M A R G A R E T C A L L E J A

1

POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY AS A MEASURE OF

THE QUALITY OF LIFE

DEMOGRAPHY

2

A social science

Study of population

Identified on composition, size and spatial distribution

Comprises the dynamic processes of fertility, birth, death, marriage, migration and social mobility

POPULATION GROWTH3

The Demographic Book-keeping Equation states that:

Pt = Po + B – D + I – O The formula implies that:

Pt = Population at time “t”

Po = Population at an earlier time “o”

B = Births between time “o” and time “t”

D = Deaths between time “o” and “t”

I = In-migration / immigration between time “o” and “t”

O = Out-migration / emigration between time “o” and “t”

Theory of Demographic Regulation

Deriving from Charles Darwin’s“balance of nature” principle

Try to keep population equilibriumReason: to keep a balance with resources

POPULATION DENSITY

Number of people per

unit area, usually

people per square

kilometer

4

QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX5

Refers to the component of development

Two levels:

basic level which involves measures such as access to water, food, health and education etc.

higher levels which may include freedom of speech and religious worship

Quality of life index is measured by certain aspects of life such as ........

6 Infant mortality rate – the number of deaths

of infants below one year per every thousand live births

Literacy – defined by UNESCO as “the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed materials associated with varying contexts

Life expectancy – average number of years that individuals are expected to live depending on where and when they are born and spend their lives

Housing – number of people owing a house and to the standard of living of houses

Economic activity – types of jobs relating to sectors of the economy

- primary sector : activities concerned with extraction or exploitation of raw materials

- secondary sector – manufacturing industries- tertiary sector – providing services- quaternary sector – types of economic

activity involving high technology and information services

The Concepts of TIME and SPACE Operating through different Scales

7

GLOBAL

LOCALREGIONAL

G L O C A L I S A T I O N

L O C A L G L O B A L

R E L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E N T H E L O C A L A N D

T H E G L O B A L

8

LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES

PATTERNS ACTING AS TRIGGERING FACTORS

9

DEMOGRAPHIC

HISTORICAL

POLITICAL

ECONOMICAL

SOCIAL

CULTURAL

TRANSPORT

TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION

TRIGGER POPULATION GROWTH AND

DENSITY

•L O C A L P R O C E S S E SP R O C E S S O F U R B A N I S A T I O N , S U B U R B A N I S A T I O NC H A N G E I N L I F E S T Y L E – I N C R E A S E D S T A N D A R D O F L I V I N GC H A N G E I N J O B S – F R O M P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y T O T E R T I A R Y A N D Q U A T E R N A R YI N C R E A S E D C A R O W N E R S H I PM O R E A C C E S S I B I L I T Y – E V O L U T I O N O F T R A N S P O R T N E T W O R K S

•G L O B A L P R O C E S S E SG L O B A L I S A T I O N•E C O N O M I C•P O L I T I C A L•C U L T U R A L•S O C I A L•T E C H N O L O G I C A L

10

LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES

THOMAS MALTHUS

1766-1834

oTHEORY OF POPULATOIN

RELATING TO RESOURCES

11

Essay On the Principle of Population1798

oTheory proposed a negative aspect of a large population

oFood production increases arithmetically whereas population increases geomethrically

oTwo kind of checks are needed in order to maintain a balance in the populationPreventive checks – controls on birthrate such as abortion, contraception and prostitutionPositive checks – rise in mortality such as war, famine and disease

ESTER BOSERUP

1910-1999

THEORY RELATING TO HUMAN

POPULATION AND RESOURCES

Her theory proposed a positive aspect of a large population

Identified a new form of agricultural intensification based on technology, population and land

The technology factor was the focus of her theory

Population growth is the trigger of technological change

12

Theory of Agricultural Intensification1965 & 1981

FIRST DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

Explains population increases and decreases through variations in the birth rate and death rate

Identifies four stages:

Stage 1 – fluctuating birth rates and death rates

Stage 2 – death rates start to drop as a result of improvements in medicine

Stage 3 – families start getting smaller as a result of improved social conditions

Stage 4 – birth rates level down to replacement levels

First Demographic Transition

13

SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION14

FIRST STAGE (1960-1970)Identifies the end of younger ages of marriageThe baby boom of World War II endsDivorce starts to rise

SECOND STAGE (1970-1985)Common-law unions start to evolveChildren are born in cohabiting relationships instead of marriage

THIRD STAGE (1985 onwards) Divorce reaches a high pointPost-marital cohabitation increases - widowed persons do not marry again but cohabitateA high proportion of people start having children after the age of 30

15

Processes resulting from the triggers

of population growth and

density..........

.........ACTING AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX

MIGRATION16

Population movements across space

o In-migration and out-migration

Daily or seasonal movements –commuting;work;travel

Forced –famine;war;poverty

Voluntary – search for better jobs; education

.

MIGRATION TRIGGERS17

Suburbanisation

Counterurbanisation

Urbanisation

URBANISATION - a large proportion of the

population lives in towns and cities – people migrate from the rural to the urban

SUBURBANISATION - people migrate in the outer

district within the commuting zone of the urban area

COUNTERURBANISATION - people move away from

large urban settlements –migration from urban to rural

The processes of ......

MALTESE POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY IN THE 2OTH CENTURY

18

Density comparison table 1995-2005 by district

19

1995 2005

District Population per km

Population per km

Change 1995-2005 per km

MALTAMaltaGozo and Comino

1,2001,417422

1,2851,517452

8510029

Southern Harbour 3,186 3,097 -89

Northern Harbour 4,920 4,967 47

South Eastern 1,019 1,184 165

Western 713 787 74

Northern 609 776 167

Gozo and Comino 422 452 29

Factors acting as measures on the quality of life inedx in the Maltese Islands

20 POPULATION GROWTH AND

DENSITY

14 censuses from 1842-2005 1842,1851,1861,1881,1891,1901,1911,1

921,1931,1957,1967,1985,1995, 2005

Population in 1842 – 114,499

Population in 2005 – 404,962 Doubled 3.5 times in 163 years

MEASURING THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX

Health – improved health facilities leading to a low infant mortality rate, life longevity

Education – high literacy rate, lifelong learning, higher percentage of a graduated workforce, high percentage of women working

Housing – rise in persons owing their own personal dwellings, increase in dwellings due a large number of persons living independently - second demographic transiton:rise in separation leads to an increase in single households

Economic activity – shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary and quaternary sectors

References21

Bogue, D.J., (1969) Introduction to the Study of Demography in Principles of Demography (Chapter 1 pg 1); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York

Bogue, D.J., (1969) Population Change and Its Components in Principles of Demography (Chapter 2 pg 37-38); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York

Haggett, P., (2001) Ester Boserup and Agricultural Intensification in Geography A Global Synthesis (Chapter 9 pg 283); Pearson Education Limited, England

Ogden, P., (1984) Migration and Urban Growth in Migration and Geographical Change (Chapter 4 pg 51); University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain

Pacione, M., (2001) Urban Geography from local to global in Urban Geography ; 2nd ed. (Chapter 1 pgs4-5); Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Great Britain

Winch, D., (1987) The Principle of Population in Malthus (Chapter 3 pg 19); Oxford University Press, Great Britain

INTERNET SOURCES

Census 2005 accessed on http://www.nso.gov.mt/docs/CensusVol2.pdf

Definitions of geography accessed on http://www.tuition.com.hk/geography on 15th March 2010

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION22