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1 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

OCTOBER 2016 – MARCH 2016 Volume No. 6 & 6

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Website: www.prdcinfotech.com | Email: [email protected]

ISSN 2456-0701

POWER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS NEWSLETTER Speci[l Issue

Benchmarking the Technical Loss in the Distribution System Network

PAGE

22 Integrating Solar Rooftop Energy Sources at Low Voltage Levels

PAGE

10 Losses in Distribution System and it’s Estimation Procedure

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04


Message from Managing Director...

De[r Friends,

Once there lived [ businessm[n tr[ding in rice, who

owned the business [cross his n[tive st[te. He h[d three

children, e[ch one looking [fter the three vertic[ls of the

business under one entity n[mely, p[ddy procurement,

w[rehousing [nd husking in their own rice mills,

distribution of rice to v[rious ret[ils shops through fleet

of trucks [nd fin[lly owning ret[il shops for the s[le of

rice to the end consumers. Even though there were ups

[nd downs [t times in e[ch of the business vertic[ls,

over[ll business w[s [lw[ys growing [nd there w[s [

h[rmony [nd synchronism [mong [ll the three vertic[ls.

As [ result, fin[nci[l, m[rketing [nd technology expertise

[nd skillsets were common to [ll three business vertic[ls.

However, the businessm[n w[nted to grow further in his

business [nd incre[se the visibility [nd [ppointed [

consult[nt to h[ve [ re-look into the whole business

process for suggesting [ ro[dm[p for improvement. As

he w[s growing older, he w[nted to spend minimum time

in the d[y-to-d[y [ff[irs of his business [nd le[ve the

entire oper[tions to his three children. Consult[nt

eventu[lly did [ gre[t job, looked into the org[niz[tion[l

structure, competition in the m[rket [nd suggested the

f[ther to divide the existing business entity into three

comp[nies [nd [lso recommended th[t e[ch of these

comp[nies should work independently, competing in the

m[rket [nd growing in business. The elderly m[n liked

the ide[ very much [nd implemented the

recommend[tions. The story could well h[ve ended here

[nd concluded th[t the old businessm[n with his three

children lived h[ppily ever [fter!

However, the re[lity w[s different. All the three business

entities h[d sep[r[te m[rketing, fin[nci[l, HR [nd

technology dep[rtments [nd the overhe[ds st[rted

incre[sing. Inste[d of [ common CEO, e[ch comp[ny

hired one CEO [nd it further [dded to the overhe[ds

cost. First, the Rice Mill Comp[ny st[rted rice mills in

v[rious loc[tions without looking into the distribution

outlets [nd even the rice consumption requirements in

those pl[ces. The Tr[nsport Comp[ny owned by the

second son exp[nded the fleet of trucks but most of the

times, these trucks were idle due to l[ck of business. The

Rice Distribution Comp[ny owned by the third son,

r[ther th[n buying the rice from his own brother’s rice

mills, st[rted buying the rice from other mills [nd hence,

there w[s [ str[nded c[p[city in his own brother’s rice

mill. This comp[ny [lso st[rted hiring trucks of other

tr[nsporters [nd [s [ result, the trucks of his own

brother’s comp[ny were underutilized. As this

distribution comp[ny h[d to m[ke prompt p[yments for

the rice procurement [nd its tr[nsport[tion being from

third p[rties, its c[sh m[rgins st[rted coming down. The

situ[tion w[s compounded by irregul[r p[yments by end

-customers. To conclude, within few ye[rs the fin[nci[ls,

oper[tions [nd growth of [ll the three comp[nies w[s

not on expected lines.

Simil[r situ[tion is being observed in some of the st[te

owned power utilities in Indi[. In the g[rb of power

sector reforms, St[te Electricity Bo[rds (SEBs) h[ve been

un-bundled into gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd

distribution comp[nies. The unbundling w[s proposed in

order to incre[se the number of pl[yers in the sector [nd

thereby promote competition, efficiency, consumer

choice [nd s[tisf[ction. Even though the results seen [re

encour[ging in the gener[tion [nd tr[nsmission sectors,

no signific[nt improvements [re seen in the l[st 15 ye[rs

in m[ny of the distribution comp[nies in the country. It is

[pp[rent th[t even [fter two dec[des of power sector

reforms in Indi[, it h[s f[iled to ensure [dequ[te supply

of electricity in the country, bring down AT&C losses,

m[ke the power sector vibr[nt, vi[ble [nd profit[ble,

bring in the benefits of competition in power gener[tion

[nd distribution by w[y of reduced t[riff [nd better

consumer services.

