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Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Essentials ofEssentials of
SociologySociology
99thth Edition Edition
Chapter 14: Population and Chapter 14: Population and UrbanizationUrbanization
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Planet with No Space
to Enjoy Life?
Population Growth
The Development of
Cities—Urbanization
City Life: Alienation
and Community
Urban Problems and
Social Policy2
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thomas Malthus, an English Economist, believed that the population will grow geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically (Thomas Theorem)
The population will eventually outstrip the food supply
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Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
New Malthusians – The world’s population is following an exponential growth curve
It took from the beginning of time until 1800 for the world population to reach its first billion. It then took only 130 years to add the 2nd billion and only another 30 years for the population to reach 3 billion.
Eventually, there will not be enough food to feed the rapidly growing population
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New MalthusiansNew Malthusians
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Figure 14.1 How Fast is the World’s Population Growing?Source: By the author. Based on Haub and Kent 2008.
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anti-Malthusians believe that Europe’s demographic transition is a more accurate picture of the future
1)Stage 1- Birth rates and death rates are balanced
2)Stage 2 – Births far outnumber deaths (population explosion
3)Stage 3 – Births drop, and births and deaths become balanced
4)Stage 4 – Deaths outnumber births (population shrinkage)
Population shrinkage is already occurring in 65 countries
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Anti-MalthusiansAnti-Malthusians
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Figure 14.3 The Demographic TransitionNote: The standard demographic transition is depicted by Stages 1–3. Stage 4 has been suggested by some Anti-Malthusians.
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
W
hy Do Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many
Children?
Status of Parenthood – the more children a women has her
status is increased
Community Support
Reliance on Children in Old Age – no Social Security exists so
people rely on children for physical, emotional, and financial
assistance in old age
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Population Population GrowthGrowth
Mic
roso
ft I
mag
es
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Figure 14.6 Why the Poor Need ChildrenChildren are an economic asset in the Least Industrialized Nations. Based on a survey in Indonesia, this figure showsthat boys and girls can be net income earners for their families by the age of 9 or 10.Source: U.N. Fund for Population Activities.
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
To illustrate population dynamics, demographers use population pyramids, which depict a country’s population by age and sex.
10Figure 14.7 Three Population PyramidsSource: Population Today, 26, 9, September 1998:4, 5.
Population PyramidsPopulation Pyramids
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Demographic Variables – three ways to measure population growth
1.Fertility – the number of children a women actually bears; lowest in Eastern Europe and highest in Middle Africa
2.Mortality – annual deaths per 1,000 people
3.Migration – the Net migration rate is the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
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Population Growth VariablesPopulation Growth Variables
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cities, on a large scale, first appeared about 3500 B.C., first in Iraq and Iran, then later in West Africa
The key to the origin of cities is the development of efficient agriculture
200 years ago the only city in the world that had a population of more than a million was China
The Industrial Revolution led to a big rise in city populations
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The Rise The Rise of Citiesof Cities
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Urbanization refers to masses of people moving to the cities
77 % of the population in the industrialized world lives in cities
There are many “pulls” in regards to city life
Metropolis – Central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs
Megalopolis – Two metropolises and their many suburbs
Megacity – A City with 10 million residents
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The Process of UrbanizationThe Process of Urbanization
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Figure 14.11 The 20 Largest Cities in the World**Includes contiguous cities. Los Angeles, for example, includes Long Beach, and New York includes Newark. The populations are projections for year 2025.Source: By the author. Based on United Nations 2008:Table 3.
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
From Country to City – In 1790 only 5 % of Americans lived in cities; today it is 79 %
From City to City – six of the fastest growing cities are in the West and 4 are in the South
Between Cities – Edge Cities: clusters of buildings and services near the intersections of major highways
Within the City – Gentrification: middle class people moving to rundown areas of a city
From City to Suburb – Suburbanization – Today, over 50 % of Americans live in Suburbs– why?
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U.S. Urban U.S. Urban PatternsPatterns
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Figure 14.12 How Urban is Your State? The Rural–Urban Makeup of the United StatesNote: The most rural state is Vermont (38% urban). The most urban states are California and New Jersey (94% urban).Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 28.
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
D
esire to Retreat to Safe Haven
U
rban Crime and Violence is “Push”
C
ost of Living and Space is “Pull”
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Rural ReboundRural Rebound
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The Concentric Zone Model – Ernest Burgess – cities expand outward from its center – 5 zones
The Sector Model – Homer Hoyt – a concentric zone can contain several sectors
The Multiple-Nuclei Model – Harris and Ullman – some cities have several centers (i.e. fast food restaurants and clothing stores)
The Peripheral Model – Chauncey Harris – impact of highways on the movement of people away from the cities
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Models of Models of Urban GrowthUrban Growth
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Who Lives in the City? – Herbert Gans did participant observation in the West End of Boston and determined 5 different types of people live in the cities:
The Cosmopolites The Singles The Ethnic Villagers The Deprived The Trapped
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City LifeCity Life
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
U
rban Sentiment: Finding a Familiar World City Divided into Little Worlds
People Create Intimacy by Personalizing Shopping
Spectator Sports Provide VenueN
orm of Noninvolvement
Diffusion of Responsibility
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City LifeCity Life
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Many people are leaving the cities and businesses are following
Causes the cities tax base to shrink
Many people were left behind in this transition and transformed inner cities
Many are fleeing to the suburbs and now many suburbs are facing the same problems that cities have
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Urban Problems and Urban Problems and Social PolicySocial Policy
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Figure 14.14 Urban Growth and Urban Flight
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
As cities tax base shrank and building deteriorated, many banks began Redlining (refusing to give loans to housing and business developments in problem areas).
This has led to further disinvestment
Another urban problem has been many factories moving to other countries where the labor is cheaper which is referred to as Deindustrialization
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Urban Problems and Urban Problems and Social PolicySocial Policy
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
There have been various policies enacted which have attempted to resolve urban problems.
Urban renewal: Tearing down an area and rebuilding, which can revitalize the area but often times does not benefit its inhabitants
Enterprise Zones: A designated area of a city that offers incentives to businesses, such as reduced taxes, to move into the area
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Urban RevitalizationUrban Revitalization
Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociologists can apply sociological principles to build communities.
According to Sociologist William Flanagan (1990) there are three guiding principles
1) Scale-regional and national planning is necessary
2) Livability-cities must be appealing and meet human needs
3) Social Justice-social policy must be evaluated by how it affects people
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Public SociologyPublic Sociology