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The offi cial mouthpiece of the South African Poultry AssociationDie amptelike mondstuk van dieSuid-Afrikaanse PluimveeverenigingFounded 1904 | Gestig 1904www.sapoultry.co.za

POULTRY PLUIMVEEBULLETIN

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APRIL 2018 VOL 7 ISSUE 04

H IS FOR HOUSING 18

TRADE WAR FEARS 22

HATCHERY VENTILATION 35

26

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HPAI

April Issue 3

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Offi cial mouthpiece of the South Afr ican Poultry Association. For private circulation only.

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News, views, content and opinion in this publication does not necessarily represent the views/policies or positions of the South Afr ican Poultry Association.

Nuus, standpunte, inhoud en menings in hierdie publikasie verteenwoordig nie noodwending die mening, beleid of standpunt van die Suid-Afr ikaanse Pluimveevereniging nie.

Physical Address: Wild Fig Business Park, Block C, 1494 Cranberry Street, Honeydew Ext 19Postal Address: P.O. Box 1202, Honeydew, 2040,South Afr ica Tel: 011 795 9920 | Fax: 011 795 2590

Published by: Suid-Afr ikaanse Pluimveevereniging.South Afr ican Poultry Association.Printed by: Typo Colour Printing 19 Beaufort St, Troyeville.Editor: Cameron Mackenzie - [email protected] CEO: Dr Charlotte Nkuna - [email protected]: Leandi Venter - [email protected] Design and Layout: Jelliweb - [email protected]: Cynthia Ncube - [email protected] to / Briewe aan: [email protected]

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From the DeskEgg price reportVat-free chicken?Listeriosis poses reputational challengeDelivering top level training in SANuwe Agri SETA Direksievoor-sitterFuel prices dampen rate cut impactH is for HousingBig Dutchman's new concept in HekpoortChicken for ChinaUS fears trade warZambia ok for SA foodBird flu hits SaudiSingle vaccine for AI and duck enteritisReplacing electric stunningThailand ends UK banCompartmentalisation green lightWelfare before tradeEconomic impact of 2017 HPAI outbreakSmall scale farmingTraining & DevelopmentBottom line beddingThe essentials of hatchery ventilationAvi Africa 2018 speaker profilesEagles Pride hatchery Koster 2 does it again!A Page in TimeAspiring ChefIt's your BirthdayTake a Break

Contents

From theDesk

Egg levy, meat inspection, trade, Avi Africa and HPAI updates

April Issue 5

It is hard to believe that we are already in the second quarter of 2018. This is going to be a very busy

period for the industry, with Avi Afr ica on our doorstep, the threat of avian infl uenza (AI) looming, and multiple international meetings coming up in April.

Reorganising SAPA’s structure

A Special General Meeting (SGM) was organised to adopt the new SAPA

Constitution on 12 April

2018. This will allow for the rollout of all the activities that required completion by the date of the Annual General Meeting to be held at Avi Afr ica Congress. This is no mean task and required a lot of hard work fr om committee members. We wish to acknowledge them for all their eff orts so far.

Egg Organisation funding

It is a bit disappointing that we still have not received any word fr om the National Agricultural

Marketing Council (NAMC) on the egg levy since the recommendation by the NAMC Board was submitted to the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Director General (DG) for his recommendation to the Minister. This is even more so as we had set 1 April as the starting date for the levy.


Having said that, the starting date can be moved to reflect the actual date on which the levy will be gazetted. We will keep following up with the NAMC to make sure that they chase the DG.

Trade update

As reported previously, the Association

of Meat Importers and Exporters (AMIE) applied to the NAMC for a statutory levy. SAPA was invited to respond to the application, which we did in 2017. There has been no feedback from the NAMC on whether such a levy will be granted. We wait with bated breath.

On the Namibian Government/SAPA matter, we are still waiting for dates for the Namibian High Court trial to hear the merits of our case against the Namibian Government and the industry, namely Namib Poultry Industries. It remains our desire to regain access to the market and we are willing to find a settlement with our Namibian partners if they are also willing. In the absence of an acceptable settlement, the matter will drag on for quite some time. The Broiler Organisation is looking at a possibility

of presenting a settlement offer.

The delays occasioned by the failure of the South African Customs Union (SACU) Council of Ministers continue. This is beyond frustrating as South Africa would likely be subject to legal challenge if it acted unilaterally. Such action is likely to be taken by proxies, whether overt or covert, of the EU position. In that vein, we have dealt with the latest AMIE barrage.

We have responded to the AMIE affidavit, spending a lot of time to deal with their one remaining claim, only to be advised by lawyers acting for AMIE that they are still corresponding with the State Attorney and will give us the opportunity to respond again once they have concluded

to their Congress. They are a bit of a stuck record on the dumping matter and our argument remains - we have given good reason why you dump and if you disagree, follow the processes required for the application of the rule of law and take the matter up in a local court or at the WTO. China have withdrawn their anti-dumping duties against the US as they were found to have a number of procedural and some substantive mistakes in their investigation. We are not in that position and cannot be compared. In any event, more evidence is coming out that US food safety standards are not as they wish to claim them to be - as applies to Brazil, for that matter. The listeriosis outbreak has authorities grappling to comes to terms with structural and operational failures in the food safety system. Imports should not be discounted from the debate.

A number of you know that exporting to Zimbabwe is rather difficult, with both tariff and non-tariff barriers being a problem. In contravention of the SADC treaty, Zimbabwe has not yet removed all tariffs on poultry imports from other SADC countries. While we can all sympathise with the difficulties→

their maze of letters. This means it will be a very long time before the matter does get to court - if ever - and that the best solution for us remains that the safeguard is implemented soon. After all the recent further outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in the Netherlands, there is no guarantee that health and safety reasons will persist to protect us inadvertently from the ravages of EU waste disposal. The State Attorney has submitted their responding affidavit on the matter and now we await the next steps.

The South African government and SAPA have responded to the US invitation for comments in response to the US producer and exporter body representations

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that Zimbabwe has faced, and continues to face, that is not enough reason not to follow the rules. The Agricultural Trade Forum, a committee that falls under DAFF, continues to work on the continental free-trade agreement, and we are represented on this committee to make sure that poultry meat and egg issues are well considered. Some unnamed party told the group that there was a shortage of

Categorical breakdown of HPAI H5N8 outbreak per province from the index case until March 2018

Province BackyardComm-ercial

Hobbyistsand zoo Ostriches

Wildbirds Total

Mpumalanga 4 5 0 0 2 11Gauteng 0 3 5 0 6 14Limpopo 1 0 0 0 0 1(0)

North West 0 1 2 0 0 3(2)Free State 0 2 0 0 0 2KwaZulu-

Natal0 1 0 0 0 1

Eastern Cape 0 1 1 1 4 7 (6)Western Cape 5 17 13 44 51 130

(128)Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 10 30 21 45 63 169 (165)

Numbers in brackets are from the previous report date 12/03/2018Note: Two outbreaks from commercial farms in the Western Cape are duck farms

breast meat in South Africa and that duties should be waived on these products!

Latest HPAI outbreaks

The number of HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian

Influenza) H5N8 outbreaks (locations) have increased to 169 as at 27 March 2018. There has been a reoccurrence of the disease in the northern cluster. The resurgence is attributed to backyard chickens in Limpopo province as well as hobbyists located in the North West province. Outbreaks in the southern cluster are mostly attributable to the outbreak among seabirds along

the coastline of the Western and Eastern Cape provinces. Farmers are advised to improve surveillance and observe strict biosecurity measures. The breakdown is shown in the table below.

NAMC surplus levy funds for transformation

The process of registering the Trust has been set in

motion after months of no progress, with registration documents submitted to the lawyers. This is exciting as it presents an opportunity to unlock other funding streams using the surplus levy funds as the seed. We

acknowledge that SAPA is not in a position to dictate to members how they can go about transforming their organisations. However, there is still a critical role for SAPA to play as a coordinator and facilitator between producers, funders, the market, training and many others.

Independent Meat Inspection implementa-tion

The Independent Meat Inspection

(IMI) was officially rolled out on 31 March 2018. SAPA requested an extension as there were many outstanding issues that still needed ironing out. These include, but are not limited to, finalising and distributing the guidelines for the assignees; the Provincial Executive Officer needs to visit all abattoirs to finalise the required number of people per abattoir; salaries have not been determined; and negotiating contracts with assignees and recruiting personnel will take time.

SAPA was granted an extension to 31 May 2018 on behalf of the poultry industry.

April Issue 9

Avi Africa registration comparisons 2018 vs 2017

2018

DATES WEEK NO 2017 2018 EXHIBITORS DELEGATES

2 Mar 9 103 699 Mar 10 129 9216 Mar 11 138 113 41 7227 Mar 12 194 148 42 10629 Mar 13 0 0 0 06 Apr 14 304 180 55 125

TOTAL 868 602 138 303

Avi Africa Annual Congress

Progress has been slow this year with the Avi Africa registrations. The figures for this year

are trailing behind 2017. We will be having the final push to ensure that the congress continues to be a success. On the right are some statistics to give readers an idea of the progress.

Zero VAT for poultry products

This year, South Africa was hit with the first VAT increase since its introduction in

1990 - from 14% to 15%. There has been an outcry from civil society organisations due to the potential impact on the poor. One of the developments since the announcement has been the discussion on the basket of zero-rated goods, which has not been reviewed since 1991 even though consumer buying and consumption patterns have changed a lot since then. The FairPlay movement as taken up the initiative to motivate that poultry products be included in the zero-rated VAT basket as poultry products remain the protein source of choice for South Africans.

Progress on importa-tion of hatching eggs

Negotiations with US and Brazilian authorities are continuing regarding

certification of consignments. Prospective importers of hatching eggs from the USA (United States of America) have been requested by

DAFF to provide information regarding who the prospective exporters are, estimated quantities of possible imports, and frequencies. They have also been asked to identify possible assignees for sealing consignments in the USA where possible. DAFF is also awaiting feedback from the USDA on the surveillance program.

Registration of live chicken traders and submission of monthly reconciliation forms

Registration certificates have been issued to all traders registered on the system. Farmers

and traders are encouraged to comply with the requirements.

Vaccination for HPAI

The vaccination protocol has been updated and will be circulated to producers shortly.

However, work still needs to be done in respect of the following:• Surveillance/monitoring

(Serology, sentinels and PCR). Defining representative sample size;

• Validation of ELISA kits for selected vaccines that are intended to be used;

• Addressing laboratory capacity challenges in South Africa to enable monitoring.

Update on compensation

The SA Poultry Association and the Poultry Disease Management Agency

have sought a new legal opinion on the compensation proposal submitted to DAFF. This proposal is being refined and will again be discussed with DAFF.

Important Dates

The following dates are important to note:

10th International Symposium on Avian Influenza15 to 18 April 2018

International Poultry Council meeting 23 to 26 April 2018

Avi Africa 2018 12 to 14 June 2018

RegardsDr Charlotte NkunaInterim CEO, SAPA.¡


Egg PriceReport

December 2017

Disclaimer:

The views expressed in SAPA STATS reports reflect those

of SAPA in collaboration with its independent consultants and do not constitute any specific advice as to decisions or actions that should be taken. While every care has been taken in preparing documents no representation nor warranty or any expressed or implied undertaking is given and no responsibility or liability is accepted by SAPA as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein whether as electronic data or as a finished report. SAPA or its independent

consultants do not accept responsibility or liability for any damages of whatsoever nature which any person may suffer as a result of any decision or action taken on the basis of the information contained herein. All opinions and estimates contained in the reports may be changed after publication without notice.

All forecasts of future production, prices, trade or feed and feed ingredient trends are based on the opinion of independent consultants contracted to SAPA. These forecasts are for guideline purposes only and SAPA does not, in any way, warrant that these predictions will

be realised. SAPA therefore cautions any user of this information to treat it in an appropriate manner.

