

3 Par&on is ,rante& to in&i%i&ualsH whileanest" is ,rante& to !lasses of personsor !ounities;

4 Par&on a" e ,rante& for an" offenseHwhile anest" is ,rante& for politi!aloffenses;

5 Par&on is ,rante& after final !on%i!tionHwhile anest" a" e ,rante& at an"tie; an&

6 Par&on looDs forwar& an& relie%es theoffen&er fro the !onse?uen!es of hisoffenseH while anest" looDs a!Dwar&an& the person ,rante& it stan&s eforethe law as thou,h he ha& !oitte& nooffense'Pardoning Poer5 ind% 61988

No' 2#: he first para,raph of Se!tion 19 of +rti!le E55 of the Constitution pro%i&in, for thepar&onin, power of the Presi&entH entionsreprie%eH !outationH an& par&on' Please



:;*



:;6

&efine the three of theH an& &ifferentiate onefro the others'



:;7

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ters were &efine& an& &istin,uishe& froone another in People %' EeraH Phil' H 111*112 (1930)H as follows:(1) /P5/E/ is a postponeent of theee!ution of a senten!e to a &a" !ertainH(2) CA<+5AN is a reission of a part of the

punishentH a sustitution of less penalt" for theone ori,inall" ipose&'(3) + P+-ANH on the other han&H is an a!t of,ra!eH pro!ee&in, fro the power entruste& withthe ee!ution of the laws whi!h eepts thein&i%i&ual on who it is estowe& fro thepunishent the law infli!ts for a !rie he has!oitte&'

Pardoning Poer5 Pardon3 Conditiona 61997

No' 1; + while ser%in, iprisonent for estafa'upon re!oen&ation of the oar& of Par&ons

an& ParoleH was ,rante& par&on " the Presi&enton !on&ition that he shoul& not a,ain %iolate an"penal law of the lan&' aterH the oar& of Par&onsan& Parole re!oen&e& to the Presi&ent the!an!ellation of the par&on ,rante& hi e!ause +ha& een !har,e& with estafa on 20 !ounts an&was !on%i!te& of the offense !har,e& althou,h hetooD an appeal therefro whi!h was still pen&in,'

+s re!oen&e&H the Presi&ent !an!ele& thepar&on he ha& ,rante& to +' + was thus arreste&an& iprisone& to ser%e the alan!e of hissenten!e in the first !ase' + !laie& in his petitionfor haeas !orpus file& in !ourt that his &etentionwas ille,al e!ause he ha& not "et een !on%i!te&" final u&,ent an& was not ,i%en a !han!e toe hear& efore he was re!oitte& to prison' 5s

+Bs ar,uent %ali&L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he ar,uent of + is not %ali&' +s hel& in orres%s' $on=ales' 12 SC+ 272 a u&i!ialpronoun!eent that a !on%i!t who was ,rante& apar&on sue!t to the !on&ition that he shoul& nota,ain %iolate an" penal law is not ne!essar"

efore he !an e &e!lare& to ha%e %iolate& the!on&ition of his par&on' oreo%erH a hearin, isnot ne!essar" efore + !an e re!oitte& toprison' " a!!eptin, the !on&itional par&onH +Ha,ree& that the &eterination " the Presi&entthat he %iolate& the !on&ition of his par&on shalle !on!lusi%e upon hi an& an or&er for hisarrest shoul& at on!e issue'

Pre%ident5 Parti"i$ation5 Legi%ati*e Pro"e%%6199?

No' 7: Can the Presi&ent taDe a!ti%e part in thele,islati%e pro!essL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH he Presi&ent !an taDe a!ti%e part in thele,islati%e pro!ess to the etent allowe& " theConstitution' @e !an a&&ress Con,ress at an"tie to propose the ena!tent of !ertain laws'@e re!oen&s the ,eneral appropriations ill'@e !an !all a spe!ial session of Con,ress at an"

tie' @e !an !ertif" to the ne!essit" of theie&iate ena!tent of a ill to eet a puli!!alait" or eer,en!"' @e !an %eto a ill'

Pre%identia I++-nity #ro+ S-it 61997No' 13: <pon !oplaint of the in!uentPresi&ent of the epuli!H + was !har,e& withliel efore the e,ional rial Court' + o%e& to&isiss the inforation on the ,roun& that theCourt ha& no uris&i!tion o%er the offense!har,e& e!ause the Presi&entH ein, iunefro suitH shoul& also e &is?ualifie& fro filin, a!ase a,ainst + in !ourt' esol%e the otion'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he otion shoul& e &enie& a!!or&in, toSoli%en us' aDasiarH 17 SC+ 393H theiunit" of the Presi&ent fro suit is personal tothe Presi&ent' 5t a" e in%oDe& " the Presi&entonl" an& not " an" other person'

Pro'ibition Again%t 0-ti$e Po%ition% BAdditiona Co+$en%ation 6No E5' is the Se!retar" of the -epartent ofFinan!e' @e is also an e*offi!io eer of theonetar" oar& of the an,Do Sentral n, Pilipinasfro whi!h he re!ei%es an a&&itional!opensation for e%er" oar& eetin, atten&e&'

NH a tapa"erH file& a suit in !ourt to &e!lareSe!retar" Bs eership in the onetar" oar&an& his re!eipt of a&&itional !opensation ille,alan& in %iolation of the Constitution' N in%oDe&

+rti!le E55H Se!tion 13 of the Constitution whi!hpro%i&es that the Presi&entH Ei!e*Presi&entH theeers of the CainetH an& their &eputies orassistants shall notH unless otherwise pro%i&e& in

the ConstitutionH hol& an" other offi!e oreplo"ent &urin, their tenure' N also !ite& +rti!le5M*H Se!tion 8 of the ConstitutionH whi!h pro%i&esthat no ele!ti%e or appointi%e puli! offi!er oreplo"ee shall re!ei%e a&&itionalH &ouleH orin&ire!t !opensationH unless spe!ifi!all"authori=e& " law' 5f "ou were the u&,eH howwoul& "ou &e!i&e the followin,:



:;8



:;9

a) the issue re,ar&in, the hol&in, of ultiplepositionsL (3) ) the issue on the pa"ent ofa&&itional or &oule !opensationL(2) /plain"our answers full"'



:;:

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) 5f 5 were the u&,eH 5 woul& uphol& the %ali&it"of the &esi,nation of Se!retar" as e offi!ioeer of the onetar" oar&H +s state& in Ci%il

ierties <nion %' /e!uti%e Se!retar"H 19# SC+317 (1991)H the prohiition a,ainst the hol&in, ofultiple positions " Cainet eers in +rti!leE55H Se!tion 13 of the Constitution &oes not appl"to positions o!!upie& in an e offi!io !apa!it" aspro%i&e& " law an& as re?uire& " the priar"fun!tions of their offi!e'

() 5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5 woul& rule that Se!retar" !annot re!ei%e an" a&&itional !opensation'

+s state& in Ci%il ierties <nion %' /e!uti%eSe!retar"H 19# SC+ 317 (1991)H a Cainet

eer hol&in, an e*offi!io position has nori,ht to re!ei%e a&&itional !opensationH for hisser%i!es in that position are alrea&" pai& for "the !opensation atta!he& to his prin!ipal offi!e'

Pro'ibition again%t 0-ti$e Po%ition% by2o*Jt O##i"ia% 61987No' 5: +ssue that a law has een passe&!reatin, the /port Control oar& !opose& of:

1 he Se!retar" of ra&e an& 5n&ustr" asChairan an& as eers:

2 he Chairan of the Senate Coittee onra&e an& 5n&ustr"

3 +n +sso!iate >usti!e of the Supree Court&esi,nate& " the Chief >usti!e

4 he Coissioner of CustosH an&

5 he Presi&ent of the Philippine Chaer ofCoer!e an& 5n&ustr"H

he National Constitutional +sso!iation of thePhilippines has file& suit to !hallen,e the!onstitutionalit" of the law'

-eterine whether the eership of ea!h of

the ao%e in the oar& !an e uphel&' Citerele%ant !onstitutional pro%isions'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a' he !hairanship of the Se!retar" of ra&ean& 5n&ustr" in the oar& !an e uphel& on theasis of +rt' 5MH H Se!' 7H whi!h allows appointi%eoffi!ials to hol& other offi!es if allowe& " law(su!h as the law in this !ase !reatin, the /portControl oar&) or ustifie& " the priar"fun!tions of their offi!es' he fun!tions of theoar& is relate& to his fun!tions

as Se!retar" of ra&e an& 5n&ustr"' he pro%isionof +rtH E55H Se!H 13H prohiitin, Cainet eersfro hol&in, an" other offi!e or eplo"entH issue!t to the e!eptions in +rt' 5MH H Se!' 7'

' -ean Sin!o elie%es that eers of Con,ress !annot e eers of the oar& of e,ents of the <ni%ersit" of the Philippines un&er

the 5n!opatiilit" Clause of the 193Constitution whi!h is siilar to the pro%ision of

+rt' E5H Se!' 13 of the present Constitution' <n&er this %iewH the eership of the Chairan of theSenate Coittee on ra&e an& 5n&ustr" in the/port Control oar& !annot e sustaine&'(Sin!oH Philippine Politi!al aw 13 (llth /&'192)'

oreo%erH sin!e the apparent ustifi!ation for theeership of the Chairan of the SenateCoittee is to ai& hi in his le,islati%efun!tionsH this purpose !an easil" e a!hie%e&

throu,h le,islati%e in%esti,ations un&er +rt' E5HSe!'21'

An the other han&H -ean Cortes appears tosu,,est a !ontrar" %iewH notin, that after the&e!ision in $o%ernent of the Philippine 5slan&s%' Sprin,er 0 Phil' 29 (1927)H in %ali&atin, thelaw &esi,natin, the Senate Presi&ent an&SpeaDer as eers of the oar& of Control of ,o%ernent !orporationsH no other &e!ision haseen ren&ere&' An the !ontrar"H laws ha%e eenena!te&H aDin, eers of Con,ress eers

of %arious oar&s'

5n&ee&H the eership of the Chairan of theSenate Coittee on ra&e an& 5n&ustr" a" euphel& as ein, in ai& of his le,islati%e fun!tionssin!e what is prohiite& " +rt' E5H Se!' 13 is thea!!eptan!e of an in!opatile offi!e or eplo"ent in the ,o%ernent' (CortesHPhilippine Presi&en!"H pp' 111112(19))

(!) he &esi,nation of an +sso!iate >usti!e of the

Supree Court !annot e sustaine& ein, theiposition on the eers of the CourtH of non*

u&i!ial &utiesH !ontrar" to the prin!iple ofseparation of powers' 5t is u&i!ial power an&

u&i!ial power onl" whi!h the Supree Court an&its eers a" eer!ise' (+rt E555' Se!' 1;anila /le!tri! Co' %' Pasa" rans' Co'H 7 Phil'00 (1932))

(&) he Coissioner of Custos a" e a&eeer of the oar& for the sae



:1;



:11

reason in the !ase of the Se!retar" of ra&e an&5n&ustr"H un&er +rt' 5MH H Se!' 7'



:1(

(e) he eership of the Presi&ent of thePhilippine Chaer of Coer!e a" also euphel& on the ,roun& that Con,ress has thepower to pres!rie ?ualifi!ations for the offi!e'

S-%$en%ion o# 4rit o# Habea% Cor$-% 61997

(a) 6hen a" the pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas!orpus e suspen&e&L() 5f %ali&l" &e!lare&H what woul& e the full!onse?uen!es of su!h suspensionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) <n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E55 of theConstitutionH the pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas!orpus a" e suspen&e& when there is anin%asion or reellion an& puli! safet" re?uires it'

() +!!or&in, to Se!tion 18H +rti!le E55 of theConstitutionH the suspension of the pri%ile,e ofthe writ of haeas !orpus shall appl" onl" to

persons u&i!iall" !har,e& with reellion oroffenses 5nherent to or &ire!tl" !onne!te& within%asion' +n" person arreste& or &etaine& shoul&e u&i!iall" !har,e& within three &a"s'AtherwiseH he shoul& e release&' oreo%erHun&er Se!tion 13' +rti!le 555 of the ConstitutionHthe ri,ht to ail shall not e ipaire& e%en whenthe pri%ile,e of the writ of haeas !orpus issuspen&e&'

ARTICLE (III .-di"ia

!e$art+ent

Ca%e% to be Heard En &an"5 S-$re+e Co-rt61999No M5 * /nuerate the !ases re?uire& " theConstitution to e hear& en an! " the SupreeCourtL (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he followin, are the !ases re?uire& " theConstitution to e hear& en an! " the SupreeCourt:

(1) Cases in%ol%in, the !onstitutionalit" of a

treat"H international or ee!uti%e a,reeentH or law;

(2) Cases whi!h un&er the ules of Courtare re?uire& to e hear& en an!'

(3) Cases in%ol%in, the !onstitutionalit"Happli!ationH or operation of presi&ential &e!reesHpro!laationsH or&ersH instru!tionsH or&inan!esH an&other re,ulations;

(#) Cases hear& " a &i%ision when there?uire& aorit" is not otaine&;

() Cases where a &o!trine or prin!iple of lawpre%iousl" lai& &own will e o&ifie& or re%erse&;

() +&inistrati%e !ases a,ainst u&,es whenthe penalt" is &isissal; an&

(7) /le!tion !ontests for Presi&ent or Ei!e*

Presi&ent'

Conte+$t Poer% 6199?No' 3: 2) An the first &a" of the trial of a rape*ur&er !ase where the %i!ti was a popular EstarH o%er a hun&re& of her fans rallie& at theentran!e of the !ourthouseH ea!h !arr"in, apla!ar& &ean&in, the !on%i!tion of the a!!use&an& the iposition of the &eath penalt" on hi'he rall" was pea!eful an& &i& not &istur thepro!ee&in,s of the !ase' a) Can the trial !ourtor&er the &ispersal of the rall"ists un&er pain of

ein, punishe& for !ontept of !ourtH if the" fail to&o soL /plain' ) 5f instea& of a rall"H the fans ofthe %i!ti wrote letters to the newspaper e&itors&ean&in, the !on%i!tion of the a!!use&H !an thetrial !ourt punish the for !onteptL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2' a) OesH the trial !ourt !an or&er the &ispersal ofthe rall" un&er pain of ein, !ite& for !ontept'he purpose of the rall" is to attept to influen!ethe a&inistration of >usti!e' +s state& in People%s' FloresH 239 SC+ 83H an" !on&u!t " an"part" whi!h ten&s to &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl" 5pe&eHostru!t or &e,ra&e the a&inistration of usti!e issue!t to the !ontept powers of the !ourt'

) NoH the trial !ourt !annot punish for !onteptthe fans of the %i!ti who wrote letters to thenewspaper e&itors asDin, for the !on%i!tion of thea!!use&' Sin!e the letters were not a&&resse& tothe >u&,e an& the puli!ation of the letterso!!urre& outsi&e the !ourtH the fans !annot epunishe& in the asen!e of a !lear an& present

&an,er to the a&inistration of >usti!e' 5nCaansa, %s' Fernan&e=H 102 Phil 12H it washel& that a part" who wrote to the Presi&entialCoplaints an& +!tion Coittee to !oplainaout the &ela" in the &isposition of his !ase!oul& not e punishe& for !ontept in theasen!e of a !lear an& present &an,er to the faira&inistration of >usti!e'

Finaity o# (oid .-dg+ent% 6199



:1)



:1*

No' 8; he +C ealt"H 5n!H file& a !oplainta,ainst i!o for the !olle!tion of unpai&installents on a su&i%ision lot pur!hase& " thelatterH i!o faile& to file an answerH was &e!lare&in &efault; an& after re!eption of plaintiffse%i&en!e e parteH u&,ent was ren&ere&a,ainst hi' he &e!ision e!ae finalH an& uponotion " +C ealt"H the u&,e issue& a writ ofee!ution'



:16

i!o now files a otion to ?uash the writ an& to%a!ate the >u&,ent !onten&in, that it is the@ousin, an& an& <se e,ulator" oar&(@<) whi!h is %este& with ori,inal an&e!lusi%e >uris&i!tion o%er !ases in%ol%in, thereal estate usiness' i!o pra"s for the &isissalof the !oplaint an& for the nullit" of the &e!ision'he realt" fir opposes the otion ar,uin, thatun&er P 129H Cs ha%e e!lusi%e an& ori,inal

uris&i!tion o%er !ases in whi!h the aount of!ontro%ers" e!ee&s P20H000'00' +nswer thefollowin, ?ueries: 1) 6ho has uris&i!tion o%er the

!olle!tion suitL 2) he C &e!isionH ha%in,e!oe final an& ee!utor"H !an it still e%a!ate&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1T he @< 2) OesH the &e!ision of thee,ional rial Court !an still e %a!ate&H e%en ifit has e!oe final an& ee!utor"' Sin!e thee,ional rial Court ha& no uris&i!tion o%er the!aseH the &e!ision is %oi&'

Fi%"a A-tono+y 61999No M5 * 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& " the an&ateof the Constitution that the u&i!iar" shall eno"fis!al autono"L Cite the !onstitutional pro%isions!al!ulate& to rin, aout the reali=ation of the sai&!onstitutional an&ate' (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er Se!tion 3H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionHthe fis!al autono" of the >u&i!iar" eans thatappropriations for the >u&i!iar" a" not ere&u!e& " the le,islature elow the aountappropriate& for the pre%ious "ear an&H afterappro%alH shall e autoati!all" an& re,ularl"

release&'

5n en,=on %' -rilonH 208 SC+ 133H the SupreeCourt eplaine& that fis!al autono" !onteplatesa ,uarantee of full fleiilit" to allo!ate an& utili=eresour!es with the wis&o an& &ispat!h that thenee&s re?uire' 5t re!o,ni=es the power an&authorit" to &en"H assess an& !olle!t feesH fi ratesof !opensation not e!ee&in, the hi,hest ratesauthori=e& " law for !opensation an& pa"

plans of the ,o%ernent an& allo!ate an&&isurse su!h sus as a" e pro%i&e& " lawor pres!rie& " it in the !ourse of the &is!har,eof its fun!tions'

F-n"tion5 Contin-ing Con%tit-tiona Con*ention6No 5' **Ane Senator rearDe& that the SupreeCourt is a !ontinuin, Constitutional Con%ention'

-o "ou a,reeL /plain' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5 &o not a,ree that the Supree Court is a!ontinuin, Constitutional Con%ention' he !riti!isis ase& on the assuption that in eer!isin, itspower of u&i!ial re%iew the Supree Court 5s noterel" interpretin, the Constitution ut is tr"in, toreaDe the $o%ernent on the asis of thepersonal pre&ile!tions of the eers of theSupree CourtH this is a power that properl"elon,s to the people an& their ele!te&representati%es'

he Supree Court !annot &e!i&e !ases erel"on the asis of the letter of the Constitution' 5t hasto interpret the Constitution to ,i%e effe!t to theintent of its fraers an& of the people a&optin, it'5n 5nterpretin, the ConstitutionH the SupreeCourt has to a&opt it to the e%er*!han,in,!ir!ustan!es of so!iet"' 6hen the SupreeCourt striDes &own an a!t of the e,islati%e or the/e!uti%e -epartentH it is erel" &is!har,in, its&ut" un&er the Constitution to &eterine!onfli!tin, !lais of authorit"'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:o a !ertain etentH the Supree Court is a!ontinuin, Constitutional Con%ention' 6hen a!ase is rou,ht in !ourt in%ol%in, a !onstitutionalissue' 5t e!oes ne!essar" to interpret theConstitutionH Sin!e the Supree Court is supreewithin its own sphereH its interpretation of theConstitution will for part of the law of the lan&'

I%%-an"e o# Re%training Order% and In-n"tion%6199No' 7: Con,ress is !onsi&erin, new easures to

en!oura,e forei,n !orporations to rin, their in%estents to the Philippines' Con,ress hasfoun& that forei,n in%estents are &eterre& " theun!ertain in%estent !liate in the Philippines'Ane sour!e of su!h un!ertaint" is the hei,htene&

u&i!ial inter%ention in in%estent atters'

Ane su!h easure pro%i&es that no !ourt ora&inistrati%e a,en!" shall issue an" restrainin,or&er or inun!tion a,ainst the



:17



:18

Central anD in the anDBs eer!ise of itsre,ulator" power o%er spe!ifi! forei,n e!han,etransa!tions'



:19

6oul& this e a %ali& easureL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the easure is %ali&' 5n antruste S"stesH5n!' %s' Court of +ppealsH 179 SC+ 13H theSupree Court hel& that a law prohiitin, the

issuan!e of an inun!tion is %ali&H e!ause un&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionH the uris&i!tion of the !ourts a" e &efine& " law'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:Sin!e un&er Se!tions 1 an& (2)H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionH the !ourts are ,i%en the power of >u&i!ial re%iewH the easure is %oi&H Su!hpower ust e preser%e&' he issuan!e of restrainin, or&ers an& 5nun!tions is in ai& of thepower of u&i!ial re%iew'

.-di"ia B &ar Co-n"i 61988

No' 11: + no%el feature of the present Constitutionis the >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il' Please state:

1' 5ts prin!ipal fun!tion;2' 5ts !oposition; an&3' 6ho super%ises itH an& taDes !are of itsappropriationsLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' he >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il has the prin!ipalfun!tion of re!oen&in, appointees to the>u&i!iar"' 5t a" eer!ise su!h other fun!tionsan& &uties as the Supree Court a" assi,n toit' (+rt' E555H se!' 8())'

2' he >C is !opose& of the Chief >usti!e ase offi!io ChairanH the Se!retar" of >usti!e an&a representati%e of the Con,ress as e offi!ioeersH a representati%e of the 5nte,rate& arHa professor of lawH a retire& eer of theSupree CourtH an& a representati%e of thepri%ate se!tor' (+rt' E555H se!' 8(1))'

3H he Supree Court super%ises the >C an&pro%i&es in the annual u&,et of the Court the

appropriations of the >C' (+rt' E555H se!' 8(#))'

.-di"ia B &ar Co-n"i 61999No M5 * 6hat is the !oposition of the >u&i!ialan& ar Coun!il an& the ter of offi!e of itsre,ular eersL (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il is !opose& of thefollowin,:1' he Chief >usti!e as e offi!io !hairan;

1 he Se!retar" of >usti!e as e offi!ioeer;

2 + representati%e of Con,ress as e offi!ioeer;

3 + representati%e of the 5nte,rate& ar;

4 + professor of law;

5 + retire& >usti!e of the Supree Court;an&

6 + representati%e of the pri%ate se!tor'(Se!tion 8 (1)H +rti!le E555 of theConstitution)

he ter of offi!e of the re,ular eers is four (#) "ears' (Se!tion 8(2)H +rti!le E555 of theConstitution)

.-di"ia !e$art+ent5 4rit o# A+$aro 61991No 1: 6hat is a Constitutional writ of +paroan& what is the asis for su!h a ree&" un&er the ConstitutionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he writ of +paro in ei!an law is anetraor&inar" ree&" where" an intereste& part"a" seeD the in%ali&ation of an" ee!uti%eH

le,islati%e or u&i!ial a!t &eee& in %iolation of afun&aental ri,ht' he a&option of su!h a ree&"in the Philippines a" e ase& on +rti!le E555HSe!' () of the ConstitutionH whi!h epowers theSupree Court to proul,ate rules !on!ernin,the prote!tion an& enfor!eent of !onstitutionalri,hts'

.-di"ia Inde$enden"e5 Sa#eg-ard 6No 5' Nae at least three !onstitutionalsafe,uar&s to aintain u&i!ial in&epen&en!e'(3)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he followin, are the !onstitutional safe,uar&sto aintain u&i!ial in&epen&en!e:

(1) he Supree Court is a !onstitutionalo&" an& !annot e aolishe& " erele,islation'

(2) he eers of the Supree Court!annot e reo%e& e!ept " ipea!hent'

(3) he Supree Court !annot e &epri%e&of its iniu uris&i!tion pres!rie& in Se!tionH +rti!le M of the Constitution'

(#) he appellate uris&i!tion of the SupreeCourt !annot e in!rease& " law without itsa&%i!e an& !on!urren!e'

() +ppointees to the >u&i!iar" are noinate&" the >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il an& are not sue!tto !onfiration " the Coission on

+ppointents'



:1:



:(;

() he Supree Court has a&inistrati%esuper%ision o%er all lower !ourts an& theirpersonnel'

(7) he Supree Court has e!lusi%e powerto &is!ipline >u&,es of lower !ourts'

(8) he eers of the >u&i!iar" ha%ese!urit" of tenureH whi!h !annot e un&erine&

" a law reor,ani=in, the >u&i!iar"'

(9) eers of the >u&i!iar" !annot e&esi,nate& to an" a,en!" perforin, ?uasi*>u&i!ial or a&inistrati%e fun!tions'

(10) he salaries of eers of the >u&i!iar"!annot e &e!rease& &urin, their !ontinuan!e inoffi!e'

(11) he >u&i!iar" has fis!al autono"'

(12) he Supree Court has e!lusi%e power

to proul,ate rules of plea&in,H pra!ti!e an&pro!e&ure'

(13) Anl" the Supree Court !an teporaril"assi,n u&,es to other stations'

(1#) 5t is the Supree Court who appoints alloffi!ials an& eplo"ees of the >u&i!iar"' (Cru=HPhilippine Politi!al awH 199 e&' (pp' 229*31')

.-di"ia Poer 61989No' 10: 6here is u&i!ial power %este&L 6hatare in!lu&e& in su!h powerLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+!!or&in, to Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the 1987ConstitutionH u&i!ial power is %este& in oneSupree Court an& in su!h lower !ourts as a"e estalishe& " law' 5t in!lu&es the &ut" of the!ourts of usti!e to settle a!tual !ontro%ersiesin%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all" &ean&ale an&enfor!ealeH an& to &eterine whether or notthere has een a ,ra%e ause of &is!retionaountin, to la!D or e!ess of uris&i!tion on the

part of an" ran!h or instruentalit" of the$o%ernent'

.-di"ia Poer 6199No' 8: + !ase was file& efore the San&i,ana"anre,ar&in, a ?uestionale ,o%ernent transa!tion'5n the !ourse of the pro!ee&in,sH newspaperslinDe& the nae of Senator >' &e eon to thes!an&al'

Senator &e eon tooD the floor of the Senate tospeaD on a atter of personal pri%ile,e to%in&i!ate his honor a,ainst those aseless an&ali!ious alle,ations' he atter was referre& tothe Coittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli!Affi!ersH whi!h pro!ee&e& to !on&u!t a le,islati%ein?uir"' he Coittee asDe& r' Ein!e e&esaHa usinessan linDe& to the transa!tion an& nowa respon&ent efore the San&i,ana"anH to

appear an& to testif" efore the Coittee'

r e&esa refuses to appear an& file suit eforethe Supree Court to !hallen,e the le,alit" of thepro!ee&in,s efore the Coittee' @e also asDswhether the Coittee ha& the power to re?uirehi to testif"' 5&entif" the issues 5n%ol%e& an&resol%e the'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he issues in%ol%e& in this !ase are the followin,:

1 6hether or not the Supree Court has uris&i!tion to entertain the !ase;

2 6hether or not the Coittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli! Affi!ers has thepower to in%esti,ate a atter whi!h isin%ol%e& in a !ase pen&in, in !ourt; an&

3 6hether or not the petitioner !an in%oDehis ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination'

+ll these 5ssues were resol%e& in the !ase ofen,=on %s' Senate lue ion CoitteeH203 SC+ 77'

he Supree Court has uris&i!tion o%er the!aseH e!ause it in%ol%es the ?uestion of whetheror not the Coittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli!Affi!ers has the power to !on&u!t thein%esti,ation' <n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of theConstitutionH u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" ofthe !ourts to &eterine whether or not an" ran!hof the ,o%ernent is a!tin, with ,ra%e of ause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D of uris&i!tion' heCoittee on +!!ountailit" of Puli! Affi!ershas no power to in%esti,ate the s!an&al' Sin!ethe s!an&al is in%ol%e& in a !ase pen&in, in !ourtH

the in%esti,ation will en!roa!h upon the e!lusi%e&oain of the !ourt' o allow the in%esti,ation will!reate the possiilit" of !onfli!tin, u&,entsetween the !oittee an& the !ourt' 5f the&e!ision of the !oittee were rea!he& eforethat of the !ourtH it i,ht influen!e the u&,entof the !ourt'

he petitioner !an in%oDe his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH '''



:(1



:((

.-di"ia Poer 61998



:()

5E' +n&res +n, was orn of a Chinese father an& aFilipino other in Sorso,onH Sorso,on' on >anuar"20H 1973' 5n 1988' his father was naturali=e&as aFilipino !iti=en' An a" 11H1998' +n&res +n, wasele!te& epresentati%e of the First -istri!t of Sorso,on' >uan onto who re!ei%e& the se!on&hi,hest nuer of %otesH file& a petition for uo

6arranto a,ainst +n,' he petition was file& withthe @ouse of epresentati%e /le!toral riunal(@/)' onto !onten&s that +n, is not a naturalorn !iti=en of the Philippines an& therefore is&is?ualifie& to e a eer of the @ouse'

he @/ rule& in fa%or of +n,' onto file& apetition for !ertiorari in the Supree Court' hefollowin, issues are raise&:

1 6hether the !ase is usti!iale !onsi&erin, that +rti!le E5' Se!tion 17 of the Constitution &e!lares

the @/ to e the sole >u&,e of all !ontestsrelatin, to the ele!tion returns an&&is?ualifi!ations of eers of the @ouse ofepresentati%es' Q

2 6hether +n, is a natural o !iti=en of

the Philippines' WQ @ow shoul& this !ase e&e!i&e&L SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

1' he !ase is usti!iale' +s state& 5n a=atin%s' @ouse /le!toral riunal 18 SC+ 391H #0#Hsin!e u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" to&eterine whether or not there has een a ,ra%eause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e!essof uris&i!tion on the part of an" ran!h orinstruentalit" of the $o%ernentH the SupreeCourt has the power to re%iew the &e!isions ofthe @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toral riunalin !ase of ,ra%e +use of &is!retion on its part'

2' +n&res +n, shoul& e !onsi&ere& a naturalorn !iti=en of the Philippines' ''''

.-di"ia Poer5 S"o$e 6199;No' 2: 1T 6hat is the &ifferen!eH if an"' etween

the s!ope of >u&i!ial power un&er the 1987Constitution on one han&H an& the 193 an&1973 Constitutions on the otherLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he s!ope of u&i!ial power un&er the 1987Constitution is roa&er than its s!ope un&er the193 an& 1973 Constitution e!ause of these!on& para,raph of Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the1987 ConstitutionH whi!h states that it in!lu&esthe &ut" to &eterine whether or not there haseen a ,ra%e ause of &is!retion

aountin, to la!D or e!ess of uris&i!tion on thepart of an" ran!h or instruentalit" of the$o%ernent' +s hel& in ar!os us' an,lapusH177 SC+ 8' this pro%ision liits resort to thepoliti!al ?uestion &o!trine an& roa&ens the s!opeof uri&i!al in?uir" into areas whi!h the !ourtsun&er the 193 an& the 1973 Constitutions woul&norall" ha%e left to the politi!al &epartents to&e!i&e'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:<n&er the 193 an& 1973 ConstitutionsH therewas no pro%ision &efinin, the s!ope of u&i!ialpower as %este& in the u&i!iar"' 6hile theseConstitutionsH oth pro%i&e& for %esture of u&i!ialpower in one Supree Court an& in su!h inferior !ourts as a" e estalishe& " lawH the" weresilent as to the s!ope of su!h power'

he 1987 ConstitutionH on the other han&H re*wrote the pro%isions on the %esture of u&i!ialpower ori,inall" appearin, in the 193 an& 1973

ConstitutionsH as follows:he u&i!ial power shall e %este& in oneSupree Court an& in su!h lower !ourts asa" e estalishe& " law'

>u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" of the !ourtsof usti!e to settle a!tual !ontro%ersies5n%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all" &ean&alean& enfor!ealeH an& to &eterine whether or not there has een a ,ra%e ause of &is!retionaountin, to la!D or e!ess of >uris&i!tion onthe part of an" ran!h or instruentalit" of the

$o%ernent' (Se!' 1' +rt' E555)

he se!on& para,raph of the !ite& pro%ision wasnot foun& in the 193 an& 1973 ConstitutionH it!ontains a new &efinition of u&i!ial power parti!ularl" the s!ope thereof' he first portionthereof represents the tra&itional !on!ept of >u&i!ial powerH in%ol%in, the settleent of !onfli!tin, ri,hts as " lawH whi!h presual" wasipli!it in the 193 an& 1973 Constitutions' hese!on& (latter) portion of the &efinition represents aroa&enin, of the s!ope of u&i!ial power orH in the

lan,ua,e of the Supree CourtH !onferent of epan&e& >uris&i!tion on the >u&i!iar" (-a=a %'Sin,sonH 180 SC+ #9) to enale the !ourts tore%iew the eer!ise of &is!retion " the politi!al&epartents of ,o%ernent' his new prero,ati%eof the u&i!iar" as now re!o,ni=e& un&er the 1987Constitution was not !onstitutionall" perissileun&er the 193 an& 1973 Charters'



:(*



:(6

.-di"ia Re*ie5 Lo"-% Standi 6199



:(7

No' : he Philippine /n%ironentalistsBAr,ani=ation for NatureH a &ul" re!o,ni=e& non*,o%ernental or,ani=ationH inten&s to file suit toenoin the Philippine $o%ernent fro allo!atin,fun&s to operate a power plant at ount ua 5n asouthern islan&' he" !lai that there was no!onsultation with the 5n&i,enous !ultural!ounit" whi!h will e &ispla!e& fro an!estral

lan&s essential to their li%elihoo& an&in&ispensale to their reli,ious pra!ti!es'

1 he or,ani=ation is ase& in aDati' +ll itsoffi!ers li%e an& worD in aDati' Not one of itsoffi!ers or eers elon, to the affe!te&in&i,enous !ultural !ounit"' -o the" ha%ethe stan&in, in this &isputeL /plain'

2 6oul& "our answer e &ifferent if the PhilippinePower CorporationH a pri%ate !opan"H were tooperate the plantL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

a) <n&er Se!tion H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionHthe State shoul& prote!t the ri,hts of !ultural5n&i,enous !ounities to their an!estral lan&s toensure their well*ein,' <n&er Se!tion 17H +rti!leM5E of the ConstitutionH the State shoul& prote!tthe ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural !ounities topreser%e an& &e%elop this !ulturesH tra&itionsH an&institutions an& shoul& !onsi&er these ri,hts in theforulation of national plans an& poli!ies' he,o%ernent %iolate& these pro%isionsH e!ause it&e!i&e& to operate the power plant without!onsultin, the in&i,enous !ultural !ounit" an&

the operation of the power plant will result in its&ispla!eent'

5f the proe!te& lawsuit will e ase& on %iolationof the ri,hts of the in&i,enous !ultural!ounitiesH the Philippine /n%ironentalistsAr,ani=ation will ha%e no stan&in, to file the!ase' None of its offi!ers an& eers elon, tothe in&i,enous !ultural !ounit"' None of their ri,hts are affe!te&'

5f the lawsuit will seeD to enoin the use of puli!fun&s to operate the power plantH the Philippine/n%ironentalistsB Ar,ani=ation !an file atapa"erBs suit' +s hel& in a!e&a us' a!arai,H197 SC+ 771H a tapa"er has stan&in, to?uestion the ille,al epen&iture of puli! fun&s'

) he Philippine /n%ironentalists Ar,ani=ationwill ha%e no stan&in, to file the !ase if it is apri%ate !opan" that will operate

the power plantH e!ause no puli! fun&s will espent for its operation' +s hel& in $on=ales %s'ar!osH SC+ 2#H a tapa"er has nostan&in, to file a !ase if no epen&iture of puli!fun&s is in%ol%e&'

Sin!e no eer or offi!er of the Philippine/n%ironentalistsB Ar,ani=ation elon,s to theaffe!te& in&i,enous !ounit"H none of the ri,hts

of the Philippine /n%ironentalistsB Ar,ani=ationan& of its offi!ers an& eers are affe!te&' 5na!!or&an!e with the rulin, in National /!onoi!Prote!tionis +sso!iation %s' An,pinH 171 SC+7H the or,ani=ation has no stan&in, to file the!ase'

.-di"ia Re*ie5 Re-i%ite% 6199;No' 2: 2) +ssue that the !onstitutional ?uestionraise& in a petition efore the Supree Court isthe 5is ota of the !aseH ,i%e at least two other re?uireents efore the Court will eer!ise itspower of u&i!ial re%iewL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2) +!!or&in, to a!asiano %s' National @ousin,

+uthorit"H 22# SC+ 23H in a&&ition to there?uireent that the !onstitutional ?uestion raise&e the lis ota of the !aseH the followin,re?uisites ust e present for the eer!ise of thepower of u&i!ial re%iew:

1 here ust e an a!tual !ase or!ontro%ers" in%ol%in, a !onfli!t of le,alri,hts sus!eptile of >u&i!ial&eterination;

2 he !onstitutional ?uestion ust e raise&

" the proper part"; an&3 he !onstitutional ?uestion ust e raise&

at the earliest opportunit"'

.-ri%di"tion o# HLUR& 6199No' 8; he +C ealt"H 5n!H file& a !oplainta,ainst i!o for the !olle!tion of unpai&installents on a su&i%ision lot pur!hase& " thelatterH i!o faile& to file an answerH was &e!lare&in &efault; an& after re!eption of plaintiffse%i&en!e e parteH u&,ent was ren&ere&a,ainst hi' he &e!ision e!ae finalH an& upon

otion " +C ealt"H the u&,e issue& a writ of ee!ution'

i!o now files a otion to ?uash the writ an& to%a!ate the >u&,ent !onten&in, that it is the@ousin, an& an& <se e,ulator" oar&(@<) whi!h is %este& with ori,inal an&e!lusi%e >uris&i!tion o%er !ases in%ol%in, thereal estate usiness' i!o pra"s for the &isissalof the !oplaint an& for the nullit" of the &e!ision'he realt" fir opposes the



:(8



:(9

otion ar,uin, that un&er P 129H Cs ha%ee!lusi%e an& ori,inal uris&i!tion o%er !ases inwhi!h the aount of !ontro%ers" e!ee&sP20H000'00' +nswer the followin, ?ueries:



:(:

(1) 6ho has uris&i!tion o%er the !olle!tion suitL

(2) he C &e!isionH ha%in, e!oe final an&ee!utor"H !an it still e %a!ate&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

1T +s hel& in /state -e%elopers an& 5n%estorsCorporation %s' Court of +ppealsH 213 SC+ 33Hpursuant to Presi&ential -e!ree No' 13##H it isthe @ousin, an& an& <se e,ulator" oar&whi!h has uris&i!tion o%er the !lai of a&e%eloper a,ainst a u"er for the pa"ent of thealan!e of the pur!hase pri!e of a lot' he

uris&i!tion of the e,ional rial Court o%er !asesin whi!h the aount of !ontro%ers" e!ee&sP20H000'00 eists onl" in all !ases where the!ase &oes not otherwise fall within the e!lusi%e

uris&i!tion of an" other !ourtH triunalH person or o&" eer!isin, >u&i!ial or ?uasi*u&i!ial

fun!tionsH

2) OesH e!ause it is %oi&''''

0andatory Period For !e"iding Ca%e% 61989No' 10: (2) -espite the lapse of # onths frothe tie that the trial was terinate& an& the!ase suitte& for &e!isionH the trial !ourt faile&to &e!i&e the !ase' he &efense !ounsel o%e&to &isiss the !ase on the ,roun& that after thelapse of 90 &a"sH the !ourt ha& lost uris&i!tion to&e!i&e the !ase' Shoul& the otion e ,rante&L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the otion shoul& not e ,rante&' Se!tion 1(#)H +rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es:

-espite the epiration of the appli!alean&ator" perio&H the !ourtH without preu&i!eto su!h responsiilit" as a" ha%e eenin!urre& in !onse?uen!e thereofH shall &e!i&eor resol%e the !ase or atter suitte&thereto for &eterinationH without further&ela"'

husH the failure of the trial !ourt to &e!i&e the!ase within ninet" &a"s &i& not oust it of

uris&i!tion to &e!i&e the !ase'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he 1973 Constitution pro%i&e& for !ertain!onse?uen!es on the &e!isions of !ourts in !aseof the failure of the Supree Court an& otherinferior !olle,iate !ourts to &e!i&e !ases withinpres!rie& perio&s' ut it &i& not pro%i&e for!onse?uen!es on the &e!isions of trial !ourts asa result of their failure to &e!i&e !ases

within three onths (+rt' MH Se!' 11)' 5n ar!elino%s' Cru=H 121 SC+ 1 (1983) it was hel& that theperio&s pres!rie& are onl" &ire!tor"H notan&ator"'

Poiti"a >-e%tion 6199No' 13: >u&i!ial power as &efine& in Se!' 1H 2n&par'H +rt' E555H 1987 ConstitutionH now in!lu&es the&ut" of the Courts of >usti!e to settle a!tual

!ontro%ersies in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all"&ean&ale an& enfor!ealeH an& to &eterinewhether or not there has een a ,ra%e ause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D of e!ess of

uris&i!tion on the part of an" ran!h or instruentalit" of the $o%ernent' his &efinitionis sai& to ha%e epan&e& the power of the

u&i!iar" to in!lu&e politi!al ?uestions forerl"e"on& its uris&i!tion'

(1) -o "ou a,ree with su!h as interpretation of the!onstitutional &efinition of u&i!ial power that woul&authori=e the !ourts to re%iew an&H if warrante&H

re%erse the eer!ise of &is!retion " the politi!al&epartents (ee!uti%e an& le,islati%e) of the,o%ernentH in!lu&in, the ConstitutionalCoissionsL -is!uss full"H(2) 5n "our opinionH how shoul& su!h &efinition e!onstrue& so as not to ero&e !onsi&eral" or&isre,ar& entirel" the eistin, politi!al ?uestion&o!trineL -is!uss full"'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

1. OesH the se!on& para,raph of Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution has

epan&e& the power of the >u&i!iar" toin!lu&e politi!al ?uestions' his was not foun&in the 193 an& the 1973 ConstitutionHPre!isel"H the fraers of the 1987 !onstitutioninten&e& to wi&en the s!ope of u&i!ial re%iew'

2. +s pointe& out in ar!os %s' an,lapusH 177SC+ 8H so as not to &isre,ar& entirel" thepoliti!al ?uestion &o!trineH the etent of

u&i!ial re%iew when politi!al ?uestions arein%ol%e& shoul& e liite& to a &eterinationof whether or not there has een a ,ra%eause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D ore!ess of uris&i!tion on the part of the offi!ial

whose a!t is ein, ?uestione&' 5f ,ra%e auseof &is!retion is not shownH the !ourts shoul&not sustitute their u&,ent for that of theoffi!ial !on!erne& an& &e!i&e a atter whi!h" its nature or " law is for the latter alone to&e!i&e'

Poiti"a >-e%tion !o"trine 61997No' ; o what etentH if at allH has the 1987Constitution affe!te& the politi!al ?uestion&o!trineL



:);



:)1

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



:)(

Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the Constitution hasepan&e& the s!ope of u&i!ial power " in!lu&in,the &ut" of the !ourts of >usti!e to settle a!tual!ontro%ersies in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all"&ean&ale an& enfor!ealeH an& to &eterinewhether or not there has een a ,ra%e ause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e!ess of

uris&i!tion on the part of an" ran!h or

instruentalit" of the $o%ernent' 5n ar!os %s'an,lapusH 177 SC+ 8H the Supree Courtstate& that e!ause of this !ourts of usti!e a"&e!i&e politi!al ?uestions if there was ,ra%e auseof &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e!ess of

uris&i!tion on the part of the offi!ial whose a!tionis ein, ?uestione&'

Poiti"a >-e%tion: Se$aration o# Poer%6;() S-A was ele!te& Con,ressan' efore theen& of his first "ear in offi!eH he infli!te& ph"si!al

inuries on a !ollea,ueH /H in the !ourse of aheate& &eate' Char,es were file& in !ourt a,ainsthi as well as in the @ouse /thi!s Coittee'aterH the @ouse of epresentati%esH &i%i&in,alon, part" linesH %ote& to epel hi' Claiin, thathis epulsion was railroa&e& an& tainte& "rier"H he file& a petition seeDin, a &e!laration "the Supree Court that the @ouse ,ra%el" ause&its &is!retion an& %iolate& the Constitution' @epra"e& that his epulsion e annulle& an& that heshoul& e restore& " the SpeaDer to his positionas Con,ressan' 5s S-ABs petition efore the

Supree Court usti!ialeL Cite pertinent issuesfor !onsi&eration' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:6hile un&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the 1987Constitution the Supree Court a" in?uirewhether or not the &e!ision to epel S-A istainte& with ,ra%e ause of &is!retion aountin,to la!D or e!ess of uris&i!tionH the petition shoul&e &isisse&' 5n +lean&rino %' ue=on (# Phil'83 192#Q)H the Supree Court hel& that it !oul&not !opel the Senate to reinstate a Senator who

assaulte& another Senator an& was suspen&e& for &isor&erl" eha%iorH e!ause it !oul& not !opel aseparate an& !o*e?ual &epartent to taDe an"parti!ular a!tion' 5n AseXa %' Pen&atun (109Phil' 83 190Q)H it was hel& that the SupreeCourt !oul& not interfere with the suspension of aCon,ressan for &isor&erl" eha%iorH e!ause the@ouse of epresentati%es is the u&,e of what!onstitutes &isor&erl" eha%ior'

he assault of a fellow Senator !onstitutes&isor&erl" eha%ior'

Poiti"a >-e%tion5 To Sette A"t-aContro*er%ie% 6;(a) he 193H 1973 an& 1987 Constitutions!oonl" pro%i&e that >u&i!ial power shall e%este& in one Supree Court an& in su!h lower !ourts as a" e estalishe& " law'

6hat is the effe!t of the a&&ition in the 1987Constitution of the followin, pro%ision: >u&i!ialpower in!lu&es the &ut" of the !ourts of usti!e tosettle a!tual !ontro%ersies in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!hare le,all" &ean&ale an& enfor!ealeH an& to&eterine whether or not there has een ,ra%eause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e!essof uris&i!tion on the part of an" ran!h or instruentalit" of the ,o%ernentL -is!ussriefl"H !itin, at least one illustrati%e !ase' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he effe!t of the se!on& para,raph of Se!tion 1H

+rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution is to liitresort to the politi!al ?uestion &o!trine an& toroa&en the s!ope of u&i!ial in?uir" into areaswhi!h the >u&i!iar"H un&er the pre%iousConstitutionsH woul& ha%e left to the politi!al&epartents to &e!i&e' 5f a politi!al ?uestion isin%ol%e&H the >u&i!iar" !an &eterine whether or not the offi!ial whose a!tion is ein, ?uestione&a!te& with ,ra%e ause of &is!retion aountin, tola!D or e!ess of uris&i!tion (ar!os %'an,lapusH 177 SC+ 8 1989Q); (-a=a %'Sin,sonH 180 SC+ #9 1989Q)' husH althou,h

the @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toral riunalhas e!lusi%e uris&i!tion to &e!i&e ele!tion!ontests in%ol%in, eers of the @ouse of epresentati%esH the Supree Court nullifie& thereo%al of one of its eers for %otin, in fa%or of the protestantH who elon,e& to a &ifferentpart"' (on&o! %' Pine&aH 201 SC+ 792 1991Q)'

Poiti"a >-e%tion% 61988No' 23: 5n a!!or&an!e with the opinion of theSe!retar" of >usti!eH an& elie%in, that it woul&e ,oo& for the !ountr"H the Presi&ent enters into

an a,reeent with the +eri!ans for anetension for another fi%e () "ears of their sta"at their ilitar" ases in the PhilippinesH in!onsi&eration of:

(1) + "earl" rental of one illion <'S' &ollarsHpa"ale to the Philippine ,o%ernent in a&%an!e;(2) +n un&ertaDin, on the part of the +eri!an,o%ernent to ipleent ie&iatel" the ini*arshall plan for the !ountr" in%ol%in,



:))



:)*

ten illion <'S' &ollars in ai&s an&!on!essional loans; an&



:)6

(3) +n un&ertaDin, to help persua&e +eri!ananDs to !on&one interests an& other !har,es onthe !ountr"Bs out*stan&in, loans'

5n returnH the Presi&ent a,ree& to allow +eri!annu!lear %essels to sta" for short %isits at Sui!H

an& in !ase of %ital ilitar" nee&H to store nu!lear weapons at Sui! an& at ClarD Fiel&' + %italilitar" nee& !oesH un&er the a,reeentH whenthe sealanes fro the Persian $ulf to the Pa!ifi!Hare threatene& " hostile ilitar" for!es'

he Nu!lear Free Philippine Coalition !oes to"ou for a&%i!e on how the" !oul& le,all" pre%entthe sae a,reeent entere& into " thePresi&ent with the <S ,o%ernent fro ,oin,into effe!t' 6hat woul& "ou a&%ise the to &oL$i%e "our reasons'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5f the +,reeent is not in the for of a treat"H it isnot liDel" to e suitte& to the Senate for ratifi!ation as re?uire& in +rt' E55H se!' 21' 5t a"notH thereforeH e oppose& in that ran!h of the,o%ernent' Nor is u&i!ial re%iew feasile at thissta,e e!ause there is no usti!iale !ontro%ers"'6hile +rt' E555H se!' 1H par' 2 states that u&i!ialpower in!lu&es the &ut" of !ourt of usti!e to&eterine whether or not there has een a ,ra%eause of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e!essof uris&i!tion on the part of an" ran!h or

instruentalit" of the ,o%ernentH it is !lear thatthis pro%ision &oes not &o awa" with the politi!al?uestion &o!trine' 5t was inserte& in theConstitution to pre%ent !ourts fro aDin, use of the &o!trine to a%oi& what otherwise are

usti!iale !ontro%ersiesH aleit in%ol%in, the/e!uti%e ran!h of the ,o%ernent &urin, theartial law perio&' An the other han&H at thissta,eH no usti!iale !ontro%ers" !an e frae& to

ustif" u&i!ial re%iewH 5 woul&H thereforeH a&%i!ethe Nu!lear Free Philippine Coalition to resort tothe e&ia to laun!h a !apai,n a,ainst the

+,reeent'

Pro Ha" (i"e Ca%e% 61999No M5 6hat &oes if ean when a Supree Court>usti!e !on!urs in a &e!ision pro ha! %i!eL (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:6hen a &e!ision is pro ha! %i!eH it eans therulin, will appl" to this parti!ular !ase onl"'

Re+o*a o# Loer Co-rt .-dge% 6199

No' 11: @ow a" the followin, e reo%e& frooffi!e: 1) Senators 4 Con,ressen 2) >u&,es oflower !ourts 3) Affi!ers an& eplo"ees in theCi%il Ser%i!e

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) +s to Sen 4 Con,H +rt' 555H se!tion 1(3)H ofthe ConstitutionH ''' 2) <n&er +rt' E555H se!' 11 ofthe ConstitutionH >u&,es of lower !ourts a" e

reo%e& " &isissal " the Supree " a %oteof a aorit" of the eers who a!tuall" tooDpart in the &elieration on the issues in the !asean& %ote& thereon' 3) +s to Ci% Ser%i!e /plH +rt'5M*' Se!' 2(3) of the ConstitutionH '''

Re*ie E,e"-ti*e A"t% 6199?No' 10: 1) MH a !lerD of !ourt of the e,ional rialCourt of anilaH was foun& ,uilt" of ein, asentwithout offi!ial lea%e for 90 &a"s an& !onsi&ere&&isisse& fro ser%i!e " the Supree Court' @e

appeale& to the Presi&ent for ee!uti%e !leen!"' +!tin, on the appealH the /e!uti%e Se!retar"H "or&er of the Presi&ent !oute& the penalt" to asuspension of si onths' a) Can the SupreeCourt re%iew the

!orre!tness of the a!tion of the Presi&ent in!outin, the penalt" ipose& on ML/plain'

) 6as the a!tion of the Presi&ent!onstitutional an& %ali&L /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' a) OesH the Supree Court !an re%iew the!orre!tness of the a!tion of the Presi&ent 5n!outin, the penalt" ipose& on M' " &oin,soH the Supree Court is not &e!i&in, a politi!al?uestion' he Supree Court is not re%iewin, thewis&o of the !outation of the penalt"' 6hat itis &e!i&in, is whether or not the Presi&ent hasthe power to !oute the penalt" of MH +s state&in -a=a %s' Sin,son' 180 SC+ #9H it is withinthe s!ope of >u&i!ial power to pass upon the%ali&it" of the a!tions of the other &epartents ofthe $o%ernent'

) he !outation " the Presi&ent of thepenalt" ipose& " the Supree Court upon M isun!onstitutional' Se!tion ' +rti!le E555 of theConstitution %ests the Supree Court with thepower of a&inistrati%e super%ision o%er all!ourts an& their personnel' 5n $ar!ia %s' -e laPenaH 229 SC+ 7H it was hel& that no otherran!h of the $o%ernent a" intru&e into thise!lusi%e power of the Supree Court'



:)7



:)8

S-$er*i%ion5 Co-rt% B it% Per%onne 6>



:)9



:*;

(2) Pe&ro asipa, file& with the Au&san a!oplaint a,ainst C >u&,e >ose Pala!pa! with%iolation of +rti!le 20# of the e%ise& Penal Co&efor Dnowin,l" ren&erin, an unust u&,ent inCriinal Case No' 17' >u&,e Pala!pa! file& aotion with the Au&san to refer the !oplaintto the Supree Court to &eterine whether an

a&inistrati%e aspe!t was in%ol%e& in the sai& !ase'he Au&san &enie& the otion on the ,roun&that no a&inistrati%e !ase a,ainst >u&,e Pala!pa!relati%e to the &e!ision in Criinal Case No' 17was file& an& pen&in, in his offi!e' State withreasons whether the Au&sanBs rulin, is!orre!t' (#)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he Au&sanBs rulin, is not !orre!t' <n&er

Se!tion H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionH it is theSupree Court whi!h is %este& with e!lusi%ea&inistrati%e super%ision o%er all !ourts an& itspersonnel' Pres!in&in, fro this preiseH theAu&san !annot &eterine for itself an& "itself whether a !riinal !oplaint a,ainst a

u&,eH or !ourt eplo"eeH in%ol%es ana&inistrati%e atter' he Au&san is &ut"oun& to ha%e all !ases a,ainst u&,es an& !ourtpersonnel file& efore itH referre& to the SupreeCourt for &eterination as to whether ana&inistrati%e aspe!t is in%ol%e& therein' (>u&,e>ose Caoies %' Au&sanH $'' No' 132177H>ul" 19H 2001)Ta,$ayerG% S-it5 Lo"-% Standi 6199No' 12: 6hen the ar!os a&inistration wastopple& " the re%olutionar" ,o%ernentH thear!oses left ehin& se%eral Al& astersBpaintin,s an& anti?ue sil%erware sai& to ha%eeen a!?uire& " the as personal ,ifts'Ne,otiations were then a&e with /llen a"ne ofon&on for their &isposition an& sale at puli!au!tion' aterH the ,o%ernent entere& into aConsi,nent +,reeent allowin, /llen a"neof on&on to au!tion off the sue!t art pie!es'

<pon learnin, of the inten&e& saleH well*DnownartistsH patrons an& ,uar&ians of the arts of thePhilippines file& a petition in !ourt to enoin thesale an& &isposition of the %alue& ites assertin,that their !ultural si,nifi!an!e ust e preser%e&for the enefit of the Filipino people'(1) Can the !ourt taDe !o,ni=an!e of the!aseL /plain'(2) 6hat are the re?uisites for a tapa"erBs suitto prosperLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

1' NoH the !ourt !annot taDe !o,ni=an!e of the!ase' +s hel& in >o"a %s' Presi&ential Coissionon $oo& $o%ernentH 22 SC+ 9H sin!e thepetitioners were not the le,al owners of paintin,san& anti?ue sil%erwareH the" ha& no stan&in, to?uestion their &isposition' esi&esH the paintin,san& the anti?ue sil%erware &i& not !onstituteiportant !ultural properties or national !ultural

treasuresH as the" ha& no e!eptional histori!alan& !ultural si,nifi!an!e to the Philippines'

2' +!!or&in, to >o"a us' Presi&ential Coissionon $oo& $o%ernentH 22 SC+8' for a tapa"erBs suit to prosperH four re?uisites ust e !onsi&ere&:(1) the ?uestion ust e raise& " the properpart";(2) there ust e an a!tual !ontro%ers";(3) the ?uestion ust e raise& at the earliestpossile opportunit"; an&(#) the &e!ision on the !onstitutional or le,al

?uestion ust e ne!essar" to the &eterinationof the !ase'

5n or&er that a tapa"er a" ha%e stan&in, to!hallen,e the le,alit" of an offi!ial a!t of the,o%ernentH the a!t ein, ?uestione& ustin%ol%e a &isurseent of puli! fun&s upon thetheor" that the epen&iture of puli! fun&s for anun!onstitutional a!t is a isappli!ation of su!hfun&sH whi!h a" e enoine& at the instan!e of atapa"er'

Ter+ o# O##i"e5 .-%ti"e% 6199?No' 9: +H an asso!iate usti!e of the SupreeCourt rea!he& the a,e of se%ent" on >ul" 1H199' here was a !ase !alen&are& for &elieration on that &a" where the %ote of + was!ru!ial' Can + hol& o%er the position an&parti!ipate in the &elieration of the !ase on >ul"1H 199L /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:No' + !annot hol& o%er his position as +sso!iate>usti!e of the Supree Court an& parti!ipate inthe &elierations of the !ase on >ul" 1H 199'<n&er Se!tion 11H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionH

eers of the Supree Court hol& offi!e untilthe" rea!h the a,e of se%ent" "ears or e!oein!apa!itate& to &is!har,e their &uties'Constitutional offi!ers whose ters are fie& "the Constitution ha%e no ri,ht to hol& o%er their positions until their su!!essors shall ha%e eenappointe& an& ?ualifie& unless otherwisepro%i&e& in the Constitution' (e!heH + reatieson the aw of Puli! Affi!es an& Affi!ersH p' 28')



:*1



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(ote% re-ired #or de"aring a a-n"on%tit-tiona 6199?



