postlab report- revised

UrinalysisJorge Anton D. Ordas

Eloisah Vin S. RagodonLindley C. Susi

Mercer Keith Von PosselMark Rainier C. Yu

3BIO6

Urine Is a composite of various organic and

inorganic substances which are normally waste products from metabolic processes.

Body fluids filtered by the kidney and excreted through the urethra

Typically yellow-amber in color Used in testing for physiological

imbalances or disease

Urine (composition) Average Urine

Output(Adults): 1-2 liters per 24 hours

5% - solutes 95% - water Main Organic

Constituents: Urea, Creatinine, Uric acids, Ammonium, SO4 /Sulfate, and PO4.

Main Ions present: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Magnesium and Calcium ions

URINE (Output/Volume) Oliguria

Less than 400 ml of urine in 24 hours

Anuria Less than 100 ml of urine in 24 hours

Possible causes:1. Prerenal – dehydration, congestive heart failure and

hemorrhage2. Postrenal – obstruction of the urinary tract 3. Renal parenchymal disease - acute tubular necrosis,

chronic renal failure

Urine (increase) Polyuria

More than 2L of urine in 24 hours

Possible causes: 1. Physiological states: increased water intake/

excessive hydration, some drugs/ diuretic effects, intravenous solutions

2. Pathologic states: Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus

Urinalysis Diagnostic tool used for the overall

evaluation of renal function or possible malfunction/disease

Rapid detection and measurement of various compounds that pass through the urine

Includes 2 steps of examination: Physical Characterization– color, turbidity, presence

of suspended particles Chemical Reaction Tests– detection of normal and

pathologic organic constituents

Urinalysis (Importance)

To identify or detect the presence if excess protein, glucose, bile pigments are left unfiltered by the renal tubules, intact or hemolysed RBCs and elevated level of intestinal microbiota and possible etiologic agent of urinary tract infection and renal diseases

Objectives To make an initial examination of the

urine sample

To examine the normal organic constituents of the urine sample

To examine for pathologic organic constituents of the urine sample by comparing with positive control set-ups

Procedure/Methodology

A. Initial Examination of Urine• Note time of collection• Indicate the color and the turbidity and

check for suspended materials• Check pH through litmus paper


B. Examination for Normal Organic Constituents

B1. Test for urea

1 mL urine

sample

Observe formation of

bubbles

-add 0.5 mL 70% NaOH and 4 drops bromine water


B2. Test for uric acid1 mL Urine

Sample

Record Result

-add 5 mL of 20% Na2CO3

, then mix-add 5 drops phosphotungstic acid reagent, then mix-observe for formation of blue solution


B.3 Indican test5 mL Urine

Sample

Record Result

- add 5 mL Obermayer’s Reagent, then mix well

- add 3 mL chloroform. Shake and allow chloroform to settle.- observe for formation of blue color in lower layer

5 mL Urine Sample

Record Result

Procedure

B4. Creatinine test

2 mL Urine Sample

Record Result

-add 1 mL of alkaline picrate solution

-note for formation of an orange solution

ProcedureC. Examination of pathologic organic constituents

C1. Gunning’s test

Record Result

-Basify with 5 drops concentrated ammonium hydroxide .Check pH by red litmus paper.- add Lugol’s solution to sample until black cloud appears- note the formation of iodoform crystals

Positive Control5 mL Urine + 2 mL

acetone

5 mL Urine Sample

Procedure

C.2. Benedict’s test

Record Result

- add 5 mL of Benedict’s reagent - heat in boiling water bath for 2-3 minutes then cool - note precipitate formation

Positive Control1 mL Urine + 1 mL glucose solution

0.5 mL Urine Sample

Procedure

C3. Exton’s test

Record Result

-add 3 mL of Exton’s reagent-warm if cloudiness appears-if cloudiness persist or increase in heating, albumin is present

Positive Control3 mL Urine + pinch

of albumin

3 mL Urine Sample

Procedure

C4. Smith’s test

Note if emerald green is seen at point of contact

-incline test tube and overlay with 3 mL of tincture of alcoholic iodine mixture

Positive Control3 mL Urine + 3-5

drops bile pigment

5 mL Urine Sample

Procedure

C5. Test for occult blood

Record Result

- add 5 mL of 95% ethanol to half spatula guaiac powder then add 5 mL of hydrogen peroxide in one test tube

- note the formation of iodoform crystals

Positive Control3 mL acidified

Urine + 3 drops of blood

3 mL Acidified Urine Sample

- add 5 mL of this solution to 3 mL acidified urine and positive conrol

Results

Time collected

Color Turbidity pH

19/20/12 7:15

amDark yellow Turbid 6

2 9/20/12 7:30 am

Yellow Orange Clear 5

3 9/20/12 9:00 am

Light Pale Yellow

Slightly Turbid 8

4 9/19/12 10:59 pm

Light Yellow Slightly turbid w/ minute suspended particles

6

5 9/20/12 6:00 am

Dark Yellow Clear 6

6 9/19/12 8:25 pm

Dark Yellow Clear 6

7 9/20/12 7:45 am

Light Yellow Clear 6

8 9/20/12 10:00 am

Yellow Orange Turbid 6

9 9/20/12 9:55 am

Very light yellow

Clear 6

10 9/20/12 9:20 am


11 9/20/12 9:30 am

Golden Yellow Clear 6

A. Initial Examination of Urine Sample

Group Test for Urea

1White gas was observed then brown gas almost

immediately

2Clear yellow solution upper layer and clear light yellow

lower layer

3Light yellow solution, with N2

gases, presence of cloudy white substance

4 Formation of bubbles, light yellow solution

5 Formation of bubbles on top

6Clear yellow solution with formation of bubbles on the

uppermost portion

7Clear yellow solution with presence of bubbles and foamy

layer

8Light yellow color upper layer with white fumes and clear

yellow second layer

9Yellow solution with presence of bubbles indicating

formation of N2 gas

10 Evolution of gas was observed

11There was an evolution of N2

gas

B. Examination for Normal Organic Constituents of Urine Sample

Group Test for Uric Acid

1 Clear blue solution

2 Clear light blue solution

3 light blue colored solution appeared


5 Formation of blue clear solution



8 Blue solution formed

9 Light blue solution

10 Light blue colored solution


Group Indican Test

1 Clear blue colored lower layer and dark green upper layer

2Clear brownish green upper layer and blue lower layer with

presence of emulsion

3Olive green solution at upper layer and pale clear blue

solution at lower layer

4Lower light blue clear solution, middle olive green clear

solution, upper thin black layer

5 Olive green upper layer and clear light blue lower layer

6Clear brown upper layer and very light clear blue lower

layer

7Green colored solution upper layer with clear blue lower

layer

8 No blue color formed at lower layer

9 Light blue solution at lower layer

10 Light blue colored solution at lower layer

11 Presence of the blue color in the lower layer

Admin

How do you defne emulsion?

Group Creatinine Test

1 Clear orange colored solution formed

2 Clear red orange solution

3 Dark orange colored solution appear

4 Red orange colored solution formed

5 Clear red orange solution formed



8 Orange solution formed


10 Red colored solution

11 Red orange colored solution

Group Urine Sample Positive Control

1Black precipitate settled at

lower layer and cloudy layers visible on upper layer

Black precipitate was formed but disappeared. Turbid

solution with cloudy precipitates at bottom

2Dark yellow orange solution with light yellow precipitate

Dark yellow solution with light yellow precipitate

3Light yellow turbid solution

with black cloud formation seen at the lower layer/bottom

Pale turbid yellowish solution with light yellow precipitate

at the bottom; no black cloud solution appeared

4Clear light yellow solution with

cloudy precipitate Clear yellow solution with

yellow precipitate

5Formation of cloudy white

yellow solution

Formation of white cloudy precipitate with light yellow

orange solution

C. Examination for Pathological Constituents of Urine SampleC1. Gunning’s Test


6Cloudy yellow solution with

yellow suspension

Clear yellow orange solution with cloudy white suspension

at the lower part

7Turbid/cloudy solution with

precipitate on middle

Slightly turbid/cloudy yellow solution with black precipitate

at bottom

8

Clear red orange solution with cloudy white lower layer and red orange precipitate at the

bottom

Clear orange solution with cloudy white lower layer and yellow orange precipitate at

bottom

9Presence of black crystals

settled on the bottomPresence of black crystals

settled on the bottom

10Formation of black iodoform

crystals Turbid solution

11Yellow solution with cloudy red

precipitate on the bottomYellow solution with white precipitate on the bottom

C2. Benedict’s Test


1 Blue SolutionYellow-green turbid solution

with yellow precipitate settled on the bottom

2Semi turbid solution with green

precipitateTurbid orange solution with

orange precipitate

3

Blue-green colored solution appeared with formation of a cloudy-like substance at the lower part of the test tube