These statistical reports and/or electronic data are placed in the public domain and may be used by other parties conditional to the source of the data/ report being attributed to SAPA.¡

Representation:

The statistics are compiled from data provided

by egg producers. The information is collected by Kobus Odendaal auditors and handled confidentially; SAPA only receives the aggregated

Table 1: Sample sales volumes and values

Total Graded Ungraded

Cages Dozens 10 435 764 8 289 920 2 145 844

Rands R 188 325 171 R 150 156 566 R 38 168 605

Table 2: Average prices

Total R/doz Graded R/doz Ungraded R/doz

Cages R18.05 R18.11 R17.79

Free Range/Barn R23.98 R23.98 n/a

April Issue 11

9.10 9.48

9.62 9.75

9.59

9.37 9.63

9.11 9.43

9.129.73 10

.03

10.22

10.05

10.45

9.97 10.35

10.29

10.41

10.71

10.32

10.54

10.51 11.02

10.70

10.68

11.04

11.26

11.35

11.17

11.06

11.02

10.92

10.85

10.66 11.44

11.12

11.02

11.09

11.27

11.13

11.46

12.69

12.95

13.06

12.83

12.73 13.54

13.03

11.99

11.92 12.39

12.59 13.09 13.63

13.35

13.10

12.43

12.7913.81

13.13

13.27

13.49 13.97

14.18

14.58

14.67

14.95 15.3716.38

17.85

18.05

8.50

9.50

10.50

11.50

12.50

13.50

14.50

15.50

16.50

17.50

18.50

Jan-2012

Apr-2

012

Jul-2012

Oct-2

012

Jan-2013

Apr-2

013

Jul-2013

Oct-2

013

Jan-2014

Apr-2

014

Jul-2014

Oct-2

014

Jan-2015

Apr-2

015

Jul-2015

Oct-2

015

Jan-2016

Apr-2

016

Jul-2016

Oct-2

016

Jan-2017

Apr-2

017

Jul-2017

Oct-2

017

R/doz

Graph 1: Monthly weighted average egg producer price(average of all sizes excluding free range/barn)

Cage Trendline

6.007.008.009.0010.0011.0012.0013.0014.0015.0016.0017.0018.0019.00

Jan-2012

Apr-2

012

Jul-2012

Oct-2012

Jan-2013

Apr-2

013

Jul-2013

Oct-2013

Jan-2014

Apr-2

014

Jul-2014

Oct-2014

Jan-2015

Apr-2

015

Jul-2015

Oct-2015

Jan-2016

Apr-2

016

Jul-2016

Oct-2016

Jan-2017

Apr-2

017

Jul-2017

Oct-2017

R/doz

Graph 2: Weighted average egg producer price(average of all sizes, excluding free range/barn)

Average Graded Ungraded

data. This report represents 22.5% of total potential egg production for the month. If you are a producer who reads and uses this report, please send your data to be included. Contact Melissa Dannhauser ([email protected]) at the auditors for the input forms.

All prices exclude VAT.

Summary of key indicators

See Tables 1 and 2 for information.

Egg price across all sizes

The monthly movement in the average egg price (all

sizes, excluding free range/barn) is shown in Graph 1.

The December 2017 price for cage eggs was R18.05 per dozen; a monthly increase of 1.1% and a year-on-year increase of 30.7%

Table 3 shows the average egg prices (excluding free range/barn) since 2012 and the year-on-year percentage change.

Egg Price for graded and ungraded eggs

The movement in the producer price since

January 2012, for both graded and ungraded eggs (excluding free range/barn eggs), is depicted in Graph 2.

Table 3: Egg prices

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017R/doz 9.50 10.40 11.01 12.07 12.84 14.99

% change 1.8 9.5 5.9 9.6 6.4 16.7

Table 4: Feed prices

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017R/tonne 2 900 3 248 3 405 3 422 4 069 3 457

% change +23.7 +12.0 +4.8 +0.49 +18.9 -15.0

During December 2017, the average egg price for graded eggs was R18.11 per dozen; a monthly increase of 0.7% and a year-on-year increase of 24.0%.

In the same month, the average egg price for ungraded eggs was R17.79 per dozen; a monthly increase of 2.5% and a year-on-year increase of 47.6%.

In the sample surveyed, of the total dozens sold for December 2017, 80% were graded and 20% were ungraded.

Feed Price

The weighted average feed price includes distribution


2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000

4 500

Jan-20

12

Apr-2

012

Jul-2

012

Oct-201

2

Jan-20

13

Apr-2

013

Jul-2

013

Oct-201

3

Jan-20

14

Apr-2

014

Jul-2

014

Oct-201

4

Jan-20

15

Apr-2

015

Jul-2

015

Oct-201

5

Jan-20

16

Apr-2

016

Jul-2

016

Oct-201

6

Jan-20

17

Apr-2

017

Jul-2

017

Oct-201

7

R/tonne

Graph 3: Layer feed price

Feed price Yearly average

23.31

21.56

21.64

24.62 25.84

24.96

23.50

21.12

21.29

21.62

26.01

29.00

23.95

21.87

22.43

23.17 24.18 25.16

26.00

26.74

29.90

28.45

27.44 29.27

23.91

22.39

22.22

21.59 23.42 24.69 25.50

28.6630.78

30.0932.11

35.27

24.14

23.03

26.33

25.92

28.57

28.90

28.18 29.12

29.17 31.00

29.00 30.00

28.00

27.00 28.00 29.00

23.28

28.22 29.56 31.52

29.86

28.03

26.55

25.00

24.78

24.44 26.40

29.53

29.96

29.51

28.41

27.97 28.89 29.82

34.96

34.32

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

Jan-2012

Apr-2012

Jul-2012

Oct-2012

Jan-2013

Apr-2013

Jul-2013

Oct-2013

Jan-2014

Apr-2014

Jul-2014

Oct-2014

Jan-2015

Apr-2015

Jul-2015

Oct-2015

Jan-2016

Apr-2016

Jul-2016

Oct-2016

Jan-2017

Apr-2017

Jul-2017

Oct-2017

R/cullGraph 4: Monthly cull price

but excludes medication, additives and VAT. The monthly average feed price for December 2017 was R3112.00/tonne. It increased by 0.7% on a monthly basis and decreased by 23.7% on a yearly basis (Graph 3).

Table 4 shows the average feed prices since 2012 and the year-on-year percentage change.

Cull Price And Age

The average price per cull hen for the month of

December 2017 was R34.92, a decrease of 1.8% on a monthly basis and an increase of 37.3% on a yearly basis (Graph 4). The average cull age at depletion during December 2017 was 72.0 weeks.

Table 5 shows the average cull prices since 2012 and the year-on-year percentage change, as well as the average cull age.

Point-Of-Lay Pullet Prices

The average price per point-of-lay pullet for the

month of December 2017 was R56.56, a decrease of 4.8% on a monthly basis and a decrease of 6.0% on an annual basis.

Change In Egg And Feed Prices

Year-on-year % changes in egg price and feed price are

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Jan-

12

Apr-1

2

Jul-1

2

Oct-1

2

Jan-

13

Apr-1

3

Jul-1

3

Oct-1

3

Jan-

14

Apr-1

4

Jul-1

4

Oct-1

4

Jan-

15

Apr-1

5

Jul-1

5

Oct-1

5

Jan-

16

Apr-1

6

Jul-1

6

Oct-1

6

Jan-

17

Apr-1

7

Jul-1

7

Oct-1

7

Graph 5: Year on year percentage change in egg price and feed price

% Change in egg price - cage % Change in Feed Price

shown in Graph 6. The year 2016 was a difficult one for egg producers when feed prices escalated at a higher rate than egg prices, putting margins under severe pressure. The situation was more positive in 2017, with the effect of the

AI outbreak apparent in the second half of the year.

Definition of egg price: Egg producer price,

excluding rejects and pulp, after rebates, ad spend, “price offs” and settlement discounts; including packaging.¡

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Local News

Zero rate chick-en, capacity through train-

ing, and rising fuel prices

Vat-free chicken?

With the increase in Value Added

Tax (VAT) to 15%, the South Afr ican government should examine the basket of basic foodstuff s fr ee of VAT – and add chicken to the mix.

This is the view of Chris Schutte, CEO of Astral Foods Limited, who says much has changed in the consumer landscape over the last 25 years during which VAT has remained unchanged. Chicken, for example, as the cheapest source of meat protein in SA, now forms a large part of the basic diet of the country’s population, with consumption close to 40 kilograms per person, per year.

He says that while the value proposition chicken off ers makes it a clear fi rst choice with South Afr ican consumers, the fact that it is not listed as a basic foodstuff and therefore zero-rated by Treasury is questionable, especially as the

products. “We would

like to stress that we are not looking for tinned fi sh to be removed fr om the basket of basic foodstuff s, but believe a review of this basket is long overdue and that chicken should be included,”

concludes Schutte.¡

Listeriosis poses reputational challenge

The perceptions of trading partners around the safety of food exports fr om South

Afr ica has been negatively aff ected by the outbreak of listeriosis, which could have fi nancial repercussions that extend far beyond the fi rms at the heart of the crisis.

This is according to Dr Rob Davies, the Minister of Trade and Industry, who

consumption of chicken far outstrips that of any other meat as a source of dietary protein.

“Astral would support any discussion on reevaluating the basic foodstuff s basket, as chicken must be more accessible to the broader population as an important nutritional addition to meals. Nutritionally, chicken is a cost competitive and benefi cial meat protein source, and Astral believes that in addition to tinned fi sh products, chicken should be zero rated.”

A desktop study conducted by the company showed that a 100-gram serving of selected chicken cuts has more protein and energy than the equivalent serving of certain tinned fi sh

April Issue 15

told Parliament recently that South Africa has a significant reputational challenge that now needs to be confronted.

“Recovering from incidents like this is a massive challenge for companies concerned. They need to embrace it with a spirit of transparency. The same applies to us as a country,” Davies said.

According to the Department of Health, the outbreak - the worst in recorded history - has been responsible for 185 deaths since January 2017.¡

Delivering top level training in SA

At a four-day RCL technical school at the San Lameer Hotel in KwaZulu-

Natal, organised jointly with Cobb Europe, plans to develop RCL Foods’ own Agriculture Academy in South Africa were announced by Dr Sanjay Maharaj, the company’s technical executive for agriculture.

The Technical School was opened by Wes Schwimmbacher, agricultural director of RCL Foods and a director of Cobb SA, who then lead an ‘Agriculture connect’ session for the remainder of the afternoon. Cobb Europe experts Tore Mercan, Mark Foote, Paul Welten, Dr Andrea Pizzabiocca, Nigel Strain and Pieter Oosthuysen also presented on a variety of topics, including innovations and trends in the broiler industry, breeder and hatchery management, data analysis and ventilation.

Dr Maharaj said hosting the technical school plays a key part in the Agriculture Academy as a means of developing knowledgeable,

passionate and quality leaders who will consistently deliver world-class performance, adding that sharing new ideas and international best practices also helps to change the game and benchmark ourselves against the best in the world.

“Globalisation has meant that whilst one can be locally competitive, it is now critical that we have to be globally competitive as well. The key to staying ahead of the pack lies in the quality, knowledge and passion of our people,” he said. “We place huge value on developing our people to be the leaders in their sphere of operation. People who have the knowledge, correct attitude and passion will always deliver superior results.”

Pieter Oosthuysen, senior accounts and technical manager for Cobb in South Africa, congratulated Dr Maharaj on coordinating the event.

“Cobb Europe believes in training the trainer and creating Cobb champions, so this was a great opportunity for RCL and Cobb to work together to present the school,” he said

Giving an overview of the RCL KPI results over the past 12 months - which he described as “excellent and a huge improvement year on year” - Wes Schwimmbacher

says the best investment they could make is in training their teams.

“I believe that by encouraging learning and growth we are also creating a space where we can be more engaged, and the knowledge and skills of our people leads to greater innovation and many opportunities to be more efficient.” ¡

Nuwe Agri SETA

Direksievoorsitter

Agri SA wens Christo van der Rheede geluk as die nuwe Voorsitter en Neil

Hamman as nuwe direksielid van Agri SETA direksie. Agri

Christo van der Rheede


SETA is ‘n staatsagentskap en is verantwoordelik vir die administrasie en befondsing van opleidingsprogramme binne die landbousektor. Agri SETA se begroting vir opleiding in die 2018/19 finansiële jaar beloop R373 miljoen, wat uiteraard ‘n wesenlike hupstoot vir landbou-ontwikkeling kan wees.

Christo dien sedert Februarie 2017 op die Agri SETA direksie en het reeds in samewerking met die uittredende direksie werk gemaak om allerlei beweerde wanadministrasie in die agentskap hok te slaan. Sy agtergrond is in onderwys en opleiding en hy is tans Adjunk Uitvoerende Hoof by Agri SA, waar hy vir onder meer vir transformasie binne landbou verantwoordelik is. Die aanstelling spreek tot die erkenning wat beide Christo en Agri SA as betroubare vennote binne landbou geniet.

Neil is ‘n wynboer in die Breederiviervallei-streek in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie en dien ook as Voorsitter van die Arbeid en Ontwikkelingskommitee by Agri SA.