:*)

No' 7: Can fi%e eers of the Supree Court&e!lare a uni!ipal or&inan!e un!onstitutionalL/plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Oes' fi%e eers of the Supree Court sittin, en*an! !an &e!lare a uni!ipal or&inan!eun!onstitutional' <n&er Se!tion #(2)' +rti!le E555 of

the ConstitutionH a uni!ipal or&inan!e !an e&e!lare& un!onstitutional with the !on!urren!e of aaorit" of the eers of the Supree Court whoa!tuall" tooD part in the &elieration on the issuesin the !ase an& %ote& thereon' 5f onl" ei,hteers of the Supree Court a!tuall" tooD partin &e!i&in, the !aseH there will still e a ?uoru'Fi%e eers will !onstitute a aorit" of thosewho a!tuall" tooD part in &e!i&in, the !ase'

ARTICLE I/ Con%tit-tionaCo++i%%ion% Rotationa

S"'e+e 61999No M555 * 6hat are the re?uisites for the effe!ti%eoperation of the so*!alle& otational S!hee for Constitutional CoissionsL (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +s hel& in epuli! %' 5perialH 9 Phil' 770H for the effe!ti%e operation of the rotational s!hee of the Constitutional CoissionH the firstCoissioner shoul& start on a !oon &atean& an" %a!an!" efore the epiration of the tershoul& e fille& onl" for the unepire& alan!e of the ter'

Con%tit-tiona Co++i%%ion% B Co-n"i 6>7<?2' he le,islature a" aolish this o&": ()

1. Coission on +ppointents

2. Au&san

3. >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il

4. Court of a +ppeals

5. Coission on +u&it

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he le,islature a" aolish the &) CA< AF+M +PP/+S sin!e it is erel" a !reation of lawunliDe the Coission on +ppointentsHAu&sanH >u&i!ial an& ar Coun!il an&Coission on +u&it whi!h are all !onstitutional!reations' husH the latter a,en!ies a" onl" eaolishe& " wa" of an aen&ent or re%ision of the Constitution'

ARTICLE I/ Ci*i Ser*i"eCo++i%%ion

Career Ser*i"e5 C'ara"teri%ti"% 61999No 5M * 6hat !hara!teri=es the !areer ser%i!ean& what are in!lu&e& in the !areer ser%i!eL(2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +!!or&in, to Se!tion 7H Chapter 2H itle 5H ooD Eof the +&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987H the !areer ser%i!e is !hara!teri=e& "(1) /ntran!e ase& on erit an& fitness to e&eterine& as far as pra!ti!ale " !opetiti%eeaination or ase& on hi,hl" te!hni!al?ualifi!ations;(2) opportunit" for a&%an!eent to hi,her !areerpositions; an&(3) se!urit" of tenure'

he !areer ser%i!e in!lu&es:

(1) AP/N C+// PAS55ANS forappointent to whi!h prior ?ualifi!ations in anappropriate eaination is re?uire&;(2) CAS/- C+// PAS55ANS whi!h ares!ientifi! or hi,hl" te!hni!al in nature;(3) Positions in the C+// /M/C<5E/S/E5C/;(#) Career offi!ers other than those in the !areeree!uti%e ser%i!eH who are appointe& " thePresi&ent;() Coissione& offi!ers an& enliste& en ofthe +re& For!es;() Personnel of ,o%ernent *owne& or!ontrolle& !orporationsH whether perforin,,o%ernental or proprietar" fun!tionsH who &o notfall un&er the non*!areer ser%i!e; an&

(7) Peranent laorersH whether sDille&HseisDille&H or unsDille&'

Ci*i Ser*i"e Co++i%%ion *%= COA 6;69<a Forer $o%ernor PP of +-S Pro%in!e ha&&isisse& se%eral eplo"ees to s!ale &own theoperations of his Affi!e' he eplo"ees!oplaine& to the erit S"stes Prote!tion oar&H

whi!h rule& that the Ci%il Ser%i!e rules were%iolate& when the eplo"ees were &isisse&' heCi%il Ser%i!e Coission (CSC) affire& theSP &e!isionH an& or&ere& +-S to reinstate theeplo"ees with full a!Dwa,es' +-S &i& notappeal an& the or&er e!ae final'

5nstea& of !opl"in, ie&iatel"H APH thein!uent $o%ernor of +-SH referre& the atterto the Coission on +u&it (CA+)H



:**



:*6

whi!h rule& that the aounts &ue are thepersonal liailities of the forer $o%ernor who&isisse& the eplo"ees in a& faith' husH +-Srefuse& to pa"' he final CSC &e!isionH howe%erH&i& not fin& the forer $o%ernor in a& faith' heforer $o%ernor was liDewise not hear& on the?uestion of his liailit"'



:*8



:*9

!opensation of ,o%ernent offi!ials an&eplo"eesH



:*:

dis+ing*is-es



:6;

etween ,o%ernent !orporations an& theirsusi&iariesH for the pro%ision applies onl" to,o%ernent !orporations with ori,inal !harters'



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.-ri%di"tion o*er t'e 2OCC% 61999No 5M * u=%iin&a arfelH oine& " ele%en other

retren!he& eplo"eesH file& a !oplaint with the-epartent of aor an& /plo"ent (-A/) for unpai& retren!hent or separation pa"Hun&erpa"ent of wa,es an& non*pa"ent of eer,en!" !ost of li%in, allowan!e' he!oplaint was file& a,ainst Foo& erinalH 5n!'Foo& erinal 5n!' o%e& to &isiss on the,roun& of la!D of uris&i!tionH theori=in, that it is a,o%ernent*owne& an& !ontrolle& !orporation an&its eplo"ees are ,o%erne& " the Ci%il Ser%i!eaw an& not " the aor Co&e' arfel oppose&the otion to &isissH !onten&in, that althou,h

Foo& erinalH 5n!' is a !orporation owne& an&!ontrolle& " the ,o%ernent earlier !reate& an&or,ani=e& un&er the ,eneral !orporation law ashe $reater anila Foo& erinalH 5n!'H it hasstill the arDs of a pri%ate !orporation: it &ire!tl"hires its eplo"ees without seeDin, appro%al frothe Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission an& its personnelare !o%ere& " the So!ial Se!urit" S"ste an& notthe $o%ernent Ser%i!e 5nsuran!e S"steH he?uestion pose& in the petition for !ertiorari at ar iswhether or not a laor law !lai a,ainst a,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporation liDethe Foo& erinalH 5n!' falls within the uris&i!tion

of the -epartent of aor an& /plo"ent or the Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionL -e!i&e an&ratio!inate' (#)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !lai of the retren!he& eplo"ees falls un&er the uris&i!tion of the National aor elationsCoission an& not un&er the uris&i!tion of theCi%il Ser%i!e Coission' +s hel& in uanta %'National aor elations CoissionH 170 SC+79H sin!e Foo& erinalH 5n!' was or,ani=e&un&er the Corporation aw an& was not !reate&" a spe!ial law in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 2(1)H

+rti!le 5M* of the ConstitutionH it is not !o%ere& "the !i%il ser%i!e'

.-ri%di"tion o*er t'e 2OCC% 6No E55 * + !orporationH a hol&er of a !ertifi!ate ofre,istration issue& " the Se!urities an& /!han,eCoissionH is owne& an& !ontrolle& " theepuli! of the Philippines' he Ci%il Ser%i!eCoission (CSC)H in a

eoran&u*or&erH &ire!ts the !orporation to!opl" with Ci%il Ser%i!e ules in theappointent of all of its offi!ers an& eplo"ees'he eoran&u*or&er of the CSC is assaile& "the !orporationH as well as " its offi!ers an&eplo"eesH efore the !ourt' @ow shoul& the !asee resol%e&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he eoran&u*or&er of the Ci%il Ser%i!e

Coission shoul& e &e!lare& %oi&' +s hel& in$ao,ao %' PNAC Shippin, an& ransitCorporation' 381 SC+ 7#2 (2002)' un&er +rti!le5M*H Se!tion 2(1) of the 1987 Constitution,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporationsor,ani=e& un&er the Corporation Co&e are not!o%ere& " the Ci%il Ser%i!e aw ut " the aor Co&eH e!ause onl" ,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporations with ori,inal !harters are!o%ere& " the Ci%il Ser%i!e'

0ode% o# Re+o*a #ro+ O##i"e 6199

No' 11: @ow a" the followin, e reo%e& frooffi!e: 1) Senators 4 Con,ressen 2) >u&,es oflower !ourts 3) Affi!ers an& eplo"ees in theCi%il Ser%i!e

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) SenatorsH Con,'H +rt' 555H se!tion 1(3)H of theConstitutionH '''

2) >u&,esH +rt' E555H se!' 11 of the ConstitutionH

3) <n&er +rt' 5M*' Se!' 2(3) of the ConstitutionHoffi!ers an& eplo"ees in the Ci%il Ser%i!e a"onl" e reo%e& for !ause as pro%i&e& " lawan& after oser%an!e of &ue pro!ess'

heir reo%al ust e effe!te& " the appropriate&is!iplinar" authorit" in a!!or&an!e with Ch' 7se!s' #7*#8 of ooD E of the +&inistrati%e Co&eof 1987 an& the Ci%il Ser%i!e ules an&e,ulations'

Re"ei*ing o# Indire"t Co+$en%ation 61997No' 18; +H while an in!uent $o%ernor of hispro%in!eH was in%ite& " the $o%ernent of

Cao&ia as its offi!ial ,uest' 6hile thereH theso%erei,n Din, awar&e& $o%ernor + with a&e!oration of honor an& ,ifte& hi with a ,ol&rin, of insi,nifi!ant onetar" %alueH oth of whi!hhe a!!epte&'

6as $o%ernor +Bs a!!eptan!e of the &e!orationan& ,ift %iolati%e of the ConstitutionLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH it %iolate& Se!tion 8H +rti!le 5M* of theConstitution' For his a!!eptan!e of the



:6(



:6)

&e!oration of honor an& the ,ol& rin, fro the$o%ernent of Cao&ia to e %ali&H $o%ernor

+ shoul& first otain the !onsent of Con,ress'



:6*

Se"-rity o# Ten-re 61988No' 10: /er!isin, power he !lais ha& een,rante& hi " the /e!uti%e Ar&er on thereor,ani=ation of the ,o%ernentH theCoissioner of Custos suaril" &isisse&

two hun&re& sit"*fi%e offi!ials an& eplo"ees of the ureau of Custos' ost of the ouste&eplo"ees appeale& to the Ci%il Ser%i!eCoission !laiin, their ouster ille,al' he Ci%ilSer%i!e CoissionH after hearin,H later or&ere&the Coissioner of Custos to reinstate ost of those &isisse&' 5nstea& of followin, the or&er of the Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH Coissioner isoninten&s to rin, for re%iew efore the SupreeCourtH the sae &e!ision of the Coission'

1' 5f "ou were the !ounsel for the Coissioner of

CustosH how woul& "ou ustif" his &isissal of!ustos offi!ials an& eplo"eesL

2' 5f on the other han&H "ou were a !ounsel forthe &isisse& offi!ials an& eplo"eesH howwoul& "ou sustain the or&er of the Ci%il Ser%i!eCoission reinstatin, ost of theL State "our reasons'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' 5 woul& in%oDe the resolution in >ose %' +rro"oH$'' No' 78#3H +u,' 11H 1987H in whi!h theSupree Court hel& that un&er +rt' ME555H se!H 1of the ConstitutionH !areer ser%i!e eplo"eesa" e reo%e& not for !ause ut as a result ofthe reor,ani=ation pursuant to Pro!laation No'3 &ate& ar!h 2H 198 an& the reor,ani=ationfollowin, the ratifi!ation of this Constitution' "%irtue of this pro%isionH it was hel& that thereor,ani=ation of the ureau of Custos un&er/e!uti%e Ar&er NoH 127 a" !ontinue e%en after the ratifi!ation of the ConstitutionH an& !areerser%i!e eplo"ees a" e separate& fro theser%i!e without !ause as a result of su!hreor,ani=ation'

2' 5 woul& ar,ue that art' ME555H se!' 1 &oes notreall" authori=e the reo%al of !areer ser%i!eeplo"ees ut sipl" pro%i&es for the pa"ent ofseparationH retireentH an& other enefits a!!ruin,to the un&er the appli!ale laws' he referen!eto !areer ser%i!e eplo"ees separate& as a resultof the reor,ani=ation followin, the ratifi!ation ofthis Constitution is onl" to those separate& as aresult of reor,ani=ation of the stru!ture an&fun!tions of ,o%ernent (e','H as a result of

aolition of offi!es) as &istin,uishe& fro thereor,ani=ation of personnel whi!h is what is referre&to therein as the reor,ani=ation pursuant toPro!laation No' 3 &ate& ar!h 2H 198' For thepower of the ,o%ernent to terinate theeplo"ent of ele!ti%e an& appointi%e offi!ialspursuant to +rt' 555H se!' 2 of Pro!laation No' 3(otherwise Dnown as the Pro%isional Constitution)Hthrou,h the appointent or &esi,nation of their

su!!essors has een repeate&l" hel& to ha%e en&e&on Feruar" 2H 1987H when the new ConstitutiontooD effe!t' (-e eon %' /s,uerraH 13 SC+ 02(1987); e"es %' Ferrer $'' No' 77801H -e!' 11H1987; Asias %' FerrerH $'H No' 770#9H ar!h 28H1988)H oreo%erH su!h repla!eent of in!uents!an onl" e for !ause as pres!rie& " /e!uti%eAr&er No' 17H &ate& a" 28H 198' Sin!e thesuar" &isissals in ?uestion are not for !auseHthe reo%al of the ureau of Custos offi!ials%iolates art' 5MH H se!H 2(3) of the Constitution'

Se"-rity o# Ten-re 6><(3) i!ar&o was ele!te& -ean of the Colle,e of /&u!ation in a State <ni%ersit" for a ter of fi%e ()"ears unless sooner terinate&' an" were notplease& with his perforan!e' o appease those!riti!al of hiH the Presi&ent !reate& a new positionHthat of Spe!ial +ssistant to the Presi&ent with theranD of -eanH without re&u!tion in salar"H an&appointe& i!ar&o to sai& position in the interest of the ser%i!e' Conteporaneousl"H the <ni%ersit"Presi&ent appointe& Santos as +!tin, -ean in pla!e

of i!ar&o' ()

(a) -oes the phrase unless sooner terinate& ean that the position of i!ar&ois terinale at willL

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:NoH the ter unless sooner terinate& !oul&not ean that his position is terinale at will'Se!urit" of tenure eans that &isissal shoul&onl" e for !auseH as pro%i&e& " law an& nototherwise' (Palera %' CSCH $'' No' 11018H

+u,ust #H 199#)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:NoH his position is not terinale at will' i!ar&oBs!ontra!t of eplo"ent has a fie& ter of fi%e"ears' 5t is not an appointent in an a!tin,!apa!it" or as offi!er*in*!har,e' + !olle,e &eanappointe& with a ter !annot e separate&without !ause' i!ar&oH with a &efinite ter ofeplo"entH a" not thus e



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reo%e& e!ept for !ause' (Sta' aria %' ope=H$'' No' *30773H Feruar" 18H1970)



:68

() 6as i!ar&o reo%e& fro hisposition as -ean of the Colle,e of /&u!ationor erel" transferre& to the position of Spe!ial

+ssistant to the Presi&entL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

i!ar&o was reo%e& fro his position as &ean'@a%in, an appointent with a fie& terH he!annotH without his !onsentH e transferre& eforethe en& of his ter' @e !annot e asDe& to ,i%eup his post nor appointe& as &ean of another !olle,eH u!h less transferre& to another positione%en if it e &i,nifie& with a &eanBs ranD' orethan thisH the transfer was a &eotion e!ause&eanship in a uni%ersit"H ein, an a!a&ei!position whi!h re?uires learnin,H ailit" an&s!holarshipH is ore ealte& than that of a spe!ialassistant who erel" assists the Presi&entH as thetitle in&i!ates' he spe!ial assistant &oes not

aDe authoritati%e &e!isions unliDe the &ean who&oes so in his own nae an& responsiilit"' heposition of &ean is !reate& " lawH while thespe!ial assistant is not so pro%i&e& " law; it wasa !reation of the uni%ersit" presi&ent' (Sta' aria%' ope=H $'' No' *30773H Feruar" 18H 1970)

Se"-rity o# Ten-re5 0eaning 61999No 5M * *6hat is the eanin, an& ,uarantee of se!urit" of tenureL (2)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +!!or&in, to Palera %' Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH23 SC+ 87H S/C<5O AF /N</ eansthat no offi!er or eplo"ee in the Ci%il Ser%i!eshall e suspen&e& or &isisse& e!ept for !auseas pro%i&e& " law an& after &ue pro!ess'

ARTICLE I/ CO0ELEC Ee"tora

Trib-na5 F-n"tion% B Co+$o%ition 6><?

1' 6hat is the fun!tion of the Senate/le!toral riunal an& the @ouse of

epresentati%es /le!toral riunalL (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er +rti!le E5H Se!tion 17 of the 1987ConstitutionH the Senate an& @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toral riunals shall e thesole u&,e of all !ontests relatin, to the ele!tionHreturnsH an& ?ualifi!ations of their respe!ti%eeers'

2' 6hat is the !oposition of ea!hL (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

/a!h /le!toral riunal shall e !opose& of N5N/ eersH three of who shall e >usti!esof the Supree Court to e &esi,nate& " theChief >usti!eH an& the reainin, si shall eeers of the Senate or the @ouse of epresentati%esH as the !ase a" eH who shalle !hosen on the asis of proportionalrepresentation fro the politi!al parties an& theparties or or,ani=ations re,istere& un&er the

part"*list s"ste represente& therein' he senior >usti!e in the /le!toral riunal shall e itsChairan (+rti!le E5H Se!tion 17H1987Constitution)'

Fair Ee"tion5 E-a S$a"e B Ti+e in 0edia61989No' 1: + CA//C (CA//C) resolutionpro%i&es that politi!al parties supportin, a!oon set of !an&i&ates shall e allowe& topur!hase ointl" air tie an& the a,,re,ateaount of a&%ertisin, spa!e pur!hase& for !apai,n purposes shall not e!ee& that allotte&

to other politi!al parties or ,roups that noinate&onl" one set of !an&i&ates' he resolution is!hallen,e& as a %iolation of the free&o of spee!h an& of the press' 5s the resolution!onstitutionall" &efensileL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the resolution is !onstitutionall" &efensile'<n&er Se!tion #H +rti!le 5M*C of the 1987ConstitutionH &urin, the ele!tion perio& theCA//C a" super%ise or re,ulate the e&iaof !ouni!ation or inforation to ensure e?ualopportunit"H tieH an& spa!e aon, !an&i&ateswith the oe!ti%e of hol&in, freeH or&erl"H honestHpea!efulH an& !re&ile ele!tions' o allow!an&i&ates whi!h are supporte& " ore than onepoliti!al part" to pur!hase ore air tie an&a&%ertisin, spa!e than !an&i&ates supporte& "one politi!al part" onl" will &epri%e the latter of e?ual tie an& spa!e in the e&ia'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:No' +lthou,h the epen&iture liitation appliesonl" to the pur!hase of air tieH thus lea%in,politi!al parties free to spen& for other fors of!apai,nH the liitation nonetheless results in a

&ire!t an& sustantial re&u!tion of the ?uantit" ofpoliti!al spee!h " restri!tin, the nuer ofissues that !an e &is!usse&H the &epth of their&is!ussion an& the si=e of the au&ien!e that !ane rea!he&H throu,h the roa&!ast e&ia' Sin!ethe purpose of the Free Spee!h Clause is toproote the wi&est possile &isseination ofinforationH an& the realit" is that to &o thisre?uires the epen&iture of one"H a liitation onepen&iture for this purpose !annot e ustifie&Hnot e%en for the purpose of e?uali=in,



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the opportunit" of politi!al !an&i&ates' his is therulin, in u!Dle" %s' EaleoH #2# <'S' 1 (197)Hwhi!h in%ali&ate& a law liitin, the epen&ituresof !an&i&ates for !apai,nin, in the <nite&States' 5n the PhilippinesH a pro%ision of the a



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X



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a&a*Sin,son awH liitin, the perio& for!apai,nin,H was nearl" in%ali&ate& on this saeprin!ipleH e!ept that the aorit" of !ourt la!De&one ore %ote to aDe their &e!ision effe!ti%e'(See $on=ale= %s' Coele!H 27 SC+ 83(199)'



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2rant o# Pardon in Ee"tion O##en%e% 61991No' 11 * 5n !onne!tion with the a" 1987Con,ressional ele!tionsH uis illanes wasprose!ute& for an& !on%i!te& of an ele!tionoffense an& was senten!e& to suffer iprisonentfor si "ears' he !ourt &i& not ipose thea&&itional penalt" of &is?ualifi!ation to hol& puli!offi!e an& of &epri%ation of the ri,ht of suffra,e aspro%i&e& for in Se!tion 1# of the Anius/le!tion Co&e of the Philippines

('P' l,' 881)'

5n +pril 1991H the Presi&ent ,rante& hi asolutepar&on on the asis of a stron, re!oen&ationof the oar& of Par&ons an& Parole'

hen for the ele!tion in a" 1992H uis illanesfiles his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the offi!e of a"or in his uni!ipalit"'

(a) 6hat is the effe!t of the failure of the !ourt toipose the a&&itional penalt"L() 5s the par&on %ali&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) No nee& to epressl" ipose Y the" area!!essor" penalties'

() he par&on is %oi&H sin!e uis illanes was!on%i!te& for the !oission of an ele!tionoffense an& his par&on was not a&e upon there!oen&ation of the CA//C' <n&er +rti!le5MH CH Se!' of the ConstitutionH no par&on for%iolation of an ele!tion law a" e ,rante&without the fa%orale re!oen&ation of the

CA//C

.-di"ia Re*ie o# !e"i%ion% 61No ME5 * 5n an ele!tion protest in%ol%in, theposition of $o%ernor of the Pro%in!e of a,unaetween +H the protesteeH an& H theprotestantH the First -i%ision of the CA//Cren&ere& a &e!ision uphol&in, Bs protest

Can + file a petition for !ertiorari with theSupree Court un&er ule of the ules of

CourtH fro the &e!ision of the CA//C First-i%isionL 5f "es' 6h"L 5f not what pro!e&uralstep ust he un&ertaDe firstL ( )SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:+ !annot file a petition for !ertiorari with theSupree Court' +s hel& in astura %s'CA//CH 28 SC+ #93 (1998)H the SupreeCourt !annot re%iew the &e!isions or resolutionsof a &i%ision of the CA//C' + shoul& first file

a otion for re!onsi&eration with the CA//Cen an!'

Re+o*a #ro+ O##i"e5 Co++i%%ioner% 61998No 5M' * Suppose a Coissioner of the CA//Cis !har,e& efore the San&i,ana"an for alle,e&l"toleratin, %iolation of the ele!tion laws a,ainstproliferation of prohiite& illoar&s an& ele!tionpropa,an&a with the en& in %iew of reo%in, hifro offi!e' 6ill the a!tion prosperL Q

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the a!tion will not prosper' <n&er Se!tion 8H

+rti!le M5 of the ConstitutionH the Coissioners of the CA//C are reo%ale " 5P/+C@/N'

+s hel& in the !ase of 5n re $on=ales' 10 SC+771H 77#77H a puli! offi!er who is reo%ale "ipea!hent !annot e !har,e& efore theSan&i,ana"an with an offense whi!h !arries with itthe penalt" of reo%al fro offi!e unless he is firstipea!he&' AtherwiseH he will e reo%e& frooffi!e " a etho& other than 5pea!hent'

Rig't to (ote5 .-ri%di"tion 61No 55 * et us suppose that Con,ress ena!te& alaw whi!h aen&e& the Anius /le!tion Co&e(parti!ularl" Se!tions 138H 139H 1#2H 1#3) "%estin, H in the CA//C the uris&i!tion o%erin!lusion an& e!lusion !ases file& " %otersHinstea& of in the !ourts (CH then C)' 5s thelaw %ali& or notH an& wh"L ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he law ,rantin, the CA//C uris&i!tion o%er in!lusion an& e!lusion !ases is un!onstitutional'<n&er Se!tion 2(3)H +rti!le 5MC of the ConstitutionHthe CA//C !annot &e!i&e the ri,ht to %oteH

whi!h refers to the in!lusion an& e!lusion of %oters' <n&er Se!tion 2()H +rti!le 5M*C of theConstitutionH it !an onl" file petitions in !ourt for in!lusion or e!lusion of %oters'

Ee"tion La% nd

Pa"er R-e 6No E555 * 5n the uni!ipal a"oralt" ele!tions in1980H the !an&i&ate who otaine& the hi,hestnuer of %otes was suse?uentl" &e!lare& to



:7)



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e &is?ualifie& as a !an&i&ate an& so ineli,ilefor the offi!e to whi!h he was ele!te&' 6oul& thisfa!t entitle a !opetin, !an&i&ate who otaine&the se!on& hi,hest nuer of %otes to asD an& toe pro!laie& the winner of the ele!ti%e offi!eLeasons'



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SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +!!or&in, to rini&a& %' CA//C' 31 SC+17 1999QH if the !an&i&ate who otaine& the

hi,hest nuer of %otes is &is?ualifie&H the!an&i&ate who otaine& the se!on& hi,hestnuer of %otes !annot e pro!laie& thewinner' Sin!e he was not the !hoi!e of thepeopleH he !annot !lai an" ri,ht to the offi!e'

nd Pa"er R-e 6199No' 7: + file& a protest with the @ouse /le!toralriunal ?uestionin, the ele!tion of as eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es in the 1987national ele!tions on the ,roun& that is not aresi&ent of the &istri!t the latter is representin,'6hile the !ase was pen&in,' a!!epte& an a&*

interi appointent as Se!retar" of the-epartent of >usti!e'

(1) a" + !ontinue with his ele!tion protest inor&er to &eterine the real winner in the sai&ele!tionsL State "our reason'(2) Can +H who ,ot the se!on& hi,hest nuer of %otes in the ele!tionsH asD that he e pro!laie&ele!te& in pla!e of L /plain "our answer'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) NoH + a" not !ontinue with his protest'''''(2) NoH + !annot asD that he e pro!laie&ele!te& in pla!e of ' he %otes !ast for werenot in%ali& %otes' @en!eH + ,arnere& onl" these!on& hi,hest nuer of %otes' Anl" the!an&i&ate who otaine& the aorit" or pluralit" of the %otes is entitle& to e pro!laie& ele!te&' Anthis ,roun&H it was hel& in ao %' CA//CH17 SC+ 1H that the fa!t that the !an&i&ate whootaine& the hi,hest nuer of %otes is noteli,ile &oes not entitle the !an&i&ate whootaine& the se!on& hi,hest nuer of %otes toe pro!laie& the winner'

nd Pa"er R-e5 in >-o 4arranto Ca%e%6199No' 1: /&win Ni!asioH orn in the Philippines ofFilipino parents an& raise& in the pro%in!e ofNue%a /!iaH ran for $o%ernor of his hoepro%in!e' @e won an& he was sworn into offi!e' 5twas re!entl" re%eale&H howe%erH that Ni!asio is anaturali=e& +eri!an !iti=en' a) -oes he stillpossess Philippine !iti=enshipL

) 5f the se!on&*pla!er in the ,ueatorialele!tions files a ?uo warranto suit a,ainst Ni!asioan& he is foun& to e &is?ualifie& fro offi!eH !anthe se!on&*pla!er e sworn into offi!e as,o%ernorL!) 5fH instea&H Ni!asio ha& een orn (of thesae set of parents) in the <nite& States an& hethere" a!?uire& +eri!an !iti=enship " irthHwoul& "our answer e &ifferentL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:a) NoH Ni!asio no lon,er possesses Philippine!iti=enship' '''

) 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in +ella us'CA//CH 201 SC+ 23H the se!on& pla!er !annot e sworn to offi!eH e!ause he lost theele!tion' o e entitle& to the offi!eH he ustha%e ,arnere& the aorit" or pluralit" of the%otes'

!) Oes e!ause he will e a &ual !iti=en '''

nd Pa"er R-e5 R-e o# S-""e%%ion 6199?No' 13: 1) + an& were the onl" !an&i&ates fora"or of i,aaH ula!an in the a" 199 lo!alele!tions' + otaine& 10H000 %otes as a,ainst3H000 %otes for ' 5n the sae ele!tionsH M ,ot thehi,hest nuer of %otes aon, the !an&i&atesfor the San,,unian, a"an of the sae town' +&ie& the &a" efore his pro!laation' a) 6hoshoul& the oar& of Can%assers

pro!lai as ele!te& a"orH +H or ML /plainH )6ho is entitle& to &is!har,e the fun!tions of theoffi!e of the a"orH or ML /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5n a!!or&an!e with enito %s' CA//CH 23SC+ #3H it is + who shoul& e pro!laie& aswinnerH e!ause he was the one who otaine&the hi,hest nuer of %otes for the position of a"orH ut a notation shoul& e a&e that he&ie& for the purpose of appl"in, the rule onsu!!ession to offi!e' !annot e pro!laie&He!ause the &eath of the !an&i&ate who otaine&the hi,hest nuer of %otes &oes not entitle the

!an&i&ate who otaine& the net hi,hest nuer of %otes to e pro!laie& the winnerH sin!e hewas not the !hoi!e of the ele!torate' M is notentitle& to e pro!laie& ele!te& as a"orHe!ause he ran for the San,,unian, a"an'

Neither nor M is entitle& to &is!har,e thefun!tions of the offi!e of a"or' is not entitle&to &is!har,e the offi!e of a"orH sin!e he was&efeate& in the ele!tion' M is not entitle& to



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&is!har,e the offi!e of a"or' <n&er Se!tion ## ofthe o!al $o%ernent Co&eH it is the %i!e a"orwho shoul& su!!ee& in !ase of peranent%a!an!" in the offi!e of the a"or' 5t is onl" whenthe position of the %i!e a"or is also %a!ant thatthe eer of the San,,unian, a"an whootaine& the hi,hest nuer of %otes will su!!ee&to the offi!e of a"or'



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) is not !onsi&ere& ipso fa!to resi,ne&'Se!tion 7 of the Anius /le!tion Co&e!onsi&ers an" ele!ti%e offi!ial ipso fa!to resi,ne&fro offi!e upon his filin, of a !ertifi!ate of!an&i&a!" for an" offi!e other than the one he ishol&in, e!ept for Presi&ent an& Ei!e*Presi&entHwas repeale& " the Fair /le!tion +!t



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E##e"t o# Fiing o# Certi#i"ate o# Candida"y5Fair Ee"tion A"t 6No M * (a) Pe&ro e"es is an in!uent Ei!e*a"or of ue=on Cit"' @e inten&s to run in there,ular ele!tions for the position of Cit" a"or of ue=on Cit" whose in!uent a"or woul&ha%e full" ser%e& three !onse!uti%e ters "200#' 6oul& Pe&ro e"es ha%e to ,i%e up hisposition as Ei!e*a"or*

(1) An!e he files his !ertifi!ate of!an&i&a!"; or(2) 6hen the !apai,n perio& starts; or(3) An!e an& if he is pro!laie& winner in

the ele!tion; or(#) <pon his assuption to the ele!ti%eoffi!e; or() None of the ao%e' Choose the!orre!t answer

() 5f Pe&ro e"es wereH instea&H an in!uentCon,ressan of ue=on Cit"H who inten&s toseeD the a"oralt" post in ue=on Cit"H woul&"our !hoi!e of answer in no'(1) ao%e e thesaeL 5f notH whi!h woul& e "our !hoi!eL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(a) he !orre!t answer is ()' Se!tion 1# of theFair /le!tion +!t repeale& Se!tion 7 of theAnius /le!tion Co&eH whi!h pro%i&e& that an"ele!te& offi!ialH whether national or lo!alH who runsfor an" offi!e other than the one he is hol&in, in aperanent !apa!it"H e!ept for Presi&ent an& Ei!ePresi&entH shall e !onsi&ere& ipso fa!to resi,ne&fro his offi!e upon the filin, of his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!"' Se!tion 1# of the Fair /le!tion +!tliDewise ren&ere& ineffe!ti%e the first pro%iso in thethir& para,raph of Se!tion 11 of epuli! +!t No'8#3'

Conse?uentl"H Pe&ro e"es !an run for a"or without ,i%in, up his position as Ei!e*a"or' @ewill ha%e to ,i%e up his position as Ei!e*a"or upon epiration of his ter as Ei!e*a"or on>une 30H 200#'

(<o+e T-e 2*es+ion did no+ as +-e e>a0inee+o e>p'ain +-e reason or -is c-oice and +-egenera' ins+r*c+ions re2*ires s*c- disc*ssionon'y +o a DyesD or DnoD anser.)

() he answer is the sae if Pe&ro e"es is aCon,ressan of ue=on Cit"H e!ause therepeal of Se!tion 7 of the Anius /le!tionCo&e !o%ers oth ele!ti%e national an& lo!aloffi!ials'

Ee"tion O##en%e%5 Con%$ira"y to &ribe (oter%61991No' 12: -is!uss the &isputale presuptions

(a) of !onspira!" to rie %oters an& () of thein%ol%eent of a !an&i&ate an& of his prin!ipal!apai,n ana,ers in su!h !onspira!"'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

(a) <n&er Se!H 28 of the /le!toral efors awproof that at least one %oter in &ifferent pre!in!tsrepresentin, at least twent" per !ent of the totalpre!in!ts in an" uni!ipalit"H !it" or pro%in!e wasoffere&H proise& or ,i%en one"H %aluale!onsi&eration or other epen&iture " the relati%esHlea&er or s"pathi=er of a !an&i&ate for thepurpose of prootin, the !an&i&a!" of su!h

!an&i&ateH ,i%es rise to a &isputale presuptionof !onspira!" to rie %oters'

() <n&er Se!' 28 if the proof affe!ts at least 20of the pre!in!ts of the uni!ipalit"H !it" orpro%in!e to whi!h the puli! offi!e aspire& for "the fa%ore& !an&i&ate relatesH this shall !onstitutea &isputale presuption of the in%ol%eent ofthe !an&i&ate an& of his prin!ipal !apai,nana,ers in ea!h of the uni!ipalities!on!erne&H in the !onspira!"'

Ee"tion Prote%t 6199No' 7: + file& a protest with the @ouse /le!toralriunal ?uestionin, the ele!tion of as eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es in the 1987national ele!tions on the ,roun& that is not aresi&ent of the &istri!t the latter is representin,'6hile the !ase was pen&in,' a!!epte& an a&*interi appointent as Se!retar" of the-epartent of >usti!e'(1) a" + !ontinue with his ele!tion protest inor&er to &eterine the real winner in the sai&ele!tionsL State "our reason'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

(1) NoH + a" not !ontinue with his protest' hereis no &ispute as to who was the winner in theele!tionH as it is not &ispute& that it was whootaine& the aorit"' he purpose of the protestis sipl" to seeD the reo%al of fro offi!e onthe ,roun& that he is ineli,ile' @owe%erH forfeite& his !lai to the position of !on,ressan" a!!eptin, an a& interi appointent asSe!retar" of >usti!eH the protest a,ainst hi hase!oe oot' Nothin, will e ,aine& "resol%in, it' 5n the !ase of Purisia %'



:8)

SolisH #3 SC+ 123H it was hel& that where aprotestant in an ele!tion !ase a!!epte& hisappointent as u&,eH he aan&one& his !lai tothe puli! offi!e in%ol%e& in the protest' @en!eHthe protest ust e &isisse& for ha%in, e!oeoot' Siilarl"H in Pere= % Pro%in!ial oar& ofNue%a /!iaH 113 SC+ 187H it was hel& that the!lai of a petitioner to an appointi%e offi!e ha&e!oe ootH e!ause the petitioner ha&

forfeite& his !lai to the offi!e " filin, a!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for a"or'



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Ee"tion Prote%t *%= >-o 4arranto 61No ME55 * <n&er the Anius /le!tion Co&e('P' 881H as aen&e&)H riefl" &ifferentiate anele!tion protest fro a ?uo warranto !aseH as towho !an file the !ase an& the respe!ti%e ,roun&stherefor' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER5

+n //C5AN PA/S a"e file& " a losin,!an&i&ate for the sae offi!e for whi!h the winner file& his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!"' + <A

6++NA C+S/ a" e file& " an" %oter who is a re,istere& %oter in the !onstituen!"where the winnin, !an&i&ate sou,ht to e&is?ualifie& ran for offi!e'

5n an ele!tion !ontestH the issues are: (a) whore!ei%e& the aorit" or pluralit" of the %oteswhi!h were le,all" !ast an& () whether therewere irre,ularities in the !on&u!t of the ele!tionwhi!h affe!te& its results'

5n a ?uo warranto !aseH the issue is whether the!an&i&ate who was pro!laie& ele!te& shoul& e&is?ualifie& e!ause of ineli,iilit" or &islo"alt" tothe Philippines'

Ee"tion Prote%t *%= >-o 4arranto 6><?-ifferentiate an ele!tion protest fro an a!tionfor ?uo warranto' (2')SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+n //C5AN PA/S is a pro!ee&in,where" a losin, !an&i&ate for a parti!ular position !ontests the results of the ele!tion on,roun&s of frau&H terrorisH irre,ularities or ille,ala!ts !oitte& eforeH &urin, or after the !astin,

an& !ountin, of %otes' An the other han&H aP/55AN FA <A 6++NA is file& " an"re,istere& %oter to !ontest the ele!tion of an"!an&i&ate on ,roun&s of ineli,iilit" or &islo"alt"to the epuli! of the Philippines'

Ee"tion Prote%t5 .-ri%di"tion 6199?NoH 1#: 1) +s !ounsel for the protestantH wherewill "ou file an ele!tion protest in%ol%in, a!onteste& ele!ti%e position in:

a) the aran,a"L ) theuni!ipalit"L !) the pro%in!eL &)the !it"L e) the @ouse ofepresentati%esL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le 5M*Cof the Constitution an ele!tion protest in%ol%in,the ele!ti%e position enuerate& elow shoul&

e file& in the followin, !ourts or triunals:a) aran,a" * etropolitan rial CourtHuni!ipal Cir!uit rial CourtH oruni!ipal rial Court

) uni!ipalit" * e,ional rial Court!) Pro%in!e * CA//C&) Cit" * CA//Ce) <n&er Se!tion 17' +rti!le E5 of the

ConstitutionH an ele!tion protestin%ol%in, the position of eer of the@ouse of epresentati%es shall e file&in the @ouse of epresentati%es/le!toral riunal'

E,$iration o# ter+ bar% %er*i"e t'ereo# 6

No ME5' 5n the ele!tions of a" 1992H Cru= an&Santos were the !an&i&ates for the offi!e ofuni!ipal a"orH the ter of whi!h was to epireon >une 30H 199' Fin&in, that he won " aar,in of 20 %otesH the uni!ipal oar& ofCan%assers pro!laie& Cru= as the &ul" ele!te&a"or' Santos file& an ele!tion protest efore thee,ional rial Court (C) whi!h &e!i&e& that itwas Santos who ha& the pluralit" of 30 %otes an&pro!laie& hi the winner' An otion a&eH theC ,rante& ee!ution pen&in, the appeal ofCru= to the CA//C (Coele!) an& on thisasis' Santos assue& offi!e an& ser%e& asuni!ipal a"or' 5n tieH the Coele! re%erse&the rulin, of the C an& instea& rule& that Cru=won " a ar,in of #0 %otes an& pro!laie& hithe &ul" ele!te& uni!ipal a"or' a) 5t is nowe"on& >une 30H 199' Can Cru= still hol& offi!efor the portion of the ter he has faile& to ser%eL6h"L (3)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER5

a) +s hel& in alaluan %' CA//CH 2# SC+397 (199)' Cru= !an no lon,er hol& offi!e for theportion of the ter he faile& to ser%e sin!e hister has epire&'

Petition to !e"are Fai-re o# Ee"tion%5Re-i%ite% B E##e"t% 6199No' : -ue to %iolen!e an& terroris atten&in,the !astin, of %otes in a uni!ipalit" in anao&el Sur &urin, the last 8 a" 199 ele!tionsH ite!ae ipossile to hol& therein freeH or&erl"



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:87

an& honest ele!tions' Se%eral !an&i&ates foruni!ipal positions with&rew fro the ra!e' Ane!an&i&ate for a"or petitione& the CA//C forthe postponeent of the ele!tions an& the hol&in,of spe!ial ele!tions after the !auses of su!hpostponeent or failure of ele!tions shall ha%e!ease&'



:88

1' @ow an" %otes of the CA//C

Coissioners a" e !ast to ,rant the petitionL/plain'

2' + person who was not a !an&i&ate at the tieof the postponeent of the ele!tions &e!i&e& torun for an ele!ti%e position an& file& a !ertifi!ateof !an&i&a!" prior to the spe!ial ele!tions' a"his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" e a!!epte&L /plain'

3' Suppose he ran as a sustitute for a !an&i&atewho pre%iousl" with&rew his !an&i&a!"H will "ouranswer e the saeL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' +!!or&in, to Se!tion 7H +rti!le 5M*+ of the 1987ConstitutionH the CA//C shall &e!i&e " a+>A5O EA/ of all its eers an" !ase or atter rou,ht efore it 5n Cua %s' CA//CH1 SC+82H the Supree Court state& that atwo*to*one &e!ision ren&ere& " a -i%ision of theCA//C an& a three*to*two &e!isionren&ere& " the CA//C en an! was %ali&where onl" fi%e eers tooD part in &e!i&in,the !ase'

2' NoH his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" !annot ea!!epte&' <n&er Se!tion 7 of the Anius/le!tion Co&eH as a rule in !ases of postponeentor failure of ele!tion no a&&itional !ertifi!ate of!an&i&a!" shall e a!!epte&'

3' NoH the answer will e &ifferent' <n&er Se!tion7 of the Anius /le!tion Co&eH an a&&itional!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" a" e a!!epte& in !asesof postponeent or failure of ele!tion if there wasa sustitution of !an&i&ates; ut the sustitute

ust elon, to an& ust e en&orse& " thesae part"'

Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t 61987No' E55: + an& were !an&i&ates forrepresentati%es in the 1987 National /le!tionsH file& a pre*pro!laation !ontest with theCA//C on the ,roun& that rapant %oteu"in, an& terroris a!!opanie& the ele!tions'Parti!ulars were supplie& of Bs followers ou,ht*off an& other followers

pre%ente& fro !astin, their %otes' heCA//C &isisse& the pre*pro!laation!ontest on the ,roun& that all the returns appear!oplete an& untapere&'

-eterine if the CA//C &e!i&e& !orre!tl"an& if has an" re!ourse for !ontestin, +Bsele!tion'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he CA//C !orre!tl" &isisse& Bs P/*PAC++5AN CAN/S' Su!h a !ontest isliite& to !lais that the ele!tion returns arein!oplete or that the" !ontain aterial &efe!tsor that the" ha%e een tapere& withH falsifie& or prepare& un&er &uress or that the" !ontain&is!repan!ies in the %otes !re&ite& to the!an&i&atesH the &ifferen!e of whi!h affe!ts theresult of the ele!tion' (Anius /le!tion Co&eHsees' 2#3H 23#*23)

An the other han&H the ?uestion whether or notthere was terrorisH %ote u"in, an& other

irre,ularities in the ele!tions !annot e thesue!t of a pre*pro!laation !ontest ut ust eraise& in a re,ular ele!tion protest' (San!he=%' CA//CH $' No' 78#1; Pon!e /nrile %'CA//CH $'' Nos' 791# 4 79212H +u,' 12H1987; +es %' CA//CH 21 SC+ 122(197) ) Sin!e the asis of Bs petition is thathis followers ha& een ou,ht while others ha&een pre%ente& fro !astin, their allotsH hisree&" is to file an ele!tion !ontest an& thisshoul& e rou,ht in the @ouse or Senate/le!toral riunal whi!hH un&er +rt' E5H Se!' 17H is

the sole u&,e of the ele!tionH returns an&?ualifi!ations of eers of ea!h @ouse of Con,ress'

Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t 61988No' 18: 5n ele!tion lawH what is a pre*pro!laation!ontro%ers"L 6here a" it e liti,ate& withfinalit"L +fter the ultiate winner has een &ul"pro!laie&H &oes the loser still ha%e an" ree&"to the en& than he a" finall" otain the positionhe aspire& for in the ele!tionL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+ P/*PAC++5AN CANAE/SO refersto an" ?uestion pertainin, to or affe!tin, thepro!ee&in,s of the oar& of !an%assers whi!ha" e raise& " an" !an&i&ate or " an"re,istere& politi!al part" or !oalition of politi!alparties efore the oar& or &ire!tl" with theCA//CH or an" atter raise& un&er se!s' 233*23 of the Anius /le!tion Co&e in relation tothe preparationH transissionH re!eiptH !usto&" or appre!iation of the ele!tion returns' (Anius/le!tion Co&eH se!H 2#1)'



:89



:8:

he CA//C has e!lusi%e uris&i!tion of allpre*pro!laation !ontro%ersies' (5&'H se!' 2#1) 5ts&e!isions e!oe ee!utor" after the lapse of &a"s fro re!eipt " the losin, part" of the&e!isionH unless restraine& " the SupreeCourt' (5&'H se!' 2#)



:9;

+ loser a" still rin, an ele!tion !ontest

!on!ernin, the ele!tionH returnsH an& ?ualifi!ationsof the !an&i&ate pro!laie&' 5n the !ase of ele!ti%earan,a" offi!ialsH the !ontest a" e file& with theuni!ipal trial !ourts; in the !ase of ele!ti%euni!ipal offi!ialsH in the e,ional rial Court; inthe !ase of ele!ti%e pro%in!ial an& !it" offi!ialsH inthe CA//C (+rt' 5MH CH se!' 2(2)); in the !ase of Senators or Con,ressenH in the Senate or @ouse/le!toral riunals (+rt' E5H se!' 17); an& in the!ase of the Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&entH in thePresi&ential /le!toral riunal' (+rt' E55H se!' #)'

Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t *%= Ee"tionConte%t% 61997NoH 17: State how (a) pre*pro!laation!ontro%ersiesH on the one han&H an& () ele!tionprotestsH on the otherH are initiate&H hear& an&finall" resol%e&'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(+) P/*PAC++5AN CANAE/S5/S

a) uestions affe!tin, the !oposition or pro!ee&in,s of the oar& of !an%assers a"e initiate& in the oar& of !an%assers or &ire!tl" with the CA//C'

) uestions in%ol%in, the ele!tionreturns an& the !ertifi!ates of !an%ass shalle rou,ht in the first instan!e efore theoar& of !an%assers onl"H (Se!tion 17Hepuli! +!t NoH 21')!) he oar& of !an%assers shoul& ruleon the oe!tions suaril"' (Se!tion 20Hepuli! +!t No' 71')&) +n" part" a&%ersel" affe!te& a"appeal to the CA//C' (Se!tion 20'epuli! +!t No' 71')

e) he &e!ision of the Coission on/le!tion a" e rou,ht to the Supree Courton !ertiorari " the a,,rie%e& part"H (Se!tion7H +rti!le 5M*+ of the Constitution')

+ll pre*pro!laation !ontro%ersies pen&in, eforethe CA//C shall e &eee& terinate& at thee,innin, of the ter of the offi!e in%ol%e& an&the rulin,s of the oar& of !an%assers shall e&eee& affire&H without

preu&i!e to the filin, of an ele!tion protest'@owe%erH the pro!ee&in,s a" !ontinue when onthe asis of the e%i&en!e presente& so farH theCA//C or the Supree Court &eterines thatthe petition appears to e eritorious' (Se!tion 1Hepuli! +!t No' 71)

() //C5AN CAN/SS +n ele!tion protest

is initiate& " filin, a protest !ontainin, thefollowin, alle,ations:1' he protestant is a !an&i&ate who &ul" file& a!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" an& was %ote& for in theele!tion:2' he protestee has een pro!laie&;an&3' he &ate of the pro!laationH (iro %s'CA//CH 121 SC+ #)

he followin, ha%e uris&i!tion o%er ele!tion!ontests:

a) aran,a" offi!ials * 5nferior Court;) uni!ipal offi!ials *e,ional rial

Court;!) e,ionalH pro%in!ialH an& !it" offi!ials

CA//C (Se!tion 2(2)H +rt' 5M*C ofthe Constitution);

&) Con,ressan *@ouse ofepresentati%es /le!toral riunal'

e) Senators * Senate /le!toral riunal'(Se!tion 1' +rti!le E5 of theConstitution);

f) Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&ent *Supree Court (Se!tion #H +rti!le E55 ofthe Constitution)'

he &e!ision of the inferior !ourt in ele!tion!ontests in%ol%in, aran,a" offi!ials an& of thee,ional rial Court in ele!tion !ontests in%ol%in,uni!ipal offi!ials are appealale to theCA//C' (Se!tion 2(2)' +rti!le 5M*C of theConstitution') he &e!ision of the CA//C a"e rou,ht to the Supree Court on !ertiorari on?uestions of law' (i%era %s' CA//CH 199SC+ 178)

he &e!ision of the CA//C in ele!tion!ontests in%ol%in, re,ionalH pro%in!ial an& !it"

offi!ials a" e rou,ht to the Supree Court on!ertiorari (Se!tion 7H +rti!le 5M*+ an& Se!tion2(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution')

he &e!isions of the Senate /le!toral riunalan& of the @ouse of epresentati%es /le!toralriunal a" e ele%ate& to the Supree Courton !ertiorari if there was ,ra%e ause of &is!retion' (a=atin %s CA//C 18 SC+391)



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Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t5 Pro$er I%%-e%6199?



