polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · polyatomic ions in traps: from...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
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Gasentladungs- und Ionenphysik DFG FG Laboratory Astrophysics
1993 - 2009
TV-22PT S. Schlemmer, O. Asvany (Köln)
AB-22PT + H-beam A. Schlemmer, A. Luca, G. Borodi J. Glosik, R. Plasil, C. Mogo
RET + Cn-beam I. Savic, S. Decker, I. Cermak
Black body radiation S. Decker, M. Kämpf
Beam-Trap M. Smith Astrochemistry
22PT-spectroscopy J. Maier, Basel
Cold TrpH+, TyrH+ T. Rizzo, O. Boyarkin
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Transfer 22PT -> Prague
buffer gas cooling ultracold ions: N2
+
01.10.2009
Reactions with H atoms
Neg ions H- + H
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Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
< 1 s : n/p ~ 1
> 1 s, ½ ~ 615 s
100 s, n/p ~ 1/7 109 K, kT ~ 0.1 MeV
+ 2.2 MeV
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Early universe chemistry: end of dark age
Volker Bromm, Physik Journal 7 (2008) Nr.4, 29
H- + H H2 + e-
important for cooling primordial clouds (8,000 - 200 K) uncertainties affect predictions for star formation
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H2 formation in the early Universe
Lepp S., Stancil P.C., Dalgarno A., J. Phys. B: 35 (2002) R57
radiative association very slowH + H H2 + h
early times H+ + He HeH+ +hHeH+ + H H2
+ He H2
+ + H H2 + H+
later timesH+ + H H2
+ + h
H* + H H2 + hH2
+ +e-
H- channel H +e- H- +hH- +H H2 +e-
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The periodic table of astronomers
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Formation and destruction of CHn+ in space
C+ CH2+ CH3
+
CH4+
CH5+
CH+
He+
CO
H H
H H
H2
H2
H2
H2
H3+
O
HCO+
CH, CH2
e- e-
CH
CO
CH5O+
H2O
N
H2CN+
H2
H2
C
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 10: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Advances in Chemical Physics, LXXXII, J. Wiley & Sons (1992)
I. Introduction
II. Motion of Charged Particles in Fast Oscillatory Fields
III. Experimental Applications and Tests of Several rf Devices
IV. Description of Several Instruments
V. Studies of Ion Processes in RF Fields: A Sampling
VI. Conclusions and Future Developments
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Motion in a fast oscillating field
Kapitza 1951, Landau-Lifschitz Classical Mechanics 1962
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Motion in a fast oscillating field
Kapitza 1951, Landau-Lifschitz Classical Mechanics 1962
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Ion trapping in rf fields
2n-2
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Kinetic energy distribution
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Confinement of charged particles in rf or AC fields
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8-Pol (1969) / wire 4-Pol (1985)
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Storage ion source
Gerlich 1977
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History: thermalizing ions
D. Gerlich, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 19, (2004) 581
1970
1978
1985
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Liquid N2 cooled trap (1988)
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l-N2 cooled RET (1990)
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TV 22-pole trap
D. Gerlich Physica Scripta, T59 (1995) 256
Effective potential V*V* = q2 E0
2/ 4m 2
Adiabaticity parameter = 2 q E0 / m 2
parameters: q, m, E0, , scaling: m 2
~ Emax(n-2)/(2n-2) = Emax
9/20
d = 1 mm2 r0 =10 mm
r0 = (n-1) d/22n = 22
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22: a powerful number
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Buffer gas cooling in an rf trap
Dynamic traps such as Penning, storage rings, cone trap
do not work
Paul trap does not work = const
Only way to cool efficiently internal degrees of freedom
arerf multielectrode traps
sub K: cold pulsed effusive beam
H
e de
nsity
/ cm
-3
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T: buffer gas, collision, rotation
N2O+ in cold He mion = 44 u , mHe = 4 u
The rotational temperature of the ions is determined by the collision temperature Tcollwhich is given by:
Tcoll = (mion THe + mHe Tion)/(mion + mHe)
THe = 5 K Trot = Tcoll = 25 K
Tion = 245 K
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Sub-K cooling of stored ions
D. Gerlich, G. Borodi, Faraday Discussion 142 (2009): Cold and Ultracold Molecules
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Phase space compression in ion chemistry
Ion funnel PNNL, Richland 1998
Liouville theorem
Patent US4963736 (1988) Mass spectrometer and method and improved ion transmission
Patent suit 2002 Applied Biosystems and MDS won against Micromass to the tune of $47.5M.
