population growth - mr. schlossermrschlosser.com/wh/era 3/era3.pdf · population growth http ......
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Population Growth
http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era4.php
50 75
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3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 1 AD
Millio
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World Population
Why the growth in population?
1. The invention of iron
2. Farming and pastoral nomadism – new land, new crops
3. Improved species of crops – more crops
4. Domestication of animals for work
5. Denser population led to immunization to infectious
diseases, therefore longer life expectancies
What happened because of this population growth?
1. Deforestation – soil erosion, shortages of wood for fuel,
localized extinctions
2. More complex societies
3. Increased collective learning
4. More people living in large cities
Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria
Persepolis of Persia
Rome
Teotihuacan
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Piramide_de_la_Luna_072006.jpg/800px-Piramide_de_la_Luna_072006.jpg
Expanding Networks
Network: A web of connections through which people, goods,
and ideas circulate.
1. Routes. Merchants, shippers, sea captains extended and
extended trade routes across Afroeurasia and America
Roman Ship
Chinese Ship
Roman
Chariots
War and
Trade
http://econintersect.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/silk-road1.jpg
2. Empires (a state that unites many territories and diverse
peoples under one rule or government, usually—but not
always built by force) required networks for political
management and economic interaction.
3. Writing. Alphabetic writing systems with a fewer number of
symbols, or letters, to represent sounds allowed for faster
writing systems.
4. Religion (an organized belief system explaining man’s
relationship with the spiritual) united peoples based on
common writing(s), trade goods, and art styles.
The Akkadians in Sumer
1. Nomadic pastoralists
who lived in Arabia and
Syria; they settled in
Sumer.
2. Sargon united the cities
of Sumer around his
capital to establish the
first empire.
3. He allowed the
Sumerians to keep their
language, religion and
culture.
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH010.jpg
http://www.freewebs.com/punicfighters/assy.jpg.jpg
http://www.mysteriousworld.com/Content/Images/Journal/2003/Autumn/Osiria/Sargon180.gif
Sargon I, “The Great”
The Amorites of Babylon
1. Hammurabi united the peoples of Mesopotamia under the
first major collection of laws in history – The Code of
Hammurabi
2. He enforced both
criminal and civil
laws; based on
retribution
3. He absorbed and
built upon the
existing culture
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d27d8u-aenY/UAs5INZit-I/AAAAAAAAA44/jThtfLwLnKE/s1600/Hammurabi.jpg
Hammurabi and His Code
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnh3bUXX7-BNaQLUSsrHcR41XfNxfMnu5ZuUhUoRK4-MT4iCCXVg
―To cause justice to prevail in the land,
To destroy the wicked and evil,
That the strong may not oppress the weak‖
The Hittites and
the
Egyptians
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH016.jpg
http://www.travellinkturkey.com/images/auxilary/hittite_map.jpg
The Phoenicians
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhoenicianTrade.png/325px-PhoenicianTrade.png
1. Successful merchants and traders originating from the
eastern Mediterranean
2. They are known for supplying cedar, purple dye (made
from sea snails), and glass ware
3. They established
colonies
throughout the
Mediterranean
region as supply
stations and
trading posts
4. Historians credit
Phoenicians for
the introduction
of an alphabet
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSZhI155XvTOsPREMgeB-1Gaa0CiuTOL5ZfdyAJ8MtQQG4aPfI-RQ
http://i1.treknature.com/photos/11547/murex_sp.jpg
Murex
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFwAm7yDxo6ygOkRV7qlJhmzfoDXrr38V6LgqJqnTU0pvR92tq1g
The Assyrians
1. Organized an invading army from the Upper Tigris River,
overwhelming the inhabitants with superior force—iron
weapons, cavalry, battering rams, massed archers.
2. Nineveh, the
capital city, had
one of the world’s
first libraries,
orchards, and
even a zoo.