Two layers appeared: a dark yellow turbid upper layer solution and a greenish

colored solution for the lower layer; yellow powdered-like

precipitate formed

4 Clear blue solutionUpper yellow layer, middle

green layer with orange precipitate

5Pale orange precipitate with

blue-green interphase; yellow solution

Formation of a clear aqua solution with suspended

particles


6

Clear green upper layer and clear light blue lower layer with

some particles suspended in the lower layer and between 2

layers

Orange solution with green and orange precipitate

7

Orange solution upper layer; Green turbid solution middle

layer; Brownish orange precipitate at lower layer

Slightly clear blue solution with little precipitate

8Blue green turbid upper layer

with few scattered and settling white precipitate

Turbid yellowish solution through-out 4 layers with the third layer being blue green;

Greenish and yellow precipitate at the bottom

9 Clear blue solution Presence of brick red precipitate

10 Light blue solution Orange precipitate formed in an orange solution

11Blue solution with a little white

precipitate

Green turbid solution on top with orange precipitate on

the bottom

C3. Exton’s TestGroup Urine Sample Positive Control

1 Clear light yellow solution Creamy white solution with white precipitate

2

Turbid light orange solution with fibrous materials in upper layer and

turbid green with precipitate at lower later

Clear orange solution

3 Clear light yellow solutionCloudy pale yellow solution and

formation of light yellow precipitate at the upper surface

4 Clear solution Formation of cloudy mass suspended in a solution

5Formation of clear light yellow

solutionFormation of cloudy solution with

clear bottom

6 Clear light yellow-orange solution Light yellow solution with light yellow aggregates

7 Clear light yellow solution White turbid solution with white precipitate

8 Clear golden yellow solution White turbid solution

9 Clear solution Cloudiness is seen with mass of white precipitate

10 Clear colorless solution White cloudy present

11 No cloudiness appeared Cloudiness appeared

C4. Smith’s Test


1 Green interphase Green interphase

2 No emerald green interphase Emerald green interphase

3 Emerald green interphase Emerald green interphase

4 Yellow interphase Yellow interphase

5 No emerald green interphase No emerald green interphase



8 No emerald green interphase No emerald green interpahse

9No emerald green interphase

seen at point of contactNo emerald green interphase at

point of contact

10 No emerald green interphase Emerald green color appeared at point of contact

11Emerald green color is observed

at the point of contact

Emerald green color is observed at the point of

contact

C5. Test for Occult Blood


1 Blue green ring absent Blue green ring formed


3 Blue green ring absent Dark blue colored solution appeared









DiscussionA. INITIAL EXAMINATION OF URINE SAMPLE


A1. Time of collection First voided morning specimen (most common)

Most ideal to test for substances Most concentrated Formed elements are more stable

Random urine sample (emergency) Collected at any time, usually daytime Exercise and excessive fluid intake can directly affect urine

composition

Clean-catch, midstream specimen (urine culture) Prior hydration of patient will lead to a “clean catch” urine

specimen

Time collected

Color Turbidity pH

19/20/12 7:15


2 9/20/12 7:30 am


3 9/20/12 9:00 am

Light Pale Yellow

Slightly Turbid 8

4 9/19/12 10:59 pm


6

5 9/20/12 6:00 am

Dark Yellow Clear 6

6 9/19/12 8:25 pm

Dark Yellow Clear 6

7 9/20/12 7:45 am


8 9/20/12 10:00 am


9 9/20/12 9:55 am

Very light yellow

Clear 6

10 9/20/12 9:20 am


11 9/20/12 9:30 am



A2. Color Normal urine is clear and pale yellow Yellow color is due to the pigment urochrome

present Urine darkens on standing because of oxidation of

urobilinogen to urobilin Color variations indicate presence of metabolic

abnormality, diseases, stress, ingested foods or drug Colorless – dilution/too much hydration; Diabetes mellitus;

intake of drugs with diuretic effect Orange – excessive sweating, concentrated urine

Dark brown, brown red or dark yellow – very concentrated urine, acute febrile disease