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 28: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Lausanne cooled ion spectrometer
O. Boyarkin, S. Mercier, A. Kamariotis, and T. Rizzo J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 128 (2006) 2816
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Electronic spectra of cold, protonated amino acids
O. Boyarkin, S. Mercier, A. Kamariotis, and T. Rizzo J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 128 (2006) 2816
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Electronic spectra: the Basel 22PT
A. Dhzonson, J.P. Maier Electronic absorption spectra o cold organic cations: 2,4- exadiyne. Int. J. Mass. pec. 255 (2006)139
one photon dissociation spectrum 30 K 300 K
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 32: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ternary association: N+ + 2 He
D. Gerlich “Experimental Investigation of Ion-Molecule Reactions Relevant to Interstellar Chemistry” J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 89 (13), 2199-2208, (1993)
T=(15±5)K
[He] = 4.8×1014 cm-3
collision rate 106 s-1
keff = 8.7×10-16 cm3 s-1
k3 = 4.6×10-31 cm6 s-1
complex life time 1.6×10-11 s
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He+ + 2 He: ternary association
22PT: [pau94], DRIFT: Böhringer Arnold 1983
k3 = 1.4 10-31 (T/300 K)0.6 0.1 cm6s-1
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A. Luca, D. Voulot, D. Gerlich 2002
Formation of Methanol in space?
1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 101710-13
10-12
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
kc 3.4 10-9 cm3s-1
g k´c = 5.1 10-10 cm3s-1
dis = 0.3 sr > 2.0 ms
CRESU23 - 72 K
CH+3 + H2O + He CH5O
+ + He
CH+3 + H2O CH5O
+ + h
k* / cm
3 s-1
[He] / cm-3
k3 = 5 10-25 cm6s-1
kr = 5 10-13 cm3s-1
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Hn+ cluster growth stationary equilibrium: n = 19
W. Paul, B. Lücke, S. Schlemmer, D. Gerlich, IJMS 149 (1995) 373
T = 10 K, [H2] = 1014 cm-3, storage time 10 s
n-H2
p-H2
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Growth and destruction of ((H3+)H2)n cluster
Paul, Lücke, Schlemmer, and Gerlich, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 150 (1995) 373
p-H2 is more destructive!
large cluster grow better with o-H2
deuteration:
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 38: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
N2+ + Ar: LIR
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Low lying states N2+
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Temperature: LIR N2+ + Ar Ar+ + N2
A. Sorgenfrei, PhD thesis, Freiburg, 1994
Ar+ in
tens
ity /
cts
per 1
0ms
rel. frequency / GHz
Tem
pera
ture
/ K
Cooling time / h
Tran
slat
ion
/ K
Rotation / K
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First LIR with an Ar beam
Prag, 28.04.2010
T22PT 10 K TD (21 ± 5)K
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N2+ + Ar Ar + + N2
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 44: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
H-atom source + 22pole trap
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Focusing H atoms
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CH+ + H2 / CH+ + H
T22PT=50 K [He] = 1.5 × 1013 cm-3
[H] = 4 108 cm-3
[H2] = 1.7 109 cm-3
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CH+ + H: barrier!
k (7 K, CH+ (j=0) = (5 ± 3) × 10-11 cm3s-1
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Where is the barrier?
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 50: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Deuteration H3+ + HD H2D+ + H2: equilibrium constant K?
D. Gerlich et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 364, 3007–3034 (2006)
T (K) Adams and Smith Herbst Ramanlal
80 4.5 (±1.3) 5.9 6.82 200 2.4 (±0.7) 2.6 1.52 295 2.0 (±0.6) 2.1a 1.07 a
a The theoretical value is actually at 300 K.