“Ons glo dié aanstellings en samewerking tussen Agri SETA en kommersiële landbouinstellings wat bydra tot die fonds, sal die landbousektor se vertroue in dié instelling verbeter,” sê van der Rheede. “My onmiddellike prioriteit is om te verseker dat fondse effektief aangewend word sodat opleidingsprogramme ‘n groot impak maak. ‘n Ander bron van kommer is dat die meerderheid landbou-kolleges nie oor genoegsame lektore met die regte kwalifikasies beskik nie. Ons sal daarom kundigheid op groot skaal moet mobiliseer om die volhoubaarheid en lewering van topklas nuwe toetreders tot

die sektor oor die langtermyn te verseker.”¡

are utilising credit facilities or servicing debt, the impact will most certainly be diluted by the fuel price hike. We also need to consider the fact that SMEs may still face further increases in expenses due to potential upward adjustments in electricity prices,” he says. “This simply means small businesses will have to keep a firm grip on the management of their finances to get through this period. Those that are in a position to minimise their reliance on debt should do so without delay and in turn prioritise saving for rainy days.”

Dawie Maree, Head of Marketing and Information at FNB Agriculture, says the immediate impact will be felt most by producers as input and distribution costs will go up - and therefore increase production costs.

“Distribution costs for agricultural produce in South Africa are already high with almost 80% of grain transported by road; therefore the increase will further squeeze producer margins. Eventually the impact of the increase will be inflationary as the costs of the producer will be passed on to the consumer,” says Maree.¡

The articles above have all been compiled

by the Editor and do not necessarily represent the views, opinions or positions of SAPA. Facts and figures are accurate at the date and time of compilation and are subject to change.

Fuel prices dampen rate cut impact

Coming at a time when agriculture is heading for the summer crop harvest, increased

fuel prices - 72 cents more for 95 octane and 69 cents for 93 octane - will dampen the impact of the recent interest rate reprieve for small and medium enterprises (SMMEs).

Jesse Weinberg, Head of the SME customer segment at FNB Business says the substantial increase poses a cash flow test for SMEs as such businesses are predominantly run on very tight budgets.

“While the latest interest rate cut would have provided necessary relief for SMEs that

Jesse Weinberg

Theo BezuidenhoutTechnical and Sales Manager T: +27 (0)83 257 3025E: [email protected]


Tips for small scale Farmers

By Walter Gwala

H is for housing

So, following on fr om last month’s article….you have done your planning and decided that there

is a market in your area for broilers and your planning tells you that you can make this a profi table business. Now is the time to start putting the paper plans into reality and getting your hands dirty!

Location

The fi rst decision is housing – where are you going to

grow your broilers ? Always try locate your

broiler shed/s as far fr om any other chicken sheds or fr ee-ranging chickens as possible.

Diseases spread between chickens very easily. This is also something to think about as your business expands and you may want to put up more broiler sheds. Don’t have them too close together and aim for at least 20 metres between sheds. It is also a good idea to fence your property or your shed/s to keep any unauthorised visitors away fr om your birds. Have a “NO ENTRY” sign on your gate.

The poultry house

You may have an existing building that you will use

or you may be going to build a new structure. Importantly,

there MUST be enough ventilation (air fl ow) through the building. Many chicken farmers adapt dwelling houses for their chickens and there is usually not enough ventilation through the building to maintain air and bedding quality.

It is best to use a shed that is purpose-built for broiler chickens. This can be a very simple structure. It is a good idea to speak to someone who has good experience in this area or to visit farmers who have successfully farmed broilers for some time and get their recommendations. Some things to look out for are:• The end walls of the shed

should be on an east-west axis. This is so the sun does not shine directly into the shed in the early morning and late aft ernoon;

• The prevailing wind should blow through the long sides of the shed;

• Concrete blocks for the walls are a better insulating material than corrugated iron;

• The side curtains (also called sails or blinds) must open fr om top to bottom.

This allows for the best control of air fl ow at all stages of the chicken’s life;

• Heat fr om the sun is mostly transferred into the shed through the roof. If possible there should be a layer of insulating material under the roof. This also helps to keep the shed warm during brooding;

• A wide overhang (about 1 metre) helps to reduce direct sunlight into the shed;

• Also make sure that the shed is well-proofed against animals like rats and mice, snakes and birds. These can carry diseases that aff ect poultry, eat your valuable poultry feed, and rats and snakes may even eat young chicks. Cover or block holes with fi ne mesh wire, cement or other suitable material;

• Install a tank in the shed

that can act as a water reservoir and control the water pressure at the automatic drinkers (if you are going to use these). A rubbish bin can do the trick. Try and place it under the roof, not outside where the drinking water will get very hot in summer and in areas with cold winters, may even fr eeze.

Feed and water

The building where you are going to store your feed is

also important. Feed must be kept dry so there must be no leaks in the roof. Feed bags must also be stored off the fl oor; old pallets work well for this job. Also keep the bags away fr om the store-room walls to ensure good air fl ow around them.

Stock rotation of feed is very important. You need a “fi rst-in, fi rst-out” system so that the oldest feed bags in the store get used fi rst. If stored properly, poultry feed can be kept for about 3 months before it should be used. In very hot weather, this time is shortened.

Lastly, fi nd out who the Poultry Extension Offi cer is in your area. He or she is your new best fr iend!¡

This is the second of a series of articles aimed at the providing useful and practical information to our small producer members written specifi cally for the Poultry Bulletin by Walter Gwala, training director of the KwaZulu-Natal Poultry Institute (KZNPI).

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Big Dutchman’s new concept in Hekpoort

Big Dutchman were approached by Willem Carelse to assist in establishing a broiler

farm, as he had been successful in securing a contract with Eagles Pride for the supply of 270 000 birds per cycle. At the time though, he did not have a farm or any knowledge of chickens, although certainly had the determination to succeed in establishing a broiler operation.

Big Dutchman assisted Willem in selecting a suitable property with all the essential requirements near the abattoir,

which would ensure minimum travelling distance for the birds at the catching stage, thus giving him the best possible weights at slaughter. After this, it was time for the EIA - and once again Big Dutchman was involved in assisting with the application.

Willem visited numerous broiler sites to decide on the building design and type of equipment, but at the same time, wanted to look at new concepts in order to perform better than the average farmer. Together we ended up choosing as many new ideas

as possible, and decided on a design that ticked all the boxes in terms of his requirements.

Strong ventilation performance

The Ventilation result was to combine side and

chimney ventilation, making the house very cost effective yet very adaptable in terms of production. The use of five chimney fans, in combination with two 50” cone fans on the side and two 36” gable fans, offered the best of both worlds in terms of having an emergency system and strong side ventilation performance.

This meant that the house could do roughly 80% of its total ventilation in side mode, thus reducing the unwanted draft on the birds. The number of side inlets were also increased by using the CL-1911 inlet, which is physically bigger than the standard inlet, and offers a higher capacity of air movement.

Keeping temperature even

The house is equipped with Big Dutchman’s Viper

Touch controller - a PID control system where the controller is always monitoring inside and outside conditions

April Issue 21

in order to pre-empt decisions to be made and keep the temperature in the house as smooth as possible. This system continually assists the farmer, and is user friendly.

Positioning feeder and drinker lines

The number of feeder lines were reduced to four in

the house in order to create more floor space for the birds; however a bigger pan (Fluxx 360) was introduced to offer the birds more feeding space without negatively impacting on the floor space.

The drinking lines supplied are the latest high flow system (Top Orange), which gives 90ml/min and meets the high demand of the birds and assisting in achieving improved weights. An auto rinsing system was added, which automatically rinses the drinking lines at a specific time twice daily or as per the customers’ requirements. This system ensures that the lines are always clean and the water cool, especially in hot conditions.

Remote monitoring

Willem chose not to include equipment that

did not contribute towards improved performance, such as bird and feed weighers, since at the time he did not see these as critical but reserved the option to install them at a later stage. He has, however, recently installed the Big Farm Net system, which assists him in monitoring the houses from the comfort of his home, and from the Big Farm Net app on his smart phone when he is away from the farm.

World class

Willem has consistently been one of the top

three producers for Eagles Pride over the past two years, and his ambition is to improve the standards in the company since he believes with good technology, quality chicks, quality feed and top management, one can comfortably compete with the top producers in the world.

Willem is already looking at another farm and will be wanting to improve on what is already a very successful design and recipe.¡


Inter-nati onalNewsWelfare � rst as

trade wars loom, ducking

bird � u, and compart-ments get the go-ahead

Chicken for China

Following the reopening of Chinese markets to Thai poultry, the fi rst 14 containers of product

have arrived in Yunnan province.

With imports fr om Thailand originally banned since 2004, this new development could prove to be a useful substitute for poultry previously imported fr om Mexico, France and Texas, which have been prohibited on bird fl u grounds.

China is also investigating claims that imports fr om Brazil have been dumped in the country, with local producers complaining about competition fr om low-cost

administration’s eff orts to promote fairer, more open and transparent trade with China, but we are concerned that the tariff s on Chinese imports announced today will only serve to undermine our access to the Chinese market and risk escalation of a trade war,” said Barry Carpenter, CEO of the North American Meat Institute.

Brazilian imports. Compared to Brazil’s highly effi cient production model, poultry production in Southeast Asia is still characterised by low productivity.

US fears trade war

The US meat industry is worried that President Donald Trump’s imposition of tariff s on

Chinese imports could spark a trade war between the two countries, with American meat exports in the fi ring line.

“The Meat Institute commends the Trump

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Zambia ok for SA food

The Zambian Ministry of Health has announced that the ban on the import of most foods

from South Africa has been lifted. The Zambian Minister of Health, Chitalu Chilufya, said however that imports of food that comes from Tiger Brands and Rainbow Chicken plants will still be banned following the earlier outbreaks of listeriosis.¡

Bird �u hits Saudi

Two cases of the deadly H5N8 strain of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in the

kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with more than 250 000 birds culled as a result.

The Saudi Ministry of the Environment, Water and Agriculture said the two cases were confirmed in the Kharj Governorate region of the country.¡

Single vaccine for AI and duck enteritis

Researchers at a leading UK science laboratory have developed a single vaccine for

avian flu and duck enteritis.For the first time, scientists

at The Pirbright Institute in Surrey have been able to insert protective avian influenza virus genes into the duck enteritis virus (DEV) vaccine. They have used a method of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing that allows higher rates of gene editing, making the process more efficient. The resulting vaccine virus is able to protect ducks against both DEV and avian influenza.¡

Replacing electric stunning

Major food producer Cargill Protein is installing a Controlled

Atmospheric Stunning (CAS) system at its chicken processing facility in Ontario, Canada.

The new C$22 million CAS system will replace electric stunning that is currently in place, even though both types of stunning systems are approved and acceptable for humane poultry harvesting.

“Our new CAS system will help reduce handling stress with chickens, resulting in a higher-quality, more consistent product,” said Claudecir Pagnussatto, plant general manager.¡

Thailand ends UK ban

A ban on poultry breeding stock being sent to Thailand from the UK has been lifted

ahead of a visit to the country by international trade secretary Liam Fox.

Following efforts to boost trade with the country, the British government announced

a lifting of restrictions related to outbreaks of avian influenza on grandparent breeder chicks and hatching eggs. The UK declared itself clear of AI in early September last year.

The trip marks the first time in 15 years a trade minister has visited Thailand, which is the second-largest economy in South East Asia. Lifting the ban on poultry exports is expected to generate UK£40 million in extra sales in the next five years for UK-based genetics firm Aviagen.

Last year UK£143 million worth of hatching eggs and day-old chicks was exported by British-based companies across the globe.

“British Poultry has been working in partnership with the Government to open new markets for trade across the world,” said Richard Griffiths, Chief Executive of the British Poultry Council. “We are delighted that our joint efforts have culminated in the International Trade Secretary’s visit to Thailand and the successful opening of trade that will bolster the UK as a world hub for high-value poultry genetics, drive efficiency and strengthen our supply chains.”¡

Compartmentalisa-tion green light

The Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply has awarded

compartmentalisation status to Hy-Line do Brasil, a leading layer breeding stock distributor. Hy-line is the first egg layer genetic company to achieve this status, which is recognised by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).

Compartmentalisation recognises that Hy-Line farms

– in this case grandparent and parent stock units – have reached such a high standard of biosecurity that should there be an outbreak of Avian Influenza or Newcastle Disease in the country, birds can still be exported as the receiving country can be confident that the flock will be free from viruses.

Jonathan Cade, president of Hy-Line International, said security of supply was a key issue to maintain the company’s distribution to customers around the world.

“As one of the most important global distribution hubs, the compartment status will allow for uninterrupted trade to countries that receive exports from Brazil,” he said.

Hy-Line do Brasil has invested more than US$10 million in the last 5 years in its operation for grandparent and parent stock layers. It currently already exports to 27 countries in 4 continents.

Tiago Lourenco, managing director of Hy-Line do Brasil said that diseases such as

avian influenza and Newcastle Disease have direct and very damaging impact on trade barriers and international business to export.

“Achieving compartmentalisation is the seal that demonstrates and validates that we have procedures which prevent the entry of diseases into our operations, and if it eventually hits the country, we have strong protocols implemented and all employees know what to do to mitigate the risks using well-structured contingency plans to keep the company’s operations safe, as well as being able to keep exporting products.”¡

Welfare before trade

The British Poultry Council (BPC) has promised not to compromise on the

country’s animal welfare and food safety standards in pursuit of new trade deals after a recent poll found that

UK consumers were willing to cancel a post-Brexit deal with the US to protect the country’s animal welfare and food safety standards.

This move follows the US trade representative’s disapproval of the European Union (EU) maintaining measures - including animal welfare ones - that the report says unnecessarily restrict trade, adding that there were instances where the EU should recognise current US food safety measures that would facilitate trade.

The BPC however referred to the US’ offer to trade products that did not meet British food product standards as “insulting”, with Richard Griffiths, Chief Executive of the BPC, saying that British consumers are unwilling to accept lower standards as part of a trade deal with the US.¡

The articles above have all been compiled by the Editor and do not necessarily represent the views, opinions or positions of SAPA. Facts and figures are accurate at the date of compilation and are subject to change.


Poultry Disease Management Agency

Dr Ziyanda Majokweni-QwalelaEconomic impact of the 2017 HPAI outbreak

The South Afr ican Poultry Association (SAPA) recently released the much-awaited

report on the Economic Impact of the 2017 Highly Pathogenic Avian Infl uenza (HPAI) Outbreak on the Poultry Industry. SAPA commissioned The Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) to conduct the study in the last quarter of 2017. The study was in two parts - the fi rst aimed at quantify ing the actual losses incurred by the industry as a result of the outbreak; the second a forward-looking analysis examining the price

impact associated with the loss of production, as well as diff erences in restocking strategies.

Report � ndings

In summary, the report found the following:

• Approximately 5.4 million birds have been culled to date on commercial production units;

• A biological loss of just over R317 million, split proportionally between the laying industry (76%) and the broiler industry (24%);

• Direct costs are still being calculated and were estimated at R40.5 million;

• The estimated income foregone is R1.5 billion;

• Total loss of the AI outbreaks in 2017 estimated at R1.87 billion, spread over a period of 18 to 24 months. This amounts to 18.35% of the total gross value of egg production in 2016 and 1.6% of the total gross value of animal products in 2016;

• Vaccination likely to impact negatively on the live bird market as well as broiler exports;

• The only large exporting country in the global market where HPAI is endemic was China. However, it has a diff erent export mix to SA imports. Therefore, Chinese imports are unlikely to be impacted by vaccination.

Report excerpt

In light of the importance of the South Afr ican poultry industry in the broader agricultural

context, the purpose of this

report was to evaluate the economic impact of the 2017 outbreak of HPAI on both the broiler and the layer industries in South Afr ica. The evaluation of this impact was approached through a retrospective as well as a forward-looking assessment.

The retrospective analysis aimed to determine a number of things:• The impact of the disease

to date in terms of the number of birds lost or culled

• The associated value of such birds lost or culled

• Quantifi cation of the direct cost associated with the outbreak for aff ected producers

• Quantifi cation of income foregone as a result of culls

and quarantine related restrictions, which implies that aff ected producers are unable to generate an income for a signifi cant period.

Signifi cant fi ndings fr om the retrospective analysis are as follows:• Surveys indicated that as

much as 5.4 million birds have been culled to date on commercial production units

• A biological loss of just over R317 million, split proportionally between the laying industry (76%) and the broiler industry (24%).

• Direct costs associated with an outbreak amounted to an estimated R40.5 million

• The estimated income foregone as a result of the

outbreak required strong assumptions regarding the production process and length of the remaining cycle.• The economic eff ect

of this component is, by far, the largest with the aggregate income foregone estimated at just over R1.5 billion.

• It should however be noted that this is not an instantaneous eff ect and the aggregate eff ect will be spread out over a period of between 18 and 24 months.

• If all these factors are taken into consideration the total eff ect of the AI outbreaks in 2017 could be as large as→

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R1.87 billion, spread over a period of 18 to 24 months. This amounts to 18.35% of the total gross value of egg production in 2016 and 1.6% of the total gross value of animal products in 2016.

The forward-looking analysis was aimed at quantifying the price impact associated with the loss of production, as well as differences in restocking strategies. Using a quarterly partial equilibrium model of the South African layer industry, it evaluated 2 different scenarios:

A) The first introduces the initial shock in production based on the retrospective analysis and allows industry expansion and recovery to occur as a result of economic incentives, such as the higher price resulting from lower production volumes.

• The price increase resulting from the production shock peaked in the first quarter of 2018, at 22% above baseline levels.

B) In a second scenario, it was assumed that a vaccination strategy is approved, which allows affected producers to restock incrementally as the production system allows.

• Some expansion also occurs as a result of the economic incentives associated with higher price, hence production volumes ultimately exceed that of the baseline projection, before starting a declining trend in the third and fourth quarter of 2019 due to lower prices.

• The price shock peaks

in the fourth quarter of 2017 at almost 22%, before reducing to levels 10% above the baseline by the second quarter of 2018.

• The price ultimately declines below baseline levels, owing to higher production volumes. This was also evident in the USA after recovery from the HPAI outbreak in the layer industry in 2014.

The year on year increase of approximately R4 per dozen by the Q4 of 2017 will negatively impact egg consumers, many of who fall in lower income levels and rely on eggs for an affordable source of protein. Within the broiler industry however, price impact is far less pronounced, due to trade playing a much larger role in the market under normal conditions. As such, the reduction in domestic production, which is much

smaller than in the layer industry, can more easily be compensated through higher import levels.

Combining the shocks in the broiler and layer industries into the annual BFAP sector model provided the impact of disease on related industries such as feed grains, while also providing an aggregated impact on agricultural GDP.• The price increase from

reduced production volumes mitigated the bulk of the effect on national value added from layer production

• Hence, the effect on agricultural GDP and the SA economy was small.

• Affected producers are unable to benefit from such price increases and therefore, losses on affected production sites remain substantial.

• Producers that did not have an outbreak will increase revenue significantly as a result of higher prices

April Issue 29

Globally, two different strategies have been employed to curb HPAI. Some countries, such as the USA and Europe, have followed a culling strategy that is typically accompanied by compensation to producers that have to cull. Others employ a vaccination strategy. While this study did not attempt to quantify the success of possible vaccination strategies, it did illustrate that affected producers, particularly in the Western Cape, were loath to restock unless it is approved. Hence the scenario where production lost as a result of the HPAI outbreak re-introduced into the market exogenously, in addition to expansion resulting from higher prices, can represent a successful vaccination strategy. Under this scenario, the impact on related industries, as well as egg consumers, is significantly reduced and towards the end of the projection period, even becomes positive. It should

however be noted that the effect of vaccinations on the live bird market for spent hens was not factored in. This is a significant consideration, as such birds will need to be slaughtered as opposed to sold live, resulting in hawkers and informal agents acting as middle men in live transactions unable to continue in their current business.

The last factor that would

be influenced as a result of a vaccination strategy is possible changes in trade patterns should HPAI become endemic to South Africa. This will affect possible broiler export strategies which are currently being considered, while also allowing countries where HPAI is currently endemic to export to South Africa, which is not currently possible. The only large exporting country in the global market where HPAI is endemic was China. It was shown however that the export mix originating from China

does not match the South African import mix very well. Furthermore, China receives higher prices than South Africa’s historic import price in a number of its current markets. Factoring in general duty on bone-in imports into South Africa, it was shown that Chinese producers would find it hard to compete with traditional export markets into the country. The concern of additional imports should therefore not be overstated.It should also be noted that a compartmentalised vaccination strategy need not result in endemic status.

As with most agricultural sectors, the effect of a disease such as HPAI entailed severe losses in certain areas, while producers that were not affected in fact benefitted from higher prices. Therefore, one should not consider the aggregated national impact without noting that affected areas suffered severe losses. Compensation of such losses is critical when a culling strategy is followed to contain the disease. Despite the decline in production volumes, the nature of the product implies that trade has a very limited role in the domestic market and therefore, the disease also resulted in substantial price increases, which does entice some producers to take the risk of expanding production, but also results in a much higher cost and reduced consumption levels.¡

The full report is available on the PDMA website at http://www.poultrydiseases.co.za/. For more information, please contact Dr Ziyanda Majokweni-Qwalela, Director of the PDMA at 084 616-6084 or by email at [email protected]; or Dr Tracy Davids, Manager: Commodity Markets Division at the Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy at 084 556 3115 or by email at [email protected].


Small scalefarming

fl u - is just one well-known example of a disease that can wipe out your entire fl ock and, especially in start-ups, your whole business as well.

It is unfortunate that many respiratory - or breathing - poultry diseases have the same signs. These include sneezing, diffi culty in breathing, gurgling sounds, nasal discharge, puffy eyes and swollen heads.

Spotting the signs

While specialist (and costly) analysis in a laboratory is

oft en the only way to tell one disease fr om another, the small farmer should be most worried about three main respiratory diseases that aff ect poultry fl ocks. These are LT, IB and AI.

Laryngotracheitis (LT)

LT is a severe and easily spread chicken disease

that has a high mortality rate. Typical signs to look out for include diffi culty in breathing, with stretched necks, sneezing and choking, with birds shaking their heads vigorously.

Infectious Bronchitis (IB)

This is a disease that will quickly infect the entire

fl ock as it is easy to catch and spreads very quickly throughout the whole fl ock.

Stopping disease in small

� ocks

As more emerging farmers enter the poultry production business and look

for new markets to sell their chicken and eggs, it is very

important to look aft er the health of your fl ock and do everything you can to stop diseases fr om taking hold in your and spreading to other birds. Avian infl uenza - or bird

April Issue 31

This diseases is especially dangerous for young birds, with many dying as a result.

Avian In�uenza (AI)

Although a new arrival to South African chicken

producers, AI is the most risk for any flock. Depending on the strain - or type - of the virus, the impact of AI ranges from mild respiratory infection through to a 100% mortality. Signs of AI to watch out for include sneezing, tearing, choking, huddling, ruffled feathers, as well as swollen faces and heads. To prevent this disease from spreading and wiping out other farmers’ flocks, proper quarantine and depopulation must be done. Your local vets, provincial or national government offices are best placed to advise you and should be contacted straight away should your birds catch this disease.

Stopping disease in its tracks

Taking every possible step to limit disease in small flocks is vitally important,

not just for small farmers but for the industry at large, as small flocks can act as storerooms of disease that can easily be spread to the bigger, commercial poultry industry.

The first step is to know your enemy. In the case of colds and flu, viruses are the culprit. Viruses can infiltrate a flock by air, wild birds, insect and rodent pests, new additions to the flock, and human traffic. Antibiotic treatments will not rid your birds of these organisms.

With viral disease, there is no effective treatment once a flock has developed the

disease. Prevention of viral disease is through effective husbandry and in some cases by vaccination. Thorough sanitation, disinfection, and reduced exposure to outside sources of birds, rodents, and insect pests can reduce the incidence of viral infection.

Early recognition of disease can reduce the spread of infection. Look for changes in eating, drinking, and normal behaviour and for signs and sounds of breathing difficulty. Look for swelling in the face and eyes; this can be another sign of respiratory disease developing.

Make sure you buy your poultry stock from reputable dealers. Signs of disease usually start to show 6 to 12 days after natural exposure. It makes sense therefore that before introducing new birds into the flock, quarantine them from the existing flock for at least 3 weeks, keeping a close watch for any signs or symptoms of disease. Treat new birds for internal and external parasites as well before mixing them with your existing flock.

Separate your �ock by age.

By keeping young birds away from breeding stock,

you’ll give them more time to develop their immune systems. Also, try to separate different species where and when possible, as some species may not be affected by certain diseases even though they can still act as carriers of disease and infect another species. Waterfowl, like ducks for example, act as unaffected carriers of disease organisms.

Be alert to animals, people and things that enter your farm or facility. Note that respiratory discharge, faeces, and bird-to-bird contact are the main means for the transmission of

viruses. Unless your birds are meant

to be ‘free range’, limiting the free ranging of your flock by keeping them confined will lessen the chance for exposure to disease.

Maintain good air quality through ventilation while providing needed warmth. Block drafts to reduce chilling and huddling. Cold-stressed birds are more susceptible to disease than birds kept in a stable temperature environment.

