power quality harmonics and accuracy

8/17/2019 Power Quality Harmonics and Accuracy

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April 2013

Power Quality, Harmonics and

Accuracy


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Agenda

What is Power Quality Improving Power Quality

Power Quality in SATEC products

Accuracy Standards


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What is Power Quality? Defnitions o the !uality o the supplied voltage "what a#out the

current$% &sually reerred in negative conte'ts ( power !uality pro#lems )easurement

– IEC *+,,,-.-/ 0oltage 1lic2er

– IEC *+,,,-.-+3 4armonic )easurement

– IEC *+,,,-.-5, )easurement Accuracy "6Class A78 6Class S7% – IEC *9,39:5-++8 998 95 Energy Accuracy "6Class ,;9S78 6Class ,;3S7%

Power Quality

– 3,+*,= In use worldwide8 in avor o the utilities8 voltageonly8

statistical standard – IEEE 3+? and IEEE ++3?= American standards8 practical point o view

– @ST +5,+?= Bussian standard8 very comprehensive

– @3:.=


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Frequency

Voltage Variations

Voltage Flicker

Voltage Dip

Power Quality Parameters


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nterruptions

!emporary "#er#olta

!ransients



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$n%alance

Harmonics

nterharmonics



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Harmonics

+ =

5)5sin()sin()( x x x f

5)5sin()( x x f )sin()( x x f


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&&&''()*&+('- .e#els&&& ''() &+('-

+o/

0ategories !ypical1pectral0ontent

!ypicalDuration

!ypicalVoltage2agnitude

Short Duration0ariations

nstantaneous

3 Sag ,;3-5, Cycles ,;+-,;? pu + sec

4 Swell ,;3-5, Cycles +;+-+; pu >o

2omentary

) Interruption ,;3 Cycles-5s ,;+ pu + sec

' Sag 5, Cycles-5s ,;+-,;? pu >o

'' Swell 5, Cycles-5s +;+-+;. pu >o

!emporary

'5 Interruption 5 s-+ min ,;+ pu >o

'6 Sag 5 s-+ min ,;+-,;? pu >o

'7 Swell 5 s-+ min +;+-+;9 pu >o


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!HD*!otal Harmonic

Distortion

I>8 0> ( Individual 4armonics o order >

(%).....(

THD(I)

(%).....(

THD(V)

I I I I

V V V V

n

n

1

22

3

2

2

1

22

3

2

2

)100

)100

+++

=

+++

=


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)(TDD- הנזקים הנגרמים ע"י הרמ ני להעריך א .בזרמינ ן אפשר

- ערך מקסימלי של זרם הנמדד במחז ר זמןI ma'; demandכאשרא 15של של שנה. 30דק ל ק פה כ לל דק

הנזקים הנגרמים ע"י T4D Iפרמ!ר להעריך א לא נ ן אפשר בזרמים כי ה א לא מ ייחס לזרמים נ מינליים כאשר הזרם הרמ ני

נמ ך ה א נ ן הערכה לא נכ נה. ברש

ב קן TDD.עב ר זרמים מ גדר פרמ!רIEEEמסיבה ז

!DD * !otal Demand

Distortion

(%))100

max

22

3

2

2

I

I I I demand

n.....(

TDD(I)+++

=


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8*Factor

∑

n

hh h I K

1

22factor


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Agenda



Accuracy Standards


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1hould we 0are a%out PowerQuality?Comprehensive Besearch in Europe in +.,, sites at countries reports that 9,H e'perience the ollowing=

Computer loc2outs "9,H%

ight Jic2ering "99H%

Electronic card ailures "+H%

Power 1actor correction system ailures "+/H%

1ailures in high load switching "+*H%

>eutral conductor overheating "+9H%

&ne'pected #rea2er operation "++H%

Power meters inaccurate readings "*H%

And o course e'cess losses and downtime


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0auses and 1olutionsPQ Pro%lem 2a9or 1ources 1olutions