:9)

NoH 1#: 2) $i%e three issues that !an e properl"raise& an& rou,ht in a pre*pro!laation !ontest'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2) +!!or&in, to Se!tion 2#3 of the Anius/le!tion Co&eH the followin, issues !an eproperl" raise&'

1 he !oposition or pro!ee&in,s of the oar& of!an%assers are ille,al;

2 he !an%asse& ele!tion returns are in!opleteH!ontain aterial &efe!tsH appro%e& to etapere& withH or !ontain &is!repan!" in thesae returns or in other authenti!ate& !opies;

3 he ele!tion returns were prepare& un&er &uressHthreatsH !oer!ionH or intii&ationH or the" areo%iousl" anufa!ture& or not authenti!; an&

4 Sustitute or frau&ulent returns in !ontro%erte&pollin, pla!es were !an%asse&H the results ofwhi!h ateriall" affe!te& the stan&in, of the

a,,rie%e& !an&i&ate or !an&i&ates'

@owe%erH a!!or&in, to Se!tion 1 of theS"n!hroni=e& /le!tion aw no pre*pro!laation!ases shall e allowe& on atters relatin, to thepreparationH transissionH re!eiptH !usto&" an&appre!iation of the ele!tion returns or the!ertifi!ates of !an%ass with respe!t to thepositions of Presi&entH Ei!e*Presi&entH Senator an& eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es' No

pre*pro!laation !ase are allowe& in the !ase of aran,a" ele!tions'

Pro"e%%5 Iiterate (oter% 61987No' M55: +H while of le,al a,e an& of soun&in&H is illiterate' @e has asDe& "our a&%i!e onhow he !an %ote in the !oin, ele!tion for hisrotherH who is runnin, for a"or' his will e thefirst tie + will %ote an& he has ne%er re,istere& as a %oter efore' 6hat a&%i!e will"ou ,i%e hi on the pro!e&ure he nee&s to followin or&er to e ale to %oteLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he Constitution pro%i&es that until Con,ressshall ha%e pro%i&e& otherwiseH illiterate an&&isale& %oters shall e allowe& to %ote un&ereistin, laws an& re,ulations (+rtH EH Se!' 2)' 5t isne!essar" for an" ?ualifie& %oter to re,ister inor&er to %ote' (Anius /le!tion Co&eH Se!' 11)5n the !ase of illiterate an& &isale& %otersH their%oterBs affi&a%it a" e prepare& " an" relati%ewithin the fourth !i%il &e,ree of !onsan,uinit" oraffinit" or " an" eer of the oar& of ele!tioninspe!tors who shall

prepare the affi&a%it in a!!or&an!e with the &atasupplie& " the appli!ant' (5&'H se!' 127)

Pro"e%%5 Prin"i$e o# Ide+ Sonan% 6199;No' 3; 1) 6hat is "our un&erstan&in, of theprin!iple of i&e sonans as applie& in the/le!tion awLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1) <n&er ule No' 7 of the rules for the

appre!iation of allots in Se!tion 211 of theAnius /le!tion Co&eH the i&e sonans ruleeans that a nae or surnae in!orre!tl" writtenwhi!hH when rea&H has a soun& siilar to thenae or surnae of a !an&i&ate when !orre!tl"written shall e !ounte& in his fa%or'ALTERNATI(E ANS4ERS:a) 5&e sonans literall" eans the sae or siilar soun&' his prin!iple is a&e anifest inone of the rules for the appre!iation of allotseo&ie& in the Anius /le!tion Co&e (Se!'211H P 881) statin, that + nae or surnaein!orre!tl" written whi!h when rea&H has a soun&

siilar to the nae or surnae of a !an&i&atewhen !orre!tl" written shall e !ounte& in hisfa%or' husH if the nae as spelle& in the allotHthou,h &ifferent fro the !orre!t spellin, thereofH!on%e"s to the ears when pronoun!e& a!!or&in,to the !oonl" a!!epte& etho&sH a soun&pra!ti!all" 5&enti!al with the soun& of the !orre!tnae as !oonl" pronoun!e&H the nae thus,i%en is a suffi!ient &esi,nation of the personreferre& to' he ?uestion whether one nae isi&e sonans with another is not a ?uestion of spellin, ut of pronun!iation' (an&a! %'

SaonteH #9 Phil' 28#)' 5ts appli!ation is aie& atreali=in, the oe!ti%e of e%er" ele!tion whi!h is tootain the epression of the %oters will'

) he ter eans soun&in, the sae or nearl"aliDe' he rule is ase& on the 5&ea that theisspellin, of a nae or la!D of sDill in writin,shoul& not e taDen as a ,roun& for ree!tin, the%otes apparentl" inten&e& for a !an&i&ateH solon, as the intention of the %oter appears to e!lear' he Supree Court has rule& that the

prin!iple of i&e sonans is lierall" !onstrue&'Corpu= %' 5a"H 8# Phil' 18# (19#9)'

Pro"e%%5 Stray &aot 6199;No' 3; 2) 6hat is a stra" allotLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2) <n&er ule No' 19 of the rules for theappre!iation of allots in Se!tion 211 of theAnius /le!tion Co&eH stra" allot is one !astin fa%or of a person who has not file& a



:9*



:96

!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" or in fa%or of a !an&i&atefor an offi!e for whi!h he &i& not present hiself'

+lthou,h the Co&e &oes not pro%i&e for stra"allotH it is presue& that stra" allot refers tostra" %ote'



:97

Re"a 6No ME5' Suppose the people of a pro%in!e wantto re!all the pro%in!ial ,o%ernor efore the en&

of his three*"ear ter of offi!eH +' An what ,roun& or ,roun&s !an the pro%in!ial,o%ernor e re!alle&L (1)' @ow will the re!all e initiate&L (2)C' 6hen will the re!all of an ele!ti%e lo!al offi!iale !onsi&ere& effe!ti%eL U2TSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5n a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 9 of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH the $o%ernor !an e re!alle&for ASS AF CANF5-/NC/'

<n&er Se!tion 70 of the o!al $o%ernent Co&eHthe re!all a" e initiate& " a resolution a&opte&

" a aorit" of all the eers of thepreparator" re!all assel"H whi!h !onsists of allthe a"orsH the %i!e*a"orsH an& thesan,,unian, eers of the uni!ipalities an&!oponent !itiesH or " a written petition si,ne&" at least twent"*fi%e per !ent (2) of the totalnuer of re,istere& %oters in the pro%in!e'

+!!or&in, to Se!tion 72 of the o!al $o%ernentCo&eH the re!all of an ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ial shalltaDe effe!t upon the ele!tion an& pro!laation of asu!!essor in the person of the !an&i&ate re!ei%in,the hi,hest nuer of %otes !ast &urin, theele!tion on re!all'

T'ree<Ter+ Li+it R-e 61No M5M * 5n the a" 1992 ele!tionsH anuelanalo an& Se,un&o Parate were ele!te& asa"or an& Ei!e a"orH respe!ti%el"' <pon the&eath of analo as in!uent uni!ipal a"orHEi!e a"or Se,un&o Parate su!!ee&e& as a"or an& ser%e& for the reainin, portion of the ter of offi!e' 5n the a" 199 ele!tionH Se,un&o Parateran for an& won as a"or an& then ser%e& for the

full ter' 5n the a" 1998 ele!tionsH Parate ran for reele!tion as a"or an& won a,ain' 5n the a"2001 ele!tionH Se,un&o Parate file& his !ertifi!ateof !an&i&a!" for the sae position of a"orH uthis ri%al a"oralt" !an&i&ate sou,ht his&is?ualifi!ation alle,in, %iolation of the three*terliit for lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ials pro%i&e& for in theConstitution an& in the o!al $o%ernent Co&e'

-e!i&e whether the &is?ualifi!ation !ase willprosper or not' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he &is?ualifi!ation !ase shoul& e &isisse&'

+s hel& in ora %s' CA//CH 29 SC+17(199)H in !oputin, the three*ter liitationipose& upon ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ialsH onl" theter for whi!h he was ele!te& to shoul& e!onsi&ere&' he ter whi!h he ser%e& as a

result of su!!ession shoul& not e in!lu&e&' 5t isnot enou,h that the offi!ial has ser%e& three!onse!uti%e ters' @e ust ha%e een ele!te&to the sae position three !onse!uti%e ties'

T'ree<Ter+ Li+it5 #ro+ 0-ni"i$aity to Ney<Created City 6>9<2' anuel was ele!te& a"or of the uni!ipalit" of ua in the ele!tions of 1992H 199 an& 1998' @efull" ser%e& his first two tersH an& &urin, his thir&terH the uni!ipalit" was !on%erte& into the!oponent Cit" of ua' he sai& !harter pro%i&e& for a hol&o%er an& so without

interre,nu anuel went on to ser%e as thea"or of the Cit" of ua'

5n the 2001 ele!tionsH anuel file& his !ertifi!ateof !an&i&a!" for Cit" a"or' @e &is!lose&H thou,hHthat he ha& alrea&" ser%e& for three !onse!uti%eters as ele!te& a"or when ua was still auni!ipalit"' @e also state& in his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" that he is runnin, for the position of a"or for the first tie now that ua is a !it"'

e"esH an a&%ersar"H ran a,ainst anuel an&petitione& that he e &is?ualifie& e!ause he ha&alrea&" ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e ters asa"or' he petition was not tiel" a!te& uponHan& anuel was pro!laie& the winner with20H000 %otes o%er the 10H000 %otes re!ei%e& "e"es as the onl" other !an&i&ate' 5t was onl"after anuel tooD his oath an& assue& offi!ethat the CA//C rule& that he was &is?ualifie&for ha%in, ran an& ser%e& for three !onse!uti%eters' ()

(a) +s law"er of anuelH present the

possile ar,uents to pre%ent his&is?ualifi!ation an& reo%al'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +s law"er of anuelH 5 woul& ar,ue that he shoul&not e &is?ualifie& an& reo%e& e!ause he wasa three*ter a"or of the uni!ipalit" of uaHan&H with its !on%ersion to a !oponent !it"H thelatter has a totall" separate an& &ifferent!orporate personalit" fro that of the uni!ipalit"'oreo%erH as a



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ruleH in a representati%e &eo!ra!"H the peopleshoul& e allowe& freel" to !hoose those whowill ,o%ern the' @a%in, won the ele!tionsH the!hoi!e of the people shoul& e respe!te&'



:9:

() @ow woul& "ou rule on whether or notanuel is eli,ile to run as a"or of thenewl"*!reate& Cit" of ua ie&iatel" after ha%in, alrea&" ser%e& for three (3)

!onse!uti%e ters as a"or of the uni!ipalit"of uaL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:anuel is not eli,ile to run as a"or of the !it" of ua' he 1987 Constitution spe!ifi!all" in!lu&e&an e!eption to the peopleBs free&o to !hoosethose who will ,o%ern the in or&er to a%oi& thee%il of a sin,le person a!!uulatin, e!essi%epower o%er a parti!ular territorial uris&i!tion as aresult of a prolon,e& sta" in the sae offi!e' oallow anuel to %ie for the position of !it" a"or after ha%in, ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e ters as

a uni!ipal a"or woul& o%iousl" &efeat the %er"intent of the fraers when the" wrote thise!eption' Shoul& he e allowe& another three!onse!uti%e ters as a"or of the Cit" of uaHanuel woul& then e possil" hol&in, offi!e as!hief ee!uti%e o%er the sae territorial uris&i!tionan& inhaitants for a total of ei,hteen !onse!uti%e"ears' his is the %er" s!enario sou,ht to ea%oi&e& " the ConstitutionH if not ahorre& " it'(atasa %' CA//CH $'' No' 1#829H-e!eer 10H 2003)

(!) +ssuin, that anuel is not aneli,ile !an&i&ateH reut e"esB !lai that heshoul& e pro!laie& as winner ha%in,re!ei%e& the net hi,her nuer of %otes'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:e"es !annot e pro!laie& winner for re!ei%in,the se!on& hi,hest nuer of %otes' heSupree Court has !onsistentl" rule& that the fa!tthat a pluralit" or a aorit" of the %otes are !ast

for an ineli,ile !an&i&ate at a popular ele!tionH or that a !an&i&ate is later &e!lare& to e &is?ualifie&to hol& offi!eH &oes not entitle the !an&i&ate who,arnere& the se!on& hi,hest nuer of %otes toe &e!lare& ele!te&' he sae erel" results inaDin, the winnin, !an&i&ateBs ele!tion a nullit"'5n the present !aseH 10H000 %otes were !ast forpri%ate respon&ent e"es as a,ainst the 20H000%otes !ast for petitioner anuel' he se!on&pla!er is o%iousl" not the !hoi!e of the people inthis

parti!ular ele!tion' he peranent %a!an!" in the!onteste& offi!e shoul& e fille& " su!!ession'(ao %' CA//CH $'' No' 10111H >ul"3H1992)

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:e"es !oul& not e pro!laie& as winner e!ause he &i& not win the ele!tion' o allow the&efeate& !an&i&ate to taDe o%er the a"oralt"

&espite his ree!tion " the ele!torate is to&isenfran!hise the ele!torate without an" fault ontheir part an& to un&erine the iportan!e an&eanin, of &eo!ra!" an& the peopleBs ri,ht toele!t offi!ials of their !hoi!e' (enito %'CA//CH $'' No' 1003H +u,ust 17H 199#)

(a"an"y5 E##e"t o# (i"e<0ayor A"ting A%0ayor 6No M5E' Suppose +H a uni!ipal a"orH went ona si!D lea%e to un&er,o e&i!al treatent for a

perio& of four (#) onths' -urin, that tie +' 6ill H the uni!ipal Ei!e*a"orH eperforin, ee!uti%e fun!tionsL 6h"L (2)' 6ill at the sae tie e alsoperforin, le,islati%e fun!tions as presi&in,offi!er of the San,,unian, a"anL 6h"L (3)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+' Sin!e the uni!ipal a"or is teporaril"in!apa!itate& to perfor his &utiesH in a!!or&an!ewith Se!tion #(a) of the o!al $o%ernent Co&eHthe uni!ipal Ei!e*a"or shall eer!ise hispowers an& perfor his &uties an& fun!tions' he

uni!ipal Ei!e*a"or will e perforin, ee!uti%efun!tionsH e!ause the fun!tions of the uni!ipala"or are ee!uti%e'

' he uni!ipal Ei!e*a"or !annot !ontinue aspresi&in, offi!er of the San,,unian, a"an whilehe is a!tin, uni!ipal a"or' 5n a!!or&an!e with$aoa %' +,uirreH 310 SC+ 87 (1999)H un&er the o!al $o%ernent Co&eH the Ei!e*uni!ipala"or was &epri%e& of the power to presi&e o%er the San,,unian, a"an an& is no lon,er aeer of it' he teporar" %a!an!" in the offi!e

of the uni!ipal a"or !reates a !orrespon&in,teporar" %a!an!" in the Affi!e of the uni!ipalEi!e*a"or when he a!ts as uni!ipal a"or'his !onstitutes inailit" on his part to presi&eo%er the sessions of the San,,unian, a"an'

(a"an"y5 R-e o# S-""e%%ion 6199No' 7: he Ei!e a"or of a uni!ipalit" file& his!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the sae offi!e in thelast ele!tions' he uni!ipal a"or was



::;



::1

also runnin, for re*ele!tion' oth were offi!ial!an&i&ates of the sae politi!al part"' +fter thelast &a" for the filin, of !ertifi!ates of !an&i&a!"Hthe a"or &ie&' <n&er these fa!ts * a) Can theEi!e a"or su!!ee& to the offi!e of



::(

a"or pursuant to the pro%isions of theo!al $o%ernent Co&eL /plain' ) +ssuin,that the Ei!e a"or su!!ee&s to

the position of a"or after the in!uent

&ie&H whi!h position is now &ifferent frothe one for whi!h he has file& his !ertifi!ateof !an&i&a!"H !an he still !ontinue to run as

Ei!e a"orL /plain' !) 5s there an" le,alipe&ient to the Ei!e

a"or to repla!e the re*ele!tionist a"orwho &ie&L /plainH SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: OesHthe %i!e a"or !an su!!ee& to the offi!e of a"or'<n&er Se!tion ## of the o!al $o%ernent Co&eHhe stan&s net in line to the offi!e of a"or in !aseof a peranent %a!an!" in it' @is filin, of aCertifi!ate of Can&i&a!" for a"or &i& notautoati!all" result to his ein, !onsi&ere&

resi,ne& (Se!' 7H Anius /le!tion Co&e)'

OesH the %i!e a"or !an !ontinue to run as %i!ea"or' +t the tie that he file& his !ertifi!ate of!an&i&a!"H the %i!e a"or ran for the sae offi!ehe was hol&in,' 5n &eterinin, whether a!an&i&ate is runnin, for a position other than theone he is hol&in, in a peranent !apa!it" an&shoul& e !onsi&ere& resi,ne&H it is the offi!e hewas hol&in, at the tie he file& his !ertifi!ate of

!an&i&a!" shoul& e !onsi&ere&' here is no le,alipe&ient to the %i!e a"or runnin, as a"or torepla!e the %i!e a"or who &ie& un&er Se!tion 77of the Anius /le!tion Co&eH if a !an&i&ate &iesafter the last &a" for filin, !ertifi!ates of !an&i&a!"Hhe a" e repla!e& " a person elon,in, to hispoliti!al part"' @owe%erH it is re?uire& that heshoul& first with&raw his Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!"for Ei!e*a"or an& file a new Certifi!ate ofCan&i&a!" for a"or'

(a"an"y5 S&5 R-e on S-""e%%ion 6

No ME' + %a!an!" o!!urre& in the san,,unian,a"an of a uni!ipalit" when MH a eerH &ie&'M &i& not elon, to an" politi!al part"'

o fill up the %a!an!"H the pro%in!ial ,o%ernorappointe& + upon the re!oen&ation of thesan,,unian, panlalawi,an' An the other han&Hfor the sae %a!an!"H the uni!ipal a"orappointe& upon the re!oen&ation of thesan,,unian, a"an' 6hi!h of theseappointents is %ali&L ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: +s hel& in Farinas %' araH 2 SC+ 39 (199)Hneither of the appointents is %ali&' <n&er Se!tion# of the o!al $o%ernent Co&eH in !ase of aperanent %a!an!" in the San,,unian, a"an!reate& " the !essation in offi!e of a eer who&oes not elon, to an" politi!al part"H the $o%ernor shall appoint a ?ualifie& person re!oen&e& "the San,,unian, a"an' Sin!e + was not

re!oen&e& " the San,,unian, a"anH hisappointent " the $o%ernor is not %ali&' Sin!e was not appointe& " the $o%ernor ut " theuni!ipal a"orH his appointent is also not %ali&'

ARTICLE I/ Co++i%%ion onA-dit COA5 .-ri%di"tion 61

No E555 * he Philippine National anD was thenone of the lea&in, ,o%ernent*owne& anDs an&

it was un&er the au&it uris&i!tion of theCoission on +u&it (CA+)' + few "ears a,oH itwas pri%ati=e&'

6hat is the effe!tH if an"H of the pri%ati=ation of PN on the au&it >uris&i!tion of the CA+L ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in Philippine +irlines%s' Coission on +u&itH 2# SC+ 39H(199)Hsin!e the Philippine National anD is no lon,er owne& " the $o%ernentH the Coission on

+u&it no lon,er has uris&i!tion to au&it it as aninstitution' <n&er Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le 5M*- of the

ConstitutionH it is ,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle&!orporations an& their susi&iaries whi!h aresue!t to au&it " the Coission on +u&it'@owe%erH in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 2(1)H +rti!le5M*- of the ConstitutionH the Coission on +u&it!an au&it the Philippine National anD with respe!tto its a!!ounts e!ause the $o%ernent still hase?uit" in it'

COA5 0oney Cai+% 61998No 5' * he -epartent of National -efenseentere& into a !ontra!t with aintree Corporationfor the suppl" of pon!hos to the +re& For!es of the Philippines (+FP)H stipulatin, thatH in the e%entof rea!hH a!tion a" e file& in the proper !ourtsin anila'

Suppose the +FP fails to pa" for &eli%ere&pon!hosH where ust aintree Corporation fileits !laiL 6h"L 10QSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:aintree Corporation ust file its !lai with theCoission on +u&itH <n&er Se!tion 2(1) 5M*-



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of the ConstitutionH the Coission on +u&it hasthe authorit" to settle all a!!ounts pertainin, toepen&iture of puli! fun&s' aintree Corporation!annot file a !ase in !ourt' he epuli! of thePhilippines &i& not wai%e its iunit" fro suitwhen it entere& into the !ontra!t with aintreeCorporation for the suppl" of pon!hos for the useof the +re& For!es of the Philippines' he!ontra!t in%ol%es the &efense of the Philippines

an& therefore relates to a so%erei,n fun!tion'



::6

5n <nite& States %s' ui=H 13 SC+ #87H #92Hthe Supree Court hel&; he restri!ti%eappli!ation of State iunit" is proper onl"when the pro!ee&in,s arise out of !oer!ialtransa!tions of the forei,n so%erei,n' 5ts!oer!ial a!ti%ities or e!onoi! affairs'State& &ifferentl"H a State a" e sai& to ha%e&es!en&e& to the le%el of an in&i%i&ual an&!an thus e &eee& to ha%e ta!itl" ,i%en its!onsent to e sue& onl" when it enters into

usiness !ontra!ts' 5t &oes not appl" wherethe !ontra!t relates to the eer!ise of itsso%erei,n fun!tions' 5n this !ase the proe!tsare an inte,ral part of the na%al ase whi!h is&e%ote& to the &efense of oth the <nite&States an& the PhilippinesH in&isputal" afun!tion of the ,o%ernent of the hi,hestor&er; the" are not utili=e& for nor &e&i!ate& to!oer!ial or usiness purposes'

he pro%ision for %enue in the !ontra!t &oes not!onstitute a wai%er of the State 5unit" frosuitH e!ause the epress wai%er of this iunit"!an onl" e a&e " a statute'

5n epuli! us' Purisia 78 SC+ #70H #7#Hthe Supree Court rule&: +pparentl"respon&ent >u&,e was isle& " the ters of the !ontra!t etween the pri%ate respon&entHplaintiff in his sala an& &efen&ant i!e an&Corn +&inistration whi!hH a!!or&in, to hiHanti!ipate& the !ase of a rea!h of !ontra!tetween the parties an& the suits that a"thereafter arise' he !onsentH to e effe!ti%e

thou,hH ust !oe fro the State a!tin,throu,h a &ul" ena!te& statute as pointe& out" >usti!e en,=on in oil'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:5n a!!or&an!e with the &o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&iesH aintree Corporationshoul& first file a !lai with the Coission on

+u&it' 5f the !lai is &enie&H it shoul& file apetition for !ertiorari with the Supree Court'

ARTICLE / Lo"a 2o*ern+entA$$oint+ent o# &-dget O##i"er5 "ontro *%%-$er*i%ion 61999No E * -' An a" 17H 1988H the position of Pro%in!ial u&,et Affi!er of Pro%in!e M e!ae%a!ant' Pe&ro CastahonH ,o%ernor of the pro%in!eHpursuant to Se!' 1 of /'A' No' 112H suitte& the

naes of three noinees for the aforesai&position to the -epartent of u&,etana,eent (-)H one of who was that of arta ahonhon' + onth laterH Castahoninfore& the - that ahonhon ha& assue&the offi!e of PA an& re?ueste& that she eeten&e& the appropriate appointent' he -Se!retar" appointe& >osefa Gala"on instea&'Castahon proteste& the appointent of Gala"oninsistin, that it is he who ha& the ri,ht to !hoosethe PA " suittin, the naes of his threenoinees an& Gala"on was not one of the' he- !ountere& that none of the ,o%ernorBsnoinees ha%e the ne!essar" ?ualifi!ations for the position' Spe!ifi!all"H ahonhon la!De& thefi%e*"ear eperien!e in u&,etin,' @en!eH the- was left with no alternati%e ut to nae onewho possesses all the re?uisite ?ualifi!ations inthe person of Gala"on' 5t !ite& Se!tion '0 of the- o!al u&,et Cir!ular No' 31 whi!h statesHhe - reser%es the ri,ht to fill up an" eistin,%a!an!" where none of the noinees of the lo!al!hief ee!uti%e eet the pres!rie&re?uireents'(a) 6as the -Bs appointent %ali&L (2)

() 6hat !an "ou sa" re,ar&in, the ao%e*?uote& Se!tion '0 of -Bs o!al u&,etCir!ular No' 31L /plain "our answers' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:-' (a) <n&er Se!tion 1 of /e!uti%e Ar&er No'112H the Pro%in!ial u&,et Affi!er ust ere!oen&e& " the $o%ernor' Sin!e >osefaGala"on was not re!oen&e& " the $o%ernorHher appointent is not %ali&' +s hel& in San >uan%' Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH 19 SC+ 9H if theperson re!oen&e& " the $o%ernor is not?ualifie&H what the Se!retar" of u&,et an&ana,eent shoul& &o is to asD hi to

re!oen& soeone who is eli,ile'

() - o!al u&,et Cir!ular No' 31 is not %ali&Hsin!e it is in!onsistent with /e!uti%e Ar&er No'112H whi!h re?uires that the appointee for Pro%in!ial u&,et Affi!er e re!oen&e& " the$o%ernor' (<n&er the o!al $o%ernent Co&eH itis now the lo!al !hief ee!uti%e who isepowere& to appoint the u&,et offi!er)'



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&o-ndary !i%$-te Re%o-tion5 L2U5 RTC



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J



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% .-ri%di"tion 6>1<



1;;;

1 * here was a oun&ar" &ispute etween-uenasH a uni!ipalit"H an& PassiH an in&epen&ent!oponent !it"H oth of the sae pro%in!e' Statehow the two lo!al ,o%ernent units shoul& settletheir oun&ar" &ispute' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:oun&ar" &isputes etween lo!al ,o%ernent

units shoul&H as u!h as possileH e settle&ai!al"' +fter efforts at settleent failH then the&ispute a" e rou,ht to the appropriatee,ional rial Court in the sai& pro%in!e' Sin!ethe o!al $o%ernent Co&e is silent as to whato&" has e!lusi%e uris&i!tion o%er the settleentof oun&ar" &isputes etween a uni!ipalit" an&an in&epen&ent !oponent !it" of the saepro%in!eH the e,ional rial Courts ha%e ,eneral

uris&i!tion to a&u&i!ate the sai& !ontro%ers"'(un' of Ganan,a %' a&ronaH $'' No' 1#137H

+pril 30H 2003)

&o-ndary !i%$-te Sette+ent5 A-t'ority5.-ri%di"tion 61999No E * C' 6hat o&" or o&ies are %este& " lawwith the authorit" to settle &isputes in%ol%in,:

(1) two or ore towns within the sae pro%in!e;(1)(2) two or ore hi,hl" urani=e& !ities' (1)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1') <n&er Se!tion 118() of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH oun&ar" &isputes in%ol%in,two or ore uni!ipalities within the saepro%in!e shall e settle& " the san,,unian,panlalawi,an !on!erne&'

2') <n&er Se!tion 118(&) of the o!al $o%ernentCo&eH oun&ar" &isputes in%ol%in, two or orehi,hl" urani=e& !ities shall e settle& " thesan,,unian, panlun,so& of the parties'

Creation o# Ne Lo"a 2o*ern+ent Unit%5Pebi%"ite Re-ire+ent 6;NA' E55 * +-+GA is a uni!ipalit" !opose&of 80 aran,a"sH 30 west of a&aDo i%er an&

0 east thereof' he 30 western aran,a"sHfeelin, left out of e!onoi! initiati%esH wish to!onstitute thesel%es into a new an& separatetown to e !alle& asi,la'

+' $rantin, that asi,las proponents su!!ee& tose!ure a law in their fa%orH woul& a pleis!ite ene!essar" or notL 5f it is ne!essar"H who shoul&%ote or parti!ipate in the pleis!iteL -is!ussriefl"' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+ pleis!ite is ne!essar"H e!ause this is re?uire&for the !reation of a new uni!ipalit"' (Se!tion 10H

+rti!le M of the 1987 Constitution') he %oters of oth a&aDo an& asi,la shoul& parti!ipate inthe pleis!iteH e!ause oth are &ire!tl" affe!te&" the !reation of asi,la' he territor" of a&aDo will e re&u!e&' (an %' CA//CH 1#2SC+ 727 198)'

!e Fa"to P-bi" Cor$oration%5 E##e"t 6;NA' E55 * +-+GA is a uni!ipalit" !opose& of 80 aran,a"sH 30 west of a&aDo i%er an& 0east thereof' he 30 western aran,a"sH feelin,left out of e!onoi! initiati%esH wish to !onstitutethesel%es into a new an& separate town to e!alle& asi,la' + law is passe& !reatin, asi,laan& a pleis!ite is a&e in fa%or of the law'

' Suppose that one "ear after asi,la was!onstitute& as a uni!ipalit"H the law !reatin, it is%oi&e& e!ause of &efe!ts' 6oul& that in%ali&ate

the a!ts of the uni!ipalit" an&Ior its uni!ipaloffi!ersL /plain riefl"' ()SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+lthou,h the uni!ipalit" !annot e !onsi&ere&as a &e fa!to !orporationH e!ause there is no%ali& law un&er whi!h it was !reate&H the a!ts of the uni!ipalit" an& of its offi!ers will not ein%ali&ate&H e!ause the eisten!e of the law!reatin, it is an operati%e fa!t efore it was&e!lare& un!onstitutional' @en!eH the pre%iousa!ts of the uni!ipalit" an& its offi!ers shoul& e,i%en effe!t as a atter of fairness an& usti!e'

(uni!ipalit" ofalaan, %' enitoH 27 SC+ 33199Q

!e*o-tion o# Poer 61999-efine &e%olution with respe!t to lo!al ,o%ernentunits'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:Se!tion 17(e) of the o!al $o%ernent Co&e&efines &e%olution as the a!t " whi!h theNational $o%ernent !onfers power an& authorit"upon the %arious lo!al ,o%ernent units toperfor spe!ifi! fun!tions an& responsiilities'

Fran"'i%e5 $rior a$$ro*a o# L2U ne"e%%ary61988No' 9: a!aeeH Papan,a has se%eral arriosalon, the Papan,a ri%er' o ser%i!e the nee&sof their resi&ents the uni!ipalit" has eenoperatin, a ferr" ser%i!e at the sae ri%erH for anuer of "ears alrea&"'

Soetie in 1987H the uni!ipalit" was ser%e&a !op" of an or&er fro the an& ansportation



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1;;(

Fran!hisin, an& e,ulator" oar& (F)H,rantin, a !ertifi!ate of puli! !on%enien!e to r'i!ar&o a!apinla!H a resi&ent of a!aeeH tooperate ferr" ser%i!e a!ross the sae ri%er an&etween the sae arrios ein, ser%i!e&presentl" " the uni!ipalit"Bs ferr" oats' + !he!Dof the re!or&s of the appli!ation of a!apinla!shows that the appli!ation was file& soe onthseforeH set for hearin,H an& noti!es of su!h

hearin, were pulishe& in two newspapers of,eneral !ir!ulation in the town of a!aeeH an&in the pro%in!e of Papan,a' he uni!ipalit" ha&ne%er een &ire!tl" ser%e& a !op" of that noti!e ofhearin, nor ha& the San,,unian, a"an eenre?ueste& " a!apinla! for an" operate' heuni!ipalit" ie&iatel" file& a otion forre!onsi&eration with the F whi!h was &enie&'5t the went to the Supree Court on a petition for!ertiorari to nullif" the or&er ,rantin, a !ertifi!ateof puli! !on%enien!e to a!apinla! on two,roun&s:



1;;)

(1) -enial of &ue pro!ess to the uni!ipalit"; an&

(2) For failure of a!apinla! to se!ure appro%al of the San,,unian, a"an for hi to operate a ferr"ser%i!e in a!aeeHesol%e the two points in the petition withreasons'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he petition for !ertiorari shoul& e ,rante&H1' +s a part" &ire!tl" affe!te& " the operation ofthe ferr" ser%i!eH the uni!ipalit" of a!aeeHPapan,a was entitle& to e &ire!tl" notifie& "the F ''''

2' 5t has een hel& that where a ferr" operationlies entirel" within the uni!ipalit"H the priorappro%al of the uni!ipal ,o%ernent isne!essar"' An!e appro%e&H the operator ustthen appl" with the F for a !ertifi!ate ofpuli! !on%enien!e an& shall e sue!t toF super%isionH (uni!ipalit" of /!ha,ue %'

+elleraH supra)'

La #i,ing t'e ter+% o# o"a ee"ti*e o##i"ia%6>;<?State whether or not the law is !onstitutional'

/plain riefl"'3' + law fiin, the ters of lo!al ele!ti%eoffi!ialsH other than aran,a" offi!ialsH to "ears'(2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he law is in%ali&' <n&er +rti!le MH Se!tion 8 ofthe 1987 ConstitutionH the ter of offi!e ofele!ti%e lo!al offi!ialsH e!ept aran,a" offi!ialsHwhi!h shall e &eterine& " lawH shall e three"ears an& no su!h offi!ial shall ser%e for orethan three !onse!uti%e ters' he law !learl"

,oes a,ainst the aforesai& !onstitutionalre?uireent of three "ear ters for lo!al offi!ialse!ept for aran,a" offi!ials'

Ordinan"e5 U%e B Lea%e o# Pro$ertie%5 P-bi"U%e 61997No' 9: -ue to o%er*!row&in, in the puli! arDetin Pa!oH anilaH the Cit" Coun!il passe& anor&inan!e allowin, the lease to %en&ors of parts

of the streets where the puli! arDet is lo!ate&Hpro%i&e& that the lessees pa" to the !it",o%ernent a fee of P0 per s?uare eter of thearea o!!upie& " the lessees' he resi&ents inthe area !oplaine& to the a"or that the leaseof the puli! streets woul& !ause serious traffi!proles to the' he a"or !an!elle& the leasean& or&ere& the reo%al of the stalls !onstru!te&on the streets' 6as the a!t of the a"or le,alL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he !an!ellation of the lease an& the reo%al ofthe stalls are %ali&' +s hel& in a!asiano %s'

-ioDnoH 212 SC+ ##H the lease of puli!streets is %oi&H sin!e the" are reser%e& for puli!use an& are outsi&e the !oer!e of an'

Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Co%-re or Lea%e o#Pro$ertie% #or P-bi" U%e 6No M5 * +n a,,rie%e& resi&ent of the Cit" ofanila file& an&aus pro!ee&in,s a,ainst the!it" a"or an& the !it" en,ineer to !opel theseoffi!ials to reo%e the arDet stalls fro !ertain!it" streets whi!h the" ha& &esi,nate& as fleaarDets' Portions of the sai& !it" streets werelease& or li!ense& " the respon&ent offi!ials toarDet stallhol&ers " %irtue of a !it" or&inan!e'-e!i&e the &ispute'FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:he petition shoul& e ,rante&' 5n a!!or&an!ewith a!asiano %' -ioDno' 212 SC+ ## 1992QHsin!e puli! streets are properties for puli! usean& are outsi&e the !oer!e of anH the Cit"a"or an& the Cit" /n,ineer !annot lease orli!ense portions of the !it" streets to arDetstallhol&ers'SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

he petition shoul& e &enie&' <n&er Se!tion21(&)of the o!al $o%ernent Co&eH a !it" a"" or&inan!e teporaril" !lose a street so that aflea arDet a" e estalishe&'

Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Co+$en%ation5 Tort-o-% A"to# an E+$oyee 6199;No' ; >ohnn" was eplo"e& as a &ri%er " theuni!ipalit" of CalupitH ula!an' 6hile &ri%in,re!Dlessl" a uni!ipal &up tru!D with its loa& ofsan& for the repair of uni!ipal streetsH



1;;*



1;;6

>ohnn" hit a eepne"' wo passen,ers of the eepne" were Dille&'



1;;7

he San,,unian, a"an passe& an or&inan!eappropriatin, P300H000 as !opensation forthe heirs of the %i!tis' 1) 5s the uni!ipalit"liale for the ne,li,en!e of >ohnn"L 2) 5s theuni!ipal or&inan!e %ali&L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:2) he or&inan!e appropriatin, P300H000'00 for the heirs of the %i!tis of >ohnn" is %oi&' hisaounts to appropriatin, puli! fun&s for apri%ate purpose' <n&er Se!tion 33 of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH no puli! one" shall eappropriate& for pri%ate purposes'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5<pon the fore,oin, !onsi&erationsH the uni!ipalor&inan!e is null an& %oi& for ein, ultra %ires' heuni!ipalit" not ein, liale to pa" !opensation

to the heirs of the %i!tisH the or&inan!e is utterl"&e%oi& of le,al asis' 5t woul& in fa!t !onstitute anille,al use or epen&iture of puli! fun&s whi!h is a!riinal offense' 6hat is oreH the or&inan!e &oesnot eet one of the re?uisites for %ali&it" of uni!ipal or&inan!esH ie'H that it ust e in!onsonan!e with !ertain well*estalishe& an&asi! prin!iples of a sustanti%e natureH to wit: it&oes not !ontra%ene the Constitution or the lawH itis not unfair or oppressi%e' 5t is not partial or &is!riinator"' 5t is !onsistent with puli! poli!"Han& it is not unreasonale'

Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Lo"a Ta,ation *%= S$e"iaA%%e%%+ent 619871987 No' E: State whether or not the followin,!it" or&inan!es are %ali& an& ,i%e reasons insupport of "our answers:

() +n or&inan!e on usiness estalishents toraise fun&s for the !onstru!tion an& aintenan!eof roa&s in pri%ate su&i%isionsH whi!h roa&s areopen for use " se,ents of the puli! who a"ha%e usiness insi&e the su&i%ision'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:() he or&inan!e is %ali&' he !har,e on theusiness estalishents is not a ta ut aSP/C5+ +SS/SS/N' @en!eH the hol&in, inPas!ual %' Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDsH 110 Phil'331 (190)H that puli! fun&s !annot eappropriate& for the !onstru!tion of roa&s in apri%ate su&i%isionH &oes not appl"' +s hel& in

+postoli! Prefe!t %' Cit" reasurer of a,uioH 71Phil' #7 (19#1)H spe!ial assessents a"

e !har,e& to propert" owners enefite& " puli!worDsH e!ause the essential &ifferen!e etweena ta an& su!h assessent is pre!isel" that thelatter is ase& wholl" on enefits re!ei%e&'

@owe%erH if the or&inan!e le%ies a ta on allusiness estalishents lo!ate& outsi&e thepri%ate su&i%isionH then it is oe!tionale on the

,roun& that it appropriate pri%ate fun&s for apuli! purpose' (Pas!ual %' Se!retar" of Puli!6orDsH supra)

Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Pre*enting I++oraity61987(!) +n or&inan!e prohiitin, arershop operatorsfro ren&erin, assa,e ser%i!e to their !ustoers in a separate roo'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(!) he or&inan!e is %ali&' 5n Eelas!o %H Eille,asH120 SC+ 8 (1983) su!h or&inan!e was uphel&on the ,roun& that it is a eans of enalin, the

Cit" of anila to !olle!t a fee for operatin,assa,e !lini!s an& of pre%entin, ioralit"whi!h i,ht e !oitte& " allowin, the!onstru!tion of separate roos in arer shops'

Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Utii)ation B !e*eo$+ent5Nationa 4eat' 61991No' ; he pro%in!e of Palawan passes anor&inan!e re?uirin, all ownersIoperators of fishin, %essels that fish in waters surroun&in, thepro%in!e to in%est ten per!ent (10) of their netprofits fro operations therein in an" enterpriselo!ate& in Palawan'

N+CA Fishin, Corp'H a Filipino !orporation withhea& offi!e in Na%otasH etro anilaH !hallen,esthe or&inan!e as un!onstitutional' -e!i&e the!ase'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he or&inan!e is in%ali&' he or&inan!e wasapparentl" ena!te& pursuant to +rti!le MH Se!' 7 of the ConstitutionH whi!h entitles lo!al ,o%ernentsto an e?uitale share in the pro!ee&s of theutili=ation an& &e%elopent of the national wealth

within their respe!ti%e areas' @owe%erH this shoul&e a&e pursuant to law' + law is nee&e& toipleent this pro%ision an& a lo!al ,o%ernent!annot !onstitute itself unto a law' 5n the asen!eof a law the or&inan!e in ?uestion is in%ali&'

Ordinan"e%5 (aidity5 A+ending NatJ La%61988No' #: >ose O' Saater is a real estate &e%eloper'@e a!?uires raw lan&s an& !on%erts



1;;8



1;;9

the into su&i%isions' +fter a!?uirin, a lot ofaroun& 1 he!tares in Caanatuan Cit"H he!ause& the preparation of a su&i%ision plan forthe propert"' efore he was ale to suit thesu&i%ision plan to the ureau of an&s an&Ioran& e,istration Coission for %erifi!ationan&Ior appro%alH he was infore& that he ustfirst present the plan to the Cit" /n,ineer whowoul& &eterine whether the =onin, or&inan!e of

the Caanatuan Cit" ha& een oser%e&' @e wassurprise& when he was asDe& to pa" the !it",o%ernent a ser%i!e fee of P0'30 per s?uareeter of lan&H !o%ere& " his su&i%ision plan' @ewas e%en ore surprise& when infore& that afine of P200'00 an&Ior iprisonent for note!ee&in, si onths or othH ha%e een fie& inthe or&inan!e as penalt" for %iolation thereof'elie%in, that the !it" or&inan!e is ille,alH he file&suit to nullif" the sae' -e!i&e the !ase withreasons'



1;;:

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he or&inan!e is null an& %oi&' 5n Eilla!orta %'ernar&oH 1#3 SC+ #80 (198) the SupreeCourt hel& that a uni!ipal or&inan!e !annotaen& a national law in the ,uise of ipleentin,it' 5n this !aseH the re?uireent a!tuall" !onfli!tswith se!' ## of +!t No' #9 e!ause the latter&oes not re?uire su&i%ision plans to e suitte&to the Cit" /n,ineer efore the" !an e suitte&for appro%al toH an& %erifi!ation "H the an&e,istration Coission an&Ior the ureau ofan&s'

Ordinan"e%5 (aidity5 2a+bing Pro'ibition6199No' #: 2' P+$CA &e!i&e& to operate a !asino ina!loan Cit" un&er authorit" of P'-' No' 189' 5tlease& a portion of a uil&in, elon,in, to /llen!$uire reno%ate& an& e?uippe& it in preparationfor its inau,uration' he San,,unian, Panlun,so&of a!loan Cit" ena!te& an or&inan!e prohiitin,the operation of !asinos in the Cit" an& pro%i&in,penalt" for its %iolation' /llen !$uire an&P+$CA assaile& the %ali&it" of the or&inan!e in!ourt' @ow woul& "ou resol%e the issueL -is!ussfull"'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he or&inan!e shoul& e &e!lare& in%ali&' +s hel&in a,taas %s' Pr"!e Properties Corporation' 5n!'H23# SC+ 2' su!h an or&inan!e !ontra%enesPresi&ential -e!ree No' 189H whi!h authori=esthe Philippine +useent an& $ain,Corporation to operate !asinos within the territorial>uris&i!tion of the PhilippinesH e!ause it pre%entsthe sai& !orporation fro eer!isin, the power!onferre& on it to operate a !asino in a!loan Cit"'he

power of a!loan Cit" to suppress ,alin,an& prohiite& ,aes of !han!e e!lu&es of!han!e peritte& " law' 5plie& repeals are notfa%ore&' (as!o %' P+$CA)

Ordinan"e%5 (aidity5 Li+itation o# Penatie%61991No' 10: he uni!ipalit" of +l!o"H CeuH passe&Ar&inan!e No' 10H series of 1991H re?uirin,

ownersH a&inistratorsH or tenants of uil&in,san& preises to Deep an& aintain the insanitar" !on&itionH an& shoul& the" fail to &o soH!ause the to e !leare& an& Dept in sanitar"!on&ition an& the !ost thereof to e assesse&a,ainst the ownerH a&inistrator or tenantH as the!ase a" eH whi!h !ost shall !onstitute a liena,ainst the propert"' 5t further penali=es %iolationthereof with a fine not e!ee&in, Ane housan&Pesos (P1H000'00) or iprisonent for one (1)"ear at the &is!retion of the !ourt' 5s theor&inan!e %ali&LSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he or&inan!e is %ali& insofar as it re?uiresownersH a&inistratorsH or tenants of uil&in,san& preises to Deep an& aintain the insanitar" !on&ition an& pro%i&es that shoul& the"fail to &o soH the uni!ipalit" shall !ause the toe !leane& an& the !ost shall e assesse&a,ainst the ownerH a&inistratorH or tenant an&shall e a lien a,ainst the propert"' his isepressl" authori=e& " Se!' 1#9(DD) of the o!al$o%ernent Co&e'

@owe%erH the penalt" for the %iolation of theor&inan!e is in%ali&H e!ause it is e!essi%e' hepenalt" in this !ase is a fine not e!ee&in, P1H000or iprisonent for one "earH in the &is!retion of the !ourt' <n&er Se!' 1#9 (!) of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH howe%erH the penalt" for the%iolation of a uni!ipal or&inan!e !an not e!ee&a fine of P1H000'00 or 5prisonent for sionthsH or oth at the &is!retion of the !ourt'

Ordinan"e%5 (eto Poer 6199?(1) @ow &oes the lo!al le,islati%e assel"o%erri&e the %eto " the lo!al !hief ee!uti%e of an

or&inan!eL(2) An what ,roun&s !an a lo!al !hief ee!uti%e%eto an or&inan!eL(3) @ow !an an or&inan!e %etoe& " a lo!al !hief ee!uti%e e!oe a law without it ein,o%erri&&en " the lo!al le,islati%e assel"L

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) <n&er Se!tions # (a) an& (!) of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH the lo!al le,islati%e assel"!an o%erri&e the %eto



1;1;



1;11

of the lo!al !hief ee!uti%e " two*thir&s %oteof all its eers'



1;1(

(2) <n&er Se!tion aQ of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH the lo!al !hief ee!uti%e a"%eto an or&inan!e on the ,roun& that it is 6LTRA?IR:7 or PR:E6;ICIAL TO T@: P6BLICW:L8AR:.