Provide appropriate nutrition. Use properly formulated diets as sold by commercial retailers. Nutrient requirements will increase during the winter months when birds have to compensate for low temperatures in their living quarters.

Should some of your birds die from disease or unknown causes, get rid of the carcasses as quickly as possible to prevent the transfer of disease. Bury, burn, or compost dead birds well away from the rest of the flock.

Do not sell diseased or suspect birds through local markets such as live animal sales, as this will only help in spreading disease to unprotected flocks.

Conclusion

By putting disease prevention practices in place, you can

help to keep your flock healthy, and improve the overall status of your poultry farm. Not only will you be more successful at what you do, you’ll reduce the frustration and financial costs caused by disease outbreaks that could have been stopped.¡

This is an edited version of an article authored by Casey Ritz, an extension poultry scientist at the University of Georgia.


Training &Develop-ment

By Christopher Mason

taste especially in light of the fi nancial losses and impact experienced in the sector over the last 9 months due to H5N8.

SAPA SGM

On 12 April, a Special General Meeting was called to approve amendments to the

SAPA Constitution in light of the changes made within the organisation. Once approved, the constitution will be submitted to SARS to ensure compliance with the Tax Act. The various organisational rules have already been adopted through resolutions passed in the committees in March.

Annual audit

The Auditors have been busy with our annual audit and have nearly completed this process.

As you may recall, we changed Can you believe that we

have already passed the Easter period? I noted that as part of

the usual April Fools pranks,

consumers were called on to return their Easter eggs following a new outbreak of bird fl u, which to me is rather insensitive and in poor

auditors this year as it is a constitutional requirement that we cannot retain the services of an audit firm for more than five years.

Avi Africa 2018

Preparations for Avi Africa 2018 are well underway. Of the 169 exhibitor stands,

159 have been sold. The programme for this year is mostly complete, with about 90% of speakers confirmed. Sponsorship opportunities are still available, so if you are interested in being a sponsor, please contact Louisa Nel on (011) 795-9920 or by email at [email protected].

Online registrations for Avi Africa are available. To take advantage of the discounted rates, one has to register online, and payment must be made in full by the end

of April, so please visit our website to take advantage of this at www.sapoultry.co.za.

Online fraudsters

We continue to receive reports of online scammers with

approximately 25 sites now active. Please be vigilant and feel free to contact SAPA to verify the credentials of a supplier.

SAQA launches pilot digital certi�cate evaluation

As reported on the Skills Universe website, the South African Qualifications

Authority (SAQA) has launched a pilot project on the digital Certificate of Evaluation of

foreign qualifications. Apart from a source of

pride that our SAQA is leading international best practice, this will be of very practical assistance to all those who come into the country, or South Africans who have achieved a qualification abroad.

President Ramaphosa has expressed our support for more integration on the African continent, so this type of practical service will be a very supportive intervention to that project. For the full details please visit the SAQA website at www.saqa.org.za.¡

The article above has been compiled by Christopher Mason, Manager: Sustainability and Operations at SAPA. He can be reached at 083 457-6036 or by email at [email protected].


Bottom line bedding

By Jill Holloway

Making money by getting the bedding right

Today’s poultry producer can spend millions of Rands setting up state-of-the-art

poultry houses with controlled lighting, automated water drip feed, automated feed lines, monitored economical heating systems, and rigidly enforced biosecurity checks and controls.

To set up these facilities is very costly, and to maximise the return on investment, the risk of disease spreading through the house must be rigidly contained. With poultry profit margins very tight, no farmer can afford deaths in his flock.

Limiting disease

Once the farmer has set up his house with light,

feed, water and heating, the next thing is bedding. Bedding should be absorbent enough to avoid ammonia burns,

splinter-free to avoid damaging the feet of chicks, dust-free to avoid respiratory tract disorders, and of course, sterile to avoid the risk of salmonella, ecoli, aspergillus fungal infection or Aspi. It should also be deep enough to insulate the chicks from the ground.

Using agri waste

Many farmers use agricultural, timber or

factory waste. Agricultural waste includes sunflower husks, peanut shells, chopped mealie husks, and chopped wheat straw. Timber waste takes the form of millings from the saw blades of sawmills or shavings from the manufacture of roofing trusses. Factory waste originates from the manufacture of meranti windows and doors, pine furniture and the shavings and sawdust from belt sanders. All these have been used as

bedding in poultry houses. Much of this waste must be supplied cheaply; so the bulk of it is loaded into recycled wool packs to save on transport costs. There is no control; the only factor is price.

Manufactured makes cents

Manufactured custom-made fumigated bedding

comes in at a higher price than waste products, but farmers who have switched to the manufactured option maintain that there is a difference in their bottom line.

Chicks reared on dusty bedding develop respiratory diseases that impact on their growth. Chicks reared on fumigated dust free bedding develop healthy lungs and large chests. The risk of disease is minimised, and the flock can thrive.¡

The essenti als of hatchery venti lati on

Providing a consistent environment

for incubators

Eggs in incubators contain living, developing embryos. For them to achieve optimal development, chick quality, and hatchability, they need the correct

temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide to oxygen balance. This will only happen if they are in rooms that are correctly ventilated.

The purpose of ventilating hatchery rooms is to provide the most consistent environment for the incubators to operate in so that the embryo development is optimised. An incubator should never have to do more than fi ne tune the condition of the air entering the room. In addition, ambient conditions can vary greatly, not only fr om one country to another, but fr om one season to another.

As incubator manufacturers cannot custom make incubators for each region of the world, emphasis must be placed on making sure that the hatchery rooms are ventilated eff ectively. The hatchery ventilation system must satisfy the assumptions made by the incubator manufacturers so that the incubator can operate in the way it was designed to.

In order to design a machine that operates eff ectively and effi ciently, and is cost eff ective


to build and operate, certain assumptions are made by the manufacturers about the temperature and relative humidity (RH) range of the air entering the machine. This allows them to determine what the heating and cooling capacity of a machine should be in order to control the internal environment (temperature and RH).

This information then becomes the manufacturers’ specifications for a certain incubator which usually include recommendations for variables such as: • Incubator air requirements

per 1000 eggs set; • Minimum room air

changes per 1000 eggs; • Supply air temperature and

humidity; • Room air pressure; • Exhaust plenum air

pressure. The important aspects

of ventilating each room are therefore air volume supply, room pressure, air temperature, and relative humidity.

Common problems

There are a number of factors that may create

ventilation problems in a hatchery: • Education: Without a

proper understanding of how to ventilate a hatchery, and what is trying to be achieved, mistakes will be made when setting-up the ventilation parameters;

• Insufficient air volume supplied by the air handling unit: This may be as a result of the original design specification being incorrect;

• Insufficient fresh air supplied to the room: In addition to the above, this may also be as a result

of additional incubators being added to a room without the capacity of the air handling unit being increased;

• Lack of preventative maintenance: Another common cause of insufficient air volume supply to a room is a lack of maintenance. As fan belts and pulleys wear and radiators become more blocked, the supply volume of the air handling unit will be reduced;

• Insufficient heating and cooling capacity: This may be as a result of two factors – either the air handling unit has not been correctly designed/specified, or there is a lack of proper maintenance so that the unit is no longer operating as it should;

• No monitoring equipment: Monitoring room temperature, relative humidity, and pressure

is important for ensuring adequate hatchery ventilation;

• Improper calibration of the controls: It is important that the control systems that monitor and regulate the temperature, relative humidity, and pressure are routinely calibrated. Without regular calibration there is no way of knowing the true conditions within a room.

The starting point

The starting point to ventilating a hatchery room

successfully is the condition of the room itself. The room should be as air tight as possible. The better the room you are trying to ventilate can be sealed, the more control there will be over how and where the air enters and leaves the room.

If the room has gaps or cracks, then air leakage will

April Issue 37

occur. If the room has too much air leakage, conditioned air from the air handling unit supplied into the room may be lost through gaps or cracks in the walls or the roof instead of finding its way into the incubator. It is more difficult to create positive pressure in a room with air leakage. The positive pressures used in hatcheries are small and even the smallest amount of air leakage from a room may make it difficult to maintain the correct operating pressure.

Typical areas of air leakage are: • The seals of entrance doors

and any other doors within the room;

• The roof – often roofs are constructed from multiple panels, each edge of such a roof is a potential leakage point and should be sealed;

• The area where the walls meet with the roof.

In older hatcheries there are

often ‘over pressure’ louvers located above the incubators to allow excess air to escape into the roof cavity. When trying to pressure control rooms with modern control systems these over pressure louvers should be blocked in order to help with achieving room pressure. Insulation is another very important aspect of successfully ventilating a room. In the winter months it is important to keep the warmth inside the room, and in the summer months it is important to keep the heat out of the room. This is more difficult to achieve if the room is not suitably insulated.

Air volume requirements

There are a number of different points to consider

when determining the air requirements for a room. These are: • The number of eggs in the

room; • The number of chicks in

the room; • The incubator

manufacturer’s recommendations;

• The type of air handling unit to be used (chilled water [air conditioned] or evaporative cooled);

• The type of pressure control to be used.

Air handling unit

In order to determine the heating and cooling capacity

required by the air handling unit so it can provide the desired room conditions, it is essential to know:• The total volume of fresh

air to be delivered; • Accurate data about the

hottest and coldest times of the year;

• The desired room temperature range.

There are always certain assumptions made when anything is being designed. In the case of an air handling unit, one of those assumptions will be the minimum and maximum outside conditions that the cooling and heating can deal with.

The higher and lower the actual/realistic outside temperature used in the design of the air handling unit, the more expensive the unit will be. Companies therefore often make an assumption about the ‘average’ minimum and maximum temperatures for a particular area and design the air handling unit using these parameters. As a result, if the unit has to operate in conditions which exceed the ambient ‘design minimum and maximum’ the room cannot maintain the desired temperature. As such, it is a good idea prior to ordering an air handling unit, to ask the supplier at what minimum and maximum ambient temperatures the unit will be able to provide the desired room temperatures.

In hot, dry climates, a more cost effective option than a chilled water air handling unit is an evaporative cooled unit. Here cooling takes place through the use of cooling pads located within the air handling unit. With evaporative cooling, care should be taken when selecting the control unit that will operate the cooling pumps. Allowing too much water to flow onto the pads too quickly can result in large fluctuations in room temperature.

The drier the ambient climate, the greater the potential temperature fluctuations. To gain better control over the rate of cooling, it may be necessary to pulse/cycle the pumps in order to limit the amount of


water flowing onto the pads. The supply of fresh air must be evenly distributed throughout the room. Ideally this should be achieved via various supply points from a ducting system entering through the roof. If this is not possible and the supply is from a single point in the room, then a distribution sock/tube within the room should be used to help distribute the air evenly.

It is recommended that the design of air handling unit systems and ducting be done by a reputable company. Trying to save money by designing your own air handling unit or ducting system can cost more than getting it done properly in the first place.

Humidi�cation

Maintaining a certain level of relative humidity in a

room is an important part of the ventilation system. In order to design a humidification system, the following information is required: • The total volume of fresh

air to be humidified; • The lowest ambient relative

humidity level during the year;

• The required room relative humidity.

By knowing this information, the amount of water that needs to be added to the air to reach the required relative humidity can be determined.

Steam humidification is probably the better means of humidifying; however, it is expensive with high electrical running costs.

Most often, humidification is done within the room using a high pressure spray system. With such a system, remember that there will be a certain level of evaporative cooling that will take place in

the room each time the spray humidification system runs.

Pressure control

As part of the ventilation of a hatchery, rooms are

often pressure controlled. The purpose of pressure controlling a room is to assist, but not to force excess amounts of, air into the incubator.

If a room has a positive pressure, it is an indication that after all the incubators in the room have taken the air they require there is still a surplus of supply air in the room. If the room pressure is negative, it can be seen as an indication that the air supply is insufficient for the demand of the incubators within the room. As a result there will be ‘competition’ between the incubators for the air and the incubators will not be getting the volume of air that they require.

In both setter and hatcher rooms, the pressure is usually set to a slight positive pressure (2.5 Pa/0.01 “WC). This will ensure that there is an adequate supply of air for the machines, without forcing air into the machine and disrupting the intended operation of the machine.

Units of pressure

Hatchery pressures are most often measured in either

Pascals (Pa) or Inches of Water Column (“WC). The following table shows the conversion.

Measuring room pressure Hatchery room pressures

are preferably measured relative to the outside/ambient air pressure. In order to ventilate/draw air into a room, the pressure within that room must be slightly positive compared to whatever the ambient/outside pressure is. So, if the pressure in a room is +5Pa, then it means that the room pressure is 5Pa (0.02 “WC) higher in the room than the current ambient pressure at that location. There are a number of pressure meters available on the market that are suitable for use in a hatchery. All pressure meters should have two ports/terminals – one for positive pressure and one for negative pressure.

