population dynamics. characteristics of a population geographical distribution – describes area...
TRANSCRIPT
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Population Dynamics
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Characteristics of a population
• Geographical distribution – Describes area inhabited by population
• Density – The # of individuals / area
• Growth Rate – The change in # within a population due to births, deaths, immigration, & emigration
• Age Structure
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Exponential Growth
• Occurs when individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
• Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially
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Logistic Growth
Occurs when resources become less available (Slows population growth rate)
Slow population growth rate due to 1. Decrease in birthrate2. Increase in deathrate3. Immigration decreases4. Emigration increases
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Carrying Capacity
The largest # of individuals an environment can support
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Limits to population growth
Limiting Factor – causes population growth to decrease Density Dependent Limiting Factors Factors which work best with a large dense population• Interspecific competition• Intraspecific competition• Predation• Disease• Parasitism Density Independent Limiting Factors• Tornado, hurricane, drought, temperature• Human disturbance (Clear-cutting forests or damming
rivers)
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Competition
Competitive exclusion principle• No two species can occupy the same
niche in the same habitat at the same time
• Interspecific competition occurs between two species for similar resources
• Intraspecific competition occurs within a species for similar resources
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Why Competition?
Limited resources• Food• Water• Space• Shelter• Mates• Sunlight
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Predation
Prey have evolved defense mechanisms to prevent predation
• Poison (Monarch butterflies & Dart frogs)• Mimicry• Camouflage• Shells• Slime
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Poison
•
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Batesian mimicry
• Monarch butterfly or viceroy butterfly?
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Mertensian mimicry (Warning coloration)
• Coral snake or King snake?
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Camouflage in nature
Industrial melanism of the peppered moth
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Shells as Defense
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Slime as Defense
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Human Population Growth
Exponential growth due to:
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Better healthcare / medicine
• Reduced death rate
• High birth rate
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Demography
The scientific study of human populations
• Birthrates• Deathrates• Age structure
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U.S. Age Distribution
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South Africa Age Distribution
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South Africa and U.S.