3. They ruled with
intimidation and
terror under a
strict law code.
http://www.knowledgequestmaps.com/images/Assyrian%20Empire.ldsc.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_C6_DXX4pkmQ/TEmeHwUe8lI/AAAAAAAAAig/y6xBKc8Mq1A/s1600/Assurbanipal+horse+archery.jpg
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_31.13.2.jpg
http://www.savepasargad.com/New-050508/01.General-News/News-
pix/farrokh/Pic-21-Assyrians_blinding_captives.jpg
The Chaldeans of Babylon
1. Nebuchadnezzar revived the Babylonian Empire,
overthrowing the Assyrians in 612 B.C.
2. He rebuilt canals, temples, and walls of the city.
3. Babylon is known
for astronomy (the
study of the star)
and astrology
(interpreting human
events based on the
position of the
stars)
http://visualunit.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/babylonian_empire1.jpg
A.Level of population and intensity of interchange
required a large system of shared morality and
beliefs.
B.The religions of this era had uniting themes of
kindness, selflessness and decency.
C.Over time divisions and subdivisions developed
within each religion.
D.All the religions encouraged investigations into the
structure and meaning of the physical and natural
world.
Religion: an organized belief system explaining man’s relationship with the spiritual
http://ihrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/distribution-of-world-religions-map.png
Judaism (early 1st millennium BC)
Hinduism (early 1st millennium BC)
Daoism ( 5th century BC)
Confucianism (5th century BC)
Buddhism (5th century BC)
Christianity (1st century AD)
Self-transformative
Eternal salvation
India
China
Middle East
Regional focus
Universal appeal
The Persians
The Persians were Indo-European speaking tribes who migrated
from the plains of southern Russia across the Caucasus mountains
and the Caspian Sea to settle on the Plateau of Iran.
http://70facets.org/messages/2007/PERSIANEMPIRE.png
The territory controlled by the Persians was one of rugged
mountains, deserts, and rivers.
Agriculture was centered on the scattered oases in
the area where water filtered up from underground.
They also used irrigation, building tunnels called qanats.
http://quezi.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/qanat3.png
http://www.irrigationmuseum.org/photos/qanat-drawing.jpg
http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln57/gifs/wessels4.jpg
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCuso0GkQdsyYArE6Bau7emTjc1oEHnmf3P0yJB953-
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The two most important tribes of these early peoples were
the Medes and the Persians. They called their homeland Iran,
which means ―land of the Aryans.‖
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A famous prophet-reformer named
Zoroaster preached against the practice of
polytheism and called on the people to
worship one god. His teaching centered on
a struggle between good and evil—the just
would receive a blessing, but the wicked
would suffer punishment.
A Persian empire emerged under the leadership of Cyrus II.
He overthrew the confederation of Median tribes in protest
of greater controls and higher taxes.
He expanded the empire to its greatest extent by conquering
the Lydians in Asia Minor, extending to the Indus River in
India, adding Babylon, and even reaching Greece along the
Black Sea.
The Lydians are
credited with
being the first to
mint coins.
Darius I (grandson of Cyrus) divided the empire into provinces
called satrapies.
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The Persian Empire of Darius
• Efficient and stable administration through regional governors,
the satraps – ―the king’s eyes and ears‖
• United empire through elaborate system of roads for
communication and use of a common currency
• Dependent on the military of professional soldiers; the
―Immortals‖ were an elite infantry force whose numbers never
seemed to lessened because killed soldiers were immediately
replaced
•A multi-cultural empire usually respecting local government,
laws, and religious customs
Weakened by internal plots for control and the rise of the Greeks,
the Persian Empire ended in the 330s B.C.
The Indian Empires
The Greeks
(see separate handout)
While two religions – Hinduism and Buddhism – spread
throughout India, there was little political unity (prior to
400 B.C.). They did, however, provide a religious and social
bond.
Warring kingdoms united to force out invaders (the
Persians and the Greeks), grew rich through trade, and left a
lasting legacy of accomplishments
Three key ideas represent Hinduism:
Hinduism
REINCARNATION. The
spiritual rebirth in successive
physical forms until perfection
is achieved.