T = 10 K Ramanlal & Tennyson 2.6(+12)
Gerlich et al. (2002) n-H2: K = 7.4 p-H2: K = 390
T22PT 10 K, (2005) Tp-H2 Gen 12.5K >500
Ramanlal & Tennyson wrote in 2004: trap experiment disagrees with calculations by 12 orders of magnitude
role of o-H2 (N=1)state specific ki(T)method overtone LIR
K ~ exp(231.8 K / T)
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Nuclear spin: propensity rules
D. Gerlich et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 364 (2006) 3007
o-H3+ + HD H2D+
p-H3+ + HD H2D+
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 53: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
LIR spectrum of H2D+ ( v2 or v3 = 1)
Schlemmer, Asvany, Hugo, Gerlich, Astrochemistry, IAU Symposium 231, 2005
n- H2 : o : p = 0.75 : 1 "p"- H2 : o : p = 0.20 : 1
H2D+ + H2 + hv H3+
[H2] = 7 × 1010cm-3 T = (25 ± 5) K
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Overtone detection of D2H+ (000)
Hlavenka, Plasil, Bano, Korolov, Gerlich, Ramanlal, Tennyson, Glosik Int. J. Mass Spectrometry, 255 (2006) 170
6536,30 6536,35
-0,0015
-0,0010
-0,0005
0,0000
0,0005
0,0010
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Loss
per
one
D2H
+ ion
Wavenumber [cm-1]
y0 0.00006 ±0.00006xc 6536.3178 ±0.00032w 0.00532 ±0.00069A -0.00001 ±1.358E-6
Tkin = 9.0 4.5 K
#050920_T89, #050921_T98,T101, #050720_1 .opj
Tkin = 220 50 K
10-8 [c
m-1]
Doppler widthdischarge 250 K trap 9 K
101 000202
Transition calc. 6536.301 measured 6536.319
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THz radiation induced D-H exchange
O. Asvany et al. PRL 100 (2008) 233004
First LIR spectra H2D+ 1370084.880(20) MHz D2H+ 1476605.708(15) MHz
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 57: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Evaporation and erosion of dust particles
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0
0
- 0- 0
0
kT
<
z
Effective Potential:Epot = 1/2 M 2z2
Applied Field:0 = U0 - V0 cos ( t)
Theory of Quadrupole Trap
Secular Motion:z = qz
2 2
Stability Parameter:
qz = < 0.34 Q M z0
2 2
Q/M-Determination:
Q/M =z0
2z
2 V0
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Determination of q/m
time / s
frequency / Hz
si
gnal
am
plitu
de
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Cosmic rays induced change
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
31
32
33
34
35
36f z
/ H
z
Time / Minutes
15 + e
17 + e
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Absolute charge state
40
45
f r /
Hz
95
100
105
110
Q /
+e
0 30 60 90 120-2
0
2
Res
idua
l x
100
0
Time/ Minutes
Q /
e+
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Gas ad- and desorption 500 nm diameter SiO2 sphere
Molecular Ions and Nanoparticles in RF and AC Traps D. Gerlich, Hyperfine Interactions 146 (2003) 293
CO2 laser2 W cm-2
T~100 Km=0.2fg
m =33 pg/h
m = 17 × 300 amu/s
m =-13 pg/h
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mass spectrometers and scales
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 65: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Hot carbon nanoparticles
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Ions at high temperatures
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Space charge, amplitude dependence
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Cooling hot C60
R. Mitzner, J. Chem. Phys. 103 (1995) 2445
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Thermal decay of C60+
Arrhenius parameter literature values: 3 - 12 eV
1/4 h
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Thermal decay of C60+
Arrhenius parameter literature values: 3 - 12 eV
1/4 h
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ECTI 2010 County Durham UK 24.09.2010
Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles
Dieter Gerlich
IntroductionIons in rf fields
Basics, buffer gas cooling
Typical tests SpectroscopyAssociation reactions, cluster LIR: N2
+ + Ar
Recent application Reactions with H atoms Deuteration, nuclear spin State selective preparation
Nanoparticles NPMSHT - SRET, Decay of C60
+
Summary and outlook
![Page 72: Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to ... · Polyatomic ions in traps: from molecules via clusters to nanoparticles Dieter Gerlich Introduction Ions in rf fields](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022040515/5e719636e7fca7386c2d8771/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Cold ion chemistry in traps
Controlling all degrees of freedom State to state reactions Ultra slow relative velocities
Buffer gas cooling in RF traps Cooling ions with cold effusive beams Chopped, very slow beams of He Cooling with slow H-atoms Combination ion trap - H atom trap
Problems with ion traps Potential distortions on surfaces High Q resonance circuit without parasitic oscillations Superconducting electrodes Magnetic fields
Coulomb crystals in rf ion traps Laser cooling, sympathetic cooling
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Trapping cold H atoms
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Combination: rf ion trap and MAC e- spectrometer
S. Roucka, P. Jusko, D. Gerlich, R. Plasil, J. Glosik, WDS'10 Proceedings of Contributed Papers Prague,Czech Republic, 2010
H- + H H2 + e- k(T) / ET(e-)
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994
CarbocationsA cornerstone of the classical theory of structural chemistry since the time of Kekulé in the 1860s is that carbon can bind at most four other atoms (tetra-coordination).
Around 1950 S. Winstein in the USA found a short-lived carbocation that contained penta-coordinated carbon. He named the ion non-classical. Despite very great efforts by many leading physical organic chemists, the problem remained unsolved until Olah's method of preparing long-lived carbocations was applied.
penta-coordinatedcarbocation
(carbonium ion)
CH5+
George A. Olah "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
equilibrating tri-coordinated carbocation
(carbenium ion)
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NPMS: perspectives
long time trapping, isolation under UHV conditions non-destructive, absolute mass and charge determination high resolution of secular frequencies ( / <10-6) single particle: average over time (not ensemble)
experimental characterization of the trap, new trap design accuracy, precision, properties of the potential small particles ( 1- 5 nm) optical detection (spectroscopy, light pressure,... ) chemistry, agglomerates, magnetic properties temperature range: 5 K - 3000 K
Black body radiation of carbonaceous material