(3) Pursuant to Se!tion #() of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH an or&inan!e %etoe& " thelo!al !hief ee!uti%e shall e &eee& appro%e& if he &oes not !ouni!ate his %eto to the lo!alle,islati%e assel" within 1 &a"s in the !ase of a pro%in!e an& 10 &a"s in the !ase of a !it" or auni!ipalit"' iDewiseH if the %eto " the lo!alee!uti%e has een o%erri&&en " the lo!alle,islati%e assel"H a se!on& %eto will e %oi&'<n&er Se!tion (!) of the o!al $o%ernentCo&eH the lo!al !hief ee!uti%e a" %eto anor&inan!e onl" on!e'

Poi"e Poer5 LL!A 6199No' 9: he uni!ipalit" of inan,onanH i=alHpasse& a resolution authori=in, the operation of anopen ,ara,e &upsite in a 9* he!tare lan& in thee"es /state within the uni!ipalit"Bs territorialliits' Soe !on!erne& resi&ents of inan,onanfile& a !oplaint with the a,una aDe-e%elopent +uthorit" (-+) to stop theoperation of the &upsite &ue to its harful effe!tson the health of the resi&ents' he -+ !on&u!te&an on*site in%esti,ationH onitorin,H testin, an&water saplin, an& foun& that the &upsite woul&!ontainate a,una &e a" an& the surroun&in,areas of the uni!ipalit"' he -+ also&is!o%ere& that no en%ironental !learan!e wasse!ure& " the uni!ipalit" fro the -epartent of /n%ironent an& Natural esour!es (-/N) an&the -+ as re?uire& " law' he -+ thereforeissue& to the inan,onan uni!ipal ,o%ernent a!ease an& &esist or&er to stop the operation of the&upsite' he uni!ipalit" of inan,onan file& a!ase to annul the or&er issue& " the -+'

(1) Can the uni!ipalit" of inan,onan in%oDepoli!e power to pre%ent its resi&ents an& the-+ fro interferin, with the operation of the&upsite " the uni!ipalit"L /plain'

(2) Can the -+ ustif" its or&er " assertin,that the health of the resi&ents will e a&%ersel"affe!te&' /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:1' NoH the uni!ipalit" of inan,onan !annotin%oDe its poli!e power' +!!or&in, to a,una

aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" %s' Court of +ppealsH231 SC+ 292H un&er epuli! +!t NoH #80H thea,una aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" is an&ate&to proote the &e%elopent of the a,una aDeareaH in!lu&in, the surroun&in, Pro%in!e of i=alHwith &ue re,ar& to the pre%ention of pollution' hea,una aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" is an&ate&to pass upon an& appro%e or &isappro%e allproe!ts propose& " lo!al ,o%ernent offi!es

within the re,ion'

2' OesH the a,una aDe -e%elopent +uthorit"!an ustif" its or&er' Sin!e it has een authori=e&" /e!uti%e Ar&er No' 927 to aDe or&ersre?uirin, the &is!ontinuan!e of pollutionH its power to issue the or&er !an e inferre& fro this'AtherwiseH it will e a toothless a,en!"' oreo%erHthe a,una aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" isspe!ifi!all" authori=e& un&er its Charter to issue!ease an& &esist or&ers'

Poer to I%%-e S-b$oena B Cite For Conte+$t6199No : a"or +lfre&o i !lose& the funhouses inthe /rita &istri!t suspe!te& of ein, fronts for prostitution' o &eterine the feasiilit" of puttin,up a le,ali=e& re& li,ht &istri!tH the !it" !oun!il!on&u!te& an in?uir" an& in%ite& operators of the!lose& funhouses to ,et their %iews' No onehonore& the 5n%itation' he !it" !oun!il issue&supoenas to !opel the atten&an!e of theoperators ut whi!h were !opletel" &isre,ar&e&'he !oun!il &e!lare& the operators ,uilt" of

!ontept an& issue& warrants for their arrest'

he operators !oe to "ou for le,al a&%i!eHasDin, the followin, ?uestions:

(1) 5s the !oun!il epowere& to issuesupoenas to !opel their atten&an!eL(2) -oes the !oun!il ha%e the power to !ite for!onteptLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) he !it" !oun!il is not epowere& to issuesupoenas to !opel the atten&an!e of theoperators of the fun*houses 5n the /rita &istri!t'

here is no pro%ision in the ConstitutionH the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH or an" law epressl" ,rantin,lo!al le,islati%e o&ies the power to supoenawitnesses' +s hel& in Ne,ros Ariental 55 /le!tri!Cooperati%eH 5n!' %s' San,,unian, Panlun,so& of-ua,ueteH 1 SC+ #21H su!h power !annote iplie& fro the ,rant of &ele,ate& le,islate&power' Su!h power is >u&i!ial' o allow lo!alle,islati%e o&ies to eer!ise su!h power without



1;1)



1;1*

epress statutor" asis woul& %iolate the&o!trine of separation of powers'



1;16

(2) he !it" !oun!il &oes not ha%e the power to!ite for !ontept' here is liDewise no pro%ision inthe ConstitutionH the o!al $o%ernent Co&eH or an" other laws ,rantin, lo!al le,islati%e o&ies thepower to !ite for !ontept' Su!h power !annot e&eee& iplie& in the &ele,ation of le,islati%e

power to lo!al le,islati%e o&iesH for the eisten!eof su!h power poses a potential &ero,ation of in&i%i&ual ri,hts'

Poer5 E+inent !o+ain5 L2U5 Rig't toE,er"i%e 6>1<he San,,unian, a"an of the uni!ipalit" of SantaH 5lo!os Sur passe& esolution No' 1authori=in, its a"or to initiate a petition for theepropriation of a lot owne& " Christina as sitefor its uni!ipal sports !enter' his was appro%e&" the a"or' @owe%erH the San,,unian,

Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os Sur &isappro%e& theesolution as there i,ht still e other a%ailalelots in Santa for a sports !enter'

NonethelessH the uni!ipalit" of SantaH throu,h itsa"orH file& a !oplaint for einent &oain'Christina oppose& this on the followin, ,roun&s: (a)the uni!ipalit" of Santa has no power toepropriate; () esolution No' 1 has een %oi&e&sin!e the San,,unian, Panlalawi,an &isappro%e&it for ein, aritrar"; an& (!) the uni!ipalit" of

Santa has other an& etter lots for that purpose'esol%e the !ase with reasons' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:<n&er Se!tion 19 of '+' No' 710H the power of einent &oain is epli!itl" ,rante& to theuni!ipalit"H ut ust e eer!ise& throu,h anor&inan!e rather than throu,h a resolution'(uni!ipalit" ofParana?ue %' E'' ealt" Corp'H$'' No' 127820H >ul" 20H 1998)

he San,,unian, Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os Sur was

without the authorit" to &isappro%e esolution No'1 as the uni!ipalit" !learl" has the power toeer!ise the ri,ht of einent &oain an& itsSan,,unian, a"an the !apa!it" to proul,atesai& resolution' he onl" ,roun& upon whi!h apro%in!ial oar& a" &e!lare an" uni!ipalresolutionH or&inan!e or or&er in%ali& is when su!hresolutionH or&inan!e or or&er is e"on& thepowers !onferre& upon the !oun!il or presi&entaDin, the sae' Su!h is not the situation in this!ase' (o&a" %' Court

of +ppealsH $'' No' 10791H Feruar" 20H 1997)

he ?uestion of whether there is ,enuinene!essit" for the epropriation of ChristinaBs lot or whether the uni!ipalit" has other an& etter lotsfor the purpose is a atter that will ha%e to eresol%e& " the Court upon presentation of e%i&en!e " the parties to the !ase'

Poer% o# &arangay A%%e+by 6Can a aran,a" +ssel" eer!ise an" poli!epowerLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the aran,a" +ssel" !annot eer!ise an"poli!e power' <n&er Se!tion 398 of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH it !an onl" re!oen& to theSan,,unian, aran,a" the a&option of easuresfor the welfare of the aran,a" an& &e!i&e on thea&option of an initiati%e'

Poer%5 Liga ng +ga &arangay 6Can the i,a n, ,a aran,a" eer!isele,islati%e powersLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he i,a n, ,a aran,a" !annot eer!isele,islati%e powers' +s state& in ito*Anon %'Fernan&e=' 30 SC+ 732 2001QH it is not a lo!al,o%ernent unit an& its priar" purpose is to&eterine representation of the ,a in thesan,,unians; to %entilateH arti!ulateH an& !r"stalli=eissues affe!tin, aran,a" ,o%ernenta&inistration; an& to se!ure solutions for the

throu,h proper an& le,al eans'

Re-i%ite%5 Contra"t% In*o*ing L2U 61991he uni!ipalit" of Sion,aH CeuH wishes toenter into a !ontra!t in%ol%in, epen&iture of puli! fun&s' 6hat are the le,al re?uisitesthereforLSU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he followin, are the le,al re?uisites for the%ali&it" of a !ontra!t to e entere& into " theuni!ipalit" of Sion,aH whi!h in%ol%es theepen&iture of puli! fun&s:

(1) he !ontra!t ust e within the power of theuni!ipalit";(2) he !ontra!t ust e entere& into " theproper offi!erH i'e'H the a"orH upon resolution ofthe San,,unian, a"an pursuant to Se!tion 1#2of the o!al $o%ernent Co&e;

(3) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!' 0 of the e%ise& +&inistrati%e Co&eH there ust e anappropriation of the puli! fun&s; an& ina!!or&an!e with Se!' 07H there ust e a



1;17



1;18

!ertifi!ate of a%ailailit" of fun&s issue& "the uni!ipal treasurer; an&



1;19

(#) he !ontra!t ust !onfor with the foralre?uisites of written !ontra!ts pres!rie& " law'

Re-i%ite%5 Contra"t% in*o*ing L2U 6199No' #: 1' 6hat are the !on&itions un&er whi!h alo!al ee!uti%e a" enter into a !ontra!t in

ehalf of his ,o%ernent unitL S<$$/S/- +NS6/:1' he followin, are the !on&itions un&er whi!h alo!al ee!uti%e a" enter into a !ontra!t inehalf of the ,o%ernent until:(1) he lo!al ,o%ernent unit ust ha%e thepower to enter into the parti!ular !ontra!t;(2) Pursuant to Se!tion 22(!) of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH there ust e a priorauthori=ation " the san,,unian, !on!erne&H an& ale,ile !op" of the !ontra!t shall e poste& at a!onspi!uous pla!e in the pro%in!ial !apitol or the!it"H uni!ipal or aran,a" hall'

(3) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!tions # an& #7HChapter 8H Sutitle ' ooD E of the 1987

+&inistrati%e Co&eH if the !ontra!t 5n%ol%es theepen&iture of puli! fun&sH there ust e anappropriation therefore an& a !ertifi!ate ofa%ailailit" of fun&s " the treasurer of the lo!al,o%ernent unit'(#) he !ontra!t ust !onfor with the foralre?uisites of written !ontra!ts pres!rie& " law'

() Pursuant to Se!tion 208 of the e%ise& +&inistrati%e Co&eH if a pro%in!e is a part" to a!ontra!t !on%e"in, title to real propert"H the!ontra!t ust e appro%e& " the Presi&ent' <n&er Se!tion 219 of the e%ise& +&inistrati%e Co&eHif a uni!ipalit" is a part" to a !ontra!t !on%e"in,real propert" or an" 5nterest in it or !reatin, a lienupon itH the !ontra!t ust e appro%e& " thepro%in!ial ,o%ernor'

Ta,ation5 2OCC Liabiity For Rea E%tate Ta,61999No E5 * C' he Pro%in!e of M re?uire& the

National -e%elopent Copan" to pa" realestate taes on the lan& ein, o!!upie& " N-Can& the latter ar,ue& that sin!e it is a,o%ernent*owne& !orporationH its properties areeept fro real estate taes' 5f "ou were the>u&,eH how woul& "ou &e!i&e the !aseL easonout' (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:5n National -e%elopent Copan" %' Ceu Cit"H21 SC+ 382H the Supree Court hel& that theNational -e%elopent Copan" was

not liale for real estate ta on the propert"elon,in, to the ,o%ernent whi!h it o!!up"'@owe%erH Se!tion 23# of the o!al $o%ernentCo&e suse?uentl" with&rew the eeption froreal propert" taes of ,o%ernent*owne& or!ontrolle& !orporations' 5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5woul& hol& the National -e%elopent Copan"liale for real estate taes'

Ta,ation5 So-r"e% o# Re*en-e 61999No E *<n&er the ConstitutionH what are the threeain sour!es of re%enues of lo!al ,o%ernentunitsL (2)SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:he followin, are the ain sour!es of re%enues of lo!al ,o%ernent units un&er the Constitution:

1 aesH feesH an& !har,es' (Se!tion H +rti!le M)

2 Share in the national taes' (Se!tion H +rti!le M)

3 Share in the pro!ee&s of the utili=ationsan& &e%elopent of the national wealthwithin their areas' (Se!tion 7H +rti!le MT

4it'draa o# P-bi" Pro$erty #ro+ P-bi"U%e 6199No' 8: MO.H a !orporation or,ani=e& un&er thelaws of @on,Don,H with 100 forei,n e?uit"Hotaine& fro the Se!urities an& /!han,eCoission a li!ense to operate a prawnhat!her" proe!t on a pie!e of lan& lease& frothe Cit" of -a,upan' he lan& was forerl" aparD an& pla=a elon,in, to the Cit" an& was!on%erte& " the Cit" to &eri%e u!h nee&e&fun&s'(1) a" the Cit" of -a,upan lawfull" !on%ert theparD to prawn pon&s an& lease the saeL/plain "our answer'(2) a" the Cit" of -a,upan an& MO. !orporation%ali&l" enter into the lease !ontra!t for the prawnpon&sL +nswer with reasons'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:(1) OesH the Cit" of -a,upan a" lawfull" !on%ertthe parD into prawn pon&s an& lease the' + !it"a" !lose a parD an& pla=a an& on!e thepropert" has een with&rawn fro puli! useH it

falls within the !oer!e of an an& a" elease&' Se!tion 10 of the o!al $o%ernentCo&e pro%i&es:

+ lo!al ,o%ernent unit a" liDewiseHthrou,h its hea& a!tin, pursuant to aresolution of its san,,unian an& ina!!or&an!e with eistin, law an& thepro%isions of this Co&eH !lose an"aran,a"H uni!ipalH !it" or pro%in!ialroa&H streetH alle" parD or s?uare' No su!hwa" or pla!e or an" part thereof



1;1:



1;(;

shall e !lose& without in&enif"in, an"person preu&i!e& there"' + propert" thuswith&rawn fro puli! use a" e use& or !on%e"e& for an" purpose for whi!h otherreal propert" elon,in, to the lo!al unit!on!erne& i,ht e lawfull" use& or!on%e"e&'



1;(1

5n Fa%is %' Cit" a,uioH 27 SC+ 100H it was

hel& that the Cit" of a,uio !oul& !lose a streetan& lease it sin!e it ha& e!oe patrionialpropert"' iDewiseH in Ceu A",en an&

+!et"lene Copan"H 5n!' a er!elesH SC+#81H it was hel& that the Cit" of Ceu !oul& !losea street an& sell it thereafter'

(2) Sin!e the Cit" of -a,upan has the power to!on%ert the parD into prawn pon&s it !an alsolease it to MO. e%en thou,h MO. is a 100forei,n!orporation' he operation of a prawn hat!her"&oes not in%ol%e eploitation of natural resour!eswithin the eanin, of Se!tions 2 an& 3H +rti!le M55

of the 1987 Constitution' (Se!retar" of >usti!eHAp' No' 3H s' 1988) Sin!e the portion of the parDha& een with&rawn fro puli! useH it !oul& e&ispose& for an" lawful purpose in!lu&in, leasin,it to a forei,n !orporation'

ARTICLE /I A""o-ntabiity o# P-bi" O##i"er%

Abandon+ent o# O##i"e 6

No E55' +l!antara was ele!te& aran,a" !hairanan& later presi&ent of the +sso!iation of aran,a"Coun!ils in his uni!ipalit"' 5n that !apa!it"H he wasappointe& " the Presi&ent as eer of theSan,,unian, a"an of his uni!ipalit"' aterH theSe!retar" of 5nterior an& o!al $o%ernentsappointe& +l!antara as eer of the San,,unlan,Panlalawi,an of their pro%in!e to eet areor,ani=ational !ontin,en!"H an& en&o=a tooD hispla!e in the San,,unian, a"an' +l!antara thenwrote a letter of resi,nation fro the San,,unian,a"an a&&resse& to the a"or of the uni!ipalit"H

!ease& fun!tionin, as eer thereof an& assue&offi!e an& perfore& his fun!tions as eer of theSan,,unlan, Panlalawi,an' aterH thereor,ani=ation of the San,,unian, Panlalawi,anan& the appointent of en&o=a were %oi&e&' Can

+l!antara reassue offi!e as eer of theSan,,unian, a"an or has he lost it e!ause of resi,nationL aan&onentL /plain' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

+l!antara !annot reassue offi!e as eer of the San,,unian, a"an' +s hel& in San,,unian,a"an of San +n&res %' Court of +ppealsH 28#SC+ 27 (1998)H +l!antara shoul& e &eee& toha%e aan&one& his position as eer of theSan,,unian, a"an' @is intention to aan&on hisposition is shown " his failure to perfor hisfun!tion as eer of the San,,unian, a"anHhis failure to !olle!t the salar" for the positionH his

failure to oe!t to the appointent of hisrepla!eentH an& his failure to initiate an" a!t toreassue his post after the reor,ani=ation of theSan,,unian, a"an was %oi&e&'

+l!antara effe!te& his intention " his letter of resi,nationH his assuption of offi!e as eer of the San,,unian, Panlalawi,anH his &is!har,e of his &uties as its eerH an& his re!eipt of thesalar" for su!h post'

+l!antara !annot e &eee& to ha%e lost his

offi!e as eer of the San,,unian, a"an "resi,nation' <n&er Se!tion 82 of the o!al$o%ernent Co&eH the resi,nation shoul& esuitte& to the San,,unian, a"an' @esuitte& it to the a"or instea&H an& theresi,nation was not a!!epte&'

!i%"i$ine5 Ce+en"y5 !o"trine o# Condonation6No E5' + pro%in!ial ,o%ernor &ul" ele!te& to offi!ewas !har,e& with &islo"alt" an& suspen&e& frooffi!e pen&in, the out!oe of the foralin%esti,ation of the !har,es a,ainst hi' heSe!retar" of 5nterior an& o!al $o%ernentsfoun& hi ,uilt" as !har,e& an& reo%e& hifro offi!e' @e file& a petition efore the SupreeCourt ?uestionin, his reo%al' 6hile the !ase waspen&in, efore the Supree CourtH he file& his!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the position of $o%ernor an& wonH an& was pro!laie& $o%ernor'@e !lais his reele!tion to the position of $o%ernor has ren&ere& the pen&in, a&inistrati%e!ase a,ainst hi oot an& a!a&ei!' 5s he!orre!tL /plain' ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:OesH the re*ele!tion of the ,o%ernor has ren&ere&the pen&in, a&inistrati%e !ase a,ainst hi oot'

+s eplaine& in +,uinal&o %' SantosH 212 SC+78 (1992)H a lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ial !annot ereo%e& fro offi!e for is!on&u!t !oitte&&urin, his pre%ious terH e!ause ea!h ter isseparate an& the people " re*ele!tin, hi are&eee& to ha%e for,i%en his is!on&u!t'



1;((



1;()

!i%"i$ine5 E##e"t o# Pardon 2ranted in Fa*oro# P-bi" O##i"er% 61999



1;(*

No 5E * C' + Cit" +ssistant reasurer was!on%i!te& of /stafa throu,h falsifi!ation of puli!&o!uent' 6hile ser%in, senten!eH he was,rante& asolute par&on " the Presi&ent'

1 +ssuin, that the position of +ssistant Cit"reasurer has reaine& %a!antH woul& he e

entitle& to a reinstateent without the nee& ofa new appointentL /plain' (2)

2 5f later the sae position e!oes %a!antH!oul& he reappl" an& e reappointe&L /plain'(2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

C' 1') +s hel& in onsanto %' Fa!toranH 170SC+ 190H par&on erel" frees the in&i%i&ualfro all the penalties an& le,al &isailitiesipose& upon hi e!ause of his !on%i!tion' 5t&oes not restore hi to the puli! offi!e

relin?uishe& " reason of the !on%i!tion'F5S +/N+5E/ +NS6/:

2') he +ssistant Cit" reasurer !an reappl" an&e appointe& to the positionH sin!e the par&onreo%e& the &is?ualifi!ation to hol& puli! offi!e'

S/CAN- +/N+5E/ +NS6/:

2') he +ssistant Cit" reasurer !annot reappl"an& e appointe& to the positionH <n&er +rti!le3 of the e%ise& Penal Co&eH a par&on &oesnot restore the ri,ht to hol& puli! offi!e unless

su!h ri,ht e epressl" restore& " the par&on;

!i%"i$ine5 Pre*enti*e S-%$en%ion B A$$ea5entite+ent to %aary $endente 61

No ME * +lfonso eitH a suppl" offi!er in the-epartent of S!ien!e an& e!hnolo," (-AS)Hwas !har,e& a&inistrati%el"' Pen&in,in%esti,ationH he was pre%enti%el" suspen&e& for 90 &a"s' he -AS Se!retar" foun& hi ,uilt"

an& ete& hi the penalt" of reo%al fro offi!e'@e appeale& to the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission(CSC)' 5n the eantieH the &e!ision wasee!ute& pen&in, appeal' he CSC ren&ere& a&e!ision whi!h o&ifie& the appeale& &e!ision "iposin, onl" a penalt" of reprian&H an& whi!h&e!ision e!ae final'

a) Can +lfonso elt !lai salar" for the perio&that his !ase was pen&in, in%esti,ationL 6h"L(3)

) Can he !lai salar" for the perio& that his!ase was pen&in, appealL 6h"L (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/;

a) +lfonso eit !annot !lai an" salar" for theperio& of his pre%enti%e suspension &urin, thepen&en!" of the in%esti,ation' +s hel& in $loria%s' Court of +ppealsH 30 SC+ 287 (1997)Hun&er Se!tion 2 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e awH the

pro%ision for pa"ent of salaries &urin, the perio&of pre%enti%e suspension &urin, the pen&en!" of the in%esti,ation has een &elete&' hepre%enti%e suspension was not a penalt"' 5tsiposition was lawfulH sin!e it was authori=e& "law'

) 5f the penalt" was o&ifie& e!ause +lfonsoeit was eonerate& of the !har,e that was theasis for the &e!ision or&erin, his &isissalH heis entitle& to a!D wa,esH otherwiseH this woul&e tantaount to punishin, hi after eoneration

fro the !har,e whi!h !ause& his &isissal'$loria %s' Court of +ppealsH 3A SC+ 287(1997)Q' 5f he was reprian&e& for the sae!har,e whi!h was the asis of the &e!isionor&erin, his &isissalH +lfonso elt is not entitle&to a!D wa,esH e!ause he was foun& ,uilt"H an&the penalt" was erel" !oute&' (-ela Cru=%s' Court of +ppealsH 30 SC+ 303 (1998)Q'

!i%"i$ine5 Pre*enti*e S-%$en%ion 6199

No' : 5n 198H FH then the offi!er*in*!har,e of otolanH .aalesH was a!!use& of ha%in, %iolate&the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t efore theSan&i,ana"an' efore he !oul& e arrain,e&H hewas ele!te& $o%ernor of .aalesH +fter hisarrai,nentH he was put un&er pre%enti%esuspension " the San&i,ana"an for the &urationof the trial'

(1) Can F su!!essfull" !hallen,e the le,alit" ofhis pre%enti%e suspension on the ,roun& that the!riinal !ase a,ainst hi in%ol%e& a!ts!oitte& &urin, his ter as offi!er*in*!har,ean& not &urin, his ter as $o%ernorL

(2) Can F %ali&l" oe!t to the aforestate&&uration of his suspensionL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(1) NoH F !annot su!!essfull" !hallen,e thele,alit" of his pre%enti%e suspension on the,roun& that the !riinal !ase a,ainst hi in%ol%ea!ts !oitte& &urin, his ter as A5C an& not&urin, his ter as ,o%ernor e!ause



1;(6



1;(7

suspension fro offi!e un&er epuli! +!t 3019refers to an" offi!e that the respon&ent ispresentl" hol&in, an& not ne!essaril" to the onewhi!h he hol& when he !oitte& the !rie withwhi!h he is !har,e&' his was the rulin, in-eloso %' San&i,ana"an 173 SC+ #09'



1;(8

(2) OesH F !an %ali&l" oe!t to the &uration of thesuspension' 5n -eloso u' San&i,ana"anH 173SC+ #09H it was hel& that the iposition of

pre%enti%e suspension for an in&efinite perio& of tie is unreasonale an& %iolates the ri,ht of thea!!use& to &ue pro!ess' he people who ele!te&the ,o%ernor to offi!e woul& e &epri%e& of hisser%i!es for an in&efinite perio&H an& his ri,ht tohol& offi!e woul& e nullifie&' oreo%erH sin!eun&er Se!tion #2 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!ree the&uration of pre%enti%e suspension shoul& eliite& to ninet" (90) &a"sH e?ual prote!tion&ean&s that the &uration of pre%enti%esuspension un&er the +nti*$raft an& CorruptPra!ti!es +!t he also liite& to ninet" (90) &a"s'

!i%"i$ine5 Pre*enti*e S-%$en%ion 6

No 55' Sieon Ealera was forerl" a Pro%in!ial$o%ernor who ran an& won as a eer of the@ouse of epresentati%es for the Se!on&Con,ressional -istri!t of lloilo' For %iolation of Se!tion 3 of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es

+!t ('+' No'3019)H as aen&e&H alle,e&l"!oitte& when he was still a Pro%in!ial$o%ernorH a !riinal !oplaint was file& a,ainsthi efore the Affi!e of the Au&san for whi!hH upon a fin&in, of proale !auseH a

!riinal !ase was file& with the San&i,ana"an'-urin, the !ourse of trialH the San&i,ana"anissue& an or&er of pre%enti%e suspension for 90&a"s a,ainst hi'

epresentati%e Ealera ?uestione& the %ali&it" of the San&i,ana"an or&er on the ,roun& thatHun&er +rti!le E5 H Se!tion 1(3) of theConstitutionH he !an e suspen&e& onl" " the@ouse of epresentati%es an& that the !riinal!ase a,ainst hi &i& not arise fro his a!tuationsas a eer of the @ouse of epresentati%es'

5s epresentati%e EaleraBs !ontention !orre!tL6h"L ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he !ontention of epresentati%e Ealera is not!orre!t +s hel& in Santia,o %' San&i,ana"anH3 SC+ 3H the suspension !onteplate& in

+rti!le E5H Se!tion 1(3) of the Constitution is apunishent that is ipose& " the Senate or@ouse of epresentati%es upon an errin,eerH it is &istin!t fro the suspension un&er

Se!tion 13 of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!tH whi!h is not a penalt" ut a pre%enti%eeasure' Sin!e Se!tion 13 of the +nti*$raft an&Corruption Pra!ti!es +!t &oes not state that thepuli! offi!er ust e suspen&e& onl" in the offi!ewhere he is alle,e& to ha%e !oitte& the a!tswhi!h he has een !har,e&H it applies to an"offi!e whi!h he a" e hol&in,'

Ee"ti*e and A$$ointi*e O##i"ia%: di%"i$inarya-t'ority 6; ; 6<b C-H a Coissionerof the National aor elations Coission(NC)H sports a No' 10 !ar plate' + &is,runtle&liti,ant file& a !oplaint a,ainst hi for %iolation ofthe +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t efore theAu&san' C- now seeDs to enoin theAu&san in a petition for prohiitionH alle,in,that he !oul& e in%esti,ate& onl" " the SupreeCourt un&er its power of super%ision ,rante& in theConstitution' @e !onten&s that un&er the law!reatin, the NCH he has the ranD of a >usti!e of

the Court of +ppealsH an& entitle& to the!orrespon&in, pri%ile,es' @en!eH the A has no uris&i!tion o%er the !oplaint a,ainst hi' Shoul&C-Bs petition e ,rante& or &isisse&L easonriefl"' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: he petition of C-shoul& e &isisse&' Se!tion 21 of theAu&san +!t %ests the Affi!e of theAu&san with &is!iplinar" authorit" o%er allele!ti%e an& appointi%e offi!ials of the

,o%ernentH e!ept offi!ials who a" e reo%e&onl" " ipea!hentH eers of Con,ressH an&the >u&i!iar"' 6hile C- has the ranD of a >usti!eof the Court of +ppealsH he &oes not elon, to the>u&i!iar" ut to the /e!uti%e -epartent' hissipl" eans that he has the sae !opensationan& pri%ile,es as a >usti!e of the Court of

+ppeals' 5f the Supree Court were to in%esti,ateC-H it woul& e perforin, a non*u&i!ialfun!tion' his will %iolate the prin!iple ofseparation of powers' (Noleas %' eehanDeeH 23SC+ #0 198Q)

Ee"ti*e P-bi" O##i"er5 !e Fa"to O##i"er6

No ME5' 5n the ele!tions of a" 1992H Cru= an&Santos were the !an&i&ates for the offi!e ofuni!ipal a"orH the ter of whi!h was to epireon >une 30H 199' Fin&in, that he won " aar,in of 20 %otesH the uni!ipal oar& ofCan%assers pro!laie& Cru= as the &ul" ele!te&a"or' Santos file& an ele!tion protest



1;(9



1;(:

efore the e,ional rial Court (C) whi!h&e!i&e& that it was Santos who ha& the pluralit"of 30 %otes an& pro!laie& hi the winner' Anotion a&eH the C ,rante& ee!ution pen&in,the appeal of Cru= to the CA//C (Coele!)an& on this asis' Santos assue& offi!e an&ser%e& as uni!ipal a"or' 5n tieH the Coele!re%erse& the rulin, of the C an& instea& rule&that Cru= won " a ar,in of #0 %otes an&

pro!laie& hi the &ul" ele!te& uni!ipal a"or'



1;);

a) 5t is now e"on& >une 30H 199' Can Cru=still hol& offi!e for the portion of the ter he hasfaile& to ser%eL 6h"L (3)

) 6as Santos a usurper an& shoul& he pa"a!D what he has re!ei%e& while hol&in, theoffi!e as uni!ipal a"orL 6h"L (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/;

a) Cru= !an no lon,er hol& offi!e for the portionof the ter he faile& to ser%e sin!e his ter has

epire&'

) Santos was not a usurper' @e was a &e fa!tooffi!erH sin!e he ha& a !olor of ele!tion to theoffi!e of uni!ipal a"or " %irtue of the&e!ision in the ele!tion protest' @en!eH he isentitle& to the eoluents of the offi!e'

Ee"ti*e P-bi" O##i"er%5 !e Fa"to O##i"er5e##e"t% 6;

/<' +E/ ran for Con,ressan of < pro%in!e'@owe%erH his opponentH +H was the onepro!laie& an& seate& as the winner of theele!tion " the CA//C' +E/ file& seasonal" aprotest efore @/ (@ouse of epresentati%es/le!toral riunal)' +fter two "earsH @/re%erse& the CA//Cs &e!ision an& +E/ waspro!laie& finall" as the &ul" ele!te&Con,ressan' husH he ha& onl" one "ear toser%e in Con,ress'

Can +E/ !olle!t salaries an& allowan!es fro the,o%ernent for the first two "ears of his ter asCon,ressanL

Shoul& + refun& to the ,o%ernent thesalaries an& allowan!es he ha& re!ei%e& asCon,ressanL

6hat will happen to the ills that + aloneauthore& an& were appro%e& " the @ouse of epresentati%es while he was seate& asCon,ressanL eason an& eplain riefl"' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

' +E/ !annot !olle!t salaries an& allowan!esfro the ,o%ernent for the first two "ears of histerH e!ause in the eanwhile + !olle!te&the salaries an& allowan!es' + was a &efa!to offi!er while he was in possession of theoffi!e' o allow +E/ to !olle!t the salaries an&allowan!es will result in aDin, the ,o%ernentpa" a se!on& tie' (e!heH + reatise on theaw of Puli! Affi!es an& Puli! Affi!ersH 1890Q

pp' 222*223')

+ is not re?uire& to refun& to the ,o%ernentthe salaries an& allowan!es he re!ei%e&' +s a &efa!to offi!erH he is entitle& to the salaries an&allowan!es e!ause he ren&ere& ser%i!es &urin,his in!uen!"' (o&ri,ue= %' anH 91 Phil' 72#11920'

he ills whi!h + alone authore& an& wereappro%e& " the @ouse of epresentati%es are%ali& e!ause he was a &e fa!to offi!er &urin,his in!uen!"' he a!ts of a &e fa!to offi!er are

%ali& insofar as the puli! is !on!erne&' (People%' $ar!iaH 313 SC+ 279 19990'

2ra#t and Corr-$tion5 Pre%"ri$tion o# Cri+e6

No M55' Suppose a puli! offi!er has !oitte& a%iolation of Se!tion 3 () an& (!) of the +nti*$raftan& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t U+ NoH 3019)H asaen&e&H " re!ei%in, onetar" an& other aterial !onsi&erations for !ontra!ts entere& into" hi in ehalf of the ,o%ernent an& in

!onne!tion with other transa!tionsH as a result of whi!h he has aasse& ille,all" a!?uire& wealth'

(a) -oes the !riinal offense !oitte&pres!rieL (2)

() -oes the ri,ht of the ,o%ernent to re!o%erthe ille,all" a!?uire& wealth pres!rieL (3)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(a) + %iolation of Se!tion 3() an& (!) of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t pres!ries' +shel& in Presi&ential +&*@o! Fa!t*Fin&in,Coittee on ehest oans %' -esiertoH 317SC+ 272 (1999)H +rti!le M5H Se!tion 1 of theConstitution &oes not appl" to !riinal !ases for%iolation of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es

+!t

() +rti!le M5H Se!tion 1 of the Constitutionpro%i&es that the ri,ht of the State to re!o%erproperties unlawfull" a!?uire& " puli! offi!ialsor eplo"eesH or fro the or fro their



1;)1



1;)(

noinees or transfereesH shall not e arre& "pres!ription'



1;))

I+$ea"'+ent5 Cronyi%+ 6

No 55' 5s !ron"is a le,al ,roun& for theipea!hent of the Presi&entL /plain' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

OesH !ron"is is a le,al ,roun& for theipea!hent of the Presi&ent' <n&er Se!tion 2H

+rti!le M5 of the ConstitutionH etra"al of puli!trust is one of the ,roun&s for 5pea!hent' hisrefers to %iolation of the oath of offi!e an& in!lu&es!ron"is whi!h in%ol%es un&ul" fa%orin, a !ron"to the preu&i!e of puli! interestH (e!or& of theConstitutional CoissionH Eol' 55H p' 272)

I+$ea"'+ent5 2ro-nd% 61999

No ME *6hat are the ,roun&s for ipea!hent'

/plain' (2)S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

<n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le M5 of the ConstitutionHthe ,roun&s for ipea!hent are

1 Culpale %iolation of the Constitution *eansintentional %iolation of the Constitution an& not%iolations !oitte& in ,oo& faith'

2 reason * the sae eanin, as in the e%ise&Penal Co&e

3 rier" * the sae eanin, as in the e%ise&Penal Co&e

4 $raft an& Corruption *refers to prohiite& a!tsenuerate& in the +nti*$raft an& CorruptPra!ti!es +!t'

5 other @i,h Cries * refer to offenses that striDeat the %er" life or or&erl" worDin, of the,o%ernent'

6 an& etra"al of Puli! rust * refers to an"%iolation of the oath of offi!e' (Cru=H PhilippinePoliti!al awH 1998 e&'H pp' 33*337; ernasHhe 1987 Constitution of the Philippines: +Coentar"H 199 e&'H pp' 991*992)

I+$ea"'+ent5 Nat-re5 2ro-nd%5 P! 1??61988

No' 1#: 1' 6hat is ipea!hentH what are the,roun&s thereforH an& who are the hi,h offi!ialsreo%ale there"L

2' Presi&ential -e!ree No' 10 pro%i&es that>usti!es of the San&i,ana"an a" e reo%e&onl" " ipea!hent' 5s this Presi&ential -e!reestill %ali&L 6h"L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' 5pea!hent is a etho& " whi!h personshol&in, ,o%ernent positions of hi,h authorit"Hpresti,eH an& &i,nit" an& with &efinite tenurea" e reo%e& fro offi!e for !auses !losel"relate& to their !on&u!t as puli! offi!ialsH (E'$'S5NCAH P@55PP5N/ PA55C+ +6 373 (llthe&' 192))'

he ,roun&s for ipea!hent are !ulpale%iolation of the ConstitutionH treasonH rier"H,raft an& !orruptionH other hi,h !ries an&etra"al of puli! trust' (+rt' M5H se!' 2)'

he offi!ials reo%ale " ipea!hent are thePresi&entH Ei!e Presi&entH the eers of theSupree CourtH eers of the ConstitutionalCoissions an& the Au&san' (5&')

2' P- No' 10H se!' 1H in so far as it pro%i&es for

the reo%al of the eers of theSan&i,ana"an onl" " ipea!hent ust e&eee& to ha%e een ren&ere& inoperati%e " thenew Constitution whi!h pro%i&es that with thee!eption of the offi!ials there entione&H +llother puli! offi!ers an& eplo"ees a" ereo%e& fro offi!e as pro%i&e& " lawH ut not" ipea!hent' oreo%erH un&er +rt' E555H se!H11H the power to reo%e lower !ourt u&,es is%este& in the Supree Court en an! whi!hH "the %ote of a aorit" of the eers whoa!tuall" taDe part in the &elieration on the issuesin the !ase an& %ote thereonH !an &isiss lower

!ourt u&,es'

La o# P-bi" O##i"er%5 Ne,t<in<Ran R-e6199;

No' 1 Pe&ro Cru=H the Cit" /n,ineer of a,uioHretire&' o fill the %a!ant positionH the Cit" a"or appointe& >ose e"esH a !i%il en,ineer whoforerl" worDe& un&er Cru= ut ha& eenassi,ne& to the Affi!e of the a"or for the pastfi%e "ears'

Ei!ente /stra&aH the +ssistant Cit" /n,ineer file&a protest with the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission!laiin, that ein, the offi!er net in ranD heshoul& ha%e een appointe& as Cit" /n,ineer'

1) 6ho has a etter ri,ht to e appointe& to the!onteste& positionL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) An the assuption that >ose e"es possessesthe iniu ?ualifi!ation



1;)*



1;)6

re?uireents pres!rie& " law for the positionHthe appointent eten&e& to hi is %ali&'Conse?uentl"H he has a etter ri,ht than Ei!ente/stra&a'



1;)7

he !lai of /stra&a that ein, the offi!er net inranD he shoul& ha%e een appointe& as Cit"/n,ineer is not eritorious' 5t is a settle& rule thatthe appointin, authorit" is not liite& to prootionin fillin, up %a!an!ies ut a" !hoose to fill the" the appointent of persons with !i%il ser%i!eeli,iilit" appropriate to the position' /%en if a%a!an!" were to e fille& " prootionH the !on!eptof net in ranD &oes not iport an" an&ator"re?uireent that the person net in ranD ust eappointe& to the %a!an!"' 6hat the !i%il ser%i!e lawpro%i&es is that if a %a!an!" is fille& " prootionHthe person hol&in, the position net in ranD theretoshall e !onsi&ere& for prootion' /spanol %' Ci%ilSer%i!e Coission 20 SC+ 71H

+/N+5E/ +NS6/;

Neither >ose e"es nor Ei!ente /stra&a has aetter ri,ht to e appointe& Cit" /n,ineer' +shel& in arro=o %s' Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH198 SC+ #87H the appointin, authorit" is notre?uire& to appoint the one net*in*ranD to fill a%a!an!"' @e is allowe& to fill it also " thetransfer of an eplo"ee who possesses !i%ilser%i!e eli,iilit"'

Liabiity For !a+age% in Per#or+an"e o# O##i"ia F-n"tion% 6199

No' 10: he Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDsH after anin%esti,ationH or&ere& the &eolition of thefishpon& of M as a nuisan!e per se on the ,roun&that it en!roa!he& on na%i,ale ri%ers an&ipe&e& the use of the ri%ers' he Se!retar"suitte& to the Presi&ent of the Philippines areport of sai& in%esti,ationH whi!h report !ontaine&!learl" lielous atters a&%ersel" affe!tin, thereputation of MH a well*Dnown !i%i! an& reli,iouslea&er in the !ounit"'

he Supree Court later foun& that the ri%ers

were an*a&e an& were !onstru!te& on pri%atepropert" owne& " M'

(1) a" M re!o%er &aa,es fro the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDs for the !ost in%ol%e& in reuil&in,the fishpon&s an& for lost profitsL State "ourreason'

(2) Suppose M files a liel suit a,ainst theSe!retar" of Puli! 6orDs' 6ill the sai& liel suitprosperL /plain "our answer'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(1) NoH M !annot re!o%er &aa,es fro theSe!retar" of Puli! 6orDs' he Se!retar" ofPuli! 6orDs or&ere& the &eolition of thefishpon& in the perforan!e of his offi!ial &uties'@e &i& not a!t in a& faith or with ,ross ne,li,en!e'@e issue& the or&er onl" after &ue in%esti,ation' 5nautol %' Pas!ualH 12# SC+ 87H it was hel&that the eers of the +& @o! Coittee

!reate& to ipleent Presi&ential -e!ree No' 29an& etter of 5nstru!tion NoH 19H whi!h or&ere& the&eolition of stru!tures ostru!tin, puli!waterwa"sH !oul&B not e sue& for &aa,esalthou,h the" or&ere& the &eolition of a uil&in,that en!roa!he& upon a !reeDH e!ause the puli!offi!ers !on!erne& &i& not a!t in a& faith'

(2) NoH the liel suit will not prosper' he reportsuitte& " the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDs to thePresi&ent !onstitutes pri%ile,e& !ouni!ationHas it was sent in the perforan!e of offi!ial &ut"'

+rti!le 3# of the e%ise& Penal Co&e pro%i&es;

/%er" &efaator" iputation is presue& to eali!iousH e%en if it e trueH if no ,oo& intentionan& ustifiale oti%e for aDin, it is shownH e!eptin the followin, !ases:

1' + pri%ate !ouni!ation a&e " an" personto another in the perforan!e of an" le,alH oralor so!ial &ut";

5n -eano %' $o&ine=H 12 SC+ #83H it was hel&

that a report sent " a puli! offi!ial to his superior is pri%ile,e& !ouni!ationH e!ause itssuission is pursuant to the perforan!e of ale,al &ut"'

esi&esH in sen&in, his reportH the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDs a!te& in the &is!har,e of his offi!ial&uties' @en!eH he was a!tin, in ehalf of theepuli! of the Philippines an& within the s!opeof his authorit" +!!or&in, to the rulin, in San&ers%' Eeri&ianoH 12 SC+ 88H a suit rou,ht a,ainsta puli! offi!ial for writin, a letter whi!h is alle,e&to e lielous ut whi!h was written while he was

a!tin, as a,ent of the ,o%ernent an& within thes!ope of his authorit" is a!tuall" a suit a,ainst theState without its !onsent'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

he ?uestion &oes not spe!if" how the liel was!oitte&' 5f the lielous stateent was notrele%ant to the report on the alle,e& ille,alen!roa!hent of the ri%erH the fa!t that it wasa&e in the !ourse of an offi!ial report &oes not



1;)8



1;)9

iuni=e the Se!retar" of Puli! 6orDs froliailit" for liel'



1;):

Lo"a Ee"ti*e O##i"ia%5 Li+itation% OnAdditiona !-tie% 6199

No' 10: + Cit" a"or in etro anila was &esi,nate&as eer of the o!al +nest" oar& (+) asallowe& un&er the ules an& e,ulations

5pleentin, +nest" Pro!laation Nos' 3#7 an&3#8' as aen&e& " Pro!laation No' 377' he +is entruste& with the fun!tions of re!ei%in, an&pro!essin, appli!ations for anest" an&re!oen&in, to the National +nest" Coissionappro%al or &enial of the appli!ations' he ter of theCoission an&H ne!essaril"H the o!al +nest"oar&s un&er it epires upon the !opletion of itsassi,ne& tasDs as a" e &eterine& " thePresi&ent'

a" the Cit" a"or a!!ept his &esi,nation without

forfeitin, his ele!ti%e position in the li,ht of thepro%ision of Se!' 7H 1st par' +rt' 5M* of the 1987Constitution whi!h pertinentl" states that NQoele!ti%e offi!ial shall e eli,ile for appointent or &esi,nation in an" !apa!it" to an" puli! offi!e or position &urin, his tenureL -is!uss full"H

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

NoH the Cit" a"or a" not a!!ept his &esi,nationwithout forfeitin, his ele!ti%e positions' +s state&in Flores %s' -rilon 223 SC+ 8H it is theintention of Se!tion 7H +rti!le M* of the 1987Constitution that lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ials shoul&&e%ote their full tie to their !onstituents' 6hilese!on& para,raph of Se!tion 7H +rti!le 5M* of the1987 Constitution allows appointi%e offi!ials tohol& other offi!es when allowe& " law or " thepriar" fun!tions of their positionsH no su!he!eption is a&e in the first para,raphH whi!h&eals with ele!ti%e offi!ials' 5t is the 5ntention of the 1987 Constitution to e ore strin,ent withele!ti%e lo!al offi!ials'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

OesH he a" a!!ept su!h &esi,nation withoutforfeitin, his a"orship' he Constitutional pro%isionein, !ite& !onteplates a puli! offi!e or position'5t is elie%e& that the o!al +nest" oar& is notsu!h an offi!e sin!e it is erel" an a& ho! o&"'esi&esH it is elie%e& that its fun!tions are notso%erei,n in !hara!ter whi!h is one of the eleentsof a puli! offi!e'

O+b-d%+an: Poer to S-%$end5 Pre*enti*eS-%$en%ion 6;

6? -ire!tor 6A6 faile& the lifest"le !he!D!on&u!te& " the Au&sanBs Affi!e e!ause6A6s assets were ,rossl" &isproportionate to hissalar" an& allowan!es' oreo%erH soe assetswere not in!lu&e& in his Stateent of +ssets an&iailities' @e was !har,e& of ,raft an& !orrupt

pra!ti!es an& pen&in, the !opletion ofin%esti,ationsH he was suspen&e& fro offi!e forsi onths'

+' +,,rie%e&H 6A6 petitione& the Court of +ppeals to annul the pre%enti%e suspension or&er on the ,roun& that the Au&san !oul& onl"re!oen& ut not ipose the suspension'oreo%erH a!!or&in, to 6A6H the suspensionwas ipose& without an" noti!e or hearin,H in%iolation of &ue pro!ess' 5s the petitionerBs!ontention eritoriousL -is!uss riefl"' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: he !ontention of-ire!tor 6A6 is not eritorious' he suspensionete& out to hi is pre%enti%e an& not puniti%e'Se!tion 2# of epuli! +!t No' 770 ,rants theAu&san the power to ipose pre%enti%esuspension up to si onths' Pre%enti%esuspension a"e ipose& without an" noti!e orhearin,' 5t is erel" a preliinar" step in ana&inistrati%e in%esti,ation an& is not the final&eterination of the ,uilt of the offi!er !on!erne&'($ar!ia %' oi!aH 31# SC+ 207 1999Q)'

' For his partH the Au&san o%e& to&isiss 6A6s petition' +!!or&in, to theAu&san the e%i&en!e of ,uilt of 6A6 isstron,H an& petitioner faile& to ehausta&inistrati%e ree&ies' 6A6 a&itte& he file&no otion for re!onsi&erationH ut onl" e!ausethe or&er suspen&in, hi was ie&iatel"ee!utor"' Shoul& the otion to &isiss e,rante& or notL -is!uss riefl"' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

' he otion to &isiss shoul& e &enie&' Sin!ethe suspension of -ire!tor 6A6 wasie&iatel" ee!utor"H he woul& ha%e suffere&irreparale inur" ha& he trie& to ehausta&inistrati%e ree&ies efore filin, a petition in!ourt (<ni%ersit" of the Philippines oar& ofe,ents %' asulH 200 SC+ 8 19910esi&esHthe ?uestion in%ol%e& is purel" le,al' (+=ar!on %'una,anH 399 SC+ 3 2003Q)'

O+b-d%+an5 Poer to In*e%tigate 6



1;*;



1;*1

No



1;*(

55 + ,roup of losin, liti,ants in a !ase &e!i&e& "the Supree Court file& a !oplaint efore theAu&san !har,in, the >usti!es withDnowin,l" an& &elieratel" ren&erin, an unust&e!ision in utter %iolation of the penal laws of thelan&' Can the Au&san %ali&l" taDe!o,ni=an!e of the !aseL /plain'



1;*)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

NoH the Au&san !annot entertain the!oplaint' +s state& in the !ase of 5n re: aureta'1#8 SC+ 382 1987QH pursuant to the prin!iple of separation of powersH the !orre!tness of the&e!isions of the Supree Court as final ariter of all usti!iale &isputes is !on!lusi%e upon all other &epartents of the ,o%ernent; the Au&sanhas no power to re%iew the &e!isions of theSupree Court " entertainin, a !oplainta,ainst the >usti!es of the Supree Court for Dnowin,l" ren&erin, an unust &e!ision'

S/CAN- +/N+5E/ +NS6/: +rti!le M5H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es that puli! offi!ers ust at all ties ea!!ountale to the people' Se!tion 22 of theAu&san +!t pro%i&es that the Affi!e of theAu&san has the power to in%esti,ate an"serious is!on&u!t alle,e&l" !oitte& "offi!ials reo%ale " ipea!hent for thepurpose of filin, a %erifie& !oplaint for ipea!hent if warrante&' he Au&san !anentertain the !oplaint for this purpose'

O+b-d%+an5 Poer to S-%$end5 Pre*enti*eS-%$en%ion 6199?

No' 10: 2) +n a&inistrati%e !oplaint for %iolationof the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t a,ainst Mwas file& with the Au&san' 5e&iatel" after taDin, !o,ni=an!e of the !ase an& the affi&a%itssuitte& to hiH the Au&san or&ere& thepre%enti%e suspension of M pen&in, preliinar"in%esti,ation' M ?uestione& the suspension or&erH!onten&in, that the Au&san !an onl" suspen&pre%enti%el" suor&inate eplo"ees in his ownoffi!e'

5s M !orre!tL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

NoH M is not !orre!t' +s hel& in uenase&a %s'Fla%ierH 22 SC+ #' un&er Se!tion 2# ofepuli! +!t No' 770H the Au&san !anpla!e un&er pre%enti%e suspension an" offi!erun&er his &is!iplinar" authorit" pen&in, anin%esti,ation' he oent a !oplaint is file&with the Au&sanH the respon&ent is un&er

his authorit"' Con,ress inten&e& to epower theAu&san to suspen& all offi!ersH e%en if the"are eplo"e& in other offi!es in the $o%ernent'he wor&s suor&inate an& in his ureau &onot appear in the ,rant of su!h power to theAu&san'

Poer to I%%-e S-b$oena5 *aidity o# deegation 61989

No' 17: +ssue that un&er the !harter of the Cit"of anilaH the Cit" a"or has the power toin%esti,ate !it" offi!ials an& eplo"ees appointe&" hi an& in !onne!tion therewithH a&inister oathH taDe testion" an& issue supoenas' hea"or issue& an ee!uti%e or&er !reatin, a!oitteeH !haire& " MH to in%esti,ateanoalies in%ol%in, li!ense& inspe!tors of thei!ense 5nspe!tion -i%ision of the Affi!e of the Cit"reasurerH 5n the !ourse of its in%esti,ationH Msupoenae& OH a pri%ate !iti=en worDin, asooDDeeper of +sia @ar&ware' O refuse& to

appear !onten&in, that the Coittee of M hasno power to issue supoenas' -e!i&e'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

OesH the !oittee has no power to issuesupoenas a!!or&in, to Carelo %sH aosH SC+ 83' 5n !reatin, the !oitteeH the a"or &i& not ,rant it the power to issue supoenas'esi&esH the a"or !annot &ele,ate his power toissue supoenas'

Pro'ibition On Ee"ti*e O##i"er to Hod P-bi"

O##i"e 6No E55' M was ele!te& pro%in!ial ,o%ernor for ater of three "ears' @e was suse?uentl"appointe& " the Presi&ent of the Philippinesser%in, at her pleasureH as !on!urrent Presi&ential

+ssistant for Politi!al +ffairs in the Affi!e of thePresi&entH without a&&itional !opensation'

5s MBs appointent %ali&L ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he appointent of M is not %ali&H e!ause the

position of Presi&ential +ssistant for Politi!al +ffairs is a puli! offi!e' +rti!le 5M* Se!tion 7 of the Constitution pro%i&es that no ele!ti%e offi!ialshall e eli,ile for appointent or &esi,nation inan" !apa!it" to an" puli! offi!e or position&urin, his tenure' +s hel& in Flores%' -rilonH 223 SC+ 8 (1993)H sin!e an ele!ti%eoffi!ial is ineli,ile for an appointi%e positionH hisappointent is not %ali&'

P-bi" O##i"e5 P-bi" Tr-%t 61998



1;**



1;*6

No



1;*7

E' * Suppose Con,ress passe& a law to5pleent the Constitutional prin!iple that apuli! offi!e is a puli! trustH " pro%i&in, asfollows:



1;*8

No eplo"ee of the Ci%il Ser%i!e shall e e!use&fro atten&in, an& testif"in, or fro pro&u!in, ooDsHre!or&sH !orrespon&en!eH &o!uents or other e%i&en!e in an" a&inistrati%e in%esti,ation!on!ernin, the offi!e in whi!h he is eplo"e& on the,roun& that his testion" or the e%i&en!e re?uire& of hi a" ten& to in!riinate hi or sue!t hi to apenalt" or forfeiture; ut his testion" or an" e%i&en!epro&u!e& " hi shall not e use& a,ainst hi in!riinal prose!ution ase& on the transa!tionH atter or thin, !on!ernin, whi!h is !opelle&H after in%oDin,his pri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationH to testif" or pro&u!e e%i&en!e' Pro%i&e&H howe%erH that su!hin&i%i&ual so testif"in, shall not e eept froprose!ution an& punishent for perur" !oitte& inso testif"in, nor shall he e eept fro &eotion or reo%al fro offi!e' +n" eplo"ee who refuses to

testif" or pro&u!e an" &o!uents un&er this +!t shalle &isisse& fro the ser%i!eH

Suppose furtherH that An,H a eer of theProfessional e,ulator" oar&H is re?uire& toanswer ?uestions in an in%esti,ation re,ar&in, a/+G+$/ in a e&i!al eaination'

1' Can An, refuse to answer ?uestions on the

,roun& that he woul& in!riinate hiselfL #Q2' Suppose he refuses to answerH an& for thatreasonH is &isisse& fro the ser%i!eH !an hepausil" ar,ue that the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coissionhas inferre& his ,uilt fro his refusal to answer in%iolation of the ConstitutionL W3Q

3' SupposeH on the other han&H he answers the?uestion an& on the asis of his answersH he isfoun& ,uilt" an& is &isisse&' Can he plausil"assert that his &isissal is ase& on !oer!e&!onfessionL 53Q

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' NoH An, !annot refuse to answer the ?uestionon the ,roun& that he woul& in!riinate hiselfHsin!e the law ,rants hi iunit" an& prohiitsthe use a,ainst hi in a !riinal prose!ution ofthe testion" or e%i&en!e pro&u!e& " hi' +sstate& " the <nite& States Supree Court inrown %s' 6alDer' 11 <'S' 91H 97H what the!onstitutional prohiition a,ainst self*

in!riination seeDs to pre%ent is the !on%i!tion of the witness on the asis of testion" eli!ite&fro hi' he rule is satisfie& when he is ,rante&iunit"'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

1' 5n a!!or&an!e with /%an,elista %s' >aren!ioH8 SC+ 99H 107*108H 5f An, is ein, !ite&erel" as a witnessH he a" not refuse to

answer' @owe%erH if the ?uestion ten&s to %iolatehis ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH he a" oe!tto it' An the other han&H un&er the rulin, inCha%e= %s' Court of +ppealsH 2# SC+ 3H 80H5f he is a respon&entH An, a" refuse to answeran" ?uestion e!ause of his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

2' No An, !annot ar,ue that the Ci%il Ser%i!eCoission inferre& his ,uilt fro his refusalto answer' @e was not &isisse& e!ause ofhis in%ol%eent in the leaDa,e in the e&i!al

eaination ut for his refusal to answer' hisis a %iolation of the law' @e !oul& e!opelle& to answer the ?uestion on pain ofein, &isisse& in !ase of his refusalHe!ause he was ,rante& 5unit"'

5n efDowit= %s' urle"' #1# <'S' 70H 8#H the<nite& States Supree Court hel&:

FurtheroreH the a!!oo&ation etween theinterest of the State an& the Fifth +en&entre?uires that the State ha%e eans at its &isposal tose!ure testion" if iunit" is supplie& an&testion" is still refuse&' his is re!o,ni=e& " thepower of !ourts to !opel testion"H after a ,rant of iunit"H " use of !i%il !ontept an& !oer!e&iprisonent' Shilitani %' <nite& StatesH 38# <S3#' 1 /& 2& 22' 8 Ct 131 (19)' +lsoH,i%en a&e?uate iunit" the State a" plainl" insistthat eplo"ees either answer ?uestions un&er oathaout the perforan!e of their o or suffer the lossof eplo"ent'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

3' >es An, !an ar,ue that his &isissal was ase&

on !oer!e& !onfession' 5n $arrit" %s' New >erse"H38 <'S' #93H 00H the <nite& States SupreeCourt hel&: 6e now hol& the prote!tion of thein&i%i&ual un&er the Fourteenth +en&enta,ainst !oer!e& stateents prohiits use insuse?uent !riinal pro!ee&in,s of stateentsotaine& un&er threat of reo%al fro offi!eH an&that it eten&s to allH whether the" are poli!een or other eers of the o&" politi!'

Retire+ent &ene#it% 6199?