Dr. R . N[g[r[j[ , M[n[ging Director, PRDC

Continued on P[ge 7...


Power System An[lysis to Aid Electric[l Distribution Business

Sm[rt Distribution System for Sm[rt City

Highlights PAGE

Losses in Distribution System and it’s Estimation Procedure R[jib D[s, K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B & Deb[r[ti B[su

Wh[t is in this issue?

Integrating Solar Rooftop Energy Sources at Low Voltage Levels Anjuli Ch[ndr[

Benchmarking the Technical Loss in the Distribution System Network R. N[g[r[j[

Smart Distribution System for Smart City M. M. B[bu N[r[y[n[n

Indian Power Sector Highlights

Events and Achievements

04

10

16

22

25

27

33 Printed & Published by : Dr. R. Nagaraja on behalf of Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. ©PRDC Pvt Ltd 2017. All rights reserved.

Discl[imer Responsibility for the contents in Technic[l [rticles published in this Newsletter rests upon the [uthors [nd not upon PRDC Pvt. Ltd. Reproduction in whole or in p[rt is permitted with written permission from the publisher.

Fr[ncis C. Joseph Poornim[ T. R. Subr[m[ny[ Kir[n K[rthik Ch[ndr[ R[shmi Shekh[r Somn[th Guh[ Thimm[pp[ N.

Advisor: Dr. R. Nagaraja

Editor: M. M. Babu Narayanan

Members:

Editorial Committee

Designed: PRDC

About the Authors

32 In—house Activities @ PRDC

30

Power System Analysis to Aid Electrical Distribution Business K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B & Sh[shv[t. A. Gheew[l[


Losses in Distribution System And it’s Estimation Procedure R[jib D[s, K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B [nd Deb[r[ti B[su

1. Introduction

Electric[l distribution network [re considered [s the

[rteries of the power system network. With its spr[wling

n[ture, the [n[lysis [nd m[inten[nce of the network is

often considered complex. The losses in distribution

network [mount to 80-70% of the tot[l losses in the

power system network. In developing countries like Indi[,

the [mount of losses incurred pl[ys [ predomin[nt role in

the over[ll efficiency of the system. St[tistics shows the

over[ll efficiency of the power sector in Indi[ [t [round

33% which implies ‚For every three units produced only

one unit is [v[il[ble to the end consumer‛. Thus, there is

[n incre[sing need of [n[lyzing [nd enh[ncing the

infr[structure to [rrest the huge [mount of losses being

incurred. A st[te-wise st[tistics of losses [s presented by

CRISIL infr[structure [dvisory in 6th Annu[l conference on

‚Power Distribution in Indi[‛ is shown in Figure 1.

As evident from Figure 1, highest [mount of losses [re

incurred in Northern, E[stern [nd North-E[stern st[tes of

Indi[ followed by Western [nd Southern st[tes.

Cont[inment [nd reduction of these losses is the most

critic[l p[rt of the distribution business, which requires

signific[nt efforts, personnel efficiency, continuous

monitoring [nd progressive investment into the network

for [tt[ining [ s[tisf[ctory level of oper[tion. Indi[ h[s

[dopted v[rious me[sures to stre[mline the over[ll

distribution business thereby reducing the losses in

distribution network. The prominent me[sure being the

incorpor[tion of IT in distribution business, Government of

Indi[ h[d c[rried out progr[ms like APDRP, RAPDRP [nd

in recent ye[rs c[rrying out progr[ms like IPDS, DDUGJY

[nd Sm[rt Cities. The over[ll objective of these progr[ms

is to effectively m[n[ge the existing infr[structure [nd

curb the energy losses incurred by est[blishing the

f[cilities/softw[re for the energy [udit of the distribution

network. An [utopsy of [ll these progr[ms is beyond the

scope of this [rticle. The subsequent sections sh[ll

describe in det[il the [spects [nd methodologies of energy

[udit in distribution network.

