John Howard (1996-2007) John howards as a leader was an enigma In many cases he was very popularist, other cases he was a conviction Howard is botha zealot and an arch=pragmatist, Howard is all of these things at different times (Wayne Errinftom 2006) Depending on the audience and the issue of the day, we might have seen the ideologue or the pragmatist, the conservative ot the reformer

Keith Dowding How we perceive leader depends on the context When a leader goes against public opinion how we judge that leader depends on how things turn outWhen the Howard govt. decided to to Iraw War

A leader who accepts public opinion and it turns out wrong- weak leader Pauline Hanson (Weak)

How you judge leaders and how they relate to leaders depend upon things out

How a leader relates to popular opinion alerts us to tensions in democracy between leadership and democracy

The Percuilar problems of democratic leadership Nannerl Keaohane thinking About Leadership 2010 C 5 John Kane and Haig Patapan The Democratic Leader: How Democracy defines empowers and limits its leaders 2012 Good eladership is essential for a well functioning democracy But there are parituclr propblems associated wih democracy What do you mean by democracy? Contested concept. Sovereignity resides in a govertment essentially Equality of people (there is no ruling class- no one has divine right to rule) Two concepts:

So this idea of democracy- to what extent can people rule?Representive democracyDirect Democracy Representative democracy

FUNDAMENTAL TENSIONS BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND DEMOCRACY The work of democratic leaders can be benign and necessary but it can also be problematic When leaders extend or abuse their power they destroy the ideal of popular sovereignity The exercise of popular socereingity-checks and limits on leaders-can costrain the work of leadersWhy does a leadership create problems for a democracy? It can embed assymtery of influcen If you gain gain power by majority but it is proportionate and affects Even if you gain power legitimately you gain disproportionate influence over the community and over time this enables you to amass priveleges and power This undermines the core value of political equality

The basic conundrum of democratic leadership (Keohane)How was we have leadership without the perpetuation of power and privilege?Power inevitably grows around eladersRobert michels iron Law of OligarchyElites, rule by a few in their own interestYet democracy demands political equalityCant resolbe tension, only alleviateSo we have to put things in place

Kana and Patapan Look at the problem from the leaders point of view The fundamental tension between leadership and popular sovereignty makes the ground on which the democratic leader stands perpetually insecure A dynamic tension- makes democratic leadership both the strongest and weakest form of leadership They need extensive authority to rule but can only weild little power All they can do is negotiate this tention

This internal tension is good for democracy By forcing leaders to continuously negotiate their legitimacy democracies are constrantly reaffirming the sovereingity of the people The problem of democratic leadership inf act cosnitute sthey very strength of democracy But it makes democratic leadership the hardest form of all Leadersmust confront the often contradictory, seemingly impossible, democracy imposesDifficulties for democratic leaders Inevitably operate in an atmosphere of suspicion , mistruct and scpetism Popular mistrust comes fromt heri threat to the people sovereingity This tension or ambiguity in dmeocracies as to who is truly sovereign, the people or the leader, results in a permanent fundamental challenge to the leaders legitimacy, one that he or she must continuously negotiate to succeed Monarcy:deciding who is entitled to succeed Oligarchy: who is going to count as wealthy enough to be counted Democratic: whole idea of leadership is a suspect because they are never allowed ot be sovereign because eby definition they are servants of the people this is the fundamnetla tension and therefore inevitably leads to suspicion and skeptism

Compared to leaders in other systems- they are strongest and the weakes

Why are the