1;*9



1;*:

No



1;6;

' 9: 2) +H an eplo"ee of the National reasurerHretire& on >anuar" 10H 199' efore she !oul&!olle!t her retireent enefitsH the Nationalreasurer &is!o%ere& that + ha& een ne,li,ent inthe en!ashent of falsifie& treasur" warrants' 5tappearsH howe%erH that + ha& re!ei%e& all one"an& propert" !learan!es fro the Nationalreasurer efore her retireent'



1;61

Can the National reasurer withhol& theretireent of + pen&in, &eterination of her ne,li,en!e in the en!ashent of the falsifie&treasur" warrantsL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

2) 5n a!!or&an!e with antui!o %s' -oin,oH 230SC+ 391 an& Cru= us' antui!oH 1 SC+ 70Hthe National reasurer !annot withhol& thepa"ent of the retireent enefits of + pen&in,&eterination of her liailit" for ne,li,en!e in theen!ashent of the falsifie& treasur" warrantsH

e!ause her retireent enefits are eept froee!ution'

ARTICLE /II Nationa E"ono+yand Patri+ony

A"-i%ition and Lea%e o# P-bi" Land%61998

/press "our a,reeent or &isa,reeent with

an" of the followin, stateents' e,in "our answer with the stateent: 5 +$// or -5S+$// as the !ase a" e'

1' +n"oneH whether 5n&i%i&ualH !orporation or asso!iationH ?ualifie& to a!?uire pri%ate lan&s isalso ?ualifie& to a!?uire puli! lan&s in thePhilippines' 2Q

2' + reli,ious !orporation is ?ualifie& to ha%e lan&s in the Philippines on whi!h it a"uil& 5ts !hur!h an& aDe other ipro%eentspro%i&e& these are a!tuall"H &ire!tl" an&e!lusi%el" use& for reli,ious purposes' 2Q

3' + reli,ious !orporation !annot lease pri%atelan&s 5n the Philippines' 2Q

#' + reli,ious !orporation !an a!?uire pri%atelan&s in the Philippines pro%i&e& all its eersare !iti=ens of the Philippines' 2Q

' + forei,n !orporation !an onl" lease pri%atelan&s in the Philippines' 2Q

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' 5 &isa,ree' <n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of theConstitutionH a !orporation or asso!iation whi!h issit" per!ent owne& " Filipino !iti=ens !ana!?uire pri%ate lan&H e!ause it !an lease puli!lan& an& !an therefore hol& puli! lan&' @owe%erHit !annot a!?uire puli! lan&' <n&er Se!tion 3H

+rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH pri%ate !orporationsan& asso!iations !an onl" lease an& !annota!?uire puli! lan&'

<n&er Se!tion 8H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH anatural*orn Filipino !iti=en who lost his Philippine!iti=enship a" a!?uire pri%ate lan& onl" an&!annot a!?uire puli! lan&'

2' 5 &isa,ree' he ere fa!t that a !orporation isreli,ious &oes not entitle it to own puli! lan&' +shel& 5n e,ister of -ee&s %s' <n, Siu Si epleH97 Phil' 8H 1H lan& tenure is not in&ispensaleto the free eer!ise an& eno"ent of reli,iousprofession of worship' he reli,ious !orporation

!an own pri%ate lan& onl" if it is at least sit" per!ent owne& " Filipino !iti=ens'

3' 5 &isa,ree' <n&er Se!tion 1 of Presi&ential-e!ree No' #71H !orporations an& asso!iationsowne& " aliens are allowe& to lease pri%atelan&s up to twent"*fi%e "earsH renewale foranother perio& of twent"*fi%e "ears upona,reeent of the lessor an& the lessee' @en!eHe%en if the reli,ious !orporation is owne& "aliensH it !an lease pri%ate lan&s'

#' 5 &isa,ree' For a !orporationB to ?ualif" toa!?uire pri%ate lan&s in the PhilippinesH un&erSe!tion 7H +rti!le Mn of the Constitution in relationto Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH onl"sit" per !ent (0) of the !orporation is re?uire&to e owne& " Filipino !iti=ens for it to ?ualif" toa!?uire pri%ate lan&s'

' 5 a,ree' + forei,n !orporation !an lease pri%atelan&s onl" an& !annot lease puli! lan&' <n&erSe!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH theeplorationH &e%elopent an& utili=ation of puli!lan&s a" e un&ertaDen throu,h !o*pro&u!tion'>oint %enture or pro&u!tion*sharin, a,reeentsonl" with Filipino !iti=en or !orporations orasso!iations whi!h are at least sit" per !entowne& " Filipino !iti=en'

A"-i%ition o# Land% 61987

No' ME: An ar!h 1H 1987H +C CorporationHa !opan" en,a,e& in the eport tra&eH applie&



1;6(



1;6)

for u&i!ial !onfiration of its title o%er tenhe!tares of tier lan&s' he !opan" ou,htthe lan& fro M who in turn inherite& it fro hisfather O' he latter ha& een in openH notoriousHpuli! an& !ontinue& possession of the lan&sin!e 192' An what %ali& ,roun&s !an



1;6*

"ouH as Soli!itor $eneralHappli!ationL

oppose the

ANS4ER:

+s Soli!itor $eneralH 5 !an oppose thea//lication o! con3!#ation o title on t+eg!ound t+at unde! A!t. KII' $ec. ) ti#e!land& cannot e alienated. T+e !uling inDi!ecto! o Land& 0. IAC' 1*7 $CRA 6;:<1:97>' and Di!ecto! o Land& 0' Bengon'No. 6*;*6' July (9' 1:98' !eite!ated inDi!ecto! o Land& 0. anila Elect!ic Co.' G.R'No. 68*71' $e/t. 11' 1:98' to t+e eectt+at a co!/o!ation i& entitled to t+econ3!#ation o i#/e!ect title to land&acui!ed y it !o# /!i0ate indi0idual& "+o

+a0e /o&&e&&ed t+e &a#e o! ); yea!&'unde! ona 3de clai# o o"ne!&+i/' o! t+e!ea&on t+at &uc+ /e!&on& a!e /!e&u#ed to+a0e /e!o!#ed all condition& e&&ential to ago0e!n#ent g!ant and' t+e!eo!e' a!eentitled to t+e i&&uance o a ce!ti3cate o title' a//lie& only to ag!icultu!al land&.

A"-i%ition o# Land% 6

No ME555' * a) +n&" iH an ethni! ChineseHe!ae a naturali=e& Filipino in 193' ut later he lost his Filipino !iti=enship when he e!ae a

!iti=en of Cana&a in 1971' 6antin, the est of oth worl&sH he ou,htH in 1987H a resi&ential lotin Fores ParD an& a !oer!ial lot in inon&o'

+re these sales %ali&L 6h"L (3)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

NoH the sales are not %ali&' <n&er Se!tion 8H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH onl" a natural*orn!iti=en of the Philippines who lost his Philippine!iti=enship a" a!?uire pri%ate lan&' Sin!e +n&"i was a forer naturali=e& Filipino !iti=enH heis not ?ualifie& to a!?uire pri%ate lan&s'

A"-i%ition o# Land% by Hereditary S-""e%%ion6

No M5' * +H a Filipino !iti=enH an& his wife H a>apanese nationalH ou,ht a fi%e*he!tarea,ri!ultural lan& fro MH a Filipino !iti=en' he!ouple later ee!ute& a &ee& of &onation o%er thesae lan& in fa%or of their onl" !hil& C' + "earlaterH howe%erH C &ie& in %ehi!ular

a!!i&ent without lea%in, a last will an& testaent'

NowH M rou,ht suit to re!o%er the lan& on the,roun& that H ein, an alienH was not ?ualifie&to u" the lan& when an& + ointl" ou,ht thelan& fro hi an& thatH upon the &eath of CH thelan& was inherite& " his parents ut !annotle,all" a!?uire an&Ior inherit it'

@ow shoul& the !ase e &e!i&e&L 5f M file& thesuit a,ainst C when the latter was still ali%eHwoul& "our answer e the saeL 6h"L ()

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

M !annot re!o%er the lan& whether fro C or +an& ' <n&er +rti!le 5EH Se!tion 1 (2) of theConstitutionH C is a Filipino !iti=en sin!e his father is a Filipino' 6hen + an& &onate& the lan& toCH it e!ae propert" of a Filipino !iti=en' +s hel&in @alili %' Court of +ppealsH 287 SC+ #(1998)H the sale of lan& to an alien !an no lon,er e annulle& if it has een !on%e"e& to a Filipino

!iti=en' Sin!e C left no will an& his parents are hisheirsH in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le M55H Se!tion 7 of the ConstitutionH !an a!?uire the lan& "here&itar" su!!ession'

A"-i%ition o# Land%5 Citi)en%'i$ i%%-e 61989

No' 1: ariaH a natural*orn Filipino !iti=enH wentto the <nite& States in 19 to worD as a nurse'6ith her sa%in,sH she ou,ht a par!el of lan&!onsistin, of 1H000 s?uare eters in a resi&ential

su&i%ision in etro anila' She ha& the sai&propert" title& in her nae in 1970' 5n >ul"H 1972Haria a!?uire& +eri!an !iti=enship "naturali=ation' wo onths laterH she arrie& her Cana&ian o"frien&'

(1) Can aria %ali&l" sell this par!el of lan& tothe "oun,er sister of her husan& who is also aCana&ian !iti=enL

(2) Supposin, ariaBs husan& &ies an& she&e!i&es to resi&e in the Philippines peranentl"H!an aria u" the par!el of lan& !onsistin, of #00s?uare eters nei,horin, her ownL

ANS4ER:

(1) NoH aria !annot %ali&l" sell the par!el of lan&to the "oun,er sister of her husan& who is aCana&ian !iti=en' <n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 ofthe 1987 ConstitutionH as a ,eneral ruleH aliens!annot a!?uire pri%ate lan& sin!e pursuant toSe!tion 2H in relation to Se!tion 3H +rti!le M55H ofthe 1987 Constitution the" are not ?ualifie& toa!?uire or hol& lan&s of the puli!



1;66



1;67

&oain' <n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of the 1987ConstitutionH an alien !an a!?uire puli! lan& "here&itar" su!!ession' <n&er Se!tion 8H +rti!le M55of the 1987 ConstitutionH a natural*orn Philippine!iti=en who lost his Philippine !iti=enship a" ea transferee of pri%ate lan&' he "oun,er sister ofthe husan& of aria is not a!?uirin, the pri%atelan& " here&itar" su!!ession ut " sale' Neither is she a forer natural*orn Philippine !iti=en who

lost her Philippine !iti=enship' Conse?uentl"Hneither of the e!eptions foun& in the ao%e*entione& pro%isions is appli!ale to her'



1;68

(2) NoH aria !annot u" the a&oinin, par!el of lan&' <n&er Se!tion 2 of atas Paansa l,'18H a natural*orn Philippine !iti=en who lost hisPhilippine !iti=enshipH a" a!?uire onl" up to1H000 s?uare eters of pri%ate uran lan&' Sin!earia has pre%iousl" a!?uire& a par!el of lan&with an area of 1H000 s?uare etersH she !an no

lon,er pur!hase an" a&&itional par!el of uranlan&'

+lternati%e +nswer:

OesH she !an a!?uire the a&a!ent lan& whi!h hasan area of #00 s?uare eters sin!e the law liitsa!?uisition of lan&s to 1H000 s?uare eters after the loss of Philippine !iti=enship'

A"-i%ition o# Land%5 Citi)en%'i$ i%%-e 6199;

No' 17: + an& lease& their resi&ential lan&!onsistin, of one thousan& (1H000) s?uare etersto Peter CoH a Chinese !iti=enH for a perio& of fift"(0) "ears' 5n 1992H efore the ter of the leaseepire&' Co asDe& + an& to !on%e" the lan& tohi as the !ontra!t ,a%e hi the option topur!hase sai& lan& if he e!ae a naturali=e&Filipino !iti=en' Co tooD his oath as a Filipino!iti=en in 1991'

1) 6as the !ontra!t of lease for a perio& of fift"(0) "ears %ali& !onsi&erin, that the lessee wasan alienL

2) 6hat is the effe!t of the naturali=ation of Peter Co as a Filipino !iti=en on the %ali&it" of theoption to pur!hase ,i%en hiL

ANS4ER:

1) +s hel& in Philippine anDin, Corporation %s'ui She' 21 SC+ 2H the lease of a par!el oflan& with an option to u" to an alien is a %irtualtransfer of ownership to the alien an& falls withinthe s!ope of the prohiition in

Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution a,ainstthe a!?uisition of pri%ate lan&s " aliens'

2) e!ause of the naturali=ation of Peter Co as aFilipino !iti=enH he !an eer!ise the option topur!hase the lan&' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin,in Oap %s' $ra,e&aH 121 SC+ 2##' sin!e he is?ualifie& to own lan&H the poli!" to preser%e lan&sfor Filipinos will e a!hie%e&'

A"-i%ition o# Land%5 Citi)en%'i$ i%%-e 6199

No 11; 5n >une 1978 spouses >oel an& i!hellepur!hase& a par!el of lan&' ot No' 1#3HCa&astral Sur%e" No' 38*-H with an area of 00s?uare eters for their resi&en!e in CaintaH i=alHfro Ce!ille who " herself an& her pre&e!essor*in*interest ha& een in openH puli!H pea!efulH!ontinuous an& e!lusi%e possession of thepropert" un&er a ona fi&e !lai of ownershiplon, efore 12 >une 19#' +t the tie of

pur!haseH the spouses >oel an& i!helle werethen natural orn Filipino !iti=ens'

5n Feruar" 1987 the spouses file& an appli!ationfor re,istration of their title efore the proper !ourt'his tie howe%er >oel an& i!helle were nolon,er Filipino !iti=ens' he ,o%ernent oppose&their appli!ation for re,istration alle,in, that the"ha%e not a!?uire& proprietar" ri,hts o%er thesue!t lot e!ause of their suse?uenta!?uisition of Cana&ian !iti=enshipH an& thatunre,istere& lan&s are presue& to e puli!

lan&s un&er the prin!iple that lan&s of whate%er !lassifi!ation elon, to the State un&er thee,alian &o!trineH hen!eH the" still pertain to theState'

@ow will "ou resol%e the issues raise& " theappli!ants an& the oppositorL -is!uss full"'

ANS4ER:

he ar,uent of the ,o%ernent that unre,istere&lan&s are presue& to e puli! lan&s is utterl"uneritorious' +s hel& in epuli! %s' Court of

+ppeals' 23 SC+ 2H in a!!or&an!e withSe!tion #8 of the Puli! an& +!tH sin!e thepre&e!essors*in* interest of >oel an& i!helle ha&een in openH puli!H pea!efulH !ontinuous an&e!lusi%e possession of the lan& un&er a ona fi&e!lai of ownership lon, efore >une 12' 19#Htheir pre&e!essors* in*interest ha& a!?uire& thelan&H e!ause the" were !on!lusi%el" presue& toha%e perfore& all !on&itions essential to a,o%ernent ,rant' he lan& !ease& to e a part



1;69



1;6:

of the puli! &oain' 5t is alienale an&&isposale lan&' >oel an& i!helle a!?uire& theri,hts of their pre&e!essors*in*interest " %irtue of the sale to the'



1;7;

>oel an& i!helle !an ha%e the lan& re,istere& intheir naes' he" were natural*orn Filipino!iti=ens at the tie of their a!?uisition of the lan&'5n an" e%ent the" were Filipino !iti=ens at thetie of their a!?uisition of the lan&' heir e!oin, Cana&ian !iti=ens suse?uentl" isiaterial' +rti!le M55H Se!' 8 of the 1987Constitution presupposes that the" pur!hase&the lan& after the" lost Filipino !iti=enship' 5t &oesnot appl" in this !ase at all'

A"-i%ition o# Land%5 Pro'ibition5 a"-i%ition o# $ri*ate and% by aien% 6199;

No'18; >ohn SithH a <S nationalH was arrie& toPetra &e >esusH a Filipino !iti=enH on >une H1980' wo (2) "ears laterH Petra pur!hase& a

par!el of resi&ential lan& fro >ose Cru= usin, her own fun&s' he -ee& of Sale states that the lan&was sol& to Petra arrie& to >ohn Sith an&was re,istere& as su!h' 6ith the Dnowle&,e of >ohn SithH Petra a&inistere& the lan&H leasin,parts thereof to se%eral in&i%i&uals' hree (3)"ears laterH PetraH without the Dnowle&,e of >ohnSithH sol& the lan& to -a%i& Pere=' <ponlearnin, of the transa!tionH >ohn Sith file& a!ase to annul the -ee& of Sale' Citin, +rt' 10 of the Ci%il Co&eH he ar,ue& that sai& sale waswithout his !onsentH the propert" ein, !onu,al

as it was pur!hase& at the tie he was arrie& toPetra' @e presente& the -ee& of Sale ee!ute&" Petra statin, that she is arrie& to >ohn Sith'@e wants to re!o%er at least his !onu,al share'

1) 5s >ohn Sith entitle& to his !onu,al shareL

2) a" the -ee& of Sale ee!ute& " Petra 5nfa%or of -a%i& Pere= e annulle&L

ANS4ER:

1) NoH >ohn Sith is not entitle& to his !onu,al

share in the lan&' Firstl"H sin!e it was a!?uire&with the personal fun&s of Petra &e >esusH ina!!or&an!e with the rulin, in irasol %s' iH 9Phil' 701H the presuption that the propert" is!onu,al has een reutte&' Se!on&l"H a&e!laration that >ohn Sith is entitle& to a!onu,al share in the lan& will %iolate theprohiition a,ainst the !on%e"an!e of pri%atelan&s to aliens eo&ie& in Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55of the Constitution'

2) he -ee& of Sale !annot e annulle&' +s hel&in Cheesan %s' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH193 SC+ 93' to a!!or& to >ohn SithH an alienHthe ri,ht to ha%e a &e!isi%e %ote as to the&isposition of the lan& woul& perit an in&ire!t!ontro%ersion of the !onstitutional prohiitiona,ainst the a!?uisition of pri%ate lan&s " aliens'

Citi)en%'i$ Re-ire+ent in 0anage+ent o# Ad*erti%ing Ind-%try 61989

No' 11: (2) a" a forei,ner who owns sustantialsto!Dhol&in,s in a !orporation en,a,e& in thea&%ertisin, in&ustr" sit as a treasurer of sai&!orporationL Cite the !onstitutional pro%ision inpoint'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

Se!tion 11(1)H +rti!le ME5 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es;

(2) NoH a forei,ner who owns shares of sto!D in a!orporation en,a,e& in the a&%ertisin, in&ustr"!annot ser%e as treasurer in the !orporationH for atreasurer is an ee!uti%e or ana,in, offi!er'

Se!tion 11(2)H +rti!le ME5 of the 1987Constitution pro%i&es:

he parti!ipation of forei,n in%estors inthe ,o%ernin, o&" of entities in su!hin&ustr" shall e liite& to their proportionate share in the !apital thereofHan& all the ee!uti%e an& ana,in,offi!ers of su!h entities ust e !iti=ens of the Philippines'

Engage+ent in &-%ine%% B E,er"i%e o# Pro#e%%ion 61987

No' 5M: he Philippine entere& into a reat" of Frien&shipH Coit" an& Coer!e with 5n&onesiawith the followin, pro%isions:

(1 ) he nationals of ea!h !ontra!tin, Statea&itte& to the pra!ti!e of law in sai& StateH topra!ti!e law without taDin, the ar eainations

in the other !ontra!tin, State'(2) he nationals of ea!h !ontra!tin, State toen,a,e in retail tra&e usiness in the territor" of the other !ontra!tin, State'

5s the treat" %ali&L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he treat" is %ali&'

(1) +rt' M55H Se!' 1# pro%i&es that the pra!ti!e ofall professions in the Philippines shall e



1;71



1;7(

liite& to Filipino !iti=ensH sa%e in !asespres!rie& " law' @ere the treat" has the for!e of law'



1;7)

(2) +rt' M55' Se!' 10 pro%i&es that Con,ress shallreser%e to !iti=ens of the Philippines or to!orporations or asso!iations at least 0 of the!apital of whi!h is owne& " su!h !iti=ens !ertainareas of in%estent' here !an e no ?uestionthen as to the %ali&it" of the Nationali=ation of etail ra&e awH the !onstitutionalit" of whi!h wassustaine& in 5!hon, %' @ernan&e=H 101 Phil' 11(197) e%en in the asen!e of a siilar epress,rant of power to Con,ress un&er the 193Constitution' +lthou,h Con,ress !an repeal or aen& su!h lawH it a" not e aen&e& " atreat" in %iew of +rt' M55H Se!' 22 whi!h &e!laresa!ts of !ir!u%ent or ne,ate an" pro%isions of this

+rt' M55 to e inii!al to national interest an&sue!t the offen&ers to !riinal an& !i%ilsan!tions' For then the etail ra&eNationali=ation aw e!oes part of +rt' M55H

ha%in, een passe& pursuant to the an&ate inSe!' 10'

@owe%erH it a" also e plausil" ar,ue& that atreat" a" aen& a prior law an& treat" of frien&shipH !oit" an& !oer!e with 5n&onesiaa" e &eee& to ha%e !reate& an e!eption inthe Nationali=ation of etail ra&e aw in fa%or of 5n&onesian !iti=en'

E,$oration and !e*eo$+ent o# 0inera%6199;

No' 11: 5n the &esire to ipro%e the fishin,etho&s of the fisherenH the ureau of FisheriesH with the appro%al of the Presi&entHentere& into a eoran&u of a,reeent toallow hai fisheren to fish within 200 iles frothe Philippine sea !oasts on the !on&ition thatFilipino fisheren e allowe& to use hai fishin,e?uipent an& %esselsH an& to learn o&ernte!hnolo," in fishin, an& !annin,'

1) 5s the a,reeent %ali&L

2) Suppose the a,reeent is for a oint %entureon the sae area with a hai oil !orporation for the eploration an& eploitation of inerals withthe hai !orporation pro%i&in, te!hni!al an&finan!ial assistan!e' 5s the a,reeent %ali&L

+NS6/;

1) No' Anl" Filipinos a" fish in e!lusi%ee!onoi! =one'''

2) he Presi&ent !an enter into a eoran&u of a,reeent with a hai oil

!orporation in%ol%in, te!hni!al an& finan!ialassistan!e for the eploration an& eploitation ofineralsH ut there shoul& e no >oint %enture'Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution authori=esthe Presi&ent to enter into a,reeents withforei,n*owne& !orporations in%ol%in, te!hni!al orfinan!ial assistan!e for the eplorationH&e%elopentH an& utili=ation of inerals' @owe%erHthe sae pro%ision states the oint %enture for the

eplorationH &e%elopent an& utili=ation of naturalresour!es a" e un&ertaDen onl" with Filipino!iti=ensH or !orporations or asso!iations at leastsit" per !ent of whose !apital is owne& " Filipino!iti=en'

E,$ro$riation o# P-bi" Utiitie% 6199

No' 11 * he Philippine Coo&ities Affi!e (PCA)Ha ,o%ernent a,en!"H wishes to estalish a &ire!t!oputer an& fa linDup with tra&in, !enters in the

<nite& States' he a&%an!e& te!hnolo," of apri%ate !opan"H Philippine Pa!ifi!ele!ouni!ationsH is ne!essar" for that purposeut ne,otiations etween the parties ha%e faile&'he epuli!H in ehalf of the PCAH files suit to!opel the tele!ouni!ations !opan" toee!ute a !ontra!t with PCA for PCABs a!!essan& use of the !opan"Bs fa!ilities'

-e!i&e' 5f the !ase will not prosperH whatalternati%e will "ou propose to the epuli!L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he a!tion will not prosper' +s hel& in epuli! of the P-i'ippines /s. P-i'ippine Long ;is+anceTe'ep-one Co0pany H 2 SC+ 20H parties !annote !opelle& to enter into a !ontra!t' @owe%erHsin!e un&er Se!tion 18H +rti!le M55 of theConstitutionH the State a" epropriate puli!utilitiesH the epuli! of the Philippines a" !opelthe Philippine Pa!ifi! ele!ouni!ations to allowa!!ess to its fa!ilities' 5f the epuli! of thePhilippines !an taDe title to the fa!ilities of PhilippinePa!ifi! ele!ouni!ations " its power of epropriationH there is no reason wh" it !annot use

su!h power to ipose onl" a ur&en uponPhilippine Pa!ifi! ele!ouni!ation without loss of title'

Lea%e o# Pri*ate Agri"-t-ra Land% 61

No 5E * + is an alien' State whetherH in thePhilippinesH he:

a) Can e a lessee of a pri%ate a,ri!ultural lan&H(3)



1;7*



1;76

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER5



1;77

OesH an alien !an e a lessee of pri%atea,ri!ultural lan&' +s state& in Gri%enDo %s'e,ister of -ee&s of anilaH 79 Phil' #1 (19#7)Haliens !an lease pri%ate a,ri!ultural lan&He!ause the" are ,rante& teporar" ri,hts onl"an& this is not prohiite& " the Constitution'

Nationa E"ono+y B Patri+ony5 Con%tit-tionaPro'ibition 6; 68<b ' /+P is a ,o%ernent!orporation !reate& for the purpose of re!laiin,lan&s in!lu&in, foreshore an& suer,e& areasH aswell as to &e%elopH ipro%eH a!?uireH lease an& sellan" an& all Din&s of lan&s' + law was passe&transferrin, title to /+P of lan&s alrea&" re!laie& inthe foreshore an& offshore areas of a"Hparti!ularl" the so*!alle& iert" 5slan&sH as alienalean& &isposale lan&s of the puli! &oain' itleswere &ul" issue& in /+PBs nae'

Suse?uentl"H /+P entere& into a oint %enturea,reeent (>E+) with +5H a pri%ate forei,n!orporationH to &e%elop iert" 5slan&s'

+&&itionall"H the >E+ pro%i&e& for the re!laationof 20 he!tares of suer,e& lan& in the areasurroun&in, iert" 5slan&s' /+P a,ree& to sellan& transfer to +5 a portion of iert" 5slan&s an&a portion of the area to e re!laie& as the!onsi&eration for +5Bs role an& parti!ipation in the

oint %entureH upon appro%al " the Affi!e of the

Presi&ent' 5s there an" !onstitutional osta!le tothe sale an& transfer " /+P to +5 of othportions as pro%i&e& for in the >E+L ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:' +5 !annot a!?uire a portion of iert" 5slan&se!auseH althou,h /+P has title to iert" 5slan&san& thus su!h lan&s are alienale an& &isposalelan&H the" !annot e sol&H onl" lease&H to pri%ate!orporations' he portion of the area to ere!laie& !annot e sol& an& transferre& to +5e!ause the seae& is inalienale lan& of thepuli! &oain' (Se!tion 3H +rti!le M55 of the 1987Constitution; Cha%e= %' Puli! /states +uthorit"H38# SC+ 12 2002Q)'

Nationa Patri+ony5 de#inition 61999

No M55 * 6hat is eant " National Patrion"L/plain the !on!ept of National Patrion"L (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+!!or&in, to ani'a Prince @o+e' /.3o/ern0en+ 7er/ice Ins*rance 7ys+e0H 27SC+ #08H the national patrion" refers notonl" to our natural resour!es ut also to our!ultural herita,e'Nationai)ed A"ti*itie% 6199;

1) $i%e a usiness a!ti%it" the e?uit" of whi!hust e owne& " Filipino !iti=ens:

a) at least 0) at least 70

!) 100

2) $i%e two !ases in whi!h aliens a" e allowe&to a!?uire e?uit" in a usiness a!ti%it" ut !annotparti!ipate in the ana,eent thereofL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) a) +t least sit" per !ent (0) of the e?uit"of the entities en,a,e& in the followin, usiness

ust e owne& " Filipino !iti=ens un&er theConstitution'

1 Co*pro&u!tionH >oint %entureH orpro&u!tion*sharin, a,reeent withthe State for the eplorationH&e%elopentH an& utili=ation ofnatural resour!es (Se!tion 2H

+rti!le M55)

2 Aperation of a puli! utilit"(Se!tion 11H +rti!le M55)

3 /&u!ation (Se!tion #(2)H +rti!leM5E)

) +t least se%ent" per!ent (70) of the e?uit" of usiness entities en,a,e& in a&%ertisin, ust eowne& " Filipino !iti=ens un&er the Constitution'(Se!tion 11(2)H +rti!le ME5)

!) ass e&ia ust e wholl" owne& " Filipino!iti=ens un&er the Constitution (Se!tion 11(1)H

+rti!le ME5)'

2) <n&er the ConstitutionH aliens a" a!?uiree?uit" ut !annot parti!ipate in the ana,eent of usiness entities en,a,e& in the followin,a!ti%ities:

1) Puli! utilities (Se!tion 11H +rti!leM55)

2) /&u!ation (Se!tion #(2) '+rti!le M5E)

3) +&%ertisin, (Se!tion 11(2)H +rti!leME5)



1;78



1;79

Oner%'i$ Re-ire+ent o# 0a%% 0edia 61989



1;7:

No' 11: (1) + &oesti! !orporation with 30forei,n e?uit" proposes to pulish a weeDl"a,a=ine for ,eneral !ir!ulation in etro anilawhi!h will feature the lifest"les of the ri!h an& thefaous' a" this e &oneL Cite the !onstitutionalpro%ision in point'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:(1) NoH the !orporation !annot pulish a weeDl"a,a=ine sin!e it is en,a,e& in the operation of a ass e&ia an& is not wholl" owne& "Philippine !iti=ens'

Se!tion 11(1)H +rti!le ME5 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es; he ownership an& ana,eent of ass e&ia shall e liite& to !iti=ens of thePhilippinesH or to !orporationsH !ooperati%es or asso!iationsH wholl"*owne& an& ana,e& "su!h !iti=ens'

C'ine%e "iti)en%5 engaging in retai trade 6>;<?State whether or not the followin, laws are!onstitutional' /plain riefl"'#' + law prohiitin, Chinese !iti=ens froen,a,in, in retail tra&e' (2) S<$$/S/-

+NS6/: he law is in%ali& as it sin,les out an&&epri%es Chinese !iti=ens fro en,a,in, in retailtra&e' 5n 5!hon, %' @ernan&e=H

$'' No' *799H a" 31H197H the !ourthel& that the reat" of +it" etween theepuli! of the Philippines an& the epuli!of China ,uarantees e?ualit" of treatent tothe Chinese nationals upon the sae tersas the nationals of an" other !ountr"' husHthe !ourt rule& therein that the nationals of China are not &is!riinate& a,ainst e!ausenationals of all other !ountriesH e!ept thoseof the <nite& StatesH who are ,rante&spe!ial ri,hts " the ConstitutionH are allprohiite& fro en,a,in, in the retail tra&e'5n the !ase at arH the law &is!riinates onl"a,ainst Chinese !iti=ens an& thus %iolates

the e?ual prote!tion !lause'

E,$oration3 de*eo$+ent3 and -tii)ation o# nat-ra re%o-r"e% 6>;<?State whether or not the law is !onstitutional'/plain riefl"'' + law !reatin, a state !orporation toeploitH &e%elopH an& utili=e !opresse& natural,as' (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: he law is %ali& asun&er +rti!le M55H Se!tion 2 of the 1987ConstitutionH the eplorationH &e%elopentHan& utili=ation of natural resour!es shall eun&er the full !ontrol an& super%ision of theState' 5t is also pro%i&e& that the State a"&ire!tl" un&ertaDe su!h a!ti%ities or it a"enter into !o*pro&u!tionH oint %enture orsharin, a,reeents with Filipino !iti=ens or

!orporations or asso!iationsH at least 0Filipino*owne&'

FurtheroreH the Presi&ent a" enter intoa,reeents with forei,n*owne& !orporationsin%ol%in, te!hni!al or finan!ial assistan!e forlar,e*s!ale eplorationH &e%elopentH an&utili=ation of ineralsH petroleu an& otherineral oilsH a!!or&in, to ters an& !on&itionspro%i&e& " law' + state !orporationH unliDe apri%ate !orporationH a" e !reate& " spe!iallaw an& pla!e& un&er the !ontrol of the

Presi&entH sue!t to su!h !on&itions as the!reatin, statute a" pro%i&e'

ARTICLE /III So"ia .-%ti"e andH-+an Rig't% Agrarian Re#or+ La5

Co*erage 6199

No' 12: eo&oro u=un, is en,a,e& in theusiness of prawn farin,H he prawns arenurture& in his fishpon&s in in&oro an&H upon

har%estH are ie&iatel" fro=en for eport'Con,ress passe& the Coprehensi%e +,rarianefor aw of 1988 whi!h pro%i&es aon,others that all pri%ate lan&s &e%ote& to a,ri!ultureshall e sue!t to a,rarian refor' he lawin!lu&es un&er the ter a,ri!ulture thefollowin, a!ti%ities: !ulti%ation of the soilH plantin,of !ropsH ,rowin, of fruit treesH raisin, ofli%esto!DH poultr" or fish' he -epartent of

+,rarian efor issue& an ipleentin, or&erwhi!h pro%i&es that !oer!ial fars use& fora?ua*!ultureH in!lu&in, salt*e&sH fishpon&s an&

prawn fars are within the s!ope of the law'Can the law e &e!lare& un!onstitutionalL-e!i&e'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+s hel& in L*= 8ar0s /s. 7ecre+ary o +-e;epar+0en+ o Agrarian Reor0H 192 SC+ 1H thelaw is un!onstitutional insofar as it in!lu&e&li%esto!DH poultr" an& swine raisin,' 5n the &efinitionof the a,ri!ultural lan& whi!h the ConstitutionalCoission a&opte& in



1;8;



1;81

!onne!tion with a,rarian reforH lan&s &e%ote& tosu!h purposes were not in!lu&e&' @owe%erH oththe law an& the ipleentin, or&er are!onstitutional insofar as the" in!lu&e& fishpon&s'he &efinition of a,ri!ultural lan& whi!h theConstitutional Coission a&opte& in!lu&e&fishpon&s'



1;8(

Co++i%%ion on H-+an Rig't%5 Poer toin*e%tigate 6199

No' 1 *6alan, Su,atH a %i,ilante ,roup!opose& of pri%ate usinessen an& !i%i!lea&ers pre%iousl" %i!tii=e& " the NationalistPatrioti! +r" (NP+) reel ,roupH was ipli!ate&in the torture an& Di&nappin, of -r' en,eleH aDnown NP+ s"pathi=er'

) -oes the Coission on @uan i,hts ha%ethe power to in%esti,ate an& a&u&i!ate theatterL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/;) <n&er Se!tion 18H +rti!le M555 of theConstitutionH the Coission on @uan i,htshas the power to in%esti,ate all fors of huanri,hts %iolations in%ol%in, !i%il an& politi!al ri,htsan& to onitor the !oplian!e " the ,o%ernentwith international treat" oli,ations on huanri,hts' +s hel& in Carino %s' Coission on@uan i,htsH 20# SC+ #83H the Coissionon @uan i,hts has no power to &e!i&e !asesin%ol%in, %iolations of !i%il an& politi!al ri,hts' 5t!an onl" in%esti,ate the an& then refer the

atter to the appropriate ,o%ernent a,en!"'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

5f what is referre& to in the prole is theCoission on @uan i,hts un&er the <nite&National /!onoi! an& So!ial Coun!ilH the !asea" e in%esti,ate& " the Coission ase& ona spe!ial pro!e&ure for fa!t*fin&in, an& in?uir"ase& on the !onsent of the States !on!erne&'@owe%erH this &oes not !onstitute in%esti,ation inthe usual sense of the terH with no oe!ti%e of estalishin, !ulpailit"' he Coission on

@uan i,hts is not epowere& to aDea&u&i!ations'

Co++i%%ion on H-+an Rig't%5 Poer toi%%-e TRO 61997

No' 8 * +out a hun&re& people o!!upie& apar!el of lan& in ue=on Cit" elon,in, to the !it",o%ernent an& uilt shanties thereon whi!hthe" utili=e& for &wellin,H sari*sari storesH et!' heCit" a"or issue& an or&er &ire!tin,

the o!!upants to %a!ate the stru!tures within fi%e&a"s fro noti!eH otherwise the" woul& e e%i!te&an& relo!ate& an& their shanties reo%e&H inor&er that the par!el of lan& !oul& e !on%erte&into a parD for puli! use an& eno"ent' heinhaitants of the par!el of lan& !oplaine& to theCoission on @uan i,hts ur,in, that thea"or of ue=on Cit" e stoppe& fro &oin,what he has threatene& to &o' he Coission

on @uan i,htsH after !on&u!tin, anin%esti,ation an& fin&in, that the shanties ofpetitioners were alrea&" ein, &eolishe& "thenH or&ere& the ue=on Cit" a"or an& persons5pleentin, his or&er to !ease an& &esist fro&eolishin, petitionersB shanties un&er pain of!ontept'

6hat ha%e "ou to sa" on the %ali&it" of thea!tuation of the Coission on @uan i,hts inrelation to that of the ue=on Cit" a"orL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he a!tuation of the Coission on @uani,hts is %oi&' 5n 7i0on /s. Co00ission on@*0an Rig-+sH 229 SC+ 117' the Court hel&that the Coission on @uan i,hts has nopower to issue a restrainin, or&er or a writ of inun!tion an& has no power to !ite for !onteptfor %iolation of the restrainin, or&er or a writ of preliinar" inun!tion' he !ease an& &esistor&erH a!!or&in, to the CourtH is a seanti!5nterpla" for a restrainin, or&er' 5ts power to !itefor !ontept shoul& e un&erstoo& to appl" onl"to %iolations of its a&opte& operational ,ui&elinesan& rules of pro!e&ure essential to !arr" out its

in%esti,atorial powersH whi!h it is !onstitutionall"authori=e& to a&opt'

Co++i%%ion on H-+an Rig't%5 Poer toi%%-e TRO 61

No E5 * 5n or&er to ipleent a i, ,o%ernentfloo& !ontrol proe!tH the -epartent of Puli!6orDs an& @i,hwa"s (-P6@) an& a lo!al,o%ernent unit ($<) reo%e& s?uatters frothe anD of a ri%er an& !ertain esteros for relo!ation to another pla!e' heir shanties were

&eolishe&' he Coission on @uan i,hts(C@) !on&u!te& an in%esti,ation an& issue& anor&er for the -P6@ an& the $< to !ease an&&esist fro effe!tin, the reo%al of the s?uatterson the ,roun& that the huan ri,hts of thes?uatters were ein, %iolate&' he -P6@ an&the $< oe!te& to the or&er of the C@

esol%e whi!h position is !orre!t' easons ()



1;8)



1;8*

S<$$/S/- +NS6/;



1;86

he position of the -epartent of Puli! 6orDsan& @i,hwa"s an& of the lo!al ,o%ernent unit is!orre!t' +s hel& in /port Pro!essin, .one

+uthorit" %' Coission on @uan i,htsH 208SC+12 (1992)H no pro%ision in the Constitutionor an" law !onfers on the Coission on @uani,hts uris&i!tion to issue teporar" restrainin,or&ers or writs of preliinar" inun!tion' heCoission on @uan i,hts has no u&i!ialpower' 5ts powers are erel" in%esti,ator"'

Co++i%%ion on H-+an Rig't%5 Poer5Li+itation% 6>;<(2) S?uatters an& %en&ors ha%e put upstru!tures in an area inten&e& for a PeopleBs ParDHwhi!h are ipe&in, the flow of traffi! in thea&oinin, hi,hwa"' a"or Cru= ,a%e noti!e for thestru!tures to e reo%e&H an& the area %a!ate&

within a onthH or elseH fa!e &eolition an&ee!tent' he o!!upants file& a !ase with theCoission on @uan i,hts (C@) to stop thea"orBs o%e'

he C@ then issue& an or&er to &esista,ainst a"or Cru= with warnin, that hewoul& e hel& in !ontept shoul& he fail to!opl" with the &esistan!e or&er' 6hen theallotte& tie lapse&H a"or Cru= !ause& the&eolition an& reo%al of the stru!tures'

+!!or&in,l"H the C@ !ite& hi for !ontept'

()

(a) 6hat is "our !on!ept of @uan i,htsL-oes this !ase in%ol%e %iolations of huanri,hts within the s!ope of the C@Bs

uris&i!tionL S<$$/S/- +NS6/: <n&erthe <ni%ersal -e!laration of @uan i,htsH the5nternational Co%enant on /!onoi!H So!ialan& Cultural i,hts an& 5nternational Co%enanton Ci%il an& Politi!al i,htsH the s!ope ofhuan ri,hts in!lu&es +-ose +-a+ re'a+e +o anindi/id*a'Fs socia' econo0ic c*'+*ra' po'i+ica'and ci/i' re'a+ions... a'ong i+- -a+ isgenera''y considered +o be -is in-eren+ andina'ienab'e rig-+s enco0passing a'0os+ a''aspec+s o 'ie'

5n the !ase at arH the lan& a&oins a us"national hi,hwa" an& the !onstru!tion ofthe s?uatter shanties ipe&es the flow oftraffi!' he

!onse?uent &an,er to life an& li !annote i,nore&' 5t is para&oi!al that a ri,htwhi!h is !laie& to ha%e een %iolate& isone that !annotH in the first pla!eH e%en ein%oDe&H if it isH in fa!tH etant' ase& onthe !ir!ustan!es otainin, in thisinstan!eH the C@ or&er for &eolition &onot fall within the !opartent of huanri,hts %iolations in%ol%in, !i%il an& politi!al

ri,hts inten&e& " the Constitution' (Sion%' Coission on @uan i,htsH $'' No'10010H >anuar" H 199#)

() Can the C@ issue an or&er to &esist orrestrainin, or&erL S<$$/S/- +NS6/: heC@ a" not issue an or&er to &esist orrestrainin, or&er' he !onstitutional pro%ision&ire!tin, the C@ to pro%i&e for pre%enti%eeasures to those whose huan ri,hts ha%eeen %iolate& or nee& prote!tion a" not e

!onstrue& to !onfer uris&i!tion on theCoission to issue a restrainin, or&er or writof inun!tion forH it that were the intentionH theConstitution woul& ha%e epressl" sai& so'>uris&i!tion is !onferre& onl" " the Constitutionor " law' 5t is ne%er &eri%e& " ipli!ation'(/port Pro!essin, .one +uthorit" %'Coission on @uan i,htsH $'' No'101#7H +pril 1#H 1992)

(!) 5s the C@ epowere& to &e!lare a"orCru= in !onteptL -oes it ha%e !onteptpowers at allL S<$$/S/- +NS6/: heC@ &oes not possess a&u&i!ati%e fun!tionsan& thereforeH on its ownH is not epowere& to&e!lare a"or Cru= in !ontept for issuin,the or&er to &esist' @owe%erH un&er the 1987ConstitutionH the C@ is !onstitutionall"authori=e&H in the eer!ise of its in%esti,ati%efun!tionsH to a&opt its operational ,ui&elinesan& rules of pro!e&ureH an& !ite for !onteptfor %iolations thereof in a!!or&an!e with the

ules of Court' +!!or&in,l"H the C@H in the!ourse of an in%esti,ationH a" onl" !ite orhol& an" person in !ontept an& ipose theappropriate penalties in a!!or&an!e with thepro!e&ure an& san!tions pro%i&e& for in theules of Court' (Carino %' Coission on



1;87



1;88

@uan i,htsH $'' No' 981H -e!eer 2H 1991)



1;89

Labor5 Rig't to Se#<Organi)ation 61988

No' 2: e!ause of the arDe& in!rease in thein!i&en!e of laor striDes an& of worD stoppa,es inin&ustrial estalishentsH Con,ress inten&in, tohelp proote in&ustrial pea!eH passe&H o%er the

oe!tions of ilitant laor unionsH an aen&entto the aor Co&eH pro%i&in, that no person who isor has een a eer of the Counist Part"a" ser%e as an offi!er of an" laor or,ani=ation inthe !ountr"' +n asso!iation of forer NP+s (NewPeoples +r") who ha& surren&ere&H a%aile& of anest"H an& are presentl" lea&in, ?uiet an&pea!eful li%esH !oes to "ou asDin, what !oul& e&one a,ainst the aen&ent' 6hat woul& "oua&%ise the asso!iation to &oL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

5n PA8L6 /. 7ecre+ary o Labor H 27 SC+ #0(199) the Supree Court uphel& the %ali&it" of se!' 23 of the 5n&ustrial Pea!e +!t re?uirin, laor unions to suitH within 0 &a"s of the ele!tion of its offi!ersH affi&a%its of the latter that the" are noteers of the Counist Part"H a,ainst the!lai that the re?uireent un&ul" !urtaile&free&o of assel" an& asso!iation' he Courtpointe& out that the filin, of the affi&a%its waserel" a !on&ition for the a!?uisition " a laor or,ani=ation of le,al personalit" an& theeno"ent of !ertain ri,hts an& pri%ile,es whi!h

the Constitution &oes not ,uarantee' An the other han&H the re?uireent !onstitutes a %ali& eer!iseof the StateBs poli!e power to prote!t the puli!a,ainst auseH frau& an& ipostors'

ut the &is?ualifi!ation of eers of the CPPan& its ilitar" arH the NP+H fro ein, offi!ersof a laor union woul& (1) nullif" the anest",rante& " the Presi&ent with the !on!urren!eH ita" e assue&H of the aorit" of the eersof Con,ress an& (2) perit the !on&enation of the forer NP+ eers without u&i!ial trial in a

wa" that aDes it !ontrar" to the prohiitiona,ainst the ena!tent of ill of attain&er an& epost fa!to law' he anest" ,rante& to the forer NP+s oliterate& their offense an& relie%e& theof the punishent ipose& " law' (arrio?uinto%H Fernan&e=H 82 Phil' #2 (19#9))' heaen&ent woul& aDe the ,uilt" of an a!tHthat of ha%in, een forer eers of the NP+Hfor whi!h the" ha%e alrea&" een for,i%en "Presi&ential anest"'

For these reasonsH 5 woul& a&%ise theasso!iation to worD for the %eto of the ill an&H if it is not %etoe& ut e!oes a lawH to !hallen,eit in !ourt'

Labor5 Rig't to Strie 61988

No= 1: @earin,s efore a !on,ressional !oitteeha%e estalishe& that an" firs at the ataan

/port Pro!essin, .one ha& !lose& &own or pulle& out e!ause of unstale laor !on&itionsresultin, in so an" striDes' o ree&" thesituation an& ine!t %italit" to the eport epansionpro,raH soe !on,ressional lea&ers an&usiness ee!uti%es propose that striDe*freeeport =ones e estalishe&'

-o "ou elie%e that un&er the presentConstitutionH it is le,all" possile to put up su!h astriDe*free eport pro!essin, =one in the !ountr"L6h" or wh" notL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:No' he fa!t that an" firs at the ataan /P.+ha%e een for!e& to !lose &own " unstale laor !on&ition rou,ht aout " striDe &oes not ustif"the an on striDe' he Constitution ,uarantees theri,hts of worDers to en,a,e in pea!eful !on!erte&a!ti%itiesH in!lu&in, the ri,ht to striDe ina!!or&an!e with law' (+rt' M555H se!' 3)' 5t is ille,alstriDes whi!h !an e prohiite& ut not all striDes'For striDe is laorBs le,itiate weapon' 5n theasen!e of a !opellin, interest of the state (su!has health an& safet"H e','H the prohiition of striDe

in hospitals an& in&ustries in&ispensale to thenational interest) it !annot e prohiite&'

Labor5 Rig't to Strie 6199

No' 1: Con,ressan Chen, sa"s he is one of the !o*authors of the Sui! a" etropolitan

+uthorit" Charter' @e &e!lares that the S+ isthe answer to rapi& e!onoi! ,rowth an& theattainent of the Presi&entBs Philippine 2000&rea' @owe%erH Chen, is worrie& that forei,n!apital i,ht e slow in !oin, in &ue to unstaleworDin, !on&itions resultin, fro too an"striDes' o ree&" this situation' Chen, proposesan aen&ent to S+ law &e!larin, it as astriDe*free =one or total an on striDes' 5s thisproposal le,all" &efensileL /plain riefl"'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+rt' M555' se!' 3 of the Constitution ,uaranteesthe ri,ht of all worDers to en,a,e in pea!eful!on!erte& a!ti%itiesH in!lu&in, the ri,ht to striDe



1;8:



1;9;

in a!!or&an!e with law' husH a law !annot totall"prohiit the ri,ht to striDe ut !an onl" re,ulate theeer!ise thereof' @is proposal to an striDestotall" in the Sui! Spe!ial /!onoi! an&Freeport .one isH therefore un!onstitutional'



1;91

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

6hile the Constitution ,uarantees to worDers the

ri,ht to en,a,e in pea!eful !on!erte& a!ti%itiesH5n!lu&in, the ri,ht to striDeH su!h ri,ht !an onl" eeer!ise& in a!!or&an!e with law' he phrase ina!!or&an!e with law was 5nserte& pre!isel" to5n&i!ate that in soe e!eptional !ases worDerswoul& not ha%e the ri,ht to striDe if it is prohiite& "law' @en!eH the proposal to an striDes totall" in theSui! Spe!ial /!onoi! an& Freeport .one is!onstitutional' (So!ial Se!urit" S"ste /plo"ees

+sso!iation %s' Court of +ppealsH 17 SC+ 8H>ul" 28' 1989; anila Puli! S!hool ea!hers

+sso!iation %' a,uioH 200 SC+ 323 (1991))'

So"ia .-%ti"e -nder t'e Pre%ent Con%tit-tion6199

No' 1* 1' -is!uss the !on!ept of so!ial usti!eun&er the 1987 ConstitutionH

2' @ow &oes it !opare with the ol& !on!ept of so!ial >usti!e un&er the 1973 ConstitutionL <n&er the 193 ConstitutionL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/

1' Se!tion 10H +rti!le 55 of the 1987 Constitutionpro%i&es' he State shall proote so!ial usti!ein all phases of national &e%elopent' +s state&in ar?ue= %s' Se!retar" of aorH 171 SC+337H so!ial usti!e eans that the State shoul&assist the un&erpri%ile,e&' 6ithout su!h helpHthe" i,ht not e ale to se!ure usti!e for thesel%es' Sin!e the pro%ision on so!ial usti!ein the 1987 Constitution !o%ers all phases of national &e%elopentH it is not liite& to thereo%al of so!io*e!onoi! ine?uities ut alsoin!lu&es politi!al an& !ultural ine?uities' he 1987

Constitution elaorate& on the !on!ept of so!ial usti!e " &e%otin, an entire arti!leH +rti!le M555H toit'

+lternati%e +nswers:

a) Se!tion H +rti!le 55 of the 193 Constitutionpro%i&e&H he prootion of so!ial usti!e to5nsure the well*ein, an& e!onoi! se!urit" of allthe people shoul& e the !on!ern of the State'6hile this pro%ision eo&ie& the !on!ept ofso!ial usti!e as an oli,ation of the

State to alle%iate the pli,ht of the un&erpri%ile,e&" reo%in, 5ne?uitiesH it sipl" a&e a ,eneralpoli!" &e!laration an& fo!use& on so!ial an&e!onoi! ine?uitiesH

) 5n the 1987 ConstitutionH so!ial >usti!e is!on!eptuali=e& as a set of spe!ifi! e!onoi!Hso!ial an& !ultural ri,hts'

!) he 1987 Constitutional pro%ision on so!ial

usti!e in!lu&es all phases of national&e%elopent' 5t in!lu&es e!onoi!H politi!alH so!ialan& !ultural ri,hts'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/

2' 5n Calalan, %' 6illiasH et' al'' 70 Phil' 72Hso!ial usti!e was &efine& as neither !ounisnor &espotisH nor atoisH nor anar!h"H ut thehuani=ation of laws an& the e?uali=ation of so!ial an& e!onoi! for!es " the State so that

usti!e in its rational an& oe!ti%el" se!ular !on!eption a" at least e approiate&' So!ial

usti!e eans the prootion of the welfare of all

the peopleH the a&option " the ,o%ernent of easures !al!ulate& to insure e!onoi! stailit"of all the !opetent eleents of so!iet"H throu,hthe aintenan!e of a proper e!onoi! an& so!iale?uiliriu in the interrelations of the eers of the !ounit"H

An the other han&H Se!tion H +rti!le 55 of the 1973Constitution pro%i&e&' he State shall prooteso!ial usti!e to ensure the &i,nit"H welfareH an&se!urit" of all the people' owar& this en&' theState shall re,ulate the a!?uisitionH ownershipH

useH eno"entH an& &isposition of pri%ate propert"Han& e?uital" &iffuse propert" ownership an&profits' his pro%ision epoun&e& on the !on!eptof so!ial usti!e " epressl" entionin, there,ulation of propert" an& the e?uitale &iffusion of ownership'

Note: 5t is su,,este& that the eainer shoul&!orrelate the answers to oth ?uestions an& ,i%e!re&it to answers whi!h state that there is anepansion of the ran,e of so!ial >usti!e in the1987 Constitution !opare& to the 193 an& the1973 Constitution'

4o+en 6

No 5M' ) 6hat are the pro%isions of theConstitution on woenL (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

) he followin, are the pro%isions of theConstitution on woen:



1;9(



1;9)

1)



1;9*



1;96

5t (the State) shall e?uall" prote!t the life ofthe other an& the life of the unorn fro!on!eption' (Se!tion 12H +rti!le 55)



1;97

2) he State re!o,ni=es the role of woen in nation*uil&in,H an& shall ensurethe fun&aental e?ualit" efore the law of woen an& en' (Se!tion 1#H +rti!le 55)

3) he State shall prote!t worDin,woen " pro%i&in, safe an& healthfulworDin, !on&itionsH taDin, into a!!ount their aternal fun!tionsH an& su!h fa!ulties an&opportunities that will enhan!e their welfarean& enale the to reali=e their full potentialin the ser%i!e of the nation' (Se!tion 1#H

+rti!le M555)

ARTICLE /I( Ed-"ation3

S"ien"e and Te"'noogy3 Art%Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+ 61987

No' M: MH a son of a ri!h fail"H applie& for enrolent with the San Carlos Seinar" inan&alu"on,H etro anila' e!ause he ha&een pre%iousl" epelle& fro another seinar"for s!holasti! &efi!ien!"H the e!tor of San CarlosSeinar" &enie& the appli!ation without ,i%in, an",roun&s for the &enial' +fter M was refuse&a&issionH the e!tor a&itte& another appli!antHwho is the son of a poor farer who was alsoa!a&ei!all" &efi!ient'

() Prepare a rief ar,uent !itin, rulesH lawsH orConstitutional pro%isions in support of thee!torBs &enial of the otion for re!onsi&eration'

(!) $i%e "our &e!ision on the appeal of M frothe e!torBs &enial of MBs appli!ationH

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

() he seinar" has institutional autono"whi!h ,i%es it the ri,htH all thin,s ein, e?ualH to!hoose who it will a&it as stu&ent' ($ar!ia %'Fa!ult" of +&issionH o"ola S!hool of heolo,"H8 SC+ 277 (197); Eillar %' e!hnolo,i!al5nstitute of the PhilippinesH 13 SC+ 70(198); an,onan%' Cru= PanoH 137 SC+ 2# (198) ) hisautono" is suffi!ientl" lar,e to perit in this!ase the seinar" to !hoose etween the ri!hanBs son an& the poor anBs son'

(!) he preferen!e ,i%en to the poor anBs son is ustifie&' Not onl" is the seinar" entitle& to!hoose who it will a&it e!ause it eno"sinstitutional autono" (+rt' M5EH Se!' (2) ) utthe !hoi!e a&e in this !ase is a wise an&

u&i!ious one' he ri!h anBs son ha& eenepelle& fro another s!hool e!ause of a!a&ei! &elin?uen!"' -espite the e!onoi!a&%anta,e an& opportunit" he ha&H he still faile&

in his s!hool worDH warrantin, a fin&in, that he!annot reall" &o s!hool worD' An the other han&Hthe poor anBs son a" e a!a&ei!all" &efi!ientpre!isel" as a result of po%ert" so that if relie%e&of its effe!ts it is proale he will &o etter ins!hool' he &eo!rati=ation of wealth an& powerHipli!it in +rt' M555H Se!' 1H an& ustifies the&e!ision of the e!tor in this !ase'

Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+ 61989

No' 9: 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& " a!a&ei!

free&oLS<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+!!or&in, to Si&ne" @ooDH a!a&ei! free&o isthe free&o of professionall" ?ualifie& persons toin?uireH &is!o%erH pulish an& tea!h the truth asthe" see it in the fiel& of their !opeten!e withoutein, sue!t to an" !ontrol or authorit" e!eptthe !ontrol or authorit" of the rational etho&s "whi!h truths or !on!lusions are sou,ht an&estalishe& in these &is!iplines'

5n $ar!ia %s' Fa!ult" +&ission CoitteeH 8SC+ 277H it was hel& that the a!a&ei! free&oof institutions of hi,her learnin, in%ol%es a wi&esphere of autono" in &e!i&in, their oe!ti%esan& the est eans of attainin, the withoutoutsi&e interferen!e e!ept when o%erri&in, puli!welfare !alls for soe restraint' husH a s!hool !an&eterine for itself who a" tea!hH who a" etau,htH how it shall e tau,htH an& who a" ea&itte& to stu&"' 5n an,onon %s' PanoH 137SC+ 2#H it was hel& that the a!a&ei! free&oof an institution of hi,her learnin, in!lu&es theri,ht to pres!rie a!a&ei! stan&ar&s an& to

refuse re*enrollent to stu&ents for a!a&ei!&efi!ien!ies an& %iolation of &is!iplinar"re,ulations' +!!or&in, to <ni%ersit" of San Carlos%s' Court of +ppealsH

$'' No' 79237H A!toer 18H 1988H a!a&ei!free&o in!lu&es the ri,ht to pres!riere?uireents for the !onferent of honors'

Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+ 6199



1;98



1;99

No



1;9:

' 18: in,H a stu&ent of an,Derohan <ni%ersit"Hwas ,i%en a failin, ,ra&e " Professor ahi,pit'in, !onfronte& Professor ahi,pit at the !orri&orafter !lass an& a heate& ar,uent ensue&' Cooler hea&s pre%ente& the %eral war en&in, in ph"si!al!onfrontation' ahi,pit left the !apus an& wentshoppin, 5n a &epartent store' in, saw ahi,pitan& without an" warnin, aule& the latter'ahi,pit file& an a&inistrati%e !oplaint a,ainst

in, efore the -ean of Stu&ents for rea!h ofuni%ersit" rules an& re,ulations' he -ean set the!oplaint for hearin,' @owe%erH in, file& apetition efore the C to prohiit the -ean an&the s!hool fro in%esti,atin, hi !onten&in, thatthe aulin, in!i&ent happene& outsi&e the s!hoolpreises an& thereforeH outsi&e the s!hoolBs

uris&i!tion' he s!hool an& the -ean answere&that the s!hool !an in%esti,ate in, sin!e his!on&u!t outsi&e s!hool hours an& e%en outsi&e ofs!hool preises affe!t the welfare of the s!hool;an& furtheroreH the !ase in%ol%es a stu&ent an&fa!ult" eer' 5f "ou were the u&,eH how woul&

"ou &e!i&e the !aseL



1;:;

Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+5 E,tent61999

No 55 * +' 6hat is +!a&ei! Free&oL-is!uss the etent of +!a&ei! Free&o

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5 woul& &isiss the petition'5n Ange'es / 7isonH 112 SC+ 2H it was hel&that a s!hool !an sue!t to &is!iplinar" a!tion astu&ent who assaulte& a professor outsi&e thes!hool preisesH e!ause the is!on&u!t of thestu&ent in%ol%es his status asH a stu&ent or affe!ts the ,oo& nae or reputation of thes!hool' he is!on&u!t of in, &ire!tl" affe!tshis suitailit" as a stu&ent'

en4oyed y in&titution& o +ig+e! lea!ning. <(=>

$MGGE$TED AN$ER?