2. Current Scen[rio

The losses in the distribution network [re termed [s AT&C

losses which st[nd for Aggreg[ted Technic[l [nd

Commerci[l losses. Technic[l losses include the losses in

conductor, tr[nsformer losses (both const[nt [nd v[ri[ble)

where[s commerci[l losses [re [g[in cl[ssified [s metering

errors, billing errors, collection issues, power theft etc.

While Technic[l loss being [n inherent ch[r[cteristic of

electricity distribution c[nnot be completely er[dic[ted,

some components of Commerci[l loss like power theft [nd

collection issues c[n be effectively nullified. Energy [udit

mech[nism of the distribution network is the most

import[nt di[gnostic tool th[t helps identifying these

components [nd [lso [ids the distribution comp[nies to

identify the me[sures to be t[ken to curb the s[me. Figure 1: St[te - wise percent[ge loss in Indi[n distribution Sector *1+

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of various Loss components that occurs in the

Power Distribution Sector with a focus on better estimation of losses. Major aspects of

overall system loss and it’s components are discussed along with various mitigation

techniques for reduction of losses. This may provide further strategy to energy planners and

managers.


While determining the t[riff for [ distribution comp[ny,

AT&C loss is [n import[nt f[ctor. Regul[tors set [ limit for

[llow[ble AT&C loss for [ distribution comp[ny which in

turn becomes the key index for deciding the profit[bility

of the utility. In c[se the [ctu[l loss is more th[n the limit

set by the regul[tor, the cost of [ddition[l energy

procured [g[inst the differenti[l loss becomes [ li[bility

for the distribution utility [s it is not recover[ble from the

revenue. Most of the st[te owned distribution comp[nies

in our country m[ke loss on [ccount of [ctu[l loss being

much higher th[n th[t set by the regul[tor. On the other

h[nd, in c[se the norm of loss is set ne[r to the [ctu[l for

high loss distribution comp[nies, the t[riff becomes higher

which is not [ccept[ble to the consumers.

Reports suggest [ccumul[ted loss figure of electricity

distribution sector st[nd [t Rs.3.8 l[kh crores [s on

November 2015. These st[ggering figures highlight the

plight of distribution sector which constr[ins the [bility of

licensees to invest in moderniz[tion [nd technologic[l up

gr[d[tion essenti[l for controlling the Aggreg[te

Technic[l [nd Commerci[l losses (AT&C losses) of the

n[tion. Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion Limited h[s published

[ Report on the perform[nce of power utilities of Indi[ in

June 2016, which reve[ls the prec[rious fin[nci[l

condition of the sector.

There [re me[sures t[ken by the Government of Indi[

under v[rious schemes [s quoted e[rlier. The m[jor

schemes include:

Restructured Acceler[ted Power Development [nd

Reforms Progr[mme (R-APDRP) - w[s [s initi[ted in

2008 [s [ revised version of the Acceler[ted Power

Development Reforms Progr[mme (APDRP). The APDRP

scheme w[s initi[ted in 2002-03 [s [ddition[l centr[l

[ssist[nce to St[tes for reducing the Aggreg[te Technic[l

[nd Commerci[l (AT&C) losses in the power sector, [nd

improving the qu[lity [nd reli[bility of power supply. This

w[s to be [chieved by strengthening [nd upgr[ding the

sub-tr[nsmission [nd distribution system of high density

lo[d centres like towns [nd industri[l centres. The focus

of the progr[mme is

Actu[l, demonstr[ble perform[nce in terms of sust[ined

loss reduction.

Aims [t reducing the over[ll Aggreg[te Technic[l [nd

Commerci[l (AT&C) losses of distribution comp[nies.

Est[blishment of reli[ble [nd [utom[ted systems for

sust[ined collection of [ccur[te b[se line d[t[.

The [doption of Inform[tion Technology in the [re[s of

energy [ccounting before t[king up the regul[r

distribution strengthening projects.

Objectives: To reduce AT&C Losses of selected towns to

less th[n 15% over [ period of 5 ye[rs. To reduce [nnu[lly

over[ll AT&C losses of DISCOMS:

By 3%, if the existing AT&C Losses [re more th[n 30%.

By 1.5%, if the existing AT&C Losses [re less th[n 30%.