Pressure control methods

There are a number of effective ways of pressure

controlling rooms. Some of these are described below.

Fixed volume air supply.

In this system, the air supply into a room is from a fan with a fixed or constant speed. One method of controlling the pressure in a room with this sort of air supply system is through the use of a variable speed exhaust fan. The variable speed fan is regulated by a pressure controller that controls the speed of the fan in order to maintain the pressure in the room at the desired level.

Table 1: Conversion table for hatchery pressure

Pascals (pa) Inches of Water Column (“WC)2.5 0.015.0 0.027.5 0.0310.0 0.04

April Issue 39

The variable speed fan either ‘dumps’ the excess room air through a wall to the outside of the hatchery or into the roof cavity.

This is a wasteful method of controlling room pressure because the excess air that gets dumped has already been conditioned. This method may be used in both setter and hatcher rooms. It is important for the capacity of the variable speed fan to be correctly determined during design. The fan should have shutters on the outside and a weather hood/cowl.

Variable speed air handling unit.

In this system, the fan motor of the air supply to the room is variable speed and is linked to a pressure controller. The air supply fan will speed up and slow down to maintain and control the pressure of the room. This is a far more energy efficient system than the fixed volume air supply system because only the air that is required for the incubators in the room will be conditioned (heated, cooled, humidified). This system may be used in setter and hatcher rooms.

Fixed volume air supply with return air.

In this system, the supply

air fan operates at a fixed speed, supplying a fixed volume of air to the room, but there is a return air duct allowing air to be drawn from the room back to the air handling unit.

The return air duct is fitted with a motorised damper which is connected to a pressure controller that regulates the damper position to control the amount of air that is allowed to return to the air handling unit. In this way the pressure is controlled within the room. This is an energy efficient method of pressure controlling the room since any conditioned air that does not enter an incubator in the room is returned to the air handling unit. This form of pressure control is best suited to setter rooms. It is not suited to any rooms where there may be fluff present, such as the hatcher or processing rooms, as the fluff may be drawn into the return air system.

Fixed volume air handling unit with return air - hatchers.

In hatcher rooms, there is often concern over cross-contamination or fluff getting into the air handling unit if air is returned to the air handling unit from the room. A solution is to build a supply air plenum above the hatchers,

assuming that the air intake is on top of the machine. With the supply in a closed plenum above the hatcher, there is little possibility of fluff entering the return air system, or of the air being contaminated before being returned to the air handling unit. A motorised damper can be installed on the return air duct from inside the supply air plenum. The motorised damper must be connected to a pressure controller. Another benefit to this type of configuration is that when the doors to the hatcher passage are open, it does not influence the pressure control of the supply air chamber.

Common problems

There are a number of problems that are common

to many pressure control installations.

Many hatcheries do not have instruments to measure pressure.

Almost every room of a hatchery will have a thermometer to measure room temperature, and most will also be able to measure humidity. Room pressure and air supply is important to the correct ventilation of a hatchery yet many hatcheries have no way of measuring it.

Fixed volume air supply with ‘over pressure’ louvers.

The ‘over pressure’ louvers are usually installed in the wall above the setters or hatchers. The purpose of these louvers is to allow surplus supply air to escape into the roof cavity area so that the room is not over-pressurised. In doing so, the louver often prevents the room from creating the required positive pressure because in effect, it is actually an air leakage in the room. However, this system can be used fairly effectively in setter rooms with many incubators, and in rooms with multi-stage incubators.

Insufficient air handling unit capacity.

If the air handling unit is not able to supply the correct volume of air for a given room, then it will not be possible to successfully pressure control the room.

Poorly sealed room.

Even if the air handling unit is capable of supplying the theoretically correct volume of air, if the room is not sealed well enough, it may not be possible to generate the desired positive pressure in a room.

Extraction fans.

Large capacity extraction fans running in any part of the hatchery can, and most probably will, have an effect on the pressure control of the entire hatchery. Every fan is designed to move a certain volume of air. If it is operating somewhere in a hatchery, it will draw air from wherever possible in order to move the volume of air it was designed to move. If this means that it

must suck air through poor door seals, cracks, and gaps, then this is what will happen. As a result, it can quite easily ‘rob’ air from other rooms around the hatchery, thus impacting the pressure control of rooms.

If there are large volume extraction fans in parts of the hatchery (such as in the take-off and chick holding area), then the questions, “Where are these fans going to get their air from, and is that particular supply of air sufficient”, should always be asked. If not, these fans are quite capable of ‘robbing’ air from rooms on the opposite side of the hatchery.

Pressure controllers

If rooms are going to be pressure controlled, it

is recommended to use a pressure controller that has been specifically designed for hatchery use. Incubator companies understand the requirements of a hatchery pressure controller, and as such their products, are better suited to creating the uniform conditions required. Cheaper, non-specific pressure

controllers are not able to maintain the uniform low pressure required in a hatchery. This often results in continuously fluctuating pressures and non-uniform ventilation as the room cycles from high to low pressure. Pressure controllers should be calibrated at least every 2-3 weeks. The first test that should be done is to remove both the positive and negative tube from the pressure sensor. When this is done, there will be no pressure differential across the pressure meter and the reading should be zero. Another calibration test is to use a mobile/handheld pressure meter to verify the actual reading of the pressure controller.

Exhaust problems

Ideally, the exhaust side of an incubator should be

controlled at the pressure as specified by the incubator manufacturer. If no such specification exists, then it is usually safe to try to control the exhaust at 0Pa (0 “WC). In other words, the pressure in the exhaust plenum should be the same as ambient pressure.

If the exhaust side pressure becomes too positive relative to ambient pressure, it can prevent the incubator from exhausting freely and may reduce the air flow through the machine. This could cause problems for the operation of the incubator and may result in hot spots in the machine. It could also result in higher than normal temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Chick quality may be affected. If the pressure on the exhaust side of the incubator becomes too negative relative to ambient pressure, it may result in air being ‘pulled’ through the machine. This could result in


problems with temperature control, and lower than normal humidity and carbon dioxide. This can also disrupt the air distribution inside the machine resulting in ‘dead spots’ within the incubator. Ultimately, chick quality may be affected.

Exhaust plenums

The purpose of a pressure controlled exhaust plenum

is to maintain a constant pressure in the plenum and prevent either a positive or negative pressure from developing by reacting as the machine output varies. A controlled pressure exhaust plenum should allow the incubator to exhaust how it was designed to exhaust and, as such, allow the incubator to ventilate how it was designed. An exhaust plenum eliminates the traditional type exhaust ducting that requires monitoring and balancing. On hatchers, the use of an exhaust plenum (fluff chamber) means that there is little or no exhaust ducting to be cleaned. It also reduces the amount of fluff that is exhausted to the outside of the building. Increasing the negative pressure (within reason) in the hatcher exhaust plenum is another way of increasing the air flow through the hatcher after the chicks have hatched. However, if the negative pressure is increased too much, dead/hot spots may be created and chick quality will be affected. Chick quality should be monitored and analysed carefully to make sure negative pressure remains acceptable. If an exhaust plenum is created above the setters, the pressure can be controlled through the use of a variable speed fan and a suitable pressure controller. In this case, the pressure in the room and the

plenum should be controlled separately. A hatcher exhaust plenum is simply a well-sealed room located behind the hatchers into which air from the hatchers is exhausted. The plenum is fitted with a variable speed fan that is regulated by a pressure controller.

The pressure in the plenum is usually controlled at 0 Pa (0 “WC) relative to outside. The benefits of the exhaust plenum are: • It allows the hatcher to

exhaust freely without the possibility of a positive or negative pressure at the exhaust;

• It eliminates the need for any form of exhaust ducting that would need to be cleaned after each hatch;

• It greatly reduces the amount of fluff that is exhausted outside the hatchery.

The variable speed exhaust fan should be installed at least 1metre away from the nearest hatcher exhaust. The fan should preferably be installed above the height of the exhausts. As with every other variable extraction fan

in the hatchery, the plenum variable fan must be fitted with a louver and cowl/ weather hood on the outside. In the above situation, the hatcher exhausts through the rear of the machine directly into the exhaust plenum. In the case where the hatcher exhausts through the top of the machine, it is preferable to install a gentle bend leading from the exhaust of the hatcher into the plenum, rather than a sharp elbow.

Hatcher room location

In new hatcheries, it is preferable to have the

hatcher room on an outer wall of the building. This allows for the easy installation of exhaust plenums in the room that air can exhaust through an external wall to the outside of the hatchery. This kind of installation then allows for the use of a flat wall mounted variable fan in the plenum. This kind of installation makes it easy to access the fan for maintenance and, more importantly, cleaning purposes. It is easy to access both sides of the fan and it can be cleaned thoroughly after each hatch. Where hatcher rooms are located centrally within a hatchery, then the only way to ventilate the exhaust plenum is either via a chimney fan going up through the top of the roof to the outside, or via a duct system to the nearest external wall. Either of these options result in problems with properly cleaning the fan and/or ducting after each hatch. In the case of chimney fans, cleaning above the exhaust fan is almost impossible.¡

This is an edited version of an article written by Bernard Green, poultry consultant at Aviagen and is reproduced here with the kind permission of Nigel Horrox.

April Issue 41

Avi Africa 2018 Speaker Profi lesProfessor CeliaAbolnik

Celia holds the NRF/DST SARChI Chair in Poultry Health and Production at

the University of Pretoria’s Faculty of Veterinary Science. She is the author of more than 54 scientifi c papers on avian infl uenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and mycoplasmosis spanning disciplines such as epidemiology, evolutionary dynamics, genomics, molecular and serological diagnostic test development, and plant biotechnology. Her research group consists of fi ve Ph.D. and four M.Sc. students, and a postdoctoral fellow.¡

Professor Ian Brown

Ian is Head of Virology at the Animal and Plant Health Agency – Weybridge, and Director

of EU/OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratories for Avian Infl uenza, Newcastle Disease and Swine Infl uenza. Ian is the UK national expert on Avian and Swine Infl uenza and a designated OIE expert for the three diseases.

He is a founder member of the OFFLU Laboratory Network and has taken the lead on a number of key international issues related to the work of this group both on the avian and swine subgroups.

He provides a broad range of disease consultancy at both international and national level on all the aforementioned diseases, specialising in science evidence and laboratory application as directly relevant to disease control.

He has undertaken country-specifi c missions to advise on the control of H5N8. His specifi c research interests include the epidemiology, pathogenicity, transmission and infection dynamics in relation

to the control of infl uenza in animal hosts including zoonotic threat.

Ian gained his Ph.D. on ‘Epizootiology of infl uenza in pigs in Great Britain with emphasis on characterisation of viruses isolated since 1986’, and holds a visiting Professorship in Avian Virology at the University of Nottingham.¡

Dr Ziyanda Majokweni

Ziyanda is the Director of SAPA’s Poultry Disease Management Agency. She holds

a degree in veterinary science and completed the Management Advancement Programme through the University of Witwatersrand.

She began her career as a State Veterinarian in the Eastern Cape following which she spent a number of years in private practice. She has also worked in the pharmaceutical industry in various risk management as well as farmer support roles.

Ziyanda has worked for the Agricultural Research Council of South Afr ica at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, as a Researcher and


Laboratory Manager for the BSE programme, as well as at the Council for Scientifi c and Industrial Research (CSIR) as a Quality Assurance Manager.

She Joins SAPA fr om her previous role as the General Manager - Corporate Aff airs for the South Afr ican Weather Service where she was responsible for Stakeholder Relations Management as well as Strategy Development and Management among other responsibilities.¡

Pieter Pienaar

Pieter holds a B.Com (Hons) in Business Management, Bloemfontein, and a

MBA fr om the North West University.

He formerly served as Vice Chair of the Tlokwe Business Chamber in conjunction with being the Chief Executive Offi cer (for the past 8 years and currently) of Toplay Egg Cooperative Ltd in Potchefstroom in the North West province of South Afr ica. Toplay is a national brand servicing all the major corporate retail and wholesalers.¡

Dr Mpho Maja

Mpho, as she prefers to be called, graduated fr om MEDUNSA in 1995.

She started her career as a State Veterinarian in the Free State, and worked her way up in government service – and has regulatory veterinary services running through her veins.