A. Acco!ding to Reyes /. Co*r+ o Appea'sH 19#SC+ #02H a!a&ei! free&o is the free&o of afa!ult" eer to pursue his stu&ies in hisparti!ular spe!ialt" an& thereafter to aDe Dnownor pulish the result of his en&ea%ors without fear that retriution woul& e %isite& on hi in thee%ent that his !on!lusions are foun& &istasteful or oe!tionale " the powers that eH whether inthe politi!alH e!onoi!H or a!a&ei!estalishents'

5n 3arcia /. 8ac*'+y Ad0ission Co00i++eeH 8SC+ 277H it was hel& that the

a!a&ei! free&o of an institution of hi,herlearnin, in!lu&es the free&o to &eterine whoa" tea!hH what a" e tau,htH how it shall etau,htH an& who a" e a&itte& to stu&"'e!ause of a!a&ei! free&oH an institution ofhi,her learnin, !an refuse to re*enroll a stu&entwho is a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient or who has %iolate&the rules of &is!ipline' +!a&ei! free&o ,rantsinstitutions of hi,her learnin, the &is!retion to

forulate rules for the ,rantin, of honors'iDewiseH e!ause of a!a&ei! free&oH aninstitution of hi,her learnin, !an !lose a s!hool'

Ed-"ation5 Aien Enroee% B !onor% 61999

No 55 * C' 6hat is the rule on the nuer of alienswho a" enroll in e&u!ational institutions in thePhilippines' $i%e the e!eption to the rule' a"su!h institutions a!!ept &onations fro forei,nstu&ents un&er the pretet that su!h &onations are

to e use& to u" e?uipent an& ipro%e s!hoolfa!ilitiesL /plain' (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

C' <n&er Se!tion #(2)H +rti!le M5E of theConstitutionH no ,roup of aliens shall !opriseore than one*thir& of the enrollent in an"s!hool' he e!eption refers to s!hoolsestalishe& for forei,n &iploati! personnel an&their &epen&ents an&H unless otherwise pro%i&e&" lawH for other forei,n teporar" resi&ents'

/&u!ational institutions a" a!!ept &onationsfro forei,n stu&ents' No pro%ision in theConstitution or an" law prohiits it'

Ed-"ation5 !-tie% o# State in Re Ed-"ation61999

No 55 * ' $i%e two &uties of the state an&ate& "the Constitution re,ar&in, e&u!ation' (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

' +rti!le M5E of the Constitution iposes thefollowin, &uties re,ar&in, e&u!ation upon theState:

1' he State shall prote!t an& prootethe ri,ht of all !iti=ens to ?ualit" e&u!ation atall le%els an& shall taDe appropriate steps toaDe su!h e&u!ation a!!essile to all'(Se!tion 1)

1 he State shall estalishH aintain an& support a!opleteH a&e?uateH an& inte,rate& s"ste ofe&u!ation rele%ant to the nee&s of the people an&so!iet"' Se!tion 2(1)Q

2 he State shall estalish an& aintain a s"ste of free puli! e&u!ation in the eleentar" an& hi,hs!hool le%els' Se!tion 2(2)Q

3 he State shall estalish an& aintain a s"ste of s!holarship ,rantsH stu&ent loan pro,rasH

susi&iesH an& other in!enti%es whi!h shall ea%ailale to &eser%in, stu&ents in oth puli! an&pri%ate s!hoolsH espe!iall" to the un&erpri%ile,e&'Se!tion 2(3)Q

4 he State shall en!oura,e non*foralH inforalan& in&i,enous learnin, s"stesH as well as self*learnin,H in&epen&ent an& out*ofs!hool stu&"pro,ra parti!ularl" those that respon& to!ounit" nee&sH Se!tion 2W#WQ

5 he State shall pro%i&e a&ult !iti=ensH the&isale&H an& out*of*s!hool "outh with trainin, in!i%i!sH %o!ational effi!ien!" an& other sDills'

Se!tion 2()Q6 he State shall taDe into a!!ount re,ional an&

se!toral nee&s an& !on&itions an& shallen!oura,e lo!al plannin, in the &e%elopent ofe&u!ational poli!ies an& pro,ras' Se!tion (1WQ

7 he State shall enhan!e the ri,hts of tea!hers toprofessional a&%an!eent' Non*tea!hin,a!a&ei! an& non*a!a&ei! personnel shalleno" the prote!tion of the State' Se!tion (#)Q

8 he State shall assi,n the hi,hest u&,etar"priorit" to e&u!ation an& ensure that tea!hin, willattra!t an& retain its ri,htful share of the est

a%ailale talents throu,h a&e?uate reunerationan& other eans of o satisfa!tion an& fulfillent'Se!tion ()Q



1;:1



1;:(

Note: he ?uestion asDs for two !onstitutional&uties of the state re,ar&in, e&u!ation'Q



1;:)

Ed-"ation5 Fag Sa-te 61987

No' M555: he re?uireent that s!hool !hil&renparti!ipate in fla, !ereonies has een thesue!t of !ontro%ers"' An the one han& it is the%iew that the re?uireent %iolates reli,iousfree&o; on the other is the Supree Court&e!ision that e!ause of rele%ant pro%isions of the 193 Constitution the fla, salute a" e%ali&l" re?uire&'

6hi!h of the ao%e fin&s support on 1987ConstitutionH Cite at least two pro%isions to pro%e"our point'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he %iew that fla, salute a" %ali&l" e re?uire&fin&s support in the followin, pro%isions of the1987 Constitution:

(a) +rtH M5EH Se!' 3(2)H whi!h pro%i&es that alle&u!ational institutions shall in!ul!ate in stu&entsH

aon, other !i%il %irtuesH patriotis an&nationalis an& tea!h the the ri,hts an& &utiesof !iti=enship' hus !onsi&eral" roa&enin, theais of s!hools is ori,inall" state& in the 193Constitution whi!h the Supree Court relie& uponfor its &e!ision in $erona %' Se!retar" of/&u!ationH 10 Phil' 2 (199)H uphol&in, the fla,salute in the Philippines' he 193 Constitutionsipl" entione& the &e%elopent of !i%i!!ons!ien!e an& the tea!hin, of the &uties of!iti=enship'() +rt 55H Se!H 13 an&ates the State to in!ul!atein the "outh patriotis an& nationalisH whileSe!' 17 re?uires the State to ,i%e priorit" toe&u!ationH aon, other !on!ernsH to fosterpatriotis an& nationalis'

Ed-"ation5 Rig't to C'oo%e Pro#e%%ion 6

No 5E' <n&aunte& " his three failures in theNational e&i!al +&ission est (N+)H Cru=applie& to taDe it a,ain ut he was refuse&e!ause of an or&er of the -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports (-/CS) &isallowin,flunDers fro taDin, the test a fourth tie' Cru=file& suit assailin, this rule raisin, the!onstitutional ,roun&s of a!!essile ?ualit"e&u!ationH a!a&ei! free&o an& e?ualprote!tion' he ,o%ernent opposes thisHuphol&in, the !onstitutionalit" of the rule on the,roun& of eer!ise of poli!e power' -e!i&e the!ase &is!ussin, the ,roun&s raise&' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+s hel& in -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an&Sports %' San -ie,oH180 SC+



1;:*



1;:6

33 (1989)H the rule is a %ali& eer!ise of poli!epower to ensure that those a&itte& to the e&i!alprofession are ?ualifie&' he ar,uents of Cru=are not eritorious' he ri,ht to ?ualit" e&u!ationan& a!a&ei! free&o are not asolute' <n&erSe!tion (3)H +rti!le M5E of the ConstitutionH theri,ht to !hoose a profession is sue!t to fairHreasonale an& e?uitale a&ission an& a!a&ei!re?uireents' he rule &oes not %iolate e?ual

prote!tion' here is a sustantial &istin!tionetween e&i!al stu&ents an& other stu&ents'<nliDe other professionsH the e&i!al profession&ire!tl" affe!ts the li%es of the people'



1;:7

Ed-"ation5 Rig't to >-aity Ed-"ation 6

No 555 * Chil&ren who are eers of a reli,iousse!t ha%e een epelle& fro their respe!ti%epuli! s!hools for refusin,H on a!!ount of their

reli,ious eliefsH to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"whi!h in!lu&es pla"in, " a an& or sin,in, thenational antheH salutin, the Philippine fla, an&re!itin, the patrioti! ple&,e' he stu&ents an&their parents assail the epulsion on the ,roun&that the s!hool authorities ha%e a!te& in %iolationof their ri,ht to free puli! e&u!ationH free&o of spee!hH an& reli,ious free&o an& worship'-e!i&e the !ase'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he stu&ents !annot e epelle& fro s!hool' +s

hel& in :bra'inag /. T-e ;i/ision 7*perin+enden+ o 7c-oo's o Ceb*. 219 SC+ 2 1993QH to!opel stu&ents to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"when it is a,ainst their reli,ious eliefs will %iolatetheir reli,ious free&o' heir epulsion also%iolates the &ut" of the State un&er +rti!le M5EHSe!tion 1 of the Constitution to prote!t an&proote the ri,ht of all !iti=ens to ?ualit"e&u!ation an& aDe su!h e&u!ation a!!essile toall'

Ed-"ation5 Tea"'ing o# Reigion 61999

No 55 * -' 6hat is the !onstitutional pro%ision!on!ernin, the tea!hin, of reli,ion in theeleentar" an& hi,h s!hools in the PhilippinesL/plain' (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

-' <n&er Se!tion 3(3)H +rti!le M5E of theConstitutionH at the option epresse& in writin, "the parents or ,uar&iansH reli,ion shall eallowe& to e tau,ht to their !hil&ren or war&s in

puli! eleentar" an& hi,h s!hools within there,ular !lass hours " instru!tors &esi,nate& orappro%e& " the reli,ious authorities to whi!h the!hil&ren or war&s elon,H without a&&itional !ostto the $o%ernent'

Ed-"ation5 (aidity o# A"ade+i" Re-ire+ent%6199;

No' 12; he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culturean& Sports 5ssue& a !ir!ular &is?ualif"in, an"onewho fails for the fourth tie in the National/ntran!e ests fro a&ission to a Colle,e of -entistr"'

M who was thus &is?ualifie&H ?uestions the!onstitutionalit" of the !ir!ular'

1) -i& the !ir!ular &epri%e her of her !onstitutional ri,ht to e&u!ationL

2) -i& the !ir!ular %iolate the e?ual prote!tion!lause of the ConstitutionL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) NoH the !ir!ular &is?ualif"in, an"one who failsfor the fourth tie in the National /ntran!e estsfro a&ission to the Colle,e of -entistr" &i& not&epri%e M of her !onstitutional ri,ht to e&u!ation'

+s hel& in -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an&Sports %s' San -ie,oH 180 SC+ 33H this ri,ht isnot asolute' Se!tion (3)' +rti!le M5E of theConstitution pro%i&es that the ri,ht to !hoose aprofession or !ourse of stu&" is sue!t to fairHreasonale an& e?uitale a&ission an&

a!a&ei! re?uireents' e?uirin, that those whowill enroll in a Colle,e of -entistr" shoul& pass theNational /ntran!e est is %ali&H e!ause it isinten&e& to ensure that onl" those who are?ualifie& to e &entists are a&itte& for enrollent'

2) NoH the !ir!ular &i& not %iolate the e?ualprote!tion !lause of the Constitution' '''

ARTICLE /(I 2enera

Pro*i%ion%

2enera Pro*i%ion%5 Lo"a !iae"t 61987No' E: State whether or not the followin, !it"or&inan!es are %ali& an& ,i%e reasons in supportof "our answers:

(a) +n or&inan!e pres!riin, the use of thelo!al &iale!t as e&iu of instru!tion in thepriar" ,ra&es'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



1;:8



1;:9

(a) he or&inan!eH whi!h pres!ries the use of thelo!al &iale!t as e&iu of instru!tion in thepriar" ,ra&esH is in%ali&' he Constitutionpro%i&es in +rt M5EH Se!' 7 for the use of re,ional&iale!t as auiliar" e&iu of instru!tion' 5f theor&inan!e pres!ries the use of lo!al &iale!t notas auiliar"H ut as e!lusi%e lan,ua,e ofinstru!tionH then it is %iolati%e of the Constitutionfor this a&&itional reason' he or&inan!e woul&

thus allow ore &iale!ts to e use& than it is&esirale an& aDe the ?uest for national unit"ore &iffi!ult'



1;::

AFP5 i+itation on a""e$ting additiona d-tie%6199?No' 7: Can the >u&,e*+&%o!ate $eneral of the

+re& For!es of the Philippines e appointe& arustee of the $o%ernent Ser%i!e 5nsuran!eS"steL /plain'SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:NoH the >u&,e +&%o!ate $eneral of the +re&For!es of the Philippines !annot e appointe& as

trustee of the $o%ernent Ser%i!e 5nsuran!eS"ste' <n&er Se!tion (#)' +rti!le ME5 of theConstitutionH no eer of the +re& For!es ofthe Philippines in the a!ti%e ser%i!e shall at an"tie e appointe& or &esi,nate& in an" !apa!it" toa !i%ilian position in the $o%ernentH in!lu&in,,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporations'

ARTICLE /(II A+end+ent% or

Re*i%ion% Peo$eJ% Initiati*e 6; 6;<b +n aen&ent to or a re%ision of the presentConstitution a" e propose& " a ConstitutionalCon%ention or " the Con,ress upon a %ote ofthree*fourths of all its eers' 5s there a thir&wa" of proposin, re%isions of or aen&ents tothe ConstitutionL 5f soH howL ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: here is no thir& wa" ofproposin, re%isions to the Constitution; howe%erHthe people throu,h initiati%e upon petition of at

least twel%e per !ent of the total nuer ofre,istere&H %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e &istri!tust e represente& " at least three per !ent ofthe re,istere& %oters in itH a" &ire!tl" proposeaen&ents to the Constitution' his ri,ht is notoperati%e without an ipleentin, law' (Se!tion 2H

+rti!le ME55 of the 1987 Constitution')

A+end+ent% and Re*i%ion%5 0ode% 61997

No' 20: State the %arious o&es ofH an& steps inHre%isin, or aen&in, the Philippine Constitution'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

here are three o&es of aen&in, theConstitution'

1' <n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le ME555 of the

Constitution' Con,ress a" " three*fourths %oteof all its eers propose an" aen&ent to orre%ision of the Constitution'2' <n&er the sae pro%isionH a !onstitutional!on%ention a" propose an" aen&ent to orre%ision of the Constitution' +!!or&in, to Se!tion3H +rti!le ME55 of the Constitution' Con,ress a"" a two*thir&s %ote of all its eers !all a!onstitutional !on%ention or " a aorit" %ote ofall its eers suit the ?uestion of !allin, su!ha !on%ention to the ele!torate'

3' <n&er Se!tion 2' +rti!le ME55 of the ConstitutionHthe people a" &ire!tl" propose aen&ents tothe Constitution throu,h initiati%e upon a petitionof at least twel%e per !ent of the total nuer ofre,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e &istri!tust e represente& " at least three per !ent ofthe re,istere& %oters therein'

+!!or&in, to Se!tion #H +rti!le ME55 of theConstitutionH to e %ali& an" aen&ent to or re%ision of the Constitution ust e ratifie& "a aorit" of the %otes !ast 5n a pleis!ite'

REFEREN!U0 *%= INITIATI(E 6>1<(a) he present Constitution intro&u!e& the!on!epts an& pro!esses of 5nitiati%e an&eferen&u' Copare an& &ifferentiate one frothe other' (3) S<$$/S/- +NS6/:5N55+5E/ is the power of the people to proposeaen&ents to the Constitution or to proposean& ena!t le,islations throu,h an ele!tion !alle&for the purpose' <n&er the 1987 ConstitutionH thepeople throu,h initiati%e !an proposeaen&ents to the Constitution upon a petition of at least twel%e per !entu of the total nuer ofre,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e&istri!t ust e represente& " at least three per!entu of the re,istere& %oters therein'/F//N-< is the power of the ele!torate toappro%e or ree!t a le,islation throu,h an ele!tion!alle& for the purpose' (Se!' 3H '+' No' 731989Q)'



11;;



11;1

An the other han&H the o!al $o%ernent Co&e



11;(

('+' No' 710) &efines AC+ 5N55+5E/ asthe le,al pro!ess where" the re,istere& %otersof a lo!al ,o%ernent unit a" &ire!tl" proposeHena!tH or aen& an" or&inan!e (Se!' 120) an&AC+ /F//N-< as the le,al pro!esswhere" the re,istere& %oters of the lo!al,o%ernent units a" appro%eH aen& or ree!tan" or&inan!e ena!te& " the San,,unian' (Se!'

12)

ARTICLE /(III Tran%itoryPro*i%ion% Tran%itory Pro*i%ion%5 Foreign

0iitary &a%e% 6199?

No' # * 1) <n&er the ee!uti%e a,reeent entere&into etween the Philippines an& the other eers of the +S/+NH the other eers willea!h sen& a attalion*si=e unit of their respe!ti%e

are& for!es to !on&u!t a !oine& ilitar"eer!ise in the Sui! a" +rea' + ,roup of !on!erne& !iti=ens sou,ht to enoin the entr" of forei,n troops as %iolati%e of the 1987 Constitutionthat prohiite& the stationin, of forei,n troops an&the use " theH of lo!al fa!ilities'

+s the >u&,eH &e!i&e the !ase' /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) +s a u&,eH 5 shall &isiss the !ase' 6hatSe!tion 2H +rti!le ME55 of the Constitutionprohiits in the asen!e of a treat" is thestationin, of troops an& fa!ilities of forei,n!ountries in the Philippines' 5t &oes not in!lu&ethe teporar" presen!e in the Philippines of forei,n troops for the purpose of a !oine&ilitar" eer!ise' esi&esH the hol&in, of the!oine& ilitar" eer!ise is !onne!te& with&efenseH whi!h is a so%erei,n fun!tion' 5na!!or&an!e with the rulin, in aer %s' i=onH 7SC+ 1H the filin, of an a!tion interferin, with the&efense of the State aounts to a suit a,ainst theState without its !onsent'

Tran%itory Pro*i%ion%5 Foreign 0iitary &a%e%61988

No' 22: he Se!retar" of >usti!e ha& re!entl" rule&that the Presi&ent a" ne,otiate for a o&ifi!ationor etension of ilitar" ases a,reeent with the<nite& States re,ar&less of the no nuDespro%isions in the 1987 Constitution' he Presi&entforthwith announ!e& that she fin&s the sae opiniona!!eptale an& will a&opt it' he Senators on

the other han&H le& " the Senate Presi&entH aresDepti!alH an& ha& e%en warne& that no treat" orinternational a,reeent a" ,o into effe!twithout the !on!urren!e of two*thir&s of alleers of the Senate'

+ forer senator ha& sai&H it is !opletel" wron,H if not erroneousH an& is an aen&ent of theConstitution " isinterpretation' Soe eersof the ower @ouse a,ree with Se!retar" Ar&one=Hwhile others laent the latterBs opinion as?uestionaleH unfortunateH an& without an" asis atall'

-o "ou or &o "ou not a,ree with theaforeentione& rulin, of the -epartent of >usti!eL 6h"L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

No' he Constitution pro%i&es that if forei,nilitar" asesH troops or fa!ilities are to eallowe& after the epiration of the present

Philippine*+eri!an ilitar" ases +,reeent in1991H it ust e un&er a treat" &ul" !on!urre& in" the Senate an&H when the Con,ress sore?uiresH ratifie& " a aorit" of the %otes !ast "the people in a national referen&u' (+rt' ME555Hse!' 2) + ere a,reeentH thereforeH not atreat"H without the !on!urren!e of at least 2I3 of all the eers of the Senate will not e %ali&(+rt' E55H se!' 21H +rt' ME555H se!' #)' 6ith respe!tto the pro%ision allowin, nu!lear weapons withinthe asesH the Constitution appears to an su!hweapons fro the Philippine territor"' 5t &e!lares

as a state poli!" that the PhilippinesH !onsistentwith the national interestH a&opts an& pursues apoli!" of free&o fro nu!lear weapons in itsterritor"' (+rtH 55H se!' 8) @owe%erH the&elierations of the Constitutional Coissionwoul& see to in&i!ate that this pro%ision of theConstitution is not soethin, asolute nor 100per!ent without e!eption' 5t a" therefore ethat !ir!ustan!es a" ustif" a pro%ision onnu!lear weapons'

PU&LIC INTERNATIONAL LA4

&a%i" Prin"i$e% in P-bi" IntJ La 61991

Sele!t an" fi%e () of the followin, an& eplainea!hH usin, eaples:

(a) eprisal

() etorsion



11;)



11;*

(!) -e!larator" heor" of e!o,nition Prin!iple



11;6

(&) e!o,nition of elli,eren!"

(e) Continental Shelf

(f) /e?uatur

(,) Prin!iple of -oule Criinalit"

(h) Prote!ti%e Personalit"

(i) 5nno!ent Passa,e

() >us !o,ens in 5nternational aw$MGGE$TED AN$ER?

<a> REPRI$AL i& a coe!ci0e #ea&u!e &+o!t o "a!' di!ected y a &tate again&t anot+e!' in!etaliation o! act& o t+e latte! and a&#ean& o otaining !e/a!ation o!&ati&action o! &uc+ act&. Re/!i&al in0ol0e&!etaliato!y act& "+ic+ y t+e#&el0e& "oulde illegal. o! ea#/le' o! 0iolation o a

t!eaty y a &tate' t+e agg!ie0ed &tate&eie& on t+e +ig+ &ea& t+e &+i/& o t+eoending &tate.<> RETOR$ION i& a legal ut delie!atelyun!iendly act di!ected y a &tate again&tanot+e! in !etaliation o! an un!iendlyt+oug+ legal act to co#/el t+at &tate toalte! it& un!iendly conduct. An ea#/le o!eto!&ion i& anning e/o!t& to t+eoending &tate.<c> T+e DECLARATORY TEORY ORECOGNITION i& a t+eo!y acco!ding to "+ic+!ecognition o a &tate i& #e!ely an

ac,no"ledg#ent o t+e act o it& ei&tence.In ot+e! "o!d&' t+e !ecognied &tate al!eadyei&t& and can ei&t e0en "it+out &uc+!ecognition. o! ea#/le' "+en ot+e!count!ie& !ecognied Banglade&+'Banglade&+ al!eady ei&ted a& a &tate e0en"it+out &uc+ !ecognition.<d> RECOGNITION O BELLIGERENCY i& t+eo!#al ac,no"ledg#ent y a t+i!d /a!ty ot+e ei&tence o a &tate o "a! et"een t+ecent!al go0e!n#ent and a /o!tion o t+at&tate. Bellige!ency ei&t& "+en a &ieale/o!tion o t+e te!!ito!y o a &tate i& unde!t+e eecti0e cont!ol o an in&u!gentco##unity "+ic+ i& &ee,ing to e&tali&+ a&e/a!ate go0e!n#ent and t+e in&u!gent&a!e in de acto cont!ol o a /o!tion o t+ete!!ito!y and /o/ulation' +a0e a /oliticalo!ganiation' a!e ale to #aintain &uc+cont!ol' and conduct t+e#&el0e& acco!dingto t+e la"& o "a!. o! ea#/le' G!eatB!itain !ecognied a &tate o ellige!ency int+e Mnited $tate& du!ing t+e Ci0il a!'

<e> CONTINENTAL $EL o a coa&tal &tateco#/!i&e& t+e &ea-ed and &u&oil o t+e&u#a!ine a!ea& t+at etend eyond it&te!!ito!ial &ea t+!oug+out t+e natu!al/!olongation o it& land te!!ito!y to t+e oute!edge o t+e continental #a!gin' o! to adi&tance o (;; nautical #ile& !o# t+e@a&eline& !o# "+ic+ t+e !eadt+ o t+e

te!!ito!ial &ea i& #ea&u!ed "+e!e t+e oute!edge o t+e continental &+el doe& not etendu/ to t+at di&tance.<> EKE2MATMR i& an aut+o!iation !o# t+e!ecei0ing &tate ad#itting t+e +ead o acon&ula! /o&t to t+e ee!ci&e o +i&unction&. o! ea#/le' i t+e P+ili//ine&a//oint& a con&ul gene!al o! Ne" Yo!,' +ecannot &ta!t /e!o!#ing +i& unction& unle&&t+e P!e&ident o t+e Mnited $tate& i&&ue& aneeuatu! to +i#'<g> T+e /!inci/le o DOMBLE CRIINALITY i&t+e !ule in et!adition "+ic+ &tate& t+at o!

a !eue&t to e +ono!ed t+e c!i#e o!"+ic+ et!adition i& !eue&ted #u&t e ac!i#e in ot+ t+e !eue&ting &tate and t+e&tate to "+ic+ t+e ugiti0e +a& ed. o!ea#/le' &ince #u!de! i& a c!i#e ot+ int+e P+ili//ine& and in Canada' unde! t+e

T!eaty on Et!adition et"een t+eP+ili//ine& and Canada' t+e P+ili//ine& can!eue&t Canada to et!adite a ili/ino "+o+a& ed to Canada.<+> PROTECTIE PER$ONALITY /!inci/le i&t+e /!inci/le y "+ic+ t+e &tate ee!ci&e

4u!i&diction o0e! t+e act& o an alien e0en ico##itted out&ide it& te!!ito!y' i &uc+ act&a!e ad0e!&e to t+e inte!e&t o t+e national&tate.<i> INNOCENT PA$$AGE #ean& t+e !ig+t ocontinuou& and e/editiou& na0igation o ao!eign &+i/ t+!oug+ t+e te!!ito!ial &ea o a&tate o! t+e /u!/o&e o t!a0e!&ing t+at &ea"it+out ente!ing t+e inte!nal "ate!& o!calling at a !oad&tead o! /o!t acilityout&ide inte!nal "ate!&' o! /!oceeding to o!!o# inte!nal "ate!& o! a call at &uc+!oad&tead o! /o!t acility. T+e /a&&age i&

innocent &o long a& it i& not /!e4udicial tot+e /eace' good o!de! o! &ecu!ity o t+ecoa&tal &tate.<4> JM$ COGEN$ i& a /e!e#/to!y no!# ogene!al inte!national la" acce/ted and!ecognied y t+e inte!national co##unitya& a "+ole a& a no!# !o# "+ic+ node!ogation i& /e!#itted and "+ic+ can e#odi3ed only y a &u&euent no!# ogene!al inte!national la" +a0ing t+e &a#ec+a!acte!' An ea#/le i& t+e /!o+iitionagain&t t+e u&e o o!ce.



11;7



11;8

Con%tit-ti*e T'eory *%= !e"aratory T'eory6;



11;9

(2*a*#) -istin,uish: he !onstituti%e theor" an&the &e!larator" theor" !on!ernin, re!o,nition ofstates'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: +!!or&in, to theCANS5<5E/ @/AOH re!o,nition is the lastin&ispensale eleent that !on%erts the state

ein, re!o,ni=e& into an international person'

+!!or&in, to the -/C++AO @/AOHre!o,nition is erel" an a!Dnowle&,ent of thepre*eistin, fa!t that the state ein, re!o,ni=e&is an international person'(Cru=H 5nternationalawH 2003 e&')

Contig-o-% @one *%= E,"-%i*e E"ono+i"@one 6;

II< +' -istin,uish riefl" ut !learl" etween:

2) he !onti,uous =one an& the e!lusi%ee!onoi! =one'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(2) CAN5$<A<S .AN/ is a =one !onti,uous tothe territorial sea an& eten&s up to te*ena-ti"a +ie% fro the territorial sea an& o%erwhi!h the !oastal state a" eer!ise !ontrolne!essar" to pre%ent infrin,eent of its !ustosHfis!alH ii,ration or sanitar" laws an&re,ulations within its territor" or territorial sea'(+rti!le 33 of the Con%ention on the aw of the

Sea')he /MC<S5E/ /CANA5C .AN/ is a =oneeten&in, up to 200 nauti!al iles fro theaselines of a state o%er whi!h the !oastal statehas so%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose of eplorin,an& eploitin,H !onser%in, an& ana,in, thenatural resour!esH whether li%in, or nonli%in,H ofthe waters supera!ent to the seae& an& of theseae& an& susoilH an& with re,ar& to othera!ti%ities for the e!onoi! eploitation an&eploration of the =one' (+rti!les an& 7 of theCon%ention on the aw of the Sea')

!i$o+ati" I++-nity 6

No MM *+ forei,n aassa&or to the Philippineslease& a %a!ation house in a,a"ta" for hispersonal use' For soe reasonH he faile& to pa"rentals for ore than one "ear' he lessor file& ana!tion for the re!o%er" of his propert" in !ourt'

a) Can the forei,n aassa&or in%oDe his&iploati! iunit" to resist the lessorBs a!tionL(3)

) he lessor ,ets hol& of e%i&en!e that theaassa&or is aout to return to his hoe!ountr"' Can the lessor asD the !ourt to stop theaassa&orBs &eparture fro the PhilippinesL(2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:a) NoH the forei,n aassa&or !annot in%oDehis &iploati! iunit" to resist the a!tionH sin!ehe is not usin, the house in a,a"ta" Cit" for thepurposes of his ission ut erel" for %a!ation'<n&er +rti!le 3(l)(a) of the Eienna Con%ention on-iploati! elationsH a &iploati! a,ent has noiunit" in !ase of a real a!tion relatin, to pri%ateio%ale propert" situate& in the territor" of there!ei%in, State unless he hol&s it on ehalf of thesen&in, State for purposes of the ission'

) NoH the lessor !annot asD the !ourt tostop the &eparture of the aassa&or fro thePhilippines' <n&er +rti!le 29 of the EiennaCon%entionH a &iploati! a,ent shall not eliale to an" for of arrest or &etention'

(per -on&ee) he ,roun&s !ite& " O. istenale on the asis that the pre!ept that aState !annot e sue& in the !ourts of a forei,nstate is a lon,*stan&in, rule of !ustoar"international law then !losel" i&entifie& with thepersonal iunit" of a forei,n so%erei,n fro

suit an&H with the eer,en!e of &eo!rati!statesH a&e to atta!h not ust to the person ofthe hea& of stateH or his representati%eH ut also&istin!tl" to the state itself in its so%erei,n!apa!it"' 5f the a!ts ,i%in, rise to a suit arethose of a forei,n ,o%ernent &one " itsforei,n a,entH althou,h not ne!essaril" a&iploati! persona,eH ut a!tin, in his offi!ial!apa!it"H the !oplaint !oul& e arre& " theiunit" of the forei,n so%erei,n fro suitwithout its !onsent' Suin, a representati%e of astate is elie%e& to eH in effe!tH suin, the stateitself' (G@ASA6 5N<C@/ %s' CA< AF

+PP/+SH $'' No' 1#239' Feruar" 11H2003)


No MM * -r' EelenH an offi!ial of the 6orl& @ealthAr,ani=ation (6@A) assi,ne& in the PhilippinesHarri%e& at the Nino" +?uino 5nternational +irportwith his personal effe!ts !ontaine& in twel%e!rates as una!!opanie& a,,a,e' +s su!hH hispersonal effe!ts were allowe& free entr" fro&uties an& taesH an& were &ire!tl" store& at

+rshaine CorporationBs



11;:



111;

warehouse at aDatiH pen&in, -r' EelenBsrelo!ation to his peranent ?uarters'



1111

+t the instan!e of poli!e authoritiesH the e,ionalrial Court (C) of aDati issue& a warrant for the sear!h an& sei=ure of -r' EelenBs personaleffe!ts in %iew of an alle,e& %iolation of the ariff an& CustoBs Co&e' +!!or&in, to the poli!eH the!rates !ontaine& !ontraan& ites' <pon protestof 6@A offi!ialsH the Se!retar" of Forei,n +ffairsforall" a&%ise& the C as to -r' EelenBsiunit"' he Soli!itor $eneral liDewise oine& -r'EelenBs plea of iunit" an& otion to ?uash thesear!h warrant' he C &enie& the otion'

5s the &enial of the otion to ?uash properL ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he &enial of the otion is iproper' +s hel& in6orl& @ealth Ar,ani=ation %s' +?uinoH #8 SC+

2#2 (1972)' as an offi!ial of the 6orl& @ealthAr,ani=ationH -r' Eelen eno"e& &iploati!iunit" an& this in!lu&e& eeption fro &utiesan& taes' Sin!e &iploati! iunit" in%ol%es apoliti!al ?uestionH where a plea of &iploati!iunit" is re!o,ni=e& an& affire& " the/e!uti%e -epartentH it is the &ut" of the !ourt toa!!ept the !lai of iunit"'


No ME555 * + ,roup of hi,h*ranDin, offi!ials an&ranD*an&*file eplo"ees statione& in a forei,neass" in anila were arreste& outsi&eeass" ,roun&s an& &etaine& at Cap Craeon suspi!ion that the" were a!ti%el" !ollaoratin,with terrorists out to o%erthrow or &estaili=e thePhilippine $o%ernent' he Forei,n +assa&or sou,ht their ie&iate releaseH !laiin, that the&etaine& eass" offi!ials an& eplo"eeseno"e& &iploati! iunit"' 5f in%ite& to epress"our le,al opinion on the atterH what a&%i!ewoul& "ou ,i%eL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

5 shall a&%i!e that the hi,h*ranDin, offi!ials an&ranD*an&*file eplo"ees e release& e!ause of their &iploati! iunit"' +rti!le 29 of the EiennaCon%ention on -iploati! elations pro%i&es:

he person of a &iploati! a,ent shalle in%iolale' @e shall not e liale toan" for of arrest or &etention'

<n&er +rti!le 37 of the Eienna Con%ention on-iploati! elationsH eers of thea&inistrati%e an& te!hni!al staff of the &iploati!issionH shallH if the" are not nationals of orperanent resi&ents in the re!ei%in, StateH eno"the pri%ile,es an& iunities spe!ifie& in +rti!le29'

<n&er +rti!le 9 of the Eienna Con%ention on-iploati! elationsH the ree&" is to &e!lare thehi,h*ranDin, offi!ials an& ranD*an&*file eplo"eespersonae non ,ratae an& asD the to lea%e'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

<n&er the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!elationsH a &iploati! a,ent shall not e liale toan" for of arrest or &etention (+rti!le 29) an& heeno"s iunit" fro !riinal uris&i!tion (+rti!le31)'

his iunit" a" !o%er the hi,h*ranDin,offi!ials in ?uestionH who are assue& to e

&iploati! offi!ers or a,ents' 6ith respe!t to theranD*an&*file eplo"ees the" are !o%ere& "the iunit" referre& to ao%eH pro%i&e& the" arenot nationals or peranent resi&ents of thePhilippinesH pursuant to +rti!le 37(2) of the sai&Con%ention'

5f the sai& ranD*an&*file eplo"ees elon, to theser%i!e staff of the &iploati! ission (su!h as&ri%ers) the" a" e !o%ere& " the iunit"(e%en if the" are not Philippine nationals orresi&ents) as set out in +rti!le 37(3)H if at the tieof the arrest the" were in a!ts perfore& in the

!ourse of their &uties' 5f a &ri%er was aon, thesai& ranD*an&*file eplo"ees an& he was arreste&while &ri%in, a &iploati! %ehi!le or en,a,e& inrelate& a!tsH still he woul& e !o%ere& "iunit"'

!i$o+ati" I++-nity 6; 68<a +' CH analien usinessan &ealin, in !arpets an& !a%iarHfile& a suit a,ainst poli!een an& O.H an atta!heof MM /ass"H for &aa,es e!ause ofali!ious prose!ution' C alle,e& that O.!on!o!te& false an& ali!ious !har,es that hewas en,a,e& in &ru, traffi!Din,H whereupon

nar!oti!s poli!een !on&u!te& a u"*ustoperation an& without warrant arreste& hiHsear!he& his houseH an& sei=e& his one" an&

ewelr"H then &etaine& an& torture& hi in %iolationof his !i%il an& huan ri,hts as well as !ausin,hiH his fail" an& usiness serious &aa,esaountin, to two illion pesos' C a&&e& thatthe trial !ourt a!?uitte& hi of the &ru, !har,es'



111(



111)

+ssailin, the !ourtBs uris&i!tion: O. now o%es to&isiss the !oplaintH on the ,roun& that (1) he isan eass" offi!er entitle& to &iploati! iunit";an& that (2) the suit is reall" a suit a,ainst his hoestate without its !onsent' @e presents &iploati!notes fro MM /ass" !ertif"in, that he is ana!!re&ite& eass" offi!er re!o,ni=e& " thePhilippine ,o%ernent' @e perfors offi!ial &utiesHhe sa"sH on a ission to !on&u!t sur%eillan!e on

&ru, eporters an& then infor lo!al poli!e offi!erswho aDe the a!tual arrest of suspe!ts' +re the two,roun&s !ite& " O. to &isiss the suit tenaleL()



111*

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: +' he !lai of &iploati! iunit" of O. is nottenaleH e!ause he &oes not possess ana!Dnowle&,e& &iploati! title an& is notperforin, &uties of a &iploati! nature'@owe%erH the suit a,ainst hi is a suit a,ainst MMwithout its !onsent' O. was a!tin, as an a,ent of

MM an& was perforin, his offi!ial fun!tions whenhe !on&u!te& sur%eillan!e on &ru, eporters an&infore& the lo!al poli!e offi!ers who arreste&C' @e was perforin, su!h &uties with the!onsent of the Philippine ,o%ernentH thereforeHthe suit a,ainst O. is a suit a,ainst MM without its!onsent' (inu!her %' Court of +ppealsH 397SC+ 2## 1992Q)'

+/N+5E/ S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 A+ba%%ador 6>

(1) 5tal"H throu,h its +assa&orH entere& into a!ontra!t with +a& for the aintenan!e an&repair of spe!ifie& e?uipent at its /ass" an&

+assa&orBs esi&en!eH su!h as air !on&itionin, unitsH ,enerator setsH ele!tri!alfa!ilitiesH water heatersH an& water otor pups'5t was stipulate& that the a,reeent shall eeffe!ti%e for a perio& of four "ears an&autoati!all" renewe& unless !an!elle&' FurtherHit pro%i&e& that an" suit arisin, fro the !ontra!tshall e file& with the proper !ourts in the Cit" of anila'

Claiin, that the aintenan!e Contra!t wasunilaterall"H aselessl" an& aritraril"terinate&H +a& sue& the State of 5tal" an&its +assa&or efore a !ourt in the Cit" of anila' +on, the &efensesH the" raise&were so%erei,n iunit" an& &iploati!iunit"' ()

(a) +s !ounsel of +a&H refute the&efenses of so%erei,n iunit" an&&iploati! iunit" raise& " the State of5tal" an& its +assa&or' S<$$/S/-

+NS6/: +s !ounsel for +a&H 5 will ar,uethat so%erei,n iunit" will not lie as it is anestalishe& rule that when a State enters into a!ontra!tH it wai%es its iunit" an& allows itself to e sue&' oreo%erH there is a pro%ision in

the !ontra!t that an" suit arisin, therefro shalle file& with the proper !ourts of the Cit" ofanila' An the issue of &iploati! iunit"H 5will assert that the a!t of the +assa&orunilaterall" terinatin, the a,reeent istortuous an& &one with ali!e an& a& faithan& not a so%erei,n or &iploati! fun!tion'

() +t an" rateH what shoul& e the !ourtBsrulin, on the sai& &efensesL S<$$/S/-

+NS6/: he !ourt shoul& rule a,ainst sai&&efenses' he aintenan!e !ontra!t an& repair of the /ass" an& +assa&orBs esi&en!eis a !ontra!t in us iperiiH e!ause su!h repairof sai& uil&in,s is in&ispensale to theperforan!e of the offi!ial fun!tions of the$o%ernent of 5tal"' @en!eH the !ontra!t is inpursuit of a so%erei,n a!ti%it" in whi!h !aseH it!annot e &eee& to ha%e wai%e& its iunit"fro suit'

An the atter of whether or not the +assa&or a" e sue&H +rti!le 31 ofthe Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!elations pro%i&es that a &iploati!a,ent eno"s iunit" fro the !riinalH!i%il an& a&inistrati%e uris&i!tion of there!ei%in, state e!ept if the a!tperfore& is outsi&e his offi!ial

fun!tionsH in a!!or&an!e with theprin!iple of fun!tional ne!essit"' 5n this!aseH the a!t of enterin, into the!ontra!t " the +assa&or was part ofhis offi!ial fun!tions an& thusH he isentitle& to &iploati! iunit"'(epuli! of 5n&onesia %' Ein=onsH

$'' No' 1#70H >une 2H 2003)

!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 A+ba%%ador% 6199



1116



1117

No



1118

' : -H the +assa&or of the Gin,&o of Nepalto the PhilippinesH lease& a house in a,uio Cit"as his personal %a!ation hoe' An a!!ount ofilitar" &isturan!e in NepalH - &i& not re!ei%ehis salar" an& allowan!es fro his ,o%ernentan& so he faile& to pa" his rentals for ore thanone "ear' /H the lessorH file& an a!tion forre!o%er" of his propert" with the e,ional rialCourt of a,uio Cit"'



1119

(1) Can the a!tion a,ainst - prosperL

(2) Can / asD for the atta!hent of the furniturean& other personal properties of - after ,ettin,hol& of e%i&en!e that - is aout to lea%e the!ountr"L

(3T Can / asD for the !ourt to stop -Bs &eparturefro the PhilippinesL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(1) OesH the a!tion !an prosper' +rti!le 31 of theEienna Con%ention on -iploati! elations

pro%i&es:1' + &iploati! a,ent shall eno" iunit"fro the !riinal uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in,State' @e shall also eno" iunit" fro its!i%il an& a&inistrati%e uris&i!tionH e!ept inthe !ase of:

(a) + real a!tion relatin, to pri%ateio%ale propert" situate& in theterritor" of the re!ei%in, StateH unless hehol&s it on ehalf of the sen&in, State for the purposes of the ission;

he a!tion a,ainst the +assa&or is a real a!tionin%ol%in, pri%ate io%ale propert" situate& withinthe territor" of the Philippines as the re!ei%in,state' he a!tion falls within the e!eption to the,rant of iunit" fro the !i%il an& a&inistrati%e

uris&i!tion of the Philippines'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/;

NoH the a!tion will not prosper' +lthou,h the a!tionis a real a!tion relatin, to pri%ate io%alepropert" within the territor" of the PhilippinesH

nonethelessH the %a!ation house a" e!onsi&ere& propert" hel& " the +assa&or 5nehalf of his state (the Gin,&o of Nepal) for thepurposes of the ission an&H thereforeH su!h ise"on& the !i%il an& a&inistrati%e uris&i!tion of the PhilippinesH in!lu&in, its !ourtsH

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(2) NoH / !annot asD for the atta!hent of thepersonal properties of the +assa&or' +rts' 30

an& 31 of the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!elations pro%i&es that the papersH !orrespon&en!ean& the propert" of &iploat a,ents shall ein%iolale' hereforeH a writ of atta!hent !annote issue& a,ainst his furniture an& an" personalproperties' oreo%erH on the assuption that theGin,&o of Nepal ,rants siilar prote!tion toPhilippine &iploati! a,ents' Se!tion # of epuli!