Time collected

Color Turbidity pH

19/20/12 7:15


2 9/20/12 7:30 am


3 9/20/12 9:00 am

Light Pale Yellow

Slightly Turbid 8

4 9/19/12 10:59 pm


6

5 9/20/12 6:00 am

Dark Yellow Clear 6

6 9/19/12 8:25 pm

Dark Yellow Clear 6

7 9/20/12 7:45 am


8 9/20/12 10:00 am


9 9/20/12 9:55 am

Very light yellow

Clear 6

10 9/20/12 9:20 am


11 9/20/12 9:30 am



A3. Turbidity

Urine may become cloudy due to the presence of amorphous phosphates which will disappear or due to urates in urine

Pathologic (e.g. Blood cells, fats, bacteria) – metabolic dysfunction, disease process, or deterioration of the barrier separating the urinary tract from the blood

Non-pathologic – examples are normal crystals, mucus, epithelial cells, spermatozoa and prostatic fluid , cellular casts

Time collected

Color Turbidity pH

19/20/12 7:15


2 9/20/12 7:30 am


3 9/20/12 9:00 am

Light Pale Yellow

Slightly Turbid 8

4 9/19/12 10:59 pm


6

5 9/20/12 6:00 am

Dark Yellow Clear 6

6 9/19/12 8:25 pm

Dark Yellow Clear 6

7 9/20/12 7:45 am


8 9/20/12 10:00 am


9 9/20/12 9:55 am

Very light yellow

Clear 6

10 9/20/12 9:20 am


11 9/20/12 9:30 am


A. Gross physicochemical examination of urine sample

A4. Urine pH Normal urine pH varies from 4.5 – 8.0 Urinary pH becomes alkaline because CO2 will diffuse

into the air The kidney plays a major role in the regulation of

acid-base balance Reabsorption of sodium and tubular secretion of hydrogen

and ammonium ions Acidic – sodium concentration and excess acid retain by

body Alkaline – bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer; normally

secreted when there is an excess of base or alkali in the body

Time collected

Color Turbidity pH

19/20/12 7:15


2 9/20/12 7:30 am


3 9/20/12 9:00 am

Light Pale Yellow

Slightly Turbid 8

4 9/19/12 10:59 pm


6

5 9/20/12 6:00 am

Dark Yellow Clear 6

6 9/19/12 8:25 pm

Dark Yellow Clear 6

7 9/20/12 7:45 am


8 9/20/12 10:00 am


9 9/20/12 9:55 am

Very light yellow

Clear 6

10 9/20/12 9:20 am


11 9/20/12 9:30 am


B. QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION FOR NORMAL ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF URINE

DISCUSSION

TEST FOR UREAUrea The end product of protein catabolism Water-soluble compound Synthesized exclusively in the liver Via urea cycle:

involves conversion of ammonia into urea reactions occur in the liver, but urea is

transported to the kidneys where it is excreted

TEST FOR UREA

TEST FOR UREA Reagents

70% NaOH, bromine water

Principle Hydrolyzation of urea with NaOH Excess NaOH then reacts with bromine water to

form NaOBr, which in turn oxidizes the urea to form N2,CO2, H2O

Positive result Evolution of N2 gas as indicated with presence of

bubbles

TEST FOR UREA

MECHANISM

Group Test for Urea

1White gas was observed then brown gas almost

immediately

2Clear yellow solution upper layer and clear light yellow

lower layer

3Light yellow solution, with N2

gases, presence of cloudy white substance

4 Formation of bubbles, light yellow solution

5 Formation of bubbles on top

6Clear yellow with formation of bubbles on the

uppermost portion

7Clear yellow solution with presence of bubbles and

foamy layer

8Light yellow color upper layer with white bubbles and

clear yellow second layer

9Yellow solution with presence of bubbles indicating

formation of N2

gas

10 Evolution of gas was observed

11There was an evolution of N2

gas

TEST FOR UREA

TEST FOR UREA

INDICATIONS Levels of urea depend upon protein

intake, protein catabolism and kidney function

Amount of urea excreted per day is 30 g by a normal adult

Elevated urea levels can occur because of: Diseases which impair kidney function,

congestive heart failure, diabetes, dietary changes, liver diseases

TEST FOR URIC ACID

Uric acid Major end product of catabolism of

purine bases – adenine and guanine nucleotides of cellular DNA and RNA

Formed from dietary nucleic acids Dissolves in blood and travels to the

kidneys, where it passes out in urine Excreted in only small amounts in urine Formula: C5H4N4O3