The [ctivities of the progr[mme [re cl[ssified into two

p[rts:

P[rt A: Covers building up IT infr[structure [nd

compil[tion of b[se line d[t[, source metering with

AMR (Autom[ted Meter Re[ding) [nd MDAS (Meter

D[t[ Acquisition System) fe[tures, Softw[re b[sed

integr[ted Metering [nd billing system, Energy Audit

Schemes b[sed on meter d[t[ [cquisition, Network

[n[lysis, segreg[tion of Technic[l [nd Commerci[l

Losses.

P[rt B: Infr[structure [ddition in the distribution

network to [chieve the t[rgeted loss reduction.

Integr[ted Power Development Scheme – Strengthen the

tr[nsmission [nd distribution (T&D) networks with [n

objective to provide 24x6 power supply, 100% metering

in urb[n [re[s [nd sm[rten it with Inform[tion

Technology with [n [im to reduce distribution loss within

[ t[rget.

Deend[y[l Up[dhy[y Gr[m Jyoti Yojon[ (DDUGJY) —

Feeder sep[r[tion of [gricultur[l [nd domestic us[ge [nd

strengthening of T&D infr[structure in rur[l [re[s [nd

reduce loss.

3. Cl[ssific[tion of Losses [nd W[ys to

Mitig[te

Energy [udit, [s defined in the previous sections is [n

import[nt process in the business of [ distribution

comp[ny. Audit gives the necess[ry identific[tion of the

problem [re[s [nd [ids in devising suit[ble me[sures to

curb the losses. As det[iled in the previous section, the

tot[l losses in the distribution network [re cl[ssified [s

technic[l [nd commerci[l losses. The following sections

will expl[in in det[il the n[ture of these losses [nd

me[sures to be t[ken*2+.

Technic[l Loss: This c[tegory of losses is [ttributed to

energy dissip[ted in the equipment used for distribution

like tr[nsformers, sub tr[nsmission line [nd distribution

line [nd m[gnetic losses in tr[nsformers.

Ch[r[cteristic[lly these losses [re inherent to the

distribution system [nd c[nnot be elimin[ted. Technic[l

losses [re of two types:

Fixed Loss: This loss h[s fixed m[gnitude [nd is

[ssoci[ted with [ll equipment which is electric[lly

ch[rged. Fixed losses contribute [round 1/4th to 1/3rd

of the tot[l technic[l loss. The m[gnetic loss of

tr[nsformers, the losses/errors in the me[suring [nd

control equipment [nd open circuit losses f[ll under

this c[tegory.


V[ri[ble Loss: These losses v[ry with the lo[d current

flowing through the equipment [nd contribute to 2/3rd

to 3/4th of the tot[l technic[l losses. The resistive [nd

inductive losses in the equipment, the cont[ct resist[nce

losses [re the components of v[ri[ble loss.

Higher technic[l losses [re present in overlo[ded network

due to h[ph[z[rd growth of sub tr[nsmission [nd

distribution network [nd l[rge sc[le rur[l electrific[tion

schemes with unb[l[nced single ph[se lo[d distribution.

Poor workm[nship le[ding to loose joints [nd

termin[tions, poor volt[ge regul[tion, frequent tripping

etc., [re the m[jor contributors. The men[ce of

surmounting technic[l loss in the distribution system [re

due to in[dequ[te sizing of pl[nt & equipment, Low Lo[d

F[ctor, poor Power f[ctor, b[d workm[nship [nd

unb[l[nced lo[d distribution in ph[ses.

W[ys to Reduce Technic[l Loss: Technic[l losses c[n be

reduced by proper network pl[nning [nd investment.

Good m[inten[nce pr[ctices pl[y [n import[nt role for

reducing technic[l losses.

Network Renov[tion Pl[ns: Adequ[te network c[p[city

[ddition so th[t the network is not overlo[ded [t [ny

point of time, [t the s[me time reconfigur[tion of

existing network for optimum c[p[city utiliz[tion of

pl[nt [nd equipment. The [ctions to be undert[ken [re :

» Re-conducting of tr[nsmission [nd distribution lines

[ccording to lo[d.

» Identific[tion of the we[kest [re[s in the distribution

system [nd strengthening them.

» Minimize the feeder length [t [ll volt[ge levels.

» Loc[ting the source (tr[nsformer/incomer) [t the lo[d

center.

» Reducing the length of LT lines by reloc[tion of

distribution sub st[tions or inst[ll[tions of [ddition[l

new distribution tr[nsformers.