She is currently the custodian of the Animal Diseases Act at the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.¡

April Issue 43

Deryn Petty

Deryn qualifi ed as a vet at Onderstepoort in 1986. Aft er a brief spell in

private practice, she joined the department of General Physiology at Wits university where she lectured and obtained a Masters degree in Physiology. She subsequently left and went to Pretoria University. Aft er another spell in private practice, she joined the state in 2006 and is currently the Chief State Vet for biosecurity for Gauteng Province.

She has an interest in poultry and pig production, biosecurity, certifi cation, quarantines, galley waste and disposal of waste of animal origin.

She serves on the veterinary control committee(VCC) of the MCC and is the Vice Chair of the Large Animal Welfare Coordinating Committee and a member of the Animal Welfare Coordinating Committee of the DAFF. She has been invited to serve on the National Ministerial Advisory Committee of the Department of Health on antimicrobial resistance. She has published in the fi eld of abattoir welfare, helminthology, physiology and biosecurity.¡

Industry experts will share

insight and expertise at Avi Africa

Dr Douglas G. Choto

Douglas is a Veterinarian who has worked extensively in commercial

poultry production systems, government, pharmaceuticals, feed additives and disease diagnostics. He also worked with organisations across the Afr ican continent to enhance productivity and profi tability in line with regulation and market trends.

Outside of formal education he also has certifi cations and training fr om organisations hosted in Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy. Dr Choto brings a balance of technical and commercial practicality.¡

Dr Lia Rotherham

Lia completed her B.Sc. Zoology degree as well as her Honours and Masters in Zoology at

the University of Pretoria. She joined the CSIR in 2007 to complete a Ph.D. studentship (at the University of Pretoria) focusing on the development of a rapid human TB diagnostic assay. Aft er completion of her Ph.D., she joined the ARC-OVR in 2013 as a post-doctoral fellow that had a focus on vaccine development for Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Following completion of her post-doctoral fellowship, she joined the Molecular Epidemiology group of the ARC-OVR with a research focus on avian infl uenza and Newcastle disease. A large part of her research focuses on full genome sequence analysis of circulating strains of the viruses as well as the culturing of these viruses. A large part of Lia’s duties are as a support system to the PCR and Virology diagnostic laboratories.¡


Professor Thabo Masihleho

Thabo Leduma Peter Masihleho currently owns and runs a successful egg farm

as well as a guest lodge in the Free State.

In 1986 he was a fi nalist in the Toyota Farmer of the Year Awards and was a Lilizela Tourism Award fi nalist in 2015, and in 2017 a winner in the Free State and a national fi nalist.

Previously, he was the Deputy Vice Chancellor and Vice Principal of Finance and Administration at MEDUNSA, Dean of Faculty at the University of the North Qwa Qwa Campus, lecturer at the University of the North and a teacher at Lebogang High School.

Other positions held by Thabo over his career include that of Fellow of the Institute of Directors (attended and participated at King I,II, and III reports); a member of the Institute of Fundraisers; a member of the American Association of Higher Education; Chairman of the University of the North Provident Fund Board of Trustees; and a member of the Free State Agricultural Union.¡

Wandile Sihlobo

Wandile is an Agricultural Economist and Head of

Agribusiness research at the Agricultural Business Chamber (Agbiz) in South Afr ica. He is a columnist for Business Day and Farmers Weekly magazine.

Wandile previously served as an economist at Grain SA, where he was mainly responsible for macroeconomics, grain market and international trade research. He also served as part of the secretariat of the Agri-Sector Unity Forum (ASUF) Land Reform working group. Wandile holds a Master of Science degree in Agricultural Economics fr om Stellenbosch University.¡

Pierre du Plessis

Pierre is currently the CEO of HumanWrites, changing the world one wee square notebook

at a time. Originally fr om a design background, he has shown to critical acclaim at Fashion Week, created award winning campaigns as a stylist, worked as brand curator for the SABS Design Institute, and fr eelanced as an art and creative director. He is also an artist, working with socio-political themes, cultural diversity, and the tension between absence and presence.

The other half of his life is in philosophy and spirituality. He leads a contemplative faith community in the city of Cape Town and he is also a published author.

He is a popular speaker on chaos and innovation, speaking regularly at conferences and corporate sessions, and an educator at Duke University. He has been featured numerous times on TEDx. His clients include BMW, Old Mutual, KFC, Adcock Ingram and others.

Pierre is an eternally curious fl âneur, a wanderer of the city streets, an urbanite observer. He reads like a maniac, but only when he is not online. His talks

April Issue 45

on leadership, chaos, and innovation leave audiences inspired and equipped to create great work in a volatile world.

His alter ego is the love child of Gertrude Stein and Jason Bourne. He lives in Cape Town with his wife, two kids, and his iPhone.¡

Dr N.J. van Biljon

Dr. Fambies van Biljon qualifi ed as a veterinarian fr om the University of

Pretoria in 1991. He registered as a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1992 and obtained a post graduate Honours degree in Veterinary Science fr om the University of Pretoria in 1995. He went on to obtain a Masters degree in Veterinary Medicine with specialisation in Poultry Diseases and Production in 2002.

Fambies started his career in July 1991 as a State Veterinarian for the South Afr ican Defence Force. Following this, he worked in mixed animal practices in the United Kingdom and later as Senior State Veterinarian for the Ministry of Agriculture in South Afr ica.

In 1996, he started his career in the poultry industry as Veterinarian and Technical Advisor for Contract Growers for Earlybird Farm, a division of Astral Foods. Fambies also worked as a Specialist Poultry Veterinarian and Director at Avimune and Deltamune. He later entered the pharmaceutical industry where he worked as Technical Manager for Pigs and Poultry at

Janusz F. Luterek

Janusz holds degrees in both Chemical Engineering from the University of Pretoria

and Law from UNISA and is a registered Attorney, Patent Attorney, and a Professional Engineer.

In 1997, HE became a partner of Hahn & Hahn attorneys, a boutique law firm founded in 1951 and specialising in technology law and intellectual property law. Janusz is a Custodian Member of the South African Association for Food Science and Technology (SAAFoST) as well as sitting on the Food Law Advisory Group of the Department of Health.

Prior to qualifying as an attorney, Janusz worked at the CSIR in its Food Science and Technology division where he was specifically involved as a food engineer in brewing and fruit processing. Later, he worked as a senior process engineer at APV International

Deléne Bosho�

Managing Director of PHT-SA, Deléne has been in the food industry for most

of her adult life. She joined both SAAFoST and SASDT as a student in 1981. She attained her B.Sc. Agric (Dairy Science) under Professors Lombard and Bester at the University of


Ceva Animal Health. In 2007, he joined Sovereign

Foods, where he is currently the Group Veterinarian for this integrated broiler company.

He is married with two children and lives in Jeffreys Bay, South Africa.¡

where he was responsible for the design and commissioning of brewing equipment, fruit juice processing equipment, fruit juice evaporators, milk pasteurization, and cheese and yoghurt production.

He practices in regulatory food law and food product liability, and besides acting in product liability cases, he has assisted many leading listed companies as well as SAAFoST with their various Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act; Regulations, Medicines and Related Substances Act and Regulations; and Consumer Protection Act submissions to various government departments and Parliament as well as implementation in their businesses.

This in-depth and on-going involvement in the process has given Janusz special insight into Food Law and the Consumer Protection Act.¡

Pretoria. She has worked as a food

technologist in various food and related companies over the past three decades in product development and technical sales at companies such as Enterprise Foods, Pick ‘n Pay Food Hall, Freddy Hirsch and Crest Chemicals.

In August 2008 Deléne joined PHT-SA, a sister company of PHT, Partner für Hygiene und Technologie, in Bavaria, Germany as Director and only employee. In 2016, she became a shareholder at PHT-SA.

Her passion for the food industry and, in particular, hygiene and food safety started when she was still a student. She believes that every human being should have access to safe and wholesome food and that she can make a difference. Joining PHT in 2008 enabled her to carry this passion further by introducing holistic hygiene systems to the South Africa market.

PHT-SA has been supplying hygiene, food safety and technology equipment into the food industry in South Africa since 2007 and today is one of the leading companies in its field. PHT-SA head office is based in Hennopspark, Centurion and has nine employees.

Deléne is married to Heinrich, and they have 3 boys, 3 girls and a grandson. Over weekends, she is a true farmer’s wife with her geese, chickens and pigs.¡

Ncumisa Cordelia Mcata-Mhlauli

Dr Murat Yakar

Murat graduated fr om the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in 2006

and joined Aviagen fr om Banvit A.S (BRF), one of the largest integrators in Turkey and an Aviagen Anadolu Ross customer, where he gained considerable experience in broiler and breeder management, hatcheries and lab diagnostics. For approximately 8 years, he held the position of Livestock Production Manager.

Murat has been working at Aviagen’s Ross brand as an International Technical Service Manager and for the last two years, has been responsible for TMEA region.¡

April Issue 47

Ncumisa has more than 20 years of experience in the fi eld of

agricultural economics and Agro-Processing. As a chief agricultural economist, Ncumisa has served in a number of programmes both in the private and public sectors, mainly in conducting agricultural economic studies (policies, strategies, feasibility studies, marketing surveys and evaluation exercises) for various government departments and municipalities.

In the public sector, Ncumisa served as a Director in the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for more than 10 years. Her dedication earned her a position as a Chief Director: Agro-Processing and Forestry based industries in the Department of Trade and Industry where she’s responsible for the development of the various sub-sectors in Agro-Processing, providing strategic interventions to increase production and competition

and grow exports. She develops policies, sub-sector strategies, programmes and projects in consultation with various Agro-Processing industries and leading dynamic fi rms.

Ncumisa has Honour’s Degree in Agricultural Economics and is doing her fi nal year of a Masters Programme with the University of Free State.¡

Rolf Uys

Rolf runs his own business under Entecom and owns the Western Cape

and Tshwane fr anchises. They specialise in food safety training, troubleshooting and consulting. He holds a M.Sc. in Food Science and has over 20 years’ experience in all aspects of food safety. He has worked in industry, consulted, audited and trained locally and internationally. Before Entecom, he was an auditor for AIB International. He has more than 1500 audits and 1000 training courses under his belt. Rolf ’s goal is to bring passion into food safety.¡

Ceva Advertorial

Eagles Pride Hatchery Koster 2 does it again!

uppe

mar

keti

ng A

1787

3

WHAT MAKES EAGLES PRIDE KOSTER A WORTHY WINNER?"Consistency is the word. Being the winner twice consecutively, demonstrates that high quality vaccinations have become a habit." - Chris van Biljon, Vaccination Services & Equipment Manager.

WHY THIS CHALLENGE?This challenge forms part of the Ceva Animal Health’s C.H.I.C.K program and was implemented to establish some healthy competition in the industry, whilst motivating personnel to improve beyond acceptable industry standards and to demonstrate to customers how a specific hatchery performance compares to the rest of the industry.

SETTING A HIGH STANDARD Ceva Animal Health’s C.H.I.C.K program in South Africa was last year awarded with quality recognition from Bureau Veritas.

A very high standard is needed to achieve Quality Code of Practice recognition. To this end, the whole of the Ceva Animal Health’s C.H.I.C.K program process was and is supported, verified and recognized by a third party, Bureau Veritas. This ensures International standards are maintained and accepted.

WHY THE QUALITY STAMP OF APPROVAL?Quality management is of very high importance within the agri-food industry and when it comes to

poultry production, the vaccination process in hatcheries plays a crucial part to guarantee the vaccines are well applied to get the maximum potential for protection in the field. The integration of the vaccination process in hatcheries, as part of a Quality Management system, is of especially high relevance.

Ceva Animal Health’s C.H.I.C.K Program Quality Code of Practice, which was produced together with Bureau Veritas Group, is today the reference guide for vaccination services globally. This truly shows Ceva Animal Health’s commitment to go “Beyond Animal Health”.

“Together beyond animal health”

2017 was the third year of Ceva Animal Health’s Hatchery of the Year challenge. Fifty-five hatcheries took part in the competition which again went down to the wire. After another tight battle, Eagles Pride Hatchery Koster 2, was crowned Hatchery of the Year 2017. This was the second consecutive year that they received this prestigious award. In second place was Eagle’s Pride Hatchery Koster 1.

Together, beyond animal healthPlease contact Ceva Animal Health if you have any enquiries: Tel: +27(0)11 312-4088 • Website: www.ceva.co.za

The proud and committed Eagles Pride team after being named Ceva Hatchery of the Year 2017 – their second consecutive win.

STOP THE GUMBORO CYCLE

Transmune is the only vaccine that stops reinfection and protects against all virus strains

Together, beyond animal health

Ceva Animal Health (Pty) Ltd • Reg. No. 1973/016009/07 Tel: +27(0)11 312-4088 • Fax: +27(0)11 312-4092 Websites: www.ceva.co.za • www.transmune.com Cevac® Transmune® Reg. No: G3457 (IBD virus) is registered under Act 36 of 1947.