TEST FOR URIC ACID Reagents used

20%Na2CO3, phosphotungstic acid reagent

Principle Oxidation of alkene in uric acid by

phosphotungstic acid(protein precipitant) reagent, yielding allantoin and tungsten blue

Positive result Blue solution

TEST FOR URIC ACID

Reaction Mechanism for the Test for Uric Acid

Group Test for Uric Acid



3 A light blue colored solution appeared


5 Formation of blue clear solution



8 Blue solution formed

9 Light blue solution

10 Light blue colored solution


TEST FOR URIC ACID

TEST FOR URIC ACIDINDICATIONS High levels of uric acid can cause

kidney stones Uric acid excretion is 250-750 mg per

day Level of uric acid gradually increases

with age High levels may be due to:

A high purine diet, gout, and cortisone therapy. Gout – a painful condition in which high

blood levels of uric acid in the body can cause solid crystals to form within joints

INDICAN TEST

Indican An indole produced by bacterial action

on amino acid, tryptophan, in the intestine

Reflects bacterial activity in the intestines

Detection in urine depends upon its decomposition and subsequent oxidation of indoxyl to indigo blue

Most is excreted in the feces

INDICAN TEST Reagent

Obermayer’s reagent (FeCl3 in concentrated HCl and chloroform)

Principle Oxidation of indoxyl to blue indigo and its

absorption into the chloroform layer Positive result

Blue color of the chloroform layer

INDICAN TESTMECHANISM

Group Indican Test

1Clear blue colored lower layer and dark green upper

layer

2Clear brownish green upper layer and blue lower layer

with presence of emulsion

3Olive green solution at upper layer and pale clear blue

solution at lower layer

4Lower light blue clear solution, middle olive green

clear solution, upper thin black layer

5 Olive green upper layer and clear light blue lower layer

6Clear brown upper layer and very light clear blue lower

layer

7Green colored solution upper layer with clear blue lower

layer

8 No blue color formed at lower layer

9 Light blue solution at lower layer

10 Light blue colored solution at lower layer

11 Presence of the blue color in the lower layer

INDICAN TEST

INDICAN TESTINDICATIONS

Increased with high protein diets or inefficient protein digestion

Excessive urine indicant include: Maldigestion or malabsorption of

Tryptophan or increased bacterial overgrowth which reflects enteric toxemia

CREATININE TESTCreatinine Anhydride of creatine A constant constituent of normal urine Formed from creatine phosphate which is

concerned with muscle contraction Breakdown of phospocreatine by the addition

of strong acid or alkali. Creatine phosphate loses phosphoric acid and creatine undergoes dehydration forming creatinine

CREATININE TEST Reagents:

Alkali picrate solution (5:1, saturated picric acid and 10% NaOH).

Principle: Creatinine reacts with picric acid to form

creatinine picrate complex. Positive result:

Red-orange colored solution.

CREATININE TESTMECHANISM

Group Creatinine Test

1 Clear orange colored solution formed

2 Clear red orange solution

3 Dark orange colored solution appear

4 Red orange colored solution formed






10 Red colored solution

11 Red orange colored solution

CREATININE TEST

INDICATIONS All are positive results because creatinine picrate is orange in

color. If the result was red-orange solution, there is a high presence of creatinine excreted in the urine. However, if the color is lighter, it means that there is less creatinine in urine and more in blood because it was not filtered properly.

Decrease of creatinine levels may be due to: Muscular dystrophy

Increase of creatinine levels may be due to: Dehydration, bacterial infection, shock, kidney failure,

kidney stones, atherosclerosis

CREATININE TEST

C. QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION FOR PATHOLOGICAL ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF URINE

DISCUSSION

GUNNING’S TESTKETONE BODIES

Are products of incomplete fat metabolism Serve as energy source used in the citric

cycle in place of glucose (when insufficient) Three water soluble compounds that are

produced as by products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the body

GUNNING’S TEST Test for Ketone bodies Reagents Used:

Acetone (for positive control only), Conc. Ammonium hydroxide, Lugol’s solution

Principle Halogenation of the enolate of acetone

enolate formation is catalyzed by presence of hydroxyl ions from NH4OH

Positive result Iodoform crystals

GUNNING’S TESTMECHANISM


1Black precipitate settled at lower layer and cloudy layers

visible on upper layer

Black precipitate was formed but disappeared.