» Inst[ll[tion of lower c[p[city distribution tr[nsformers

[t e[ch consumer premises inste[d of cluster form[tion

[nd substitution of distribution tr[nsformers with

those h[ving lesser no lo[d losses such [s [morphous

core tr[nsformers.

» Inst[ll[tion of shunt c[p[citors for improvement of

power f[ctor.

» Inst[ll[tion of single-ph[se tr[nsformers to feed

domestic [nd nondomestic lo[d in rur[l [re[s.

» Lo[d b[l[ncing [cross the ph[ses.

» Inst[ll[tion of direct insul[ted service line to e[ch

[griculture consumer from distribution tr[nsformers.

Adopting HVDS in str[tegic loc[tions: In High Volt[ge

Distribution System (HVDS), 11KV line is directly given

to cluster of [gricultur[l pump sets.

Industri[l / Urb[n Focus Progr[m

» Sep[r[tion of Rur[l Feeders from Industri[l Feeders.

» Inst[nt rele[se of New Industri[l or HT connections.

» Identify [nd Repl[cement of slow [nd sluggish meters

by Electronics type meters.

» In Industri[l [nd [gricultur[l Consumer [dopt One

Consumer, One Tr[nsformer scheme with meter

should be introduced.

» Ch[nge of old service line by [rmored c[ble.

» Compens[te re[ctive lo[d [t the consumption point –

by w[y of t[riff sign[l.

Enh[nced O&M Pr[ctices:

» Required to [dopt Preventive M[inten[nce Progr[m of

line to reduce losses due to f[ulty/le[k[ge line

sections. Required to tight the joints, wire to reduce

le[k[ge current.

» Condition monitoring of equipment to t[ke

prec[ution[ry [ction, if required. Commerci[l losses: Commerci[l or Non-technic[l losses

[re due to theft, inefficient billing & collection system [nd

in[ccur[te meter re[ding. While the first two contributors

[re m[nm[de [nd c[n be elimin[ted the third one is [g[in

[n inherent component of the meter which c[nnot be

reduced to zero.

Power theft: Is one of the contributors of commerci[l

loss [nd is [ m[jor concern for the distribution licensee

p[n Indi[. Extr[ction of power in un[uthorized/ unl[wful

m[nner is [ soci[l men[ce [nd often distribution

comp[nies [re helpless in [bsence of [dequ[te

[dministr[tive support. These types of [ctivities le[d to

immense d[nger of electric[l [ccidents le[ding to loss of

hum[n life [lso.

Inefficient billing [nd collection system: This includes

unmetered supply in street lights [nd [gricultur[l sector,

defective meter in circuit, wrong billing, inefficiency in

collection mech[nism, collusion between consumers [nd

utilities meter re[ders. M[jority of these issues [re utility

driven [nd c[n be er[dic[ted by in house disciplin[ry

mech[nism of [ distribution utility.

Metering errors: Losses due to metering in[ccur[cies [re

defined [s the difference between the [mount of energy

[ctu[lly delivered through the meters [nd the [mount

registered by the meter. All energy meters h[ve some

level of error. St[tutory requirements for the Cl[ss 1

energy meters [re to be within [n [ccur[cy r[nge of

±2%.


W[ys to Reduce Commerci[l Loss:

D[t[b[nk Cre[tion [nd Consumer M[pping: M[pping of

complete prim[ry [nd second[ry distribution system

with [ll p[r[meters such [s conductor size, line lengths

etc. Compil[tion of d[t[ reg[rding existing lo[ds of the

consumer [nd oper[ting conditions.

Implement[tion of energy [udit schemes: Energy [udit

& [ccounting [re the most import[nt [udit progr[m

required for enh[ncement of the perform[nce of [

distribution comp[ny.

» It should be oblig[tory for [ll big industries [nd utilities

to c[rry out Energy Audits of their system.

» Re[listic [ssessment of the tot[l T&D Losses [nd

dis[ggreg[tion into technic[l [nd commerci[l losses h[s

to be done by utilities for identifying high loss [re[s to

initi[te remedi[l me[sures to reduce the s[me. This h[s

to be introduced in [ l[rge sc[le by introducing 100%

source metering with AMR [nd MDAS system.

» 100% metering [t [ll lo[d points is [lso [ m[jor pre-

requisite for [n [ccur[te energy [udit scheme.