+!t No' 7 pro%i&es that an" writ or pro!ess issue&

" an" !ourt in the Philippines for the atta!hent of the ,oo&s or !hattels of the aassa&or of aforei,n State to the Philippines shall e %oi&'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(3) NoH / !annot asD the !ourt to stop the&eparture of the +assa&or of the Gin,&o of Nepal fro the Philippines' +rti!le 29 of theEienna Con%ention on -iploati! elationspro%i&es: he person of a &iploati! a,ent shalle in%iolale' @e shall not e liale to an" for of

arrest or &etention'

!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 Co*erage 6><(2) +&as an& aDer are +eri!an !iti=ensresi&in, in the Philippines' +&as efrien&e&aDer an& e!ae a fre?uent %isitor at his house'Ane &a"H +&as arri%e& with 30 eers of thePhilippine National Poli!eH are& with a Sear!h6arrant authori=in, the sear!h of aDerBs housean& its preises for &an,erous &ru,s ein,traffi!De& to the <nite& States of +eri!a'

he sear!h purporte&l" "iel&e& positi%eresultsH an& aDer was !har,e& with Eiolationof the -an,erous -ru,s +!t' +&as was theprose!utionBs prin!ipal witness' @owe%erH for failure to pro%e his ,uilt e"on& reasonale&outH aDer was a!?uitte&'

aDer then sue& +&as for &aa,es for filin,trupe&*up !har,es a,ainst hi' +on, the&efenses raise& " +&as is that he has&iploati! iunit"H !onforal" with theEienna Con%ention on -iploati! elations' @epresente& -iploati! Notes fro the +eri!an/ass" statin, that he is an a,ent of the<nite& States -ru, /nfor!eent +,en!"tasDe& with !on&u!tin, sur%eillan!eoperations on suspe!te& &ru, &ealers in thePhilippines elie%e& to e the sour!e ofprohiite& &ru,s ein, shippe& to the <'S' 5twas also state& that after ha%in, as!ertaine&the tar,etH +&as woul& then



111:



11(;

infor the Philippine nar!oti! a,ents to aDethe a!tual arrest' ()



11(1

a) +s !ounsel of plaintiff aDerH ar,uewh" his !oplaint shoul& not e &isisse& onthe ,roun& of &efen&ant +&asB &iploati!iunit" fro suit' S<$$/S/- +NS6/'

+s !ounsel for aDerH 5 woul& ar,ue that +&as is not a &iploati! a,ent !onsi&erin,

that he is not a hea& of ission nor is he partof the &iploati! staff that is a!!or&e&&iploati! ranD' husH the suit shoul& not e&isisse& as +&as has no &iploati!iunit" un&er the 191 Eienna Con%entionon -iploati! elations'

) +s !ounsel of &efen&ant +&asH ar,uefor the &isissal of the !oplaint'S<$$/S/- +NS6/ +s !ounsel for

+&asH 5 woul& ar,ue that he worDe& for the

<nite& States -ru, /nfor!eent +,en!" an&was tasDe& to !on&u!t sur%eillan!e ofsuspe!te& &ru, a!ti%ities within the !ountr"with the appro%al of the Philippine ,o%ernent'<n&er the &o!trine of State 5unit" froSuitH if the a!ts ,i%in, rise to a suit are those of a forei,n ,o%ernent &one " its forei,na,entH althou,h not ne!essaril" a &iploati!persona,eH ut a!tin, in his offi!ial !apa!it"Hthe !oplaint !oul& e arre& " the iunit"of the forei,n so%erei,n fro suit without its!onsent' +&as a" not e a &iploati! a,ent

ut the Philippine ,o%ernent has ,i%en itsipriaturH if not !onsentH to the a!ti%itieswithin Philippine territor" of +&as an& thus heis entitle& to the &efense of state iunit"fro suit' (inu!her %' C+H $'' No' 1#239HFeruar" 11H 2003)

!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 !i$o+ati" En*oy andCon%-ar O##i"er% 6199

No' 3:

1' -is!uss the &ifferen!esH if an"H in the pri%ile,esor iunities of &iploati! en%o"s an& !onsularoffi!ers fro the !i%il or !riinal uris&i!tion of there!ei%in, state'

2' + !onsul of a South +eri!an !ountr"statione& in anila was !har,e& with seriousph"si!al inuries' a" he !lai 5unit" fro

uris&i!tion of the lo!al !ourtL /plain'

3' Suppose after he was !har,e&H he wasappointe& as his !ountr"Bs aassa&or to thePhilippines' Can his newl"*,aine& &iploati!status e a ,roun& for &isissal of his !riinal!aseL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' <n&er +rti!le 32 of the Eienna Con%ention on-iploati! elationsH a &iploati! a,ent shall

eno" iunit" fro the !riinal uris&i!tion of there!ei%in, State' @e shall also eno" iunit" froits !i%il an& a&inistrati%e uris&i!tion e!ept inthe !ase of:

(a) + real a!tion relatin, to pri%ate io%alepropert" situate& in the territor" of the re!ei%in,StateH unless he hol&s it on ehalf of the sen&in,State for the purposes of the ission;

() +n a!tion relatin, to su!!ession in whi!h the&iploati! a,ent is in%oDe& as ee!utorHa&inistratorH heir or le,atee as a pri%ate person

an& not on ehalf of the sen&in, State;

(!) +n a!tion relatin, to an" professional or!oer!ial a!ti%it" eer!ise& " the &iploati!a,ent in the re!ei%in, State outsi&e his offi!ialfun!tions'

An the other han&H un&er +rti!le #1 of the EiennaCon%ention on Consular elationsH a !onsularoffi!er &oes not eno" 5unit" fro the Criinal

uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, State' <n&er +rti!le#3 of the Eienna Con%ention on ConsularelationsH !onsular offi!ers are not aenale tothe >uris&i!tion of the >u&i!ial or a&inistrati%eauthorities of the re!ei%in, State in respe!t ofa!ts perfore& in the eer!ise of !onsularfun!tions' @owe%erH this &oes not appl" in respe!tof a !i%il a!tion either:

(a) arisin, out of a !ontra!t !on!lu&e& " a!onsular offi!er in whi!h he &i& not !ontra!tepressl" or iplie&l" as an a,ent of the sen&in,State; or

() " a thir& part" for &aa,e arisin, fro ana!!i&ent in the re!ei%in, State !ause& " a

%ehi!leH %esselH or air!raft'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

2' NoH he a" not !lai iunit" fro the uris&i!tion of the lo!al !ourt' <n&er +rti!le #1 ofthe Eienna Con%ention of Consular elationsH!onsuls &o not eno" iunit" fro the !riinal>uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, State' @e is notliale to arrest or &etention pen&in, trial unlessthe offense was !oitte& a,ainst his fatherH



11((



11()

otherH !hil&H as!en&antH &es!en&ant or spouse'Consuls are not liale to arrest an& &etentionpen&in, trial e!ept in the !ase of a ,ra%e !riean& pursuant to a &e!ision " the !opetent

u&i!ial authorit"' he !rie of ph"si!al 5nuries isnot a ,ra%e !rie unless it e !oitte& a,ainstan" of the ao%e*entione& persons'(S!hne!Denur,er %' oran 3 Phil' 2#9)'



11(*

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

3' OesH the !ase shoul& e &isisse&' <n&er +rti!le #0 of the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!elationsH if a &iploati! a,ent is in the territor" of a thir& StateH whi!h has ,rante& hi a passport%isa if su!h %isa was ne!essar"H while pro!ee&in,to taDe up his postH the thir& State shall a!!or&hi in%iolailit" an& su!h other iunities as a"e re?uire& to ensure his transit'

!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 !i$o+ati" En*oy andCon%-ar O##i"er% 61997

No 19: MH a Se!retar" an& Consul in the +eri!an/ass" in anilaH ou,ht fro a &iaon& rin,in the aount of P0H000'00 whi!h he later ,a%eas a irth&a" present to his Filipino ,irlfrien&' hepur!hase pri!e was pai& in !he!D &rawn upon theCitianD' <pon presentent for pa"entH the!he!D was &ishonore& for insuffi!ien!" of fun&s'e!ause of MBs failure to aDe ,oo& the&ishonore& !he!DH file& a !oplaint a,ainst M inthe Affi!e of the Cit" Prose!utor of anila for %iolation of atas Paansa i,' 22' +fter preliinar" in%esti,ationH the inforation was file&a,ainst M in the Cit" Court of anila' M file& aotion to &isiss the !ase a,ainst hi on the,roun& that he is a Se!retar" an& Consul in the

+eri!an /ass" eno"in, &iploati! iunit"fro !riinal prose!ution in the Philippines'

5f "ou were the >u&,eH how woul& "ou resol%ethe otion to &isissL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5 woul& ,rant the otion to&isiss'

+s !onsulH M is not iune fro !riinalprose!ution' <n&er Para,raph 3 of +rti!le #1 ofthe Eienna Con%ention on Consular elationsH a!onsular offi!er is not iune fro the !riinal

uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, state' 5nS!hne!Denur,er %s' oronH 3 Phil' 2#9H it

was hel& that a !onsul is not eept fro !riinalprose!ution in the !ountr" where he is assi,ne&'@owe%erH as se!retar" in the +eri!an /ass"H Meno"s &iploati! iunit" fro !riinalprose!ution +s se!retar"H he is a &iploati! a,ent'<n&er Para,raph 1 of +rti!le 31 of the EiennaCon%ention on -iploati! elationsH a &iploati!a,ent eno"s iunit" fro the !riinal

uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, State'

E,"-%i*e E"ono+i" @one 6

No M5M' ) 6hat is the !on!ept of the e!lusi%ee!onoi! =one un&er the <N Con%ention on theaw of the SeaL (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

) he e!lusi%e e!onoi! =one un&er theCon%ention on the aw of the Sea is an areae"on& an& a&a!ent to the territorial seaH whi!hshall not eten& e"on& 200 nauti!al iles frothe aselines fro whi!h the territorial sea is

easure&' he !oastal State has in the e!lusi%ee!onoi! =one:

(a) So%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose of eplorin,an& eploitin,H !onser%in, an& ana,in, thenatural resour!esH whether li%in, or non*li%in,H ifthe waters supera!ent to the sea*e& an& of theseae& an& susoilH an& with re,ar& to othera!ti%ities for the e!onoi! eploitation an&eploration of the =oneH su!h as the pro&u!tion ofener," fro the waterH !urrents an& win&s;

() >uris&i!tion as pro%i&e& in the rele%antpro%isions of the Con%ention with re,ar& to:

(i) the estalishent an& use of artifi!ialislan&sH installations an& stru!tures;

(ii) arine s!ientifi! resear!h; an&

(iii) the prote!tion an& preser%ation of thearine en%ironent;

(!) Ather ri,hts an& &uties pro%i&e& for theCon%ention' +rti!le of the Con%ention of theaw of the Sea')

E,e"-ti*e Agree+ent%5 &inding E##e"t6

No MM +n /e!uti%e +,reeent was ee!ute&etween the Philippines an& a nei,horin, State'he Senate of the Philippines tooD it



11(6



11(7

upon itself to pro!ure a !ertifie& true !op" of the/e!uti%e +,reeent an&H after &elieratin, on itH&e!lare&H " a unanious %oteH that thea,reeent was oth unwise an& a,ainst the estinterest of the !ountr"' 5s the /e!uti%e

+,reeent in&in, (a) fro the stan&point ofPhilippine law an& () fro the stan&point ofinternational lawL /plain



11(8

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(a) +s to Philippine lawH the /e!uti%e +,reeent is in&in,''''

() he /e!uti%e +,reeent is also in&in,fro the stan&point of international law' +s hel&in a%an %' .aora' 3#2 SC+ ##9 2000QH ininternational law ee!uti%e a,reeents aree?uall" in&in, as treaties upon the States whoare parties to the' +&&itionall"H un&er +rti!le2U1)(a) of the Eienna Con%ention on the aw ofreatiesH whate%er a" e the &esi,nation of awritten a,reeent etween StatesH whether it is

in&i!ate& as a reat"H Con%ention or /e!uti%e +,reeentH is not le,all" si,nifi!ant' Still it is!onsi&ere& a treat" an& ,o%erne& " theinternational law of treaties'

E,tradition *%= !e$ortation 6199

No' 10: 1) 6hat is the &ifferen!e if an" etweenetra&ition an& &eportationL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) he followin, are the &ifferen!es etweenetra&ition an& &eportation:

1 /M+-55AN is effe!te& for the enefit of thestate to whi!h the person ein, etra&ite& will esurren&ere& e!ause he is a fu,iti%e !riinal inthat stateH while -/PA+5AN is effe!te& forthe prote!tion of the State epellin, an aliene!ause his presen!e is not !on&u!i%e to thepuli! ,oo&'

2 /M+-55AN is effe!te& on the asis of anetra&ition treat" or upon the re?uest of anotherstateH while -/PA+5AN is the unilateral a!tof the state epellin, an alien'

3 5n /M+-55ANH the alien will e surren&ere&to the state asDin, for his etra&itionH while in-/PA+5AN the un&esirale alien a" esent to an" state willin, to a!!ept hi'

E,tradition5 !o"trine o# S$e"iaty 6199

No' 10: 2) Patri!D is !har,e& with ille,alre!ruitent an& estafa efore the C of anila'@e upe& ail an& ana,e& to es!ape to

+eri!a' +ssue that there is an etra&itiontreat" etween the Philippines an& +eri!a an& it&oes not in!lu&e ille,al re!ruitent as one of theetra&itale offenses' <pon surren&er of Patri!D" the <'S' $o%ernent to the PhilippinesH Patri!Dproteste& that he !oul& not e trie& for ille,al

re!ruitent' -e!i&e'S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

2) <n&er the prin!iple of spe!ialt" in etra&itionHPatri!D !annot e trie& for ille,al re!ruitentHsin!e this is not in!lu&e& in the list of etra&italeoffenses in the etra&ition treat" etween thePhilippines an& the <nite& StatesH unless the<nite& States &oes not oe!t to the trial of Patri!D for 5lle,al re!ruitent'

E,tradition5 E##e"ti*ity o# treaty 6199?

No' ; 1) he /tra&ition reat" etween Fran!ean& the Philippines is silent as to its appli!ailit"with respe!t to !ries !oitte& prior to itseffe!ti%it"'

a) Can Fran!e &ean& the etra&ition of +H aFren!h national resi&in, in the PhilippinesH for anoffense !oitte& in Fran!e prior to the effe!ti%it"of the treat"L /plain'

) Can + !ontest his etra&ition on the ,roun& thatit %iolates the e post fa!to pro%ision of the

Philippine ConstitutionL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' a) OesH Fran!e !an asD for the etra&ition of +for an offense !oitte& in Fran!e efore theeffe!ti%it" of the /tra&ition reat" etweenFran!e an& the Philippines' 5n Cleu,h %s'StraDosh' 109 F2& 330H it was hel& that anetra&ition treat" applies to !ries !oitte&efore its effe!ti%it" unless the etra&ition treat"epressl" eepts the' +s 6hitean points outHetra&ition &oes not &efine !ries ut erel"pro%i&es a eans " whi!h a State a" otain thereturn an& punishent of persons !har,e& with or!on%i!te& of ha%in, !oitte& a !rie who fle&the uris&i!tion of the State whose law has een%iolate&' 5t is therefore iaterial whether at thetie of the !oission of the !rie for whi!hetra&ition is sou,ht no treat" was in eisten!e' 5fat the tie etra&ition is re?ueste& there is infor!e etween the re?uestin, an& the re?ueste&States a treat" !o%erin, the offense on whi!h



11(9



11(:

the re?uest is ase&H the treat" is appli!ale'(6hiteanH -i,est of 5nternational awH Eol' Hpp' 73*7#')



11);

) NoH + !annot !ontest his etra&ition on the,roun& that it %iolates the e post fa!to pro%isionof the Constitution' +s hel& in 6ri,ht %s' Court of

+ppealsH 23 SC+ 3#1H the prohiition a,ainste post fa!to laws in Se!tion 22H +rti!le 555 of theConstitution applies to penal laws onl" an& &oesnot appl" to etra&ition treaties'

E,tradition5 2ro-nd% 6

No ME555' >ohn is a forer Presi&ent of theepuli! MH ent on re,ainin, power whi!h helost to Presi&ent @arr" in an ele!tion' Full"!on%in!e& that he was !heate&H he set out to&estaili=e the ,o%ernent of Presi&ent @arr" "eans of a series of protest a!tions' @is planwas to weaDen the ,o%ernent an&H when the

situation e!ae ripe for a taDe*o%erH toassassinate Presi&ent @arr"'

6illiaH on the other han&H is a elie%er in huanri,hts an& a forer follower of Presi&ent @arr"'Notin, the s"steati! a!ts of harassent!oitte& " ,o%ernent a,ents a,ainst farersprotestin, the sei=ure of their lan&sH laorers!oplainin, of low wa,esH an& stu&ents seeDin,free tuitionH 6illia or,ani=e& ,roups whi!h hel&pea!eful rallies in front of the Presi&ential Pala!eto epress their ,rie%an!es'

An the e%e of the assassination atteptH >ohnBsen were !au,ht " eers of the Presi&entialSe!urit" $roup' Presi&ent @arr" went on air threatenin, to prose!ute plotters an& &issi&ents of his a&inistration' he net &a"H the ,o%ernent!har,e& >ohn with assassination attept an&6illia with in!itin, to se&ition'

>ohn fle& to epuli! +' 6illiaH who was inepuli! atten&in, a le!ture on &eo!ra!"Hwas a&%ise& " his frien&s to sta" in epuli! '

oth epuli! + an& epuli! ha%e!on%entional etra&ition treaties with epuli!M'

5f epuli! M re?uests the etra&ition of >ohnan& 6illiaH !an epuli! + &en" the re?uestL6h"L State "our reason full"' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

epuli! + !an refuse to etra&ite >ohnH e!ausehis offense is a politi!al offense' >ohn was plottin,to taDe o%er the ,o%ernent an&

the plan of >ohn to assassinate Presi&ent @arr"was part of su!h plan' @owe%erH if the etra&itiontreat" !ontains an attentat !lauseH epuli! + !anetra&ite >ohnH e!ause un&er the attentat !lauseHthe taDin, of the life or attept a,ainst the life of ahea& of state or that of the eers of his fail"&oes not !onstitute a politi!al offense an& istherefore etra&itale'

F5S +/N+5E/ +NS6/:

epuli! + a" or !an refuse the re?uest ofetra&ition of 6illia e!ause he is not in itsterritor" an& thus it is not in the position to &eli%er hi to epuli! M'

/%en if 6illia were in the territorial uris&i!tion of epuli! +H he a" not e etra&ite& e!ausein!itin, to se&itionH of whi!h he is !har,e&H!onstitutes a politi!al offense' 5t is a stan&ar&pro%ision of etra&ition treatiesH su!h as the oneetween epuli! + an& epuli! MH that politi!aloffenses are not etra&itale'

S/CAN- +/N+5E/ +NS6/:

epuli! !an &en" the re?uest of epuli! M toetra&ite 6illiaH e!ause his offense was not apoliti!al offense' An the asis of thepre&oinan!e or proportionalit" test his a!tswere not &ire!tl" !onne!te& to an" purel" politi!aloffense'

E,tradition5 Retroa"ti*e A$$i"ation 6><(1) he Philippines an& +ustralia entere& into a

reat" of /tra&ition !on!urre& in " the Senateof the Philippines on Septeer 10H 1990' oth,o%ernents ha%e notifie& ea!h other that there?uireents for the entr" into for!e of the reat"ha%e een !oplie& with' 5t tooD effe!t in 1990'he +ustralian ,o%ernent is re?uestin, thePhilippine ,o%ernent to etra&ite its !iti=enH$isonH who has !oitte& in his !ountr" thein&i!tale offense of Atainin, Propert" "-e!eption in 198' he sai& offense is aon,those enuerate& as etra&itale in the reat"'

For his &efenseH $ison asserts that theretroa!ti%e appli!ation of the etra&ition treat"aounts to an e post fa!to law' ule on$isonBs !ontention' ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: $ison isin!orre!t' 5n 6ri,ht %' Court of +ppealsH $''No'113213H +u,ust 1H199#H it was hel& thatthe retroa!ti%e appli!ation of the reat" of/tra&ition &oes not %iolate



11)1



11)(

the prohiition a,ainst e post fa!to lawsHe!ause the reat" is neither a pie!e of!riinal le,islation nor a !riinal pro!e&uralstatute' 5t erel" pro%i&e& for the etra&ition of persons wante& for offenses alrea&"!oitte& at the tie the treat" was ratifie&'



11))

Fag State *%= Fag o# Con*enien"e 6;


(3) he fla, state an& the fla, of !on%enien!e'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

F+$ S+/ eans a ship has the nationalit"of the fla, of the state it fliesH ut there ust e a,enuine linD etween the state an& the ship'(+rti!le 91 of the Con%ention on the aw of theSea')

F+$ AF CANE/N5/NC/ refers to a state withwhi!h a %essel is re,istere& for %arious reasons

su!h as low or non*eistent taation or lowoperatin, !osts althou,h the ship has no ,enuinelinD with that state' (@arrisH Cases an& aterialson 5nternational awH th e&'H 1998H p' #2')

2eno"ide 61988

6hat is $eno!i&eH an& what is the foreosteaple thereof in re!ent histor"L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

$eno!i&e refers to an" of the followin, a!tsHwhether !oitte& in tie of war or pea!eH withintent to &estro" in whole or in part nationalHethni!H ra!ial or reli,ious ,roup:

(a) Gillin, eers of a ,roup;

() Causin, o&il" or ental har to itseers;

(!) -elieratel" infli!tin, on the ,roup!on&itions of life !al!ulate& to rin, aout itsph"si!al &estru!tion in whole or in part;

(&) 5posin, easures to pre%ent irthswithin the ,roup; an&

(e) For!il" transforin, !hil&ren of the,roup to another ,roup' (>' S+AN$+ 4 P'O+PH P<5C 5N/N+5AN+ +6 399*#00 (19))'

he foreost eaple of ,eno!i&e is the@olo!aust (1933*19#) where aout illion>ews (two thir&s of the >ewish population of

/urope efore 6orl& 6ar 55) were eterinate&" the Na=is' +lon, with the >ewsH another 9 to10 illion people ($"psies an& Sla%s) wereassa!re&' (6A- ++N+C 120 (#0th e&'H1987))'

H-+an Rig't% 61999

1999 No M * +' $i%e three ultilateral

!on%entions on @uan i,hts a&opte& un&er the&ire!t auspi!es of the <nite& NationsL (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+' he followin, are ultilateral !on%entions on@uan i,hts a&opte& un&er the &ire!t auspi!esof the <nite& Nations:

1' 5nternational Co%enant on Ci%il an& Politi!ali,hts;

2' Con%ention on the /liination of +ll Fors of-is!riination a,ainst 6oen;

3' Con%ention on the i,hts of theChil&;#' Con%ention a,ainst orture an& Ather CruelH5nhuan or -e,ra&in, reatent or Punishent;

' 5nternational Con%ention on the /liination of +ll Fors of a!ial -is!riination;

' Con%ention on the Pre%ention an& Punishentof the Crie of $eno!i&e; an&

7' 5nternational Con%ention on /!onoi!H So!ialHan& Cultural i,hts

H-+an Rig't%5 Ci*i and Poiti"a Rig't%6199

No' 1: 6alan, Su,atH a %i,ilante ,roup!opose& of pri%ate usinessen an& !i%i!lea&ers pre%iousl" %i!tii=e& " the NationalistPatrioti! +r" (NP+) reel ,roupH was ipli!ate&in the torture an& Di&nappin, of -r' en,eleH aDnown NP+ s"pathi=er'

a) <n&er puli! international lawH what rulesproperl" appl"L 6hat liailitiesH if an"H arise

thereun&er if 6alan, Su,atBs in%ol%eent is!onfire&'

) -oes the Coission on @uan i,hts ha%ethe power to in%esti,ate an& a&u&i!ate theatterL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

a) An the assuption that -r' en,ele is aforei,nerH his torture %iolates the 5nternationalCo%enant on Ci%il an& Politi!al i,htsH to whi!hthe Philippine has a!!e&e&' +rti!le 7 of the



11)*



11)6

Co%enant on Ci%il an& Politi!al i,hts pro%i&es: Noone shall e sue!te& to torture or to !ruelHinhuan or &e,ra&in, treatent or punishent'



11)7

5n a!!or&an!e with +rti!le 2 of the Co%enant onCi%il an& Politi!al i,htsH it is the oli,ation of thePhilippines to ensure that -r' en,ele has aneffe!ti%e ree&"H that he shall ha%e his ri,ht to

su!h a ree&" &eterine& " !opetentauthorit"H an& to ensure the enfor!eent of su!hree&" when ,rante&'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/: An the assuptionthat -r' en,ele is a forei,nerH his !lai will ha%eto e &ire!te& a,ainst the eers of 6alan,Su,at on the asis of the Philippine law an& ea&&resse& to the uris&i!tion of Philippine !ourts'@is !lai a" e ase& on the ,enerall"a!!epte& prin!iples of international lawH whi!hfor part of Philippine law un&er Se!tion 2H

+rti!le 55 of the Constitution' @is !lai a" e

preise& on rele%ant nors of international lawof huan ri,hts'

<n&er international lawH -r' en,ele ust firstehaust the ree&ies un&er Philippine law eforehis in&i%i&ual !lai !an e taDen up " the Stateof whi!h he is a national unless the sai& State !ansatisfa!toril" show it is its own interests that are&ire!tl" inure&' 5f this !on&ition is fulfille&H the sai&StateBs !lai will e &ire!te& a,ainst thePhilippines as a sue!t of international law' hus

it woul& !ease to e an in&i%i&ual !lai of -r'en,ele'

-r' en,eleBs !ase a" !on!ern international lawnors on State responsiilit"' ut the appli!ationof these nors re?uire that the asis ofresponsiilit" is the rele%ant a!ts that !an eattriute& to the Philippines as a State'

@en!eH un&er the prin!iple of attriution it isne!essar" to show that the a!ts of the %i,ilante,roup 6alan, Su,at !an e le,all" attriute& tothe Philippines " the State of whi!h -r' en,ele

is a national'

he appli!ation of treat" nors of internationallaw on huan ri,htsH su!h as the pro%isiona,ainst torture in the 5nternational Co%enants inCi%il an& Politi!al i,hts pertain to States' hea!ts of pri%ate !iti=ens !oposin, 6alan, Su,at!annot thesel%es !onstitute a %iolation " thePhilippines as a State'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

) Can onl" in%esti,ateH no power of a&u&i!ation

H-+an Rig't%5 Ci*i and Poiti"a Rig't%6199?

199? No' 1: 1) -istin,uish !i%il ri,hts fropoliti!al ri,hts an& ,i%e an eaple of ea!h ri,ht'

2) 6hat are the relations of !i%il an& politi!alri,hts to huan ri,htsL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) he ter C5E5 5$@S refers to the ri,htsse!ure& " the !onstitution of an" state or !ountr"to all its 5nhaitants an& not !onne!te& with theor,ani=ation or a&inistration of ,o%ernentHla!DH @an&ooD of +eri!an Constitutional awH#th e&'H 2') PA55C+ 5$@S !onsist in thepower to parti!ipateH &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl"H in theana,eent of the ,o%ernent' husH !i%il ri,hts

ha%e no relation to the estalishentHana,eent or support of the ,o%ernent'(+nthon" %s' urrowH 129 F 783)'

C5E5 5$@S &efines the relations of in&i%i&ualaon,st thesel%es while PA55C+ 5$@S&efines the relations of 5n&i%i&uals %is*a*%is thestate' C5E5 5$@S eten& prote!tion to allinhaitants of a stateH while PA55C+ 5$@Sprote!t erel" its !iti=ens'

/aples of !i%il ri,hts are the ri,hts a,ainstin%oluntar" ser%itu&eH reli,ious free&oH the,uarantee a,ainst unreasonale sear!hes an&sei=uresH liert" of ao&eH the prohiition a,ainstiprisonent for &etH the ri,ht to tra%elH e?ualprote!tionH &ue pro!essH the ri,ht to arr"H ri,ht toreturn to this !ountr" an& ri,ht to e&u!ation'

/aples of politi!al ri,hts are the ri,ht of suffra,eH the ri,ht of assel"H an& the ri,ht topetition for re&ress of ,rie%an!es'

2) @uan ri,hts are roa&er in s!ope than !i%ilan& politi!al ri,hts' he" also in!lu&e so!ialHe!onoi!H an& !ultural ri,hts' @uan ri,hts areinherent in persons fro the fa!t of their huanit"'/%er" an possesses the e%er"where an& at allties sipl" e!ause he is a huan ein,' An theother han&H soe !i%il an& politi!al ri,hts are notnatural ri,hts' he" eist e!ause the" areprote!te& " a



11)8



11)9

!onstitution or ,rante& " law' For eapleH theliert" to enter into !ontra!ts is not a huan ri,htut is a !i%il ri,ht'



11):

IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 .-ri%di"tion O*er State%

199; No' 20: he so%erei,nt" o%er !ertainislan&s is &ispute& etween State + an& State

' hese two states a,ree& to suit their &isputes to the 5nternational Court of >usti!e5C>Q'

1) -oes the 5C> ha%e uris&i!tion to taDe!o,ni=an!e of the !aseL

2) 6ho shall represent the parties efore theCourtL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) he 5nternational Court of >usti!e has uris&i!tion o%er the !aseH e!ause the parties

ha%e ointl" suitte& the !ase to it an& ha%ethus in&i!ate& their !onsent to its uris&i!tion'

2) Parties to a !ase a" appoint a,ents toappear efore the 5nternational Court of >usti!ein their ehalfH an& these a,ents nee& not etheir own nationals' @owe%erH un&er +rti!le 1 of the Statutes of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eHno eer of the !ourt a" appear as a,ent inan" !ase'

IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 .-ri%di"tion O*er State%6199;

No' 19; he State of No%aH !ontrolle& " anauthoritarian ,o%ernentH ha& unfrien&l" relationswith its nei,horin, stateH +eri!a' reslaH another nei,horin, stateH ha& een shippin, ars an&aunitions to No%a for use in atta!Din, +eria'

o forestall an atta!DH +eria pla!e& floatin,ines on the territorial waters surroun&in, No%a'

+eria supporte& a ,roup of reels or,ani=e& too%erthrow the ,o%ernent of No%a an& to repla!eit with a frien&l" ,o%ernent'

No%a &e!i&e& to file a !ase a,ainst +eria in the5nternational Court of >usti!e

1) An what ,roun&s a" No%aBs !auses of a!tiona,ainst +eria e ase&L

2) An what ,roun&s a" +eria o%e to &isissthe !ase with the 5C>L

-e!i&e the !ase'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1) 5f No%a an& +eria are eers of the <nite&NationsH No%a !an preise its !ause of a!tion ona %iolation of +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite& NationsCharterH whi!h re?uires eers to refrain frothe threat or use of for!e '''

2) " %irtue of the prin!iple of so%erei,niunit"H no so%erei,n state !an e a&e apart" to a pro!ee&in, efore the 5nternationalCourt of >usti!e unless it has ,i%en its !onsent' 5f

+eria has not a!!epte& the >uris&i!tion of the5nternational Court of >usti!e' +eria !an in%oDethe &efense of la!D of uris&i!tion' /%en if +eriahas a!!epte& the uris&i!tion of the !ourt ut thea!!eptan!e is liite& an& the liitation applies tothe !aseH it a" in%oDe su!h liitation its !onsentas a ar to the assuption of uris&i!tion'

5f uris&i!tion has een a!!epte&H +eria !anin%oDe the principle of anticipatory self-defenseHre!o,ni=e& un&er !ustoar" international lawHe!ause No%a is plannin, to laun!h an atta!D

a,ainst +eria " usin, the ars it ou,ht froresia'

3) 5f uris&i!tion o%er +eria is estalishe&H the!ase shoul& e &e!i&e& in fa%or of No%aH '''' if

uris&i!tion o%er +eria is not estalishe&H the!ase shoul& e &e!i&e& in fa%or of +eriae!ause of the prin!iple of so%erei,n iunit"'

IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 Li+itation% On.-ri%di"tion 61999

No M * ' <n&er its StatuteH ,i%e two liitationson the uris&i!tion of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eL (2)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

' he followin, are the liitations on the uris&i!tion of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eun&er its Statute:

1' Anl" states a" e parties in !ases efore it'(+rti!le 3#)

2' he !onsent of the parties is nee&e& for the

!ourt to a!?uire uris&i!tion o%er a !ase' (+rti!le3)

IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 Partie%5 Peading% andOra Arg-+ent 6199;

No' 20: he so%erei,nt" o%er !ertain islan&s is&ispute& etween State + an& State ' hesetwo states a,ree& to suit their &isputes to the5nternational Court of >usti!e 5C>Q'



11*;



11*1

3) 6hat lan,ua,e shall e use& in the plea&in,san& oral ar,uentL



11*(

#) 5n !ase State +H the petitionerH falls to appearat the oral ar,uentH !an State H therespon&entH o%e for the &isissal of thepetitionL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

3) <n&er +rti!le 39 of the Statutes of the

5nternational Court of >usti!eH the offi!iallan,ua,es of the !ourt are /n,lish an& Fren!h' 5nthe asen!e of an a,reeentH ea!h part" a"use the lan,ua,e it prefers' +t the re?uest of an"part"H the !ourt a" authori=e a part" to use alan,ua,e other than /n,lish or Fren!h'

#) <n&er +rti!le 3 of the Statutes of the5nternational Court of >usti!eH whene%er one ofthe parties &oes not appear efore the !ourt orfails to &efen& its !aseH the other part" a" asDthe !ourt to &e!i&e in fa%or of its !lai'@owe%erH the !ourt ustH efore &oin, soH

satisf" itself it has >uris&i!tion an& that the!lai is well foun&e& in fa!t an& law'

Internationa Con*ention5 La o# t'e Sea6;(2*) /n route to the tuna fishin, ,roun&s in thePa!ifi! A!eanH a %essel re,istere& in Countr" 6entere& the alintan, Channel north of au"an5slan& an& with spe!ial hooDs an& nets &ra,,e&up re& !orals foun& near atanes' "international !on%ention !ertain !orals areprote!te& spe!iesH ust efore the %essel rea!he&the hi,h seasH the Coast $uar& patrol inter!epte&the %essel an& sei=e& its !ar,o in!lu&in, tuna'he aster of the %essel an& the owner of the!ar,o proteste&H !laiin, the ri,hts of transitpassa,e an& inno!ent passa,eH an& sou,htre!o%er" of the !ar,o an& the release of the ship'5s the !lai eritorious or notL eason riefl"'()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/; he !lai of inno!entpassa,e is not eritorious' 6hile the %essel hasthe ri,ht of inno!ent passa,eH it shoul& not !oit

a %iolation of an" international !on%ention' he%essel &i& not erel" na%i,ate throu,h theterritorial seaH it also &ra,,e& re& !orals in%iolation of the international !on%ention whi!hprote!te& the re& !orals' his is preu&i!ial to the,oo& or&er of the Philippines' (+rti!le 19(2) of theCon%ention on the aw of the Sea)

Internationa Co-rt o# .-%ti"e 6>9<?

1 6here is the seat of the 5nternational Courtof >usti!eL 11) he seat of the5nternational Court of >usti!e is at the@a,ue or elsewhereH as it a" &e!i&eHe!ept &urin, the u&i!ial %a!ations the&ates an& &uration of whi!h it shall fi(5'C'>' StatuteH +rt' 22)'

2 @ow an" are its eersL (1) heCourt is !opose& of fifteen eers who

ust e of hi,h oral !hara!ter an&possess the ?ualifi!ations re?uire& in theirrespe!ti%e !ountries for appointent to thehi,hest u&i!ial offi!e or are uris!onsults ofre!o,ni=e& !opeten!e in international law(5'C'>' StatuteH +rt' 2)'

3 6hat is the ter of their offi!eL (1) he"are ele!te& for a ter of nine "earsHsta,,ere& at three*"ear inter%als " &i%i&in,the u&,es first ele!te& into three e?ual,roups an& assi,nin, the " lotter" tersof threeH si an& nine "ears respe!ti%el"'

5e&iate re*ele!tion is allowe& (5'C'>'StatuteH +rt' 13)'

4 6ho is its in!uent presi&entL (1) hein!uent Presi&ent is osal"n @i,,ins'

5 6hat is hisIher nationalit"L (1 ) She is anational of the <nite& Gin,&o or a ritishsue!t' (NA/: Sin!e ?uestions 5M(#) an&5M() &o not test the eaineesB Dnowle&,eof the lawH it is su,,este& that the" e&isre,ar&e&)

6 5n 1980H the <nite& States file& with the5nternational Court of >usti!e a !oplainta,ainst 5ran alle,in, that the latter is&etainin, +eri!an &iploats in %iolation of5nternational aw' /plain how the5nternational Court of >usti!e !an a!?uire

uris&i!tion o%er these !onten&in, !ountries'() <n&er +rti!le 3 of the 5'C'>' StatutesHoth parties ust a,ree to suitthesel%es to the uris&i!tion of the5nternational Court of >usti!e'

Internationa La *%= 0-ni"i$a La5 TerritoriaPrin"i$e5 Internationa Cri+e% 6><

(2) Poli!e Affi!er @enr" a,itin, of theNar!oti!s Se!tion of the 6estern Poli!e -istri!tapplie& for a sear!h warrant in the e,ional rialCourt of anila for %iolation



11*)



11**

of Se!tion 11H +rti!le 55 (Possession ofProhiite& -ru,s) of epuli! +!t ('+') No'91 (Coprehensi%e -an,erous -ru,s +!tof 2002) for the sear!h an& sei=ure of heroinin the !ain of the Captain of the SSSeastarH a forei,n*re,istere& %essel whi!hwas oore& at the South @arorH anilaH itsport of &estination'



11*6

ase& on the affi&a%its of the appli!antBswitnesses who were !rew eers of the%esselH the" saw a o !ontainin, ten (10)Dilo,ras of heroin un&er the e& in theCaptainBs !ain' he C foun& proale!ause for the issuan!e of a sear!h warrant;ne%erthelessH it &enie& the appli!ation on the,roun& that Philippine !ourts ha%e no!riinal uris&i!tion o%er %iolations of '+'No' 91 !oitte& on forei,n*re,istere&%essels foun& in Philippine waters'

5s the rulin, of the !ourt !orre!tL Support

"our answer with reasons' ()

+/N+5E/ +NS6/: he !ourtBs rulin,is not !orre!t' he forei,n*re,istere& %esselwas not in transit' 5t was oore& in South@arorH anilaH its port of &estination' @en!eHan" !rie !oitte& on oar& sai& %esselHliDe possession of heroinH is triale " our!ourts (<'S' %' +h Sin,H $'' No' 1300HA!toer 10H 1917)H e!ept if the !riein%ol%es the internal ana,eent of the%essel'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/: he C a"assert its uris&i!tion o%er the !ase " in%oDin,the territorial prin!ipleH whi!h pro%i&es that!ries !oitte& within a stateBs territorialoun&aries an& persons within that territor"Heither peranentl" or teporaril"H are sue!tto the appli!ation of lo!al law' >uris&i!tion a"also e asserte& on the asis of theuni%ersalit" prin!ipleH whi!h !onfers upon allstates the ri,ht to eer!ise uris&i!tion o%er&eli!ta uris ,entiu or international !riesH

su!h as the international traffi! nar!oti!s' hepossession of 10 D,s' of heroin !onstitutes!oer!ial ?uantit" an& therefore ?ualifies astraffi!Din, of nar!oti!s'

Conse?uentl"H the &enial of the sear!hwarrant shoul& ha%e een an!hore& on thefailure of the !ourt to !on&u!t personaleaination of the witnesses to the !rie in

or&er to estalish proale !auseH as re?uire&" Se!tions 3 an& # of ule 12' 5n an"e%entH there is no showin, that the re?uisite?uantu of proale !ause was estalishe&" ere referen!e to the affi&a%its an& other&o!uentar" e%i&en!e presente&'

0andate% and Tr-%t Territorie% 6

No ME55 * 6hat are the so*!alle& an&ates an&rust erritoriesL -oes the <nite& Nationseer!ise so%erei,nt" o%er these territoriesL 5n theaffirati%eH how is this uris&i!tion eer!ise&L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he an&ates were the o%erseas possessions of the &efeate& states of $eran" an& urDe" whi!hwere pla!e& " the ea,ue of Nations un&er thea&inistration of an&atories to proote their &e%elopent an& ultiate in&epen&en!e' (@arrisH

Cases an& aterials on 5nternational awH th e&'Hp' 131') 6hen the <nite& Nations repla!e& theea,ue of NationsH the s"ste of an&ates wasrepla!e& " the S"ste of rust erritories' he<nite& Nations eer!ise& resi&uar" so%erei,nt"o%er the rust erritories throu,h the rusteePowersH who eer!ise& the powers of so%erei,nt"sue!t to super%ision " an& a!!ountailit" to the<nite& Nations' (Appenhei*auterpa!htH5nternational awH Eol' 5H 7th e&'H pp' 213*21#')(Sin!e there are no ore rust erritoriesH this is

ust a atter of histori!al interest')

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

an&ates pertains to the an&ate s"steestalishe& un&er +rti!le 22 of the Co%enant of theea,ue of Nations for the tutela,e an&,uar&ianship of !olonies an& territories forerl"hel& " $eran" an& urDe" efore the First6orl& 6arH " a %i!torious power on ehalf of theea,ue of Nations until the" were prepare& for in&epen&en!e' erritories un&er an&ate were notun&er the so%erei,nt" of an" State; the" werea&inistere& " a an&ator" power whi!h wasresponsile to the ea,ue of Nations for the&e%elopent an& welfare of the &isa&%anta,e&sue!t peoples towar&s in&epen&en!e' husHan&ate& territories were un&er the uris&i!tion of the an&ator" powerH sue!t to the super%ision of the ea,ue of Nations'

he ,eneral le,al fraeworD of the an&ates"ste passe& into the trusteeship s"ste of the<nite& NationsH to,ether with



11*7



11*8

an&ate& territories whi!h &i& not attainin&epen&en!e status " the en& of the Se!on&6orl& 6ar' rust territories an& the rusteeshipCoun!il are !reate& " the <N Charter'



11*9

in&i%i&ual trust a,reeents !on!lu&e& ina!!or&an!e with the <N Charter' <N

urisi&i!tion is eer!ise& throu,h the

he trusteeship s"ste un&er Chapters M55 an&M555 of the <N Charter is estalishe& un&er thesuper%ision of the <N rusteeship Coun!il un&er the authorit" of the $eneral +ssel" for theprootion of politi!al an& so!io*e!onoi!&e%elopent of peoples in trust territoriestowar&s in&epen&ent status' + new feature of the<N trusteeship s"ste is the !reation of a new!ate,or" of territoriesH the strate,i! trustterritoriesH whi!h is un&er the super%ision of theSe!urit" Coun!il instea& of the rusteeshipCoun!il'

<n&er the fore,oin, !on&itionsH the <nite& Nationsa" not e sai& to eer!ise so%erei,nt" o%er trustterritoriesH the fun!tions an& powers of therusteeship Coun!il an& the $eneral +ssel"ein, liite& to a&inistration an& super%ision

un&er the prin!iple of self*&eterination as set forthin

T!u&tee&+i/ Council unde! t+e aut+o!ity o t+e Gene!al A&&e#ly' ece/t "it+ !e&/ectto &t!ategic a!ea& o! te!!ito!ie& "+ic+ a!e/laced unde! t+e 4u!i&diction o t+e $ecu!ityCouncil.0-ni"i$a La *%= Internationa La 6

No ME5* +n or,ani=ation of law stu&entssponsore& an inter*s!hool &eate aon, threeteas with the followin, assi,nents an&propositions for ea!h tea to &efen&:

ea + * 5nternational law pre%ails o%er uni!ipal law' ea * uni!ipal law pre%ailso%er international law' ea C * + !ountr"BsConstitution pre%ails o%er international law utinternational law pre%ails o%er uni!ipal statutes'

5f "ou were ,i%en a !han!e to !hoose the !orre!tpropositionH whi!h woul& "ou taDe an& wh"L

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

5 shall taDe the proposition for ea C'5nternational aw an& uni!ipal law are supreein their own respe!ti%e fiel&s' Neither hashe,eon" o%er the other' (rownlieH Prin!iples ofPuli! 5nternational awH #th e&' p' 17') <n&er

+rti!le 55H Se!tion 2 of the 1987 ConstitutionH the,enerall" a!!epte& prin!iples of international lawfor part of the law of the lan&' Sin!e the" erel"ha%e the for!e of lawH if

it is Philippine !ourts that will &e!i&e the !aseH the"will uphol& the Constitution o%er international law'5f it is an international triunal that will &e!i&e the!aseH it will uphol& international law o%er uni!ipallaw' +s hel& " the Peranent 5nternational Courtof >usti!e in the !ase of the Polish Nationals in-an=i,H a State !annot in%oDe its own Constitutionto e%a&e oli,ations in!uent upon it un&erinternational law'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/

5 woul& taDe the proposition assi,ne& to ea Cas ein, nearer to the le,al realit" in thePhilippinesH nael"H + !ountr"Bs Constitutionpre%ails o%er international law ut international lawpre%ails o%er uni!ipal statutes'

his isH howe%erH sue!t to the pla!e of international law in the Philippine Constitutionalsettin, in whi!h treaties or !ustoar" nors in

international law stan& in parit" with statutes an&in !ase of irre!on!ilale !onfli!tH this a" eresol%e& " Ie posteriori &ero,at le priori as theSupree Court oiter &i!tu in +as %'CA//C hol&s' @en!eH a statute ena!te& later than the !on!lusion or effe!ti%it" of a treat" a"pre%ail'

5n the Philippine le,al s"steH there are no norshi,her than !onstitutional nors' he fa!t that theConstitution aDes ,enerall" a!!epte& prin!iplesof international law or !on%entional internationallaw as part of Philippine law &oes not aDe thesuperior to statutor" lawH as !larifie& in Se!retar"of >usti!e%' antion an& Philip orris &e!isions'

Ne-traity o# State% 61988

No' 20: Swit=erlan& an& +ustralia are outstan&in,eaples of neutrali=e& statesH

1' 6hat are the !hara!teristi!s of a neutrali=e&stateL

2' 5s neutralit" s"non"ous with neutrali=ationL 5fnotH &istin,uish one fro the other'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' 6hether siple or !opositeH a State is sai& toe neutrali=e& where its in&epen&en!e an&inte,rit" are ,uarantee& " an international!on%ention on the !on&ition that su!h Stateoli,ates itself ne%er to taDe up ars a,ainst an"other StateH e!ept for self*&efenseH or enter intosu!h international oli,ations as woul& in&ire!tl"in%ol%e it in war' + State seeDs neutrali=ationwhere it is weaD an& &oes not



11*:



116;

wish to taDe an a!ti%e part in international politi!s'he power that ,uarantee its neutrali=ation a" eoti%ate& either " alan!e of power !onsi&erationsor " the &esire to aDe the weaD state a ufferetween the territories of the ,reat powers' (>'S+AN$+ 4 P' O+PH P<5C 5N/N+5AN++6 7 (19))'



1161

2' Firstl"H neutralit" otains onl" &urin, warH

whereas neutrali=ation is a !on&ition that appliesin pea!e or in war' Se!on&l"H neutrali=ation is astatus !reate& " eans of treat"H whereasneutralit" is a status !reate& un&er internationallawH " eans of a stan& on the part of a state notto si&e with an" of the parties at war' hir&l"Hneutralit" is rou,ht aout " a unilateral&e!laration " the neutral StateH whileneutrali=ation !annot e effe!te& " unilateral a!tHut ust e re!o,ni=e& " other States' (5&')

O-ter S$a"e5 .-ri%di"tion 6

No M5M * 6hat is outer*spa!eL 6ho or whi!h!an eer!ise uris&i!tion o%er astronauts while inouter spa!eL

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

here are se%eral s!hools of thou,ht re,ar&in, the&eterination of outer spa!eH su!h as the liit of air fli,htH the hei,ht of atospheri! spa!eH infinit"Hthe lowest altitu&e of an artifi!ial satelliteH an& analtitu&e approiatin, aero&"nai! lift' +nother s!hool of thou,ht pro!ee&s " analo," to the lawof the sea' 5t proposes that a State shoul& eer!ise

full so%erei,nt" up to the hei,ht to whi!h an air!raft!an as!en&' Non*ilitant fli,ht instruentalitiesshoul& e allowe& o%er a se!on& areaH a!onti,uous =one of 300 iles' A%er that shoul& eouter spa!e' he oun&ar" etween airspa!e an&outer spa!e has not "et een &efine&' (@arrisHCases an& aterials on 5nternational awH th e&''pp' 21*23') <n&er +rti!le 8 of the reat" on thePrin!iples $o%ernin, the +!ti%ities of States in the/ploration an& <se of Auter Spa!eH 5n!lu&in, theoon an& Ather Celestial o&iesH a State onwhose re,istr" an oe!t laun!he& into outer spa!eretains uris&i!tion o%er the astronauts while the"are in outer spa!e'

+/N+5E/ +NS6/:

Auter spa!e is the spa!e e"on& the airspa!esurroun&in, the /arth or e"on& the nationalairspa!e' 5n lawH the oun&ar" etween outer spa!ean& airspa!e has reaine& un&eterine&' ut intheor"H this has een estiate& to e etween 80 to90 Diloeters'

Auter spa!e in this estiate e,ins fro thelowest altitu&e an artifi!ial satellite !an reain inorit' <n&er the oon reat" of 1979 the oonan& the other !elestial o&ies for part of outerspa!e'

5n outer spa!eH the spa!e satellites or oe!ts areun&er the uris&i!tion of States of re,istr" whi!h!o%ers astronauts an& !osonauts' his atter is!o%ere& " the e,istration of Ae!ts in Spa!eCon%ention of 197# an& the iailit" for -aa,eCause& " Spa!e& Ae!ts Con%ention of 1972'

Prin"i$e o# A-to<Li+itation 6>1<?1' 6hat is the prin!iple of auto*liitationL(2') +/N+5E/ +NS6/: <n&er theprin!iple of auto*liitationH an" state a" " its!onsentH epress or iplie&H suit to arestri!tion of its so%erei,n ri,hts' here a" thuse a !urtailent of what otherwise is a plenar"power (ea,an %' C5H $'' *2379H -e!eer27H 199)'

Re"i$ro"ity *= Prin"i$e o# A-to<Li+itation6>1<?2' 6hat is the relationship etween re!ipro!it"an& the prin!iple of auto*liitationL (2')

+/N+5E/ +NS6/: 6hen the Philippinesenters into treatiesH ne!essaril"H these internationala,reeents a" !ontain liitations on Philippineso%erei,nt"' he !onsi&eration in this partial surren&er of so%erei,nt" is the re!ipro!al !oitent of other

!ontra!tin, states in ,rantin, the sae pri%ile,e an&iunities to the Philippines' For eapleH this Din& of re!ipro!it" in relation to the prin!iple of auto*liitation!hara!teri=es the Philippine !oitents un&er6A*$+' his is ase& on the !onstitutionalpro%ision that the Philippines a&opts the ,enerall"a!!epte& prin!iples of international law as part of thelaw of the lan& an& a&heres to the poli!" of '''!ooperation an& ait" with all nations (ana&a %'

+n,araH $'' No' 11829H a" 2H 1997)'

Re"ognition o# State%5 !e Fa"to *%= !e .-reRe"ognition 61998

No M55' -istin,uish etween &e fa!to re!o,nitionan& &e ure re!o,nition of states' )



116(



116)

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:



116*

he followin, are the &istin!tions etween &efa!to re!o,nition an& &e >ure re!o,nition of a,o%ernent:

1 -e fa!to re!o,nition is pro%isionalH &e >urere!o,nition is relati%el" peranent;

2 -e fa!to re!o,nition &oes not %est title in the,o%ernent to its properties aroa&; &e >ure

re!o,nition &oes;3 -e fa!to re!o,nition is liite& to !ertain uri&i!al

relations; &e ure re!o,nition rin,s aout full&iploati! relations' (Cru=' 5nternational aw'199 e&'' p' 83')

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

he &istin!tion etween &e fa!to re!o,nition an&&e ure re!o,nition of a State is not !lear ininternational law' 5t isH howe%erH usuall" assue&as a point of &istin!tion that while &e fa!tore!o,nition is pro%isional an& hen!e a" e

with&rawnH &e ure re!o,nition is final an& !annote with&rawn'

Confronte& with the eer,en!e of a new politi!alentit" in the international !ounit"H a State a"eperien!e soe &iffi!ult" in respon&in, to the?uestion whether the new politi!al or&er ?ualifiesto e re,ar&e& as a state un&er international lawHin parti!ular fro the %iewpoint of its effe!ti%enessan& in&epen&en!e on a peranent asis' here!o,ni=in, State a" !onsi&er its a!t in re,ar& tothe new politi!al entit" as erel" a &e fa!tore!o,nitionH ipl"in, that it a" with&raw it if in

the en& it turns out that the !on&itions of statehoo& are not fulfille& shoul& the new authorit"not reain in power'

ut e%en thenH a &e fa!to re!o,nition in this!ontet pro&u!es le,al effe!ts in the sae wa" as&e ure re!o,nition' 6hether re!o,nition is &efa!to or &e ureH steps a" e taDen to with&rawre!o,nition if the !on&itions of statehoo& ininternational law are not fulfille&' husH fro thisstan&pointH the &istin!tion is not le,all" si,nifi!ant'

Note: he ?uestion shoul& refer to re!o,nition of ,o%ernent not re!o,nition of state e!ausethere is no su!h &istin!tion in re!o,nition of state'

Re$aration% Agree+ent5 (aidity 6199

No' 1#: he >apanese $o%ernent !onfire&that &urin, the Se!on& 6orl& 6arH Filipinas wereaon, those !ons!ripte& as !ofort woen (or prostitutes) for >apanese troops in

%arious parts of +sia' he >apanese $o%ernent hasa!!or&in,l" laun!he& a ,oo&will !apai,n an& hasoffere& the Philippine $o%ernent sustantialassistan!e for a pro,ra that will proote R throu,h,o%ernent an& non*,o%ernental or,ani=ations RwoensB ri,htsH !hil& welfareH nutrition an& fail"health !are'

+n ee!uti%e a,reeent is aout to e si,ne& for

that purpose' he a,reeent in!lu&es a !lausewhere" the Philippine $o%ernent a!Dnowle&,esthat an" liailit" to the !ofort woen or their &es!en&ants are &eee& !o%ere& " thereparations a,reeents si,ne& an& ipleente&ie&iatel" after the Se!on& 6orl& 6ar'

>uliano 5,lesiasH a &es!en&ant of a now&e!ease& !ofort woanH seeDs "our a&%i!e onthe %ali&it" of the a,reeent' +&%ise hi'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he a,reeent is %ali&' he !ofort woen an&their &es!en&ants !annot assert in&i%i&ual !laisa,ainst >apan' +s state& in -a%is 4 oore %s'e,anH #3 <'S' #H the so%erei,n authorit" of aState to settle !lais of its nationals a,ainst forei,n!ountries has repeate&l" een re!o,ni=e&' hisa" e a&e without the !onsent of the nationalsor e%en without !onsultation with the' Sin!e the!ontinue& ait" etween a State an& other !ountries a" re?uire a satisfa!tor" !oproise of utual !laisH the ne!essar" power to aDe su!h!oproises has een re!o,ni=e&' he settleent

of su!h !lais a" e a&e " ee!uti%ea,reeent'

Rig't to Inno"ent Pa%%age 61999

No M * C' State /psilonH &urin, pea!e tieH hasallowe& forei,n ships inno!ent passa,e throu,hantranas StraitH a strait within /psilonBs territorialsea whi!h has een use& " forei,n ships forinternational na%i,ation' Su!h passa,e enale&the sai& ships to tra%erse the strait etween onepart of the hi,h seas to another' An >une 7H 1997Ha warship of State eta passe& throu,h the

ao%e*nae& strait' 5nstea& of passin, throu,h!ontinuousl" an& epe&itiousl"H the ship &ela"e&its passa,e to ren&er assistan!e to a ship of State$aa whi!h was &istresse& with no one near"to assist' 6hen !onfronte& " /psilon aout the&ela"H eta eplaine& that the &ela" was &ue tofor!e aeure in !onforit" with the pro%ision of