Turbid solution with cloudy precipitates at bottom

2Dark yellow orange solution

with light yellow precipitateDark yellow solution with light yellow precipitate

3Light yellow turbid solution

with black cloud formation seen at the lower layer/bottom

Pale turbid yellowish solution with light yellow

precipitate at the bottom; no black cloud solution

appeared

4Clear light yellow solution with

cloudy precipitate Clear yellow solution with

yellow precipitate

5Formation of cloudy white

yellow solution

Formation of white cloudy precipitate with light yellow

orange solution

GUNNING’S TEST


6Cloudy yellow solution with

yellow suspension

Clear yellow orange solution with cloudy white

suspension at the lower part

7Turbid/cloudy solution with

precipitate on middle

Slightly turbid/cloudy yellow solution with black

precipitate at bottom

8

Clear red orange solution with cloudy white lower layer and

red orange precipitate at the bottom

Clear orange solution with cloudy white lower layer and yellow orange precipitate

at bottom

9Presence of black crystals

settled on the bottomPresence of black crystals

settled on the bottom

10Formation of black iodoform

crystals Turbid solution

11Yellow solution with cloudy red

precipitate on the bottomYellow solution with white precipitate on the bottom

GUNNING’S TEST

GUNNING’S TESTINDICATIONS

Ketonuria – ketone bodies present in urine

Ketosis – high level of ketone in blood, distinct odor

Ketogenesis – when liver glycogen is depleted

Ketoacidosis – insulin deficiency, Type 1 diabetes

BENEDICT’S TEST

GLUCOSE a simple monosaccharide found in plants serve as an energy source Usually, there is little or no presence of

glucose in the urine Glycosuria

Presence of glucose in the urine

BENEDICT’S TEST (TEST FOR GLUCOSE)

Reagents Benedict’s reagent (carbonate-citrate solution and

copper sulfate solution)

Principle Oxidation reaction of glucose by the Cu2

+ and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+

Positive Result Formation of brick red precipitate

BENEDICT’S TESTMECHANISM

C2. Benedict’s Test


1 Blue SolutionYellow-green turbid solution

with yellow precipitate settled on the bottom

2Semi turbid solution with green

precipitateTurbid orange solution with

orange precipitate

3

Blue-green colored solution appeared with formation of a cloudy-like substance at the lower part of the test tube

Two layers appeared: a dark yellow turbid upper layer solution and a greenish

colored solution for the lower layer; yellow powdered-like

precipitate formed

4 Clear blue solutionUpper yellow layer, middle

green layer with orange precipitate

5Pale orange precipitate with

blue-green interphase; yellow solution

Formation of a clear aqua solution with suspended

particles


6

Clear green upper layer and clear light blue lower layer with

some particles suspended in the lower layer and between 2

layers

Orange solution with green and orange precipitate

7

Orange solution upper layer; Green turbid solution middle

layer; Brownish orange precipitate at lower layer

Slightly clear blue solution with little precipitate

8Blue green turbid upper layer

with few scattered and settling white precipitate

Turbid yellowish solution through-out 4 layers with the third layer being blue green;

Greenish and yellow precipitate at the bottom

9 Clear blue solution Presence of brick red precipitate

10 Light blue solution Orange precipitate formed in an orange solution

11Blue solution with a little white

precipitate

Green turbid solution on top with orange precipitate on

the bottom

BENEDICT’S TESTINDICATIONS:

180mg/dL glucose in urine is the normal glucose level of a person. 300-500 mg/dL are common with severe untreated diabetes

Positive result indicates that glucose is present in the urine. Presence of glucose can be due to: Diabetes mellitus; Renal glycosuria

EXTON’S TEST

ALBUMIN Is an umbrella term for a type of protein

which is water soluble protein is not usually found in urine Albumin in the human body transports

essential fatty acids from adipose tissue, otherwise known as fat, to muscle tissue

EXTON’S TEST Test for Albumin Reagents

Exton’s reagent (anhydrous sodium sulfate and sulfosalicylic acid(SSA) dissolved in distilled water)