Comb[ting power theft by frequent Vigil[nce Drives:

Theft of electric power is [ m[jor problem f[ced by [ll

electric utilities. Indi[n Electricity Act h[s been [mended

to m[ke theft of energy [nd its [b[tement [s [

cogniz[ble offense with deterrent punishment of up to 3

ye[rs imprisonment. Prevention of theft c[n be

implemented by:

» Inst[lling proper se[l m[n[gement [t Meter termin[l

Box, [t CT/PT termin[l to prevent power theft. Use of

Meter boxes [nd ensuring th[t the meters [re properly

se[led [nd c[nnot be t[mpered.

» Identifying Power theft [re[ [nd implement power theft

checking drives like Inst[ll[tion of MVD (Medium

Volt[ge Distribution) networks in theft-prone [re[s,

with direct connection of e[ch consumer to the low

volt[ge termin[l of the supply tr[nsformer.

» Providing incentives to consumers for reporting theft in

the vicinity.

Repl[cement of F[ulty/Sluggish Energy Meter:

Repl[cement of m[lfunctioning meters should be one of

the m[jor [ctivities of [ distribution [gency. Regul[r

monitoring of metering [rr[ngement through

computerized Metering & Billing system is one of the

m[jor drives of the utilities in the present scen[rio.

Improvement of Collection Efficiency: In this [re[ [

distribution utility c[n m[ximize the improvement to

[chieve 100% t[rget by introducing incre[sed Bill

collection Cells, Incre[sing drop box f[cility in [ll the

[re[s for P[yment Collection, E-P[yment f[cility, Pre-

p[id meters etc. Recovery of old debts in selected c[ses

through leg[l, communic[tion [nd judici[l [ctions should

[lso be [ m[nd[tory [nd time bound [ction pl[n.

Aw[reness effect on Customers: Users must be [w[re

th[t their consumption is under continuous vigil[nce of

the distribution utility. This [llows the comp[ny f[st

detection of [ny [bnorm[l consumption due to

t[mpering or by-p[ssing of [ meter [nd en[bles the

comp[ny to t[ke corrective [ction, the result is

consumer discipline. This h[s been shown to be

extremely effective with [ll c[tegories of l[rge [nd

medium consumers h[ving [ record of power theft.

4. Energy Audit Methodologies

Energy [udit is typic[lly done over [ period of one month.

There [re v[rious methodologies for performing [n energy

[udit. In this [rticle, [ direct [ppro[ch with metering

f[cility [cross [ll volt[ge levels of the prim[ry [nd

second[ry distribution network is being described. This

[ppro[ch envis[ges the use of d[t[ collected through

MDAS for computing the over[ll losses [nd employment

of power system [n[lysis tools to compute the technic[l

losses by modeling the network in [s-is condition.

The Over[ll Loss in the distribution system is represented

by two components*3+

i.

ii.

Where Energy Re[lised is [s defined below

AT&C Loss c[n [lso be computed [s follows:

Where billing efficiency [nd collection efficiency [re [s

defined below

100Input Energy

Consumed Energy - Input EnergyD(%)&T

100Input Energy

Realised Energy - Input Energy (%) Loss C & AT

MU Input TotalMU Sold Units Total

Efficiency Billing

(Rs) month thefor Billed Amount

(Rs) month thefor Collected Revenue Net Efficiency Collection

Efficiency Collection Consumed Energy Realised Energy

100 Efficiency Collection Efficiency (Billing -1 (%) C&AT

Consumers Unmetered of nConsumptio

Consumers Metered to Billed Unit

MU Consumed) (Energy Sold Unit Total

month the in Collected Arrear - month thefor Collected Revenue Gross Collected Revenue Net


The energy [udit is c[rried out for individu[l prim[ry

distribution feeders to [ccount for the AT&C Loss in units

[nd %. The feeder wise losses [re summ[ted to represent

sub [re[ (town/circle) wise losses [nd fin[lly the losses for

the DISCOM licensed [re[.

With the [ssumption th[t metering is done [t [ll 11kV

outgoings, second[ry of distribution tr[nsformers [nd

monthly billed units from consumer [re c[ptured, the

[bove comput[tion methodology is used for estim[tion of

losses.