+rti!le 18(2) of the 1982 Con%ention on the aw of the Sea (<NCAS)' Se%en onths laterH /psilonsuspen&e& the ri,ht of inno!ent



1166



1167

passa,e of warships throu,h antranas Straitwithout ,i%in, an" reason therefor' Suse?uentl"Hanother warship of eta passe& throu,h the sai&straitH an& was fire& upon " /psilonBs !oastalatter"' eta proteste& the aforesai& a!t of /psilon&rawin, attention to the eistin, !ustoar"international law that the re,ie of inno!entpassa,e (e%en of transit passa,e) is non*suspen&ale' /psilon !ountere& that antranas

Strait is not a ne!essar" routeH there ein, anothersuitale alternati%e route' esol%e the ao%e*entione& !ontro%ers"H /plain "our answer' (#)



1168

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+ssuin, that /psilon an& eta are parties tothe <NCASH the !ontro%ers" a"e resol%e&as follows:

<n&er the <NCASH warships eno" a ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e' 5t appearin, that the portion of /psilonBs territorial sea in ?uestion is a strait use&

for international na%i,ationH /psilon has no ri,htun&er international law to suspen& the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e' +rti!le #(2) of the <NCAS is!lear in pro%i&in, that there shall e nosuspension of inno!ent passa,e throu,h straitsuse& for international na%i,ation'

An the assuption that the straits in ?uestion is notuse& for international na%i,ationH still thesuspension of inno!ent passa,e " /psilon !annote effe!ti%e e!ause suspension is re?uire& un&er international law to e &ul" pulishe& efore it !antaDe effe!t' here ein, no puli!ation prior to thesuspension of inno!ent passa,e " etaBs warshipH/psilonBs a!t a!?uires no %ali&it"'

oreo%erH /psilonBs suspension of inno!entpassa,e a" not e %ali& for the reason that thereis no showin, that it is essential for the prote!tionof its se!urit"' he a!tuation of etaBs warship inresortin, to &ela"e& passa,e is for !ausere!o,ni=e& " the <NCAS as e!usaleH i'e'H for the purpose of ren&erin, assistan!e to persons or ship in &istressH as pro%i&e& in +rti!le 18(2) of the<NCAS' @en!eH etaBs warship !oplie& withthe international law nors on ri,ht of inno!entpassa,e'

Rig't to Tran%it and Inno"ent Pa%%age 6;II<' :n ro*+e to the tuna fishin, ,roun&s in thePa!ifi! A!eanH a %essel re,istere& in Countr" 6entere& the alintan, Channel north of au"an5slan& an& with spe!ial hooDs an& nets &ra,,e&up re& !orals foun& near

atanes' " international !on%ention !ertain!orals are prote!te& spe!ies' >ust efore the%essel rea!he& the hi,h seasH the Coast $uar&patrol inter!epte& the %essel an& sei=e& its !ar,oin!lu&in, tuna' he aster of the %essel an& theowner of the !ar,o proteste&H !laiin, the ri,htsof transit passa,e an& inno!ent passa,eH an&sou,ht re!o%er" of the !ar,o an& the release ofthe ship' 5s the !lai eritorious or notL eason

riefl"' () S<$$/S/- +NS6/; he !laiof inno!ent passa,e is not eritorious' 6hile the%essel has the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,eH it shoul&not !oit a %iolation of an" international!on%ention' he %essel &i& not erel" na%i,atethrou,h the territorial seaH it also &ra,,e& re&!orals in %iolation of the international !on%entionwhi!h prote!te& the re& !orals' his is preu&i!ialto the ,oo& or&er of the Philippines' (+rti!le 19(2)of the Con%ention on the aw of the Sea)

Rig't% and Obigation -nder UN C'arter61991

No' 1#: State M in%a&es an& !on?uers State O' he<nite& Nations Se!urit" Coun!il &e!lares thein%asion an& !on?uest ille,al an& or&ers aninternational ear,o a,ainst State M'Suse?uentl"H the sae <'N' o&" a&opts aresolution !allin, for an enfor!eent a!tion a,ainstState M un&er Chapter E55 of the <'N' Charter'State .H a <'N' eerH reli,iousl" !oplies withthe ear,o ut refuses to taDe part in theenfor!eent a!tionH sen&in, a e&i!al issioninstea& of fi,htin, troops to the troule& area'

(a) -i& State . %iolate its oli,ations un&er the<'N' CharterL

() 5f soH what san!tions a" e taDen a,ainstitL(!) 5f notH wh" notL

ANS4ER:

(a) NoH State . &i& not %iolate its oli,ations un&er the <nite& Nations Charter' 5t !oplie& with theresolution !allin, for enfor!eent a!tion a,ainstState MH e!ause it sent a e&i!al tea'

() No san!tions a" e taDen a,ainst State .'e!ause it &i& not %iolate its oli,ation un&er the<nite& Nations Charter'

(!) Coplian!e with the resolution !allin, forenfor!eent a!tion a,ainst Slate M &oes notne!essaril" !all for the sen&in, of



1169



116:

fi,htin, troops' <n&er +rt #3 of the <nite&Nations CharterH !oplian!e with the !all forenfor!eent a!tion a,ainst State M has to ea&e in a!!or&an!e with a spe!ial a,reeentwith the Se!urit" Coun!il an& su!h a,reeentshall ,o%ern the nuers an& t"pes of for!esHtheir &e,ree of rea&iness an& ,eneral lo!ationsHan& the nature of the fa!ilities an& assistan!e toe supplie& " eers of the <nite& Nations'



117;

So-r"e% o# Internationa La5 Pri+ary BS-b%idiary So-r"e% 6

No ME * State "our ,eneral un&erstan&in, of thepriar" sour!es an& susi&iar" sour!es of international lawH ,i%in, an illustration of ea!h'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

<n&er +rti!le 38 of the Statute of the 5nternationalCourt of >usti!eH the P5+O SA<C/S of international law are the followin,:

1 5nternational !on%entionsH e','H EiennaCon%ention on the aw of reaties'

2 5nternational !ustosH e','H saota,eH theprohiition a,ainst sla%er"H an& the prohiitiona,ainst torture'

3 $eneral prin!iples of law re!o,ni=e& " !i%ili=e&nationsH e','H pres!riptionH res u&i!ataH an& &uepro!ess'

he S<S5-5+O SA<C/S of international law

are u&i!ial &e!isionsH sue!t to the pro%isions of +rti!le 9H e','H the &e!ision in the +n,lo*Norwe,ianFisheries Case an& Ni!ara,ua %' <nite& StatesH an&/+C@5N$S of the ost hi,hl" ?ualifie& puli!istsof %arious nationsH e','H @uan i,hts in5nternational aw " auterpa!ht an& 5nternationalaw " Appenhe i *auterpa!ht'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

efle!tin, ,eneral international lawH +rti!le 38(1)of the Statute of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eis un&erstoo& as pro%i&in, for international

!on%entionH international !ustoH an& ,eneralprin!iples of law as priar" sour!es of international lawH while in&i!atin, that u&i!ial&e!isions an& tea!hin,s of the ost hi,hl"?ualifie& puli!ists as susi&iar" eans for the&eterination of the rules of law'

he priar" sour!es a" e !onsi&ere& asforal sour!es in that the" are the etho&s "whi!h nors of international law are !reate& an&re!o,ni=e&' + !on%entional or treat" nor !oesinto ein, " estalishe& treat"*aDin,

pro!e&ures an& a !ustoar" nor is the pro&u!tof the foration of ,eneral pra!ti!e a!!epte& aslaw'

" wa" of illustratin, 5nternational Con%ention as asour!e of lawH we a" refer to the prin!ipleeo&ie& in +rti!le of the Eienna Con%ention onthe aw of reaties whi!h rea&s: /%er" Statepossesses !apa!it" to !on!lu&e treaties' 5t tellsus what the law is an& the pro!ess or etho& "whi!h it !ae into ein,' 5nternational Custoa" e !on!retel" illustrate& " pa!ta suntser%an&aH a !ustoar" or ,eneral nor whi!h!ae aout throu,h etensi%e an& !onsistentpra!ti!e " a ,reat nuer of states re!o,ni=in, itas oli,ator"'

he susi&iar" eans ser%es as e%i&en!e of law' + &e!ision of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eH for eapleH a" ser%e as aterial e%i&en!e!onfirin, or showin, that the prohiition a,ainstthe use of for!e is a !ustoar" norH as the&e!ision of the Court has &eonstrate& in the

Ni!ara,ua Case' he status of a prin!iple as anor of international law a" fin& e%i&en!e in theworDs of hi,hl" ?ualifie& puli!ists in internationallawH su!h as !NairH Gelsen or Appenhei'

So*ereign I++-nity o# State%5 Ab%o-te *%=Re%tri"ti*e 61998

No M555' 6hat is the &o!trine of So%erei,niunit" in international awL Q

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

" the &o!trine of so%erei,n iunit"H a StateHits a,ents an& propert" are iune fro the

u&i!ial pro!ess of another StateH e!ept with its!onsent' husH iunit" a" e wai%e& an& aState a" perit itself to e sue& in the !ourts of another StateH

So%erei,n iunit" has &e%elope& into twos!hools of thou,htH nael"H asolute iunit" an&restri!ti%e iunit"' " asolute iunit"H all a!tsof a State are !o%ere& or prote!te& " iunit"'An the other han&H restri!ti%e iunit" aDes a&istin!tion etween ,o%ernental or so%erei,n

a!ts (a!ta ure iperii) an& non,o%ernentalHpropriet" or !oer!ial a!ts (a!ta ure ,estiones)'Anl" the first !ate,or" of a!ts is !o%ere& "so%erei,n iunit"'

he Philippine a&heres to the restri!ti%e iunit"s!hool of thou,ht'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5



1171



117(

5n <nite& States %s' ui=H 13 SC+ #87' #90



117)



117*

#91' the Supree Court eplaine& the &o!trineof so%erei,n iunit" in international law;

he tra&itional rule of State iunit" eepts aState fro ein, sue& in the !ourts of another State without its !onsent or wai%erH this rule is ane!essar" !onse?uen!e of the prin!iples of in&epen&en!e an& e?ualit" of states' @owe%erHthe rules of 5nternational aw are not petrifie&Hthe" are !onstantl" &e%elopin, an& e%ol%in,' +n&e!ause the a!ti%ities of states ha%e ultiplie&' 5thas een ne!essar" to &istin,uish the Retween so%erei,n an& ,o%ernent a!ts *rei0perii Q an& pri%ateH !oer!ial an& proprietar"a!ts ( *re ges+ionis)H he result is that Stateiunit" now eten&s onl" to a!ts jure imperii '

So*ereignty o# State%5 Nat-ra U%e o# Territory61989

No' 19: he epuli! of China (aiwan)H in its i&

to &e%elop a h"&ro,en o an& &efen& itself a,ainst threats of in%asion !oin, fro thePeopleBs epuli! of ChinaH !on&u!te& a series of se!ret nu!lear weapons tests in its ownatosphere' he tests resulte& in ra&ioa!ti%efallouts whi!h !ontainate& the ri%ers in an&aroun& +parri an& other o&ies of water within theterritorial uris&i!tion of the PhilippinesH Can thePhilippines !oplain a,ainst the epuli! of China for %iolation of its so%erei,nt"L

ANS4ER:

5n the rial Selter +ritration etween the <nite&States an& Cana&aH the +ritral riunal hel& thatair pollution fro Cana&a shoul& e enoine&He!ause so%erei,nt" in!lu&es the ri,ht a,ainstan" en!roa!hent whi!h i,ht preu&i!e thenatural use of the territor" an& the free o%eentof its inhaitants'

Sin!e the nu!lear tests !on&u!te& " theepuli! China resulte& in ra&ioa!ti%e falloutswhi!h !ontainate& the ri%ers an& other o&ies of water within the PhilippinesH the epuli! of China %iolate& the so%erei,nt" of the Philippines'

O/SH the Philippines !an !oplain a,ainst theepuli! of China for %iolation of its so%erei,nt"'

+rti!le 19# of the Con%ention on the aw of theSea re?uires States to taDe all easuresne!essar" to ensure that a!ti%ities un&er their

uris&i!tion or !ontrol are so !on&u!te& as not to!ause &aa,e " pollution to other States an&their en%ironent' Prin!iple

21 of the <nite& Nations Conferen!e on the@uan /n%ironent iposes upon states theresponsiilit" to ensure that a!ti%ities within their

uris&i!tion or !ontrol &o not !ause &aa,e to theen%ironent of other States'

So*ereignty5 !e#inition5 Nat-re 6>1<?

1 @ow is state so%erei,nt" &efine& in5nternational awL (2') +/N+5E/

+NS6/: State so%erei,nt" si,nifiesin&epen&en!e in re,ar& to a portion of the,loeH an& the ri,ht to eer!ise an&enfor!e uris&i!tion thereinH to the e!lusionof an" other state the fun!tions of the stateSee 5slan& of as Palas Case (<S %' heNetherlan&s) 2 '5++' 829Q' So%erei,nt"eans in&epen&en!e fro outsi&e !ontrol'he 1933 onte%i&eo Con%entionepresses this in positi%e ters asin!lu&in, the !apa!it" to enter intorelations with other states' +/N+5E/

+NS6/: <n&er the prin!iple of stateso%erei,nt" in 5nternational awH all statesare so%erei,n e?uals an& !annot assert

uris&i!tion o%er one another' + !ontrar"&isposition woul& un&ul" %e the pea!e ofnations (-a @aer %' ueen of Portu,alH17 ' ' 171)'

2 5s state so%erei,nt" asoluteL (2') +/N+5E/ +NS6/: Stateso%erei,nt" is not asolute' An the!ontrar"H the rule sa"s that the state a"not e sue& without its !onsentH whi!h!learl" iports that it a" e sue& if it

!onsents' oreo%erH !ertain restri!tionsenter into the pi!ture: (1) liitationsipose& " the %er" nature of eershipin the fail" of nations; an& (2) liitationsipose& " treat" stipulations' heso%erei,nt" of a state therefore !annot infa!t an& in realit" e !onsi&ere& asolute(ana&a %' +n,araH $'' No' 11829H a"2H1997)' +/N+5E/ +NS6/:So%erei,nt" is asolute with respe!t toe!lusi%e !opeten!e o%er internalatters See 5slan& of as Palas Case(<S %' he Netherlan&s) 2 '5++' 829QH

sue!t onl" to su!h liitations as a" eipose& or re!o,ni=e& " the state itselfas part of its oli,ations un&er internationallaw' 5n the international plainH stateso%erei,nt" is reali=e& as the !oeisten!ewith other so%erei,nties un&er !on&itionsof in&epen&en!e an& e?ualit"'



1176



1177

State Liabiitie% 6199



1178

No' 8: 5n a rai& !on&u!te& " reels in aCao&ian townH an +eri!an usinessan whohas een a lon,*tie resi&ent of the pla!e was!au,ht " the reels an& roe& of his !ash an&other %aluale personal elon,in,s' 6ithininutesH two tru!Dloa&s of ,o%ernent troopsarri%e& proptin, the reels to with&raw' eforefleein, the" shot the +eri!an !ausin, hiph"si!al inuries' $o%ernent troopersie&iatel" laun!he& pursuit operations an&Dille& se%eral reels' No !ash or other %alualepropert" taDen fro the +eri!an usinessanwas re!o%ere&'

5n an a!tion for in&enit" file& " the <S$o%ernent in ehalf of the usinessan for inuries an& losses in !ash an& propert"H theCao&ian ,o%ernent !onten&e& that un&er 5nternational aw it was not responsile for thea!ts of the reels'

1' 5s the !ontention of the Cao&ian,o%ernent !orre!tL /plain'

2' Suppose the reellion is su!!essful an& a new,o%ernent ,ains !ontrol of the entire StateHrepla!in, the lawful ,o%ernent that wastopple&H a" the new ,o%ernent e hel&responsile for the inuries or losses suffere& "the +eri!an usinessanL /plain'

ANS4ER5

1' OesH the !ontention of the Cao&ian$o%ernent is !orre!t' <nless it !learl" appearsthat the ,o%ernent has faile& to use proptl"an& with appropriate for!e its !onstitute& authorit"it !annot e hel& responsile for the a!ts of reelsHfor the reels are not its a,ents an& their a!tswere &one without its %olition' 5n this !aseH,o%ernent troopers ie&iatel" pursue& thereels an& Dille& se%eral of the'

2' he new ,o%ernent a" e hel& responsileif it su!!ee&s in o%erthrowin, the ,o%ernent'Ei!torious reel o%eents are responsile forthe ille,al a!ts of their for!es &urin, the !ourse ofthe reellion' he a!ts of the reels are iputaleto the when the" assue& as &ul" !onstitute&authorities of the state'

State So*ereignty5 E##e"ti*e O""-$ation5 TerraN-i-% 6

No M5M * a) 6hat is the asis of thePhilippinesB !lai to a part of the Spratl" 5slan&sL

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he asis of the Philippine !lai is effe!ti%eo!!upation of a territor" not sue!t to theso%erei,nt" of another state' he >apanese for!eso!!upie& the Spratl" 5slan& ,roup &urin, theSe!on& 6orl& 6ar' @owe%erH un&er the SanFran!is!o Pea!e reat" of 191 >apan forall"renoun!e& all ri,ht an& !lai to the Spratl"s' heSan Fran!is!o reat" or an" other 5nternationala,reeent howe%erH &i& not &esi,nate an"

enefi!iar" state followin, the >apaneserenun!iation of ri,ht' Suse?uentl"H the Spratl"se!ae terra nullius an& was o!!upie& " thePhilippines in the title of so%erei,nt"' Philippineso%erei,nt" was &ispla"e& " open an& puli!o!!upation of a nuer of islan&s " stationin, of ilitar" for!esH " or,ani=in, a lo!al ,o%ernentunitH an& " awar&in, petroleu &rillin, ri,htsHaon, other politi!al an& a&inistrati%e a!ts' 5n1978H it !onfire& its so%erei,n title " theproul,ation of Presi&ential -e!ree No' 19Hwhi!h &e!lare& the Gala"aan 5slan& $roup part of Philippine territor"'

Statee%% Per%on%5 E##e"t%5 Stat-%5 Rig't%6199

1 6ho are stateless persons un&er5nternational awL

2 6hat are the !onse?uen!es ofstatelessnessL

3 5s a stateless person entirel" without ri,htHprote!tion or re!ourse un&er the aw ofNationsL /plain'

4 6hat easuresH if an"H has 5nternationalaw taDen to pre%ent statelessnessL

ANS4ER:

1' 7TAT:L:77 P:R7O<7 are those who arenot !onsi&ere& as nationals " an" State un&erthe operation of its laws'

2' he !onse?uen!es of statelessness are thefollowin,:

(a) No State !an inter%ene or !oplain inehalf of a stateless person for an international&elin?uen!" !oitte& " another State ininfli!tin, inur" upon hi'

() @e !annot e epelle& " the State ifhe is lawfull" in its territor" e!ept on,roun&s of national se!urit" or puli! or&er'

(!) @e !annot a%ail hiself of the prote!tionan& enefits of



1179



117:

citizenship like securing for himself a

passport or isa an! personal !ocuments.



118;

). No. Mnde! t+e Con0ention in Relation tot+e $tatu& o $tatele&& Pe!&on' t+eCont!acting $tate& ag!eed to acco!d to&tatele&& /e!&on& "it+in t+ei! te!!ito!ie&

t!eat#ent at lea&t a& a0o!ale a& t+atacco!ded to t+ei! national& "it+ !e&/ect to!eedo# o !eligion' acce&& to t+e cou!t&'!ationing o /!oduct& in &+o!t &u//ly'ele#enta!y education' /ulic !elie anda&&i&tance' lao! legi&lation and &ocial&ecu!ity. T+ey al&o ag!eed to acco!d to t+e#t!eat#ent not le&& a0o!ale t+an t+atacco!ded to alien& gene!ally in t+e &a#eci!cu#&tance&. T+e Con0ention al&o/!o0ide& o! t+e i&&uance o identity /a/e!&and t!a0el docu#ent& to &tatele&& /e!&on.

*. In t+e Con0ention on t+e Conict oNationality La"& o 1:);' t+e Cont!acting$tate& ag!eed to acco!d nationality to/e!&on& o!n in t+ei! te!!ito!y "+o "ouldot+e!"i&e e &tatele&&. T+e Con0ention ont+e Reduction o $tatele&&ne&& o 1:71/!o0ide& t+at i t+e la" o t+e cont!acting$tate& !e&ult& in t+e lo&& o nationality a& acon&euence o #a!!iage o! te!#ination o#a!!iage' &uc+ lo&& #u&t e conditionalu/on /o&&e&&ion o! acui&ition o anot+e!nationality.ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5

<n&er the Con%ention on the e&u!tion of Stateless*ness of 191H a !ontra!tin, state shall,rant its nationalit" to a person orn in its territor"who woul& otherwise e stateless an& a!ontra!tin, state a" not &epri%e a person or a,roup of persons of their nationalit" for ra!ialHethni!H reli,ious or politi!al ,roun&s'

Territoria Sea *%= Interna 4ater% 6;


(1) he territorial sea an& the internal waters of

the Philippines'S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+' (1) /5A5+ S/+ is an a&a!ent elt of sea with a rea&th of te*e na-ti"a +ie%easure& fro the aselines of a state an& o%er whi!h the state has so%erei,nt"' (+rti!les 2 an& 3of the Con%ention on the aw of the Sea') Shipof all states eno" the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,ethrou,h the territorial sea' (+rti!le 1# of theCon%ention on the aw of the Sea')

<n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le 5 of the 1987 ConstitutionHthe 5N/N+ 6+/S of the Philippines!onsist of the waters aroun&H etween an&!onne!tin, the islan&s of the Philippine

+r!hipela,oH re,ar&less of their rea&th an&&iensionsH in!lu&in, the waters in a"sH ri%ersan& laDes' No ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e for forei,n %essels eists in the !ase of internalwaters' (@arrisH Cases an& aterials on

5nternational awH th e&'H 1998H p' #07')5nternal waters are the waters on the lan&war&si&e of aselines fro whi!h the rea&th of theterritorial sea is !al!ulate&' (rownlieH Prin!iplesof Puli! 5nternational awH #th e&'H 1990H p' 120')

U%e o# For"e5 E,"e$tion% 6

No M5E* Not too lon, a,oH allie& for!esH le& " +eri!an an& ritish are& for!esH in%a&e& 5ra?to lierate the 5ra?is an& &estro" suspe!te&

weapons of ass &estru!tion' he Se!urit"Coun!il of the <nite& Nations faile& to rea!h a!onsensus on whether to support or oppose thewar of lieration'

Can the a!tion taDen " the allie& for!es fin& ustifi!ation in 5nternational awL /plain'

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

he <nite& States an& its allie& for!es !annot ustif" their in%asion of 5ra? on the asis of self*&efense un&er +rti!le 1 atta!D " 5ra?H an& therewas no ne!essit" for anti!ipator" self*&efense

whi!h a" e ustifie& un&er !ustoar"international law' Neither !an the" ustif" their in%asion on the ,roun& that +rti!le #2 of theCharter of the <nite& Nations perits the usefor!e a,ainst a State if it is san!tione& " theSe!urit" Coun!il' esolution 1##1H whi!h ,a%e5ra? a final opportunit" to &isar or fa!e serious!onse?uen!esH &i& not authori=e the use of are&for!e'

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

5n 5nternational awH the a!tion taDen " theallie& for!es !annot fin& ustifi!ation' 5t is !o%ere&" the prohiition a,ainst the use of for!epres!rie& " the <nite& Nations Charter an& it&oes not fall un&er an" of the e!eptions to thatprohiition'

he <N Charter in +rti!le 2(#) prohiits the use of for!e in the relations of states " pro%i&in, thatall eers of the <N shall refrain in theirinternational relations fro the threat or use offor!e a,ainst the territorial inte,rit" or politi!alin&epen&en!e of an" stateH



1181



118(

or in an" other anner in!onsistent with thepurposes of the <nite& Nations' his an&ate&oes not onl" outlaw war; it en!opasses allthreats of an& a!ts of for!e or %iolen!e short ofwar'



118)

+s thus pro%i&e&H the prohiition is a&&resse& toall <N eers' @owe%erH it is now re!o,ni=e&as a fun&aental prin!iple in !ustoar"international law an&H as su!hH is in&in, on alleers of the international !ounit"'

he a!tion taDen " the allie& for!es !annot e ustifie& un&er an" of the three e!eptions to theprohiition a,ainst the use of for!e whi!h the <NCharter allows' hese are:

(1) inherent ri,ht of in&i%i&ual or!olle!ti%e self*&efense un&er +rti!le 1;

(2) enfor!eent easure in%ol%in, theuse of are& for!es " the <N Se!urit"

Coun!il un&er +rti!le #2; an&

(3) enfor!eent easure "re,ional arran,eent un&er +rti!le 3H asauthori=e& " the <N Se!urit" Coun!il'he allie& for!es &i& not laun!h ilitar"operations an& &i& not o!!up" 5ra? on the!lai that their a!tion was in response toan are& atta!D " 5ra?H of whi!h therewas none'

oreo%erH the a!tion of the allie& for!es wastaDen in &efian!e or &isre,ar& of the Se!urit"Coun!il esolution No' 1##1 whi!h set up anenhan!e& inspe!tion re,ie with the ai of rin,in, to full an& %erifie& !opletion the&isaraent pro!essH ,i%in, 5ra? a finalopportunit" to !opl" with its &isaraentoli,ations' his resolution was in the pro!ess of ipleentation; so was 5ra?Bs !oplian!e withsu!h &isaraent oli,ations'

U%e o# For"e5 Prin"i$e o# Non<Inter*ention6199;

No' 19; he State of No%aH !ontrolle& " anauthoritarian ,o%ernentH ha& unfrien&l" relationswith its nei,horin, stateH +eria' reslaH another nei,horin, stateH ha& een shippin, ars an&aunitions to No%a for use in atta!Din, +rneria'

o forestall an atta!DH +eria pla!e& floatin,ines on the territorial waters surroun&in, No%a'

+eria supporte& a ,roup of reels or,ani=e& too%erthrow the ,o%ernent

of No%a an& to repla!e it with a frien&l",o%ernent'

No%a &e!i&e& to file a !ase a,ainst +eria in the5nternational Court of >usti!e

1) An what ,roun&s a" No%aBs !auses of a!tiona,ainst +eria e ase&L

2) An what ,roun&s a" +eria o%e to &isissthe !ase with the 5C>L

3) -e!i&e the !ase'

ANS4ER:

1) 5f No%a an& +eria are eers of the <nite&NationsH No%a !an preise its !ause of a!tion ona %iolation of +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite& NationsCharterH whi!h re?uires eers to refrain frothe threat or use of for!e a,ainst the territorialinte,rit" or politi!al in&epen&en!e of an" state' 5f either or oth No%a or +eria are not eersof the <nite& NationsH No%a a" preise its!ause of a!tion on a %iolation of the non*use of

for!e prin!iple in !ustoar" international lawwhi!h eists parallel to +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite&Nations Charter'

5n the Case Con!ernin, ilitar" an& Parailitar" +!ti%ities in an& +,ainst Ni!ara,ua (198 5C>ep' 1#)H the 5nternational Court of >usti!e!onsi&ere& the plantin, of ines " one statewithin the territorial waters of another as a%iolation of +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite& NationsCharter' 5f the support pro%i&e& " +eria to thereels of No%a ,oes e"on& the ere ,i%in, of onetar" or ps"!holo,i!al support ut !onsists in

the pro%ision of ars an& trainin,H the a!ts of +eria !an e !onsi&ere& as in&ire!t a,,ressionaountin, to another %iolation of +rti!le 2(#)'

5n a&&itionH e%en if the pro%ision of support is notenou,h to !onsi&er the a!t a %iolation of the non*use of for!e prin!ipleH this is a %iolation of theprin!iple of non*inter%ention in !ustoar"5nternational law'

+,,ression is the use of are& for!e " a statea,ainst the so%erei,nt"H territorial inte,rit" or politi!al in&epen&en!e of another state or in an"other anner in!onsistent with the <nite& NationsCharter'

2) " %irtue of the prin!iple of so%erei,niunit"H no so%erei,n state !an e a&e apart" to a pro!ee&in, efore the 5nternationalCourt of >usti!e unless it has ,i%en its!onsent' '''



118*



1186

3) 5f uris&i!tion o%er +eria is estalishe&H the!ase shoul& e &e!i&e& in fa%or of No%aHe!ause +eria %iolate& the prin!iple a,ainst theuse of for!e an& the prin!iple of non*5nter%ention'he &efense of anti!ipator" self*&efense !annote sustaine&H e!ause there is no showin, thatNo%a ha& oili=e& to su!h an etent that if

+eria were to wait for No%a to striDe first itwoul& not e ale to retaliate'



1187

@owe%erH if uris&i!tion o%er +eria is notestalishe&H the !ase shoul& e &e!i&e& in fa%or of +eria e!ause of the prin!iple of so%erei,niunit"'

U%e o# For"e5 Rig't o# Se#<de#en%e 6

No M5M' An A!toer 13H 2001H eers of +liaaH a politi!al etreist or,ani=ation ase& inan& un&er the prote!tion of Countr" M an&espousin, %iolen!e worl&wi&e as a eans of a!hie%in, its oe!ti%esH plante& hi,h*powere&eplosi%es an& os at the 5nternational ra&e

ower (5) in >ewel Cit" in Countr" OH a eer of the <nite& Nations' +s a result of the oin,an& the !ollapse of the 100*stor" twin towersHaout 2H000 peopleH in!lu&in, woen an&!hil&renH were Dille& or inure&H an& illions of &ollars in propert" were lost'

5e&iatel" after the in!i&entH +li aaH speaDin,throu,h its lea&er in -er&an&atH a&itte& an&owne& responsiilit" for the oin, of 5Hsa"in, that it was &one to pressure Countr" O torelease !apture& eers of the terrorist ,roup'

+li aa threatene& to repeat its terrorist a!ts

a,ainst Countr" O if the latter an& its allies faile&to a!!e&e to +li aaBs &ean&s' 5n responseHCountr" O &ean&e& that Countr" M surren&er an& &eli%er in -er&an&at to the ,o%ernentauthorities of Countr" O for the purpose of trialan& in the nae of usti!e' Countr" M refuse& toa!!e&e to the &ean& of Countr" O'

6hat a!tion or a!tions !an Countr" O le,all" taDea,ainst +li aa an& Countr" M to stop theterrorist a!ti%ities of +li aa an& &issua&eCountr" M fro harorin, an& ,i%in, prote!tion to

the terrorist or,ani=ationL Support "our answer with reasons' ()

FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

(1) Countr" O a" eer!ise the ri,ht of self*&efenseH as pro%i&e& un&er +rti!le 1 of the <NCharter until the Se!urit" Coun!il has taDeneasure ne!essar" to aintain international pea!ean& se!urit"' Self*&efense enales Countr" O touse for!e a,ainst Countr" M as well as a,ainst the

+li aa or,ani=ation'

(2) 5t a" rin, the atter to the Se!urit" Coun!ilwhi!h a" authori=e san!tions a,ainst Countr"MH in!lu&in, easure in%oDin, the use of for!e'<n&er +rti!le # of the <N CharterH Countr" O a"use for!e a,ainst Countr" M as well as a,ainstthe +li aa or,ani=ation " authorit" of the <NSe!urit" Coun!il'


<n&er the Se!urit" Coun!il esolution No' 138Hthe terrorist atta!D of +li aa a" e &efine& asa threat to pea!eH as it &i& in &efinin, theSepteer 11H 2001 atta!Ds a,ainst the <nite&States' he resolution authori=es ilitar" an&other a!tions to respon& to terrorist atta!Ds'@owe%erH the use of ilitar" for!e ust eproportionate an& inten&e& for the purpose of &etainin, the persons alle,e&l" responsile for the !ries an& to &estro" ilitar" oe!ti%es use&" the terrorists'

he fun&aental prin!iples of internationalhuanitarian law shoul& also e respe!te&'Countr" O !annot e ,rante& sweepin,&is!retionar" powers that in!lu&e the power to&e!i&e what states are ehin& the terroristor,ani=ations' 5t is for the Se!urit" Coun!il to&e!i&e whether for!e a" e use& a,ainstspe!ifi! states an& un&er what !on&itions thefor!e a" e use&'

U%e o# For"e5 Se#<!e#en%e5 4aging 4ar 61998

No M5E' +t the Nureer, trial of the Na=i war !riinals at the en& of the 6orl& 6ar 55' the&efense ar,ue& on ehalf of the $eran&efen&ants that althou,h a nation !oul& not wa,ea,,ressi%e war without trans,ressin,5nternational lawH it !oul& use war as an5nstruent of self*&efenseH an& that the nationitself ust e the sole u&,e of whether itsa!tions were in self*&efense' @ow woul& "oueet the ar,uent if "ou were a eer of theriunal tr"in, the !aseL Q

SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:

No rule of 5nternational law ,i%es a state resortin,to war alle,e&l" in self*&efense the ri,ht to&eterine with a le,all" !on!lusi%e effe!t thele,alit" of su!h a!tion'

he >u&,ent of the Nureer, 5nternationalilitar" riunal ree!te& the &efense of the Na=iwar !riinals:

ut whether a!tion taDen un&er the !lai of self*&efense was in fa!t a,,ressi%e or &efensi%e ustultiatel" e sue!t to



1188



1189

in%esti,ation an& a&u&i!ation if international lawis e%er to e enfor!e&'



118:

ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:

5nternational law on self*&efense !annot assuethe nature of war' 6ar re?uires a &e!laration of war ,i%in, reasons un&er the @a,ue Con%ention 55of 1907' Pre!isel"H the Na=i war !riinalwerein&i!te& efore the Nureer, riunal for %iolatin,

this Con%ention an& were foun& ,uilt"'

Sin!e the Na=i war !riinal ar,ue& that war asself*&efense is un&erstoo& " the as eanin,that the nation itself ust e the sole >u&,e of whether its a!tion were in self*&efenseH it is!lear that what the" ha& in in& in fa!t is war asan instruent of national poli!"H not self*&efenseas an oe!ti%e ri,ht un&er 5nternational law'

6a,in, was as an instruent of national law isprohiite& " the Pa!t of Paris of 1928 (Gello, *

rai& Part) of whi!h $eran" was alrea&" a statepart" efore the Se!on& 6orl& 6ar' Pre!isel"H the$eran ei!h was in&i!te& efore theNureer, riunal for %iolation of the Pa!t of Paris an& the Na=i war !riinals were foun& ,uilt"of this as a war !rie'

@en!eH the ar,uent is itself an a&ission of %iolation of international law'

U%e o# For"e5 4'en aoed 61988

1' he Charter of the <nite& Nations prohiits notonl" re!ourse to war ut also resort to the use of for!e or threat' 5n the ar&ent &esire to aintainpea!eH the Charter oli,es eers to settle their international &isputes " pea!eful eans an& torefrain in their international relations fro thethreat or use of for!e' he sae CharterHhowe%erH re!o,ni=in, perhaps the realities of international relationsH allows the use of for!e ine!eptional o!!asions'

Please state two o!!asions when the use of are& for!es is allowe& " the <'N' Charter'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

1' <n&er art' #2 of the <N CharterH shoul& theSe!urit" Coun!il !onsi&er that pa!ifi! etho&s ofsettlin, &isputes are ina&e?uateH it a" taDe su!ha!tion " airH seaH or lan& for!es as a" ene!essar" to aintain or restore internationalpea!e an& se!urit"' Su!h a!tion a" in!lu&e&eonstrationsH lo!Da&eH an& other

operations " airH seaH or lan& for!es ofeers of the <N'

2' <n&er art' 1 eer states also ha%e theinherent ri,ht of !olle!ti%e self &efense if an are&atta!D o!!urs a,ainst a eer stateH until theSe!urit" Coun!il has taDen easures ne!essar" toaintain international pea!e an& se!urit"'

4ar5 Co+batant%K Pri%oner% o# 4ar *%=0er"enarie% 6199

No' 3: e&enH >olan an& +n&"' Filipino touristsHwere in osnia*@er=e,o%ina when hostilitieserupte& etween the Sers an& the osles'Penniless an& !au,ht in the !rossfireH e&enH>olanH an& +n&"H ein, retire& ,eneralsH offere&their ser%i!es to the osles for a han&soeHsalar"H whi!h offer was a!!epte&' 6hen theSerian National $uar& approa!he& Sarae%oHthe osle !i%ilian population spontaneousl"

tooD up ars to resist the in%a&in, troops' Notfin&in, tie to or,ani=eH the osles worearan&s to i&entif" thesel%esH %owin, tooser%e the laws an& !ustos of war' he threeFilipinos fou,ht si&e " si&e with the osles'he Sers pre%aile& resultin, in the !apture of e&enH >olan an& +n&"H an& part of the !i%ilianfi,htin, for!e'

1) +re e&enH >olan an& +n&" !onsi&ere&!oatants thus entitle& to treatent as prisonersof warL

2) +re the !apture& !i%ilians liDewise prisoners of warL

ANS4ER:

1) e&enH >olan an& +n&" are not !oatantsan& are not entitle& to treatent as prisoners of warH e!ause the" are er!enaries' +rti!le #7 of the Proto!ol 5 to the $ene%a Con%entions of 19#9 pro%i&es:

+ er!enar" shall not ha%e the ri,ht to e!oatant or a prisoner of war'

Pursuant to +rti!le #7 of Proto!ol 5 of the $ene%a

Con%entions of 19#9H e&enH >olanH an& +n&" areer!enariesH e!ause the" were re!ruite& to fi,htin an are& !onfli!tH the" in fa!t tooD &ire!t part inthe hostilitiesH the" were oti%ate& to taDe part inthe hostilities essentiall" " the &esire for pri%ate,ain an& in fa!t was proise& a han&soe salar"" the oslesH the" were neither nationals of apart" to the !onfli!t nor resi&ents of territor"!ontrolle& " a part" to the !onfli!tH the" are noteers of the are& for!es of a part" to the



119;



1191

!onfli!tH an& the" were not sent " a state whi!his not a part" to the !onfli!t on offi!ial &ut" aseers of its are& for!es'



119(

2) he !apture& !i%ilians are prisoners of war'<n&er +rti!le # of the $ene%a Con%ention relati%eto the reatent of Prisoners of 6arH inhaitantsof a non*o!!upie& territor"H who on the approa!hof the ene" spontaneousl" taDe up ars toresist the in%a&in, for!esH without ha%in, ha&tie to for thesel%es into re,ular are&for!esH pro%i&e& the" !arr" ars openl" an&respe!t the laws an& !ustos of warH are!onsi&ere& prisoners of war if the" fall into thepower of the ene"'

4i%on do"trine *%= E%trada do"trine 6;(2*a*) -istin,uish: he 6ilson &o!trine an& the/stra&a &o!trine re,ar&in, re!o,nition of,o%ernents'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/: <n&er the 65SAN

-AC5N/H re!o,nition shall not e eten&e& toan" ,o%ernent estalishe& " re%olution orinternal %iolen!e until the freel" ele!te&representati%es of the people ha%e or,ani=e& a!onstitutional ,o%ernent'

<n&er the /S+-+ -AC5N/H the ei!an,o%ernent &e!lare& that it woul&H as it saw fitH!ontinue or terinate its &iploati! relations withan" !ountr" in whi!h a politi!al uphea%al ha&taDen pla!e an& in so &oin, it woul& notpronoun!e u&,ent on the ri,ht of the forei,n

state to a!!eptH aintain or repla!e its,o%ernent' (Cru=H 5nternational awH 2003 e&')(5n %iew of re!ent &e%elopentsH the 6ilson&o!trine an& the /stra&a &o!trine are no lon,er inthe ainstrea of puli! international law')

A!0INISTRATI(E LA4 Ad+in La5

E,'a-%tion o# Ad+ini%trati*e Re+edie%61991

No' 9: H For ein, notoriousl" un&esirale an& are!i&i%istH >ose apulanH an eplo"ee in the firstle%el of the !areer ser%i!e in the Affi!e of thePro%in!ial $o%ernor of asateH was &isisse&" the $o%ernor without foral in%esti,ationpursuant to Se!tion #0 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!ree(P'-' No' 807T whi!h authori=es suar"pro!ee&in,s in su!h !ases'

+s a law"er of >ose what stepsH if an"H woul&"ou taDe to prote!t his ri,htsL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/;

' Se!tion #0 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!ree haseen repeale& " epuli! +!t No' #' +slaw"er of >ose apulanH 5 will file a petition foran&aus to !opel his reinstateent' 5na!!or&an!e with the rulin, in an,uat us'AsenaH $' No' *12837H +pril 30H 199H 10Phil' 1308H there is no nee& to ehaust alla&inistrati%e ree&ies " appealin, to the Ci%ilSer%i!e CoissionH sin!e the a!t of the

,o%ernor is patentl" 5lle,al'

Ad+in La5 E,'a-%tion o# Ad+ini%trati*eRe+edie% 6

No M555'

a) /plain the &o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&ies' (2)

) $i%e at least three (3) e!eptions to itsappli!ation' (3)

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

+') he &o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%eree&ies eans that when an a&e?uate ree&"is a%ailale within the /e!uti%e -epartentH aliti,ant ust first ehaust this ree&" efore he!an resort to the !ourts' he purpose of the&o!trine is to enale the a&inistrati%e a,en!iesto !orre!t thesel%es if the" ha%e !oitte& anerror' (osales %' Court of +ppealsH 1 SC+3## 19881)

') he followin, are the e!eptions to the

appli!ation of the &o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&ies:

1' he ?uestion in%ol%e& is purel"le,al;2' he a&inistrati%e o&" is inestoppel;3' he a!t !oplaine& of is patentl"ille,al;#' here is an ur,ent nee& for >u&i!ialinter%ention;

' he !lai in%ol%e& issall;' $ra%e an& irreparale inur" will esuffere&;

7' here is no other plainH spee&" an&a&e?uate ree&";

8' Stron, puli! interest isin%ol%e&;9' he sue!t of the !ontro%ers" ispri%ate law;

10' he !ase in%ol%es a ?uo warrantopro!ee&in, (Sun%ille ier Pro&u!tsH 5n!' %'

+a&' 20 SC+ #82 U1992);



119)



119*

11' he part" was &enie& &ue pro!ess(Saahan, a,uuDi& n, Gap&ulaH 5n!' %'Court of +ppealsH 30 SC+ 1#7 1999Q);

12' he &e!ision is that of a -epartentSe!retar"' (Na=areno %' Court of +ppealsH$'' No' 131#1H Feruar"

23' 2000);

13' esort to a&inistrati%e ree&ies woul&e futile (<ni%ersit" of the Philippines oar&of e,ents %' asul 200 SC+ 8 1991Q);

1#' here is unreasonale &ela"(epuli! %H San&i,ana"anH 301 SC+ 2371999Q);

1' he a!tion in%ol%es re!o%er" ofph"si!al possession of puli! lan& ($arito u'Court of +ppealsH 17 SC+ 771 U1988Q);

1' he part" is poor (Saello %'-epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& SportsH180 SC+ 23 1989Q); an&

17' he law pro%i&es for ie&iate resort tothe !ourt (ulian % Eal&e=H 12 SC+ 0119#Q)'

UNote: he eainee shoul& e ,i%en full !re&it if he ,i%es three of the ao%e*entione&e!eptions'T

Ad+in La5 E,'a-%tion o# Ad+ini%trati*e

Re+edie% *% !o"trine o# Pri+ary .-ri%di"tion6199?

No' 11: 1) -istin,uish the &o!trine of priar" uris&i!tion fro the &o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&ies'

2) -oes the failure to ehaust a&inistrati%eree&ies efore filin, a !ase in !ourt oust sai&!ourt of uris&i!tion to hear the !aseL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/;

1) he &o!trine of priar" uris&i!tion an& the

&o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&iesoth &eal with the proper relationships etween the!ourts an& a&inistrati%e a,en!ies' he &o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&ies applieswhere a !lai is !o,ni=ale in the first instan!e "an a&inistrati%e a,en!" alone' >u&i!ialinterferen!e is withhel& until the a&inistrati%epro!ess has een !oplete&' +s state& in5n&ustrial /nterprisesH 5n!' %s' Court of +ppealsH18# SC+ #2' he &o!trine of priar"

uris&i!tion applies where a !ase is within the!on!urrent uris&i!tion of the !ourt an& ana&inistrati%e a,en!" ut the &eterination of the!ase re?uires the te!hni!al epertise of thea&inistrati%e a,en!"' 5n su!h a !aseH althou,hthe atter is within the uris&i!tion of the !ourtH itust "iel& to the uris&i!tion of the a&inistrati%e!ase'

2) NoH the failure to ehaust a&inistrati%e

ree&ies efore filin, a !ase in !ourt &oes notoust the !ourt of uris&i!tion to hear the !ase' +shel& in osario %s' Court of +ppealsH 211 SC+38#H the failure to ehaust a&inistrati%e ree&ies&oes not affe!t the uris&i!tion of the !ourt utresults in the la!D of a !ause of a!tionH e!ause a!on&ition pre!e&ent that ust e satisfie& eforea!tion !an e file& was not fulfille&'

Ad+in La5 E,'a-%tion o# Ad+ini%trati*e

Re+edie%5 E,"e$tion% 61991No' 8: An the asis of a %erifie& report an&!onfi&ential inforation that %arious ele!troni!e?uipentH whi!h were ille,all" iporte& into thePhilippinesH were foun& in the o&e,a of theiDasan Corporation lo!ate& at 1002 inaDa"anSt'H Ceu Cit"H the Colle!tor of Custos of Ceuissue&H in the ornin, of 2 >anuar" 1988H a6arrant of Sei=ure an& -etention a,ainst the!orporation for the sei=ure of the ele!troni!e?uipent' he warrant parti!ularl" &es!ries theele!troni! e?uipent an& spe!ifies the pro%isions

of the ariff an& Custos Co&e whi!h were%iolate& " the iportation'

he warrant was ser%e& an& ipleente& in theafternoon of 2 >anuar" 1988 " Custospoli!een who then sei=e& the &es!rie&e?uipent' he in%entor" of the sei=e& arti!les wassi,ne& " the Se!retar" of the iDasan Corporation'he followin, &a"H a hearin, offi!er in the Affi!e of the Colle!tor of Custos !on&u!te& a hearin, onthe !onfis!ation of the e?uipent'

wo &a"s thereafterH the !orporation file& with the

Supree Court a petition for !ertiorariH prohiitionan& an&aus to set asi&e the warrantH enointhe Colle!tor an& his a,ents fro furtherpro!ee&in, with the forfeiture hearin, an& tose!ure the return of the !onfis!ate& e?uipentHalle,in, therein that the warrant issue& is null an&%oi& for the reason thatH pursuant to Se!tion 2 of

+rti!le 555 of the 1987 ConstitutionH onl" a u&,ea" issue a sear!h warrant' 5n his !oent tothe petitionH the Colle!tor of CustosH throu,h theAffi!e of



1196



1197

the Soli!itor $eneralH !onten&s that he isauthori=e& un&er the ariff an& Custo Co&e toor&er the sei=ure of the e?uipent whose &utiesan& taes were not pai& an& that the !orporation&i& not ehaust a&inistrati%e ree&ies'



1198

(a) Shoul& the petition e ,rante&L -e!i&e'

() 5f the Court woul& sustain the !ontention of theColle!tor of Custos on the atter of ehaustionof a&inistrati%e ree&iesH what is thea&inistrati%e ree&" a%ailale to the !orporationL

(!) 6hat are the e!eptions to the rule onehaustion of a&inistrati%e ree&iesL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

(a) No' No sear!h warrant fro !ourt nee&e&'

() +s pointe& out in Chia us' +!tin, Colle!tor of

CustosH 177 SC+ 73H the a&inistrati%eree&" a%ailale un&er Se!tion 2313 of the ariffan& Custos Co&e is to appeal to theCoissioner of CustosH fro whose &e!isionan appeal to the Court of a +ppeals lies'

(!) he followin, are the e!eptions to the&o!trine of ehaustion of a&inistrati%eree&ies:

1' he !ase &eals with pri%ate lan&;

2' he ?uestion in%ol%e& is purel" le,al;

3' he !ase in%ol%es a ?uo warranto pro!ee&in,;

#' here is &enial of &ue pro!ess;

' he &e!ision is patentl" ille,al;

' he a,,rie%e& part" will suffer irreparaleinur";

7' here is estoppel;

8' esort to a&inistrati%e ree&ies woul& efutile;

9' he &e!ision is that of a &epartent hea&;

10' he law epressl" pro%i&es for ie&iate u&i!ial re%iew;

11' Puli! interest is in%ol%e&;

12' here was unreasonale &ela" in thea&inistrati%e pro!ee&in,s; an&

13' he a,,rie%e& part" is poor'

Ad+in La5 .-di"ia Re*ie o# Ad+ini%trati*eA"tion 61

No M5E $i%e the two (2) re?uisites for the u&i!ialre%iew of a&inistrati%e &e!isionIa!tionsH that isHwhen is an a&inistrati%e a!tion ripe for >u&i!ialre%iewL ()

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he followin, are the !on&itions for ripeness for u&i!ial re%iew of an a&inistrati%e a!tion:

1' he a&inistrati%e a!tion has alrea&" eenfull" !oplete& an&H thereforeH is a final a,en!"a!tion; an&

2' +ll a&inistrati%e ree&ies ha%e eenehauste&' $on=alesH +&inistrati%e awH eooDstore: anilaH p' 13 (1979)Q'

Ad+in La5 .-di"ia Re*ie o# Ad+ini%trati*e!e"i%ion% 61988

No' 17: +pe o,,in, Co' an& atiot o,,in, Co'are a&a!ent tier !on!ession hol&ers in 5saela'e!ause of oun&ar" !onfli!tsH an& utual !har,esof in!ursions into their respe!ti%e !on!essionareasH the ureau of Forestr" or&ere& a sur%e" toestalish on the ,roun& their !oon oun&ar"'he ureau of Forestr"Bs &e!ision in effe!t fa%ore&atiot' +pe appeale& to the -epartent of Natural esour!es an& /n%ironent an& this&epartent re%erse& the &e!ision of the ureau of

Forestr" an& sustaine& +pe' 5t was the turn of atiot to appeal to the Affi!e of the Presi&ent' heAffi!e of the Presi&ent throu,h an +sst' /e!uti%eSe!retar" sustaine& the -epartent of Naturalesour!es ari& /n%ironent' An a otion for re!onsi&eration " atiotH howe%erH an +sst'/e!uti%e Se!retar" other than the one who si,ne&the &e!ision affirin, the &e!ision of the-epartent of Natural esour!es an& /n%ironent&e!i&e& for atiotH -issatisfie& with the

+&inistrati%e a!tion on the !ontro%ers"' +pe file&an a!tion with the e,ional rial Court a,ainstatiotH the -ire!tor of Forestr"H an& the +sst'/e!uti%e Se!retaries insistin, that a u&i!ialre%iew of su!h &i%er,ent a&inistrati%e &e!isions isne!essar" to &eterine the !orre!t oun&ar" lineof the li!ense& areas in ?uestion'

atiot o%e& to &isiss the a!tionH ut thee,ional rial Court &enie& the sae an& e%enenoine& enfor!eent of the &e!ision of



1199



119:

the Affi!e of the Presi&ent' atiotBs otion forre!onsi&eration was liDewise &enie&'



atiot then file& a petition for !ertiorari an&prohiition to re%iew an& annul the or&ers of thee,ional rial Court' -o "ou elie%e the petitionfor !ertiorari an& prohiition is eritoriousL 6h" or wh" notL

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he petition for !ertiorari an& prohiition iseritoriousH he or&er of the trial !ourt usta!!or&in,l" e set asi&e' +s hel& in a siilar !aseHian,a a" o,,in, Co' %' /na,eH 12 SC+ 80(1987)H &e!isions of a&inistrati%e offi!ers shoul&not e &isture& " the !ourts e!ept when theforer ha%e a!te& without or in e!ess of their uris&i!tion or with ,ra%e ause of &is!retion he

Pala!e an& a lon,*stan&in, ureau un&er the-epartent of 5nterior an& o!al $o%ernents'he eplo"ees of oth offi!es assaile& the a!tionof the Presi&ent for ein, an en!roa!hent ofle,islati%e powers an& there" %oi&' 6as the!ontention of the eplo"ees !orre!tL /plain'

S<$$/S/- +NS6/:

he !ontention of the eplo"ees is not !orre!t' +shel& in uDlo& n, Gawanin, /@ %' .aora' 30SC+ 718 2001QH Se!tion 31H ooD 555 of the

+&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987 has &ele,ate& to thePresi&ent !ontinuin, authorit" to reor,ani=e thea&inistrati%e stru!ture of the Affi!e of thePresi&ent to a!hie%e sipli!it"H e!ono" an&effi!ien!"' Sin!e this in!lu&es the power to aolish

political law suggested answers 87-06

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