1re!uency The &tility

0oltagevariations

oad changingSync; loads81ast P1 correction

0oltage Jic2eroad changing8 mainlywelding

1ast P1 correction

0oltage dip)otor and other loadstartups

)otor starters8 01D81ast P1 correction

Interruptions The &tility

vervoltage ver P1 compensation 1ast P1 correction

Transients Connections8 Switching Controlled switches

&n#alance&n#alanced loads8transormer phaseshit

on linear loads8

resonance

Active:passive fltration8detuned capacitors8Improved 01D operation


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Agenda



Accuracy Standards

T7 ( ll R # El t i it M t S l ti # E A li ti


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RS232/422/485, Profibus, TCP/IP,Dialup modem, GPRS, RF, US !odbus RTU, "SCII, D#P3$%, !odbus/TCP,D#P3/TCP, Profibus, I&C '(85%, I&C '%8)%

ETC2002

COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL

Multi-Tenant Submetering

Poer Mea!urement

Energ" E##i$ien$" & Co!t Allo$ation

Energ" Management & %illing

A!!et Management

C'2P(%(M)* PM+2 PM+,. EM+20 EM'20 e/PAC

PAS

PM)0 PLUS

LAN

E1ertPoer

Ser3er 4Pro E5ition6

T7e (ull Range o# Ele$tri$it" Management Solution! #or E3er" A11li$ation

EM)2)

Sub!tation

Automation

UTILITIES & RENE8A%LEALL

Poer 9ualit" Anal"!i!

(ault Re$or5ing

Re3enue Metering

Smart :ri5 & Deman5 Re!1on!e

PM).

Internet

E1ertPoer Ser3er

4Ser3i$e E5ition6

PM;0


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3,+*,8 IEEE++3?8 @3:. and@ST

Automatic alerts or preventive maintenance

1rom simple compliance chart to sophisticatede'pert analysis screens


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&+ ('- 1ummary :eport


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.ist o; ents


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&+('- 0ompliance !rends


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! 0ur#e


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Deep Analysis o; a Dip

!DD t 55kV


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!DD at 55kV


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High ndi#idual Harmonics


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Agenda



Accuracy Standards


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Full 1cale #s/ :eading

FS = Full Scale, error in percents from the maximumrating

Example:Meter with 0.5% FS accuracy connected to 1000Atransformer, the error is 5A. In 500A load the accuracyis 1% (5/500)

Reading = Error from the measured value

In the above example, the 0.5% error will be also in low

load, which means 2.5A only


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Accuracy #s/ 1tandard

Various measurement conditions – Load – Harmonics – Power Factor – Frequency –

and more… Various ambient conditions

– Temperature

– EMC (the device and the accuracy)

– Humidity

– and more…

Tests by independent lab

Accuracy stability over time(SATEC is approved for 8 years)


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Power Factor and 0os ϕ

DP1 K Displacement Power 1actor "Cos L%

TP1 K True Power 1actor "incl; harmonics%

0onclusion practically there is no unityPower Factor/

21 i THD

DPF TPF


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2eter 0lass /( Accuracy&0 -5(6*''


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0! 0lass /( Accuracy &0 -77*'

Power Factor +;,, ,;?9 ,;3,

&rror o; 7(minutes

,;,+3H

,;39H

+;+.H


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PoerMeter 0


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2eter 0lass /(1 Accuracy&0 -5(6*55


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Power Factor +;,, ,;?9 ,;3,

&rror o; 6minutes

0.00# 0.3# 0.$%

0! 0lass /(1 Accuracy &0 -77*'


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PoerMeter 0


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HA01 High Accuracy 0urrent1ensors

SATEC devices hasnumerous amplitude andphase calibration points


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PoerMeter 0


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0omparison

Cla!! 0


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Accuracy is ;or &ngineers,2oney is ;or Decision 2akers

1000 kVA transformer80% load

0.90 Power Factor

0.15 US$/kWhThe difference between0.6% to 1.58% equals toUS$ 9,272each year


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Accuracy 1tandard Pyramid

Class "

Class S

Class %$2S

Class %$5S

Class %$5

Class (

Class 21Readi.s

1FS Full Sale

#o s+a+ed aura-

6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 3 0

6 2 0

5 3 - 2 2

I E C

6 2 0 5 3 - 1 1

Min. Acceptable

#o+ i.luded

Class 6 mea.i.less

Class %$(, %$2 6 o.l- for CTs


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power quality harmonics and accuracy

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