KARMA. The ―force‖ created by
how a person lives their life; the
ethical consequences of behavior.
DHARMA. A divine law requiring people to do their duty
http://www.spiritualquestionshelpline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Trimurti-Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva.jpg
Siddhartha Gautama preached a message of man’s striving to
reach Nirvana—a state of union with the Great World Soul.
Buddhism
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The Four Noble Truths summarize his teaching:
1. Life is full of suffering
2. Selfish desires create suffering
3. Ending selfish desires will end suffering
4. Following the Eightfold Path will end desire
• Right view
• Right intention
• Right speech
• Right action
• Right livelihood
• Right effort
• Right mindfulness
• Right concentration
The Mauryan Empire
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya (324-301)
•Built a highly centralized empire, dividing his territory into
provinces ruled by governors.
•Lived in fear of assassination; retired his rule and lived as a monk
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X3VQbMmrnjs/T6zrVuKHVqI/AAAAAAAAB6k/2EnoJKZNPvk/s1600/Mauryan+Empire+map.jpg
Asoka, his grandson, ruled as a ―philosopher king‖
based on the ideals of Buddhism. His goal was to
win the affections of the people. He achieved this
through education and public works.
He expanded Indian influence through trade.
Indian architecture during this time served
religious purposes…
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…pillars marked places of the Buddha’s life,
…stupas held relics
and became places of
devotion, and
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…rock chambers housed
monks and served as halls
for ceremonies.
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The Gupta Empire
During the Gupta period (320-550) India enjoyed a classical age in
which art, literature, mathematics, and science made great advances
while the people enjoyed great prosperity under firm, but gentle rule.
•In agriculture: wheat, rice, sugar cane, cotton
•In trade: merchants plied their goods along the Silk Road
http://www.silkroutes.net/SilkRoadMaps/PictureMapRoutes.jpg
In learning: Hindu and Buddhist monks built schools, scholars
studied mathematics (which Arab traders copied), and physicians
set broken bones and performed cosmetic surgery
The caste system
developed into a strict
hierarchy of
occupational and social
classifications. From the
high-caste Brahmins to
the the low-caste
Untouchables each
member of society had
sense of identity as part
of a stable society.
Empires in China
The civil wars between Chinese states ended in 221 B.C. when
Qin Shihuangdi unified the Chinese world using force against
invaders and harsh treatment of his subjects.
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The Qin Empire
• created a single monetary unit and common language
• constructed a series of road and canals to encourage
transportation
• began building a series of walls along the northern border; it
would, over centuries, become the Great Wall of China
http://dgreatwallofchina.com/Great-Wall-of-China-Pictures.jpg
• purged the empire of books—and people—who opposed the
official government policies
• used a censorate to check on government officials and their work
• divided the land of the aristocracy to give to the people
• chose government officials based on merit, not birth
http://www.xian-travel.com/image/attraction/terra-cotta-warrior-army.jpg
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The Han Empire
The first Han emperor replaced the harsh legalism of the Qin with
Confucian principles; scholars became the chief advisors and
administrators (mandarins) of the civil service.
Though neither the Qin nor Han Empires lasted long, the bureaucracies
they created remain intact for centuries providing continuity with
changing dynasties.
http://blog.chinatravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Han-dynasty-map.jpg
In science:
• astronomers measured the movement of the stars for keeping time
• physicians used acupuncture to treat illnesses
• inventors developed a way to make
paper from wood pulp
http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/bodies/illustrations/acupuncture.jpg
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Lifeandhealth/Pix/pictures/2008/07/24/acupuncture1.jpg
In economics:
• the family remained the primary economic unit
• the government stabilized the price of farm products through
leveling (buying surplus crops to sell in lean years)
• taxation forced many peasants to give up their lands and work for
wealthier land owners
The Romans
(see separate handout)
This ends Era 3 (except for Rome, that is)