Principle Na2SO4 and SSA will cause acidification and

the application of heat precipitates albumin

Positive Result Formation of a white turbid and cloudy

precipitate

Exton’s Test


1 Clear light yellow solution Creamy white solution with white precipitate

2Turbid light orange solution with fibrous

materials in upper layer and turbid green with precipitate at lower later

Clear orange solution

3 Clear light yellow solutionCloudy pale yellow solution and

formation of light yellow precipitate at the upper surface

4 Clear solution Formation of cloudy mass suspended in a solution

5Formation of clear light yellow

solutionFormation of cloudy solution with

clear bottom

6 Clear light yellow-orange solution Light yellow solution with light yellow aggregates

7 Clear light yellow solution White turbid solution with white precipitate

8 Clear golden yellow solution White turbid solution

9 Clear solution Cloudiness is seen with mass of white precipitate

10 Clear colorless solution White cloudy present

11 No cloudiness appeared Cloudiness appeared

EXTON’S TESTINDICATIONS

Albuminuria Presence of albumin in the urine

Proteins from the blood can leak into the urine when the glomerular filtration unit of the kidney are damaged/severed

SMITH’S TESTBILE PIGMENTS

responsible for lipid catabolism

BILIRUBIN It is a yellow pigment found in bile, a fluid made

by the liver. It is secreted in bile and urine. It is responsible for the brown coloration of feces

and yellow coloration of urine, bruises and jaundice.

Major constituent of bile. Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble and can

therefore be excreted in urine. Unconjugated bilirubin is water-insoluble.

SMITH’S TEST Test for Bile Pigments Reagents

Tincture of alcoholic iodine mixture (iodine crystals and sodium iodide in an absolute ethanol, then added with distilled water)

Principle Oxidation of the bile pigments to colored

derivatives of the alcoholic iodide Positive Result

Formation of emerald green at the point of contact

Smith’s Test


1 Green interphase Green interphase

2 No emerald green interphase Emerald green interphase

3 Emerald green interphase Emerald green interphase

4 Yellow interphase Yellow interphase





9No emerald green interphase

seen at point of contactNo emerald green interphase at

point of contact

10 No emerald green interphase Emerald green color appeared at point of contact

11Emerald green color is observed

at the point of contact

Emerald green color is observed at the point of

contact

SMITH’S TESTINDICATIONS Dark urine is caused when there is obstruction

to bile flow, or obstructive jaundice. In which case there is direct bilirubinemia, which is water soluble and is filtered through the glomerular membrane. This is the cause of dark urine.

High levels of bile pigment (hyperbilirubinemia) in urine may be due to: Liver injury Presence of gallstones Drug toxicity Hemolytic anemia

TEST FOR OCCULT BLOODOCCULT BLOOD sometimes referred to as “hidden blood”

Heme groups are most commonly recognized in their presence as components of hemoglobin (red pigment in blood)

Can be either hemolyzed (dissolved blood) or non-hemolyzed (intact red blood cells)

TEST FOR OCCULT BLOOD Reagents

½ spatula of guaiac poweder in 5 mL 95% ethanol solution; hydrogen peroxide

Principle The peroxidase activity of the Heme which

decomposes H2O2 and the liberated oxygen oxidizes organic substances such as guaiac powder

Positive Result Presence of orange, green ring Blue ring if much or excess blood is detected

TEST FOR OCCULT BLOODMECHANISM

Test for Occult Blood


1 Blue ring absent Blue green ring formed

2Blue ring absent

Blue green ring formed

3Blue ring absent

Dark blue colored solution appeared

4Blue ring absent


5Blue ring absent


6Blue ring absent


7Blue ring absent


8Blue ring absent


9Blue ring absent


10Blue ring absent


11Blue ring absent


TEST FOR OCCULT BLOODINDICATIONS Hematuria

The presence of more or less intact red blood cells in the urine

Usually accompanied by hemoglobinuria because of disintegration of red cell in urine or brown or produce a smoky appearance

CONCLUSION Urine samples from the 11 groups obtained a pH

range of 5-8, most are not turbid and samples in which suspended particles were seen are collected for almost 12 hours prior to the examination that could otherwise allowed the particles to settled down and provides a false observation and color of samples varies from very light yellow to dark orange with respect to concentration.

Qualitative examination for normal organic constituents of urine proved that normally it contains Urea, Uric Acid, Indican and Creatinine.

CONCLUSION

Most urine were found to be negative for presence of albumin, occult blood, ketone bodies and bile pigments(with minor exception for sample nos. 1, 3 and 11.). However 7 out of 11 samples were proven to be positive for presence of glucose indicating high sugar consumption or diet.

postlab report- revised

Documents

congestive heart failure

slightly turbidslightly turbid

alcoholic iodine mixture

emerald green interphase

normal organic constituents

iodoform crystalsrecord result

black crystals settled

clear aqua solution