A11

740

A Pagein time

Mei 1972

Dr. Wim verbeek

Openingsrede by kongres “Interessante en veelseggende veranderings het gedurende die afgelope tien jaar plaasgevind in die produksie- en verbruikspatroon van vleis in suid-afrika” het dr wim verbeek, sekretaris van die departement van landbou, in sy openingsrede van die onlangese gehoue ses-en-sestigste kongres van die S.A.P.V. Gesê.

Dit blyk dat die totale produksie van vleis afkomstig van beeste, kalwers, skape, lammers, bokke, varke en pluimvee met 30% gestyg het vir die tydperk 1960/1961 tot 1970/1971. Die massa pluimvee geslag in die tyd het met 132% toegeneem teenoor slegs 8% in die geval van bees (kalfs-) vleis. In 1960/1961 was pluimvee se bydrae tot die vleisverbruik 8,3% teenoor 11,3% tien jaar later.

Die per kapita-verbruik van vleis in totaal het gedurende die dekade van 46, kg na 43,4 kg gedaal. Die totale verbruik het weliswaar vanweë die bevolkingsaanwas aansienlik toegeneem. Die verbruik van pluimveevleis het per kapita van 2,5 kg na 4,5 kg toegeneem. Die gemiddelde verbruik van rooi- en pluimveevleis per persoon kan

nog heelwat toeneem onder huidige voedselpryshoudings.

Die totstandkoming en uitbouing van supermarkte het die koopgewoonte van die verbruiker heelwat verander. Die huisvrou, veral die wat werk, verkies om haar huishoudelike benodigdhed in een sentrum of winkel te koop instede van ‘n aantal gespesialiseerde klein winkels. Die beskikbaarheid en verskeidenheid van voedselsoorte kan die keuse van inkope aanmerklik beinvloed. Dit geld ook vleissoorte. Die verbruiker verlang afwisseling in die soorte van vleis, nie net van verskillende rooi- en pluimveevleis nie maar sekerlik ook van witvleis soos van hoender, kalkoene en eende. Die produksie van bepaarde kwaliteite vleis van verskillende plaasdiere sal in die toekoms noukeurig beplan moet word ooreenkomstig die verbruiker se voorkeure, en die aanbieding daarvan sal spesiale aandag moet geniet, veral in die supermarkte.

Eierproduksie is ‘n ewe belangrike faset van die pluimveebedryf maar hierdie vertakking het nie so vinnig in terme van brutowaarde uitgebrei as pluimveeslagtings nie. In 1967/1968 was die brutowaarde van eiers geproduseer nog meer as die van pluimvee geslag (R30 miljoen teenoor R28 miljoen) terwyl dit in 1970/1971 onderskeidelik R31 miljoen en R35 miljoen beloop het. Eierproduksie het egter stelselmatig en bestendig toegeneem. In Suid-Afrika is die moontlikhede vir verhoogde diereproduksie nog aansienlik, veral deur groter intensifikasie. Die pluimveebedryf is die pioniers wat intensiewe biologiese proteienfabrieke tot stand

gebring het. Intensifisering van produksie mag egter nie lei tot buiteverhoudelike prysstygings nie.

In die pluimveebedryf het intensifisering in werklikheid tot gevolg gehad, groter doeltreffendheid en gepaardgaande relatief-gunstiger pryse vir die verbruiker. Hoe intenser die intensifisering, waarmee gepaard gaan meganisering en selfs outomatisering, hoe meer onnatuur word die boerdery of liewers die produksieproses. So ‘n geintensifiseerde bedryf kan egter biologies en ekonomies baie kwesbaar word indien sekere veranderlikes nie beheer word nie. Een van die veranderlikes waaroor daar onder sekere omstandighede weinig beheer bestaan, is siektes. Sedert 1967 het Newcastlesiekte weer dikwels voorgekom. Die verloop daarvan is aan alle pluimveeboere bekend. Verskeie oorsese pluimveepataloë het al hul verbasing uitgespreek oor die hoë gesondheidsvlak wat in die Suid-Afrikaanse pluimveebedryf gehandhaaf word.

Intensiewe produksiestelsels vereis diere met hoë produktiwiteit, doeltreffende voeromset en ‘n endproduk wat aanneemlik of gesog is deur die verbruiker. Die bestuur en versorging, voeding, maar veral die seleksie en teling van hoogproduserende diere word al hoe belangriker en ook al hoe meer gespesialiseerd. Wat teling betref, is fenomenale vordering gemaak met pluimvee vir sowel eierproduksie en vleisproduksie, veral in die V.S.A. Suid-Afrika het met groot welslae teelmateriaal uit verskeie oorsese lande ingevoer sedert 1961.¡


Ingredients

Method

Aspiring Chef

Hollandaise:180 g butter4 egg yolks5 ml lemon juice4 extra large eggs15 ml vinegar4 croissants, sliced in halve and lightly toasted6 spinach leaves, blanched

To make hollandaise: 1. Melt the butter. 2. Place the egg yolks, lemon juice and melted

butter (the heat from the melted butter cooks the yolks) in a food processor. Process until thick and creamy. Set aside.

To poach an egg: 3. Half fill a pan with water, bring to the boil

and add 15 ml vinegar. (Vinegar is not vital but helps with the egg’s appearance -vinegar coagulates the egg white turning it into a perfectly poached egg. The fresher the eggs, the better they poach. An egg straight from the chicken will poach without any need for vinegar.)

4. Break the eggs, one by one on a plate or in a bowl.

5. Use a spoon and spin the boiling water to slightly cool.

6. Slide the egg into the centre of the whirlpool. Cook for 3-4 minutes until set.

7. Remove with a slotted spoon. Work quickly to transfer each egg onto a plate, letting excess water drip back into the saucepan. Poached eggs should be served as soon as they are removed from the water as they get cold quickly.

8. Top the toasted croissant with blanched spinach, a poached egg and spoon hollandaise over. Sprinkle with black pepper and serve immediately.

Toasted Croissant topped with spinach

April Issue 51

It’s yourBirthdayAccording to the SAPA records, the following

people are celebrating their birthday during May. We hope that you have a wonderful birthday and many more to come!

Volgens die SAPV se inligting verjaar al die onderstaande mense in Mei. Ons hoop dat julle

die dag geniet en dat daar nog vele voorlê!

1 Mnr J Bezuidenhout, JC Pienaar Boerdery Edms Bpk

Mr V Mabulana, Mabulana Farming Mr M Makoni, Pam Island Investment cc Me S Mathobela, Jabez Farm2 Me M M Mokoena, Mosa Poultry Project Mnr R F Van Niekerk, Aandvrede Kiepies3 Mnr I Briedenhann, Bainsvlei Poultry Mr D Legemaat, Janelda Boerdery Mr L B Ngwane, Ntwalamkhono Agric

Coop Mr D Perumal, National Chicks Mev J M Strauss, Grootvlei Pluimvee4 Mr T Tlhale, Department of Agric GP

Me C T Mokale, Thekwane Co-Op Mr S Sehularo, Sekai Farm Mnr J L H Serfontein Jnr, City Square

Trading T/A Boskop Layer Chickens Mr K Bopape, Department of Agric GP5 Mr S Chigombe, Arbor Acres SA Pty Ltd Ms I Lenka, Virginia Mega Poultry Me A Raphulo, Raphulo Business

Enterprise6 Mnr B Lamprecht, George Moerasrivier

Boerdery Edms Bpk Ms M I Letsoha Me P Senne, All Things Chicken7 Mr M B Mphuthi, Phiring Tse Ntsho


Mnr P Van Rensburg, Noorsveld 8 Mr N E Gielink, Riverview Poultry Farm cc

Ms M Kgahlisi, Virginia Mega Poultry cc Mr E Masemola, Kgomoloko Poultry Mnr A Smit, Almur Smit Pluimveeplaas9 Mr P Bowmaker, Stonor Farm Ms B E Tang, Deside Rapa Chicken

Enterprise11 Mrs R Galway, Dynamic Automation cc Mr P Johnson, Craigmore Poultry Farm

Pty Ltd Mr C J A Kirstein, Mike’s Chicken Pty Ltd Mr T Mureri, Afr ican Ranchers Pty Ltd Mr S I Skosana Mr C Visser, Kuipers Group Mr B Watson, Eggbert Eggs12 Mr K L Banda, Chisawani Poultry

Farmers Mr G Heath, Country Bird Holdings Me O M Kgopodithata Mr C Lamont, Abilene Poultry Breeders Mr P Mathekgana, Mathekgs Poultry

Supplies13 Mr D Teichmann, Teichmann Eggs14 Mrs R Cross, Sunspray Food Ingredients

Pty Ltd Mrs J Groenewald, Elgin Free Range

Chickens Pty Ltd Ms B Ramarumo, MSP Agricultal Hldings15 Ms N N Hlabangwana, Portion 16 Mrs A M Kamela, Ga Moipone Poultry

Farm Me S T M Lefala, Mother & Sons Poultry

Farm Mr D Mushwana, Danrose Organic &

Chickens Ms J Nemulodi, Mother & Sons Poultry Farm16 Mr G Kheswa, Gcina Property

Management Mr M A Ledwaba, Mashashane Hatchery17 Mr C W Philander, Middelplaas Mr G A Saville, Stillwaters Poultry Farm Mnr A L Schlebusch, Vaalharts Kuikens

Abattoir Mr T W Tlali, Kgatelopele Co-op18 Mr P W Bartlet, W W Bartlet Poultry

Farm Pty Ltd Prof T A Mofokeng, Chicken Chain

Farming Enterprise cc19 Mr D Chester, Eagle’s Nest Poultry Farm Mrs L N Glutz, Swiss Valley Abattoir Me A M Philander, Middelplaas20 Dr F De Wet, NOPSA Mr L Mashilone, National Chicks Ms N S Mokati, Mokati’s Farm

Me E Prins, Friemersheim Chicken Project

Mr A M Tsawe, Laphumikhwezi Project21 Ms G J Jood Mr M E A Khomo Mnr G R Van Veijeren, G R Van Veijen-

ren Boerdery22 Mnr D Van Wyk, ZB Feeds23 Mr N Geldenhuys, Supreme Poultry Pty

Ltd Mafi keng Hatchery Mr D Ntshalintshali, Vuka-Uyibambe Co-

op Mnr J Serfontein Snr, City Square Trading

T/A Boskop Layer Chickens24 Mr H A W L Long, Craigdarroch Farm Mnr G Van Heerden, Country Bird

Holdings Mnr J A Van Heerden, Markstall25 Mnr C H Janse Van Rensburg, Gauteng

Broiler Breeders Mnr R Marais, JR 109 Pty Ltd Mr J H Zietsman, Mountain Valley26 Mrs C Prinsloo, Super Agri Science Mr T V Shange, Isibonelo Community

Project27 Mr G R Groom, Avonlea Poultry Farm Mr A Kietzman, Supreme Poultry Pty Ltd

Potchefstroom Mrs C M Mokhethi, Mosali ea Khabane Mr M Zikalala, Supreme Poultry Pty Ltd28 Mr M Matlala Mrs E Poole, Hopevield Abattoir Mr R E Rambuda, Mushiru Poultry29 Mr G De Witt, National Chicks a Division

of Astral Operations Ltd Mr P Manana, Imbuyisa Investments Ms N Ndleleni, Green Village Me SDV Segwai, Seikadi Poultry30 Mr E M Shaku, Vuka Poultry31 Mnr D Dreyer, Willow Valley Welkom Mrs S R Matjabe, Heirs Training &

Development Mr M Volschenk, Tweefontein Chicken

Abattoir

April Issue 53


Take aBREAK

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V I S I T I N G B E R GO L I A N LI D I O M T O R P E D OD D E U R S

E T R E S I G N SP A S S A G E A Y AO B C RL S L U N C A N N YK E E P E R S H IA L U A B AD R E A M E R R O B E SO C E I L PT U T U P R I N C E S S

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Thin plate or layer (6)Newspaper boss (6)Japanese dish of raw fi sh (7) Damaged (7)Thermosetting resin (5) Beneath (5)Sum; add up (5)Excuse of any kind (5)Glazed earthenware (5) Tidal wave (7)Egg white (7)Cease (6)Afr ican fl y (6)

Endured (6)US State (8)Clamorous (5)Obedient (7)Confi ne; snare (4)Plunderer (6)Imperious (11)International negotiator (8) Vehement denunciations (7) Be present at (6)Attitude or body position (6) Moneys owed (5)Utilises (4)

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