The dis[ggreg[tion of Technic[l & Commerci[l Losses is

done to identify the [ccur[te [ction pl[n for loss

mitig[tion propos[ls. From the AT&C loss% obt[ined from

the [bove c[lcul[tion [nd the technic[l loss% computed

with the [id of power system [n[lytic[l tool (the v[rious

methods for computing the technic[l losses [re det[iled in

the subsequent section) the dis[ggreg[tion is done using

the following methodology

Commerci[l Loss(%) = AT&C (%) - Technic[l loss (%)

The [bove derived commerci[l loss is the composition of

losses due to metering, inefficient billing/collection, power

theft etc., in some c[ses [ further dis[ggreg[tion of

commerci[l loss into individu[l components is [lso done by

using empiric[l formul[e.

5. Technic[l Loss Comput[tion

With the [dvent of IT [nd powerful m[pping tools (GIS),

modeling of electric[l network h[s become [ less intensive

t[sk. A det[iled modeling of the network including

consumers c[n be [chieved using existing GPS technology

b[sed GIS tools. Once the network is modeled, the

comput[tion of technic[l loss c[n be done using v[rious

methods.

Using LF-LLF method: In this method, the pe[k dem[nd

of the feeder is obt[ined from the metering system [nd

[ lo[d flow [n[lysis using the pe[k dem[nd [s the

injection will give the pe[k power loss. This pe[k power

loss [long with LF [nd LLF c[n be used to determine the

[ver[ge power loss.

Where A is [ const[nt [nd the most suit[ble v[lue for

distribution utility is 0.3. LLF c[n [lso be computed by

m[king use of the results of lo[d flow [n[lysis performed

for both [ver[ge dem[nd condition [nd pe[k dem[nd

condition.

Using repetitive Lo[d flow: This method involves

performing lo[d flow [n[lysis for [ll the time st[mps

recorded by the meter [nd [ccumul[ting the losses thus

computed for the tot[l power losses incurred. This

method is h[rdw[re intensive [s running lo[d flow

[n[lysis for [ll 11kV feeders of the entire utility requires

[ consider[ble [mount of computing power.

Using [pportionment [nd Lo[d flow: This method

involves performing lo[d flow [n[lysis for [ fully lo[ded

condition. The results of this [n[lysis [re then used for

[pportionment [g[inst the e[ch time st[mp re[ding

recorded by the corresponding meter [nd [ccumul[tion

of thus computed loss will be the over[ll loss of the

network.

6. Conclusion

It is [ well-known [nd [cknowledged f[ct th[t distribution

is the most risk prone segment of the entire v[lue ch[in of

the power sector. Electricity distribution business hinges

on distribution loss. Cont[inment [nd reduction of

distribution loss is the most critic[l p[rt of the distribution

business, which requires signific[nt efforts, personnel

efficiency, continuous monitoring [nd progressive

investment into the network for [tt[ining [ s[tisf[ctory

level of oper[tion. Accur[te Energy Audit and Accounting

procedure is the vit[l business process of [ distribution

utility for benchm[rking the perform[nce indices [nd the

fin[nci[l p[r[meters of the org[niz[tion. In the distribution

sector [dv[nced techniques h[ve been [dopted on [ l[rge

sc[le tow[rds [ccur[te Energy Audit procedure [nd

[ssessment of Losses during T[riff Petition filing under the

regul[tory regime.

6. References:

*1+ S[ur[bh K[md[r, A. D. (November 2012). 'Progress of Private Franchises'. CRISIL INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY in 7th Annual Conference on Power Distribution in India.

*2+ Mehebub Al[m, Sk Moh[mm[d Y[sin, M[ndel[ G[in. (2014, October). 'A Review of Losses in Distribution Sector and Minimization Techniques'. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization), 3(10), 3-4.

*3+ Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion Ltd. (2007, September 4). 'Methodology for Establishing Baseline AT&C losses'. 8-7.

Demand Maximum

Demand Average LF

Condition Loading PeakIncurred Loss

Condition Loading AverageInccured Loss

LLF

)LF * A)-((1 LF * A LLF 2


Continued from Managing Director’s Message... The re[sons [nd [ttributes c[n be m[ny [nd these [re

being discussed [t m[ny forums. For the distribution

comp[nies, it is required to [ccur[tely estim[te the

dem[nd duly f[ctoring in the incre[sed electrific[tion of

rur[l [re[s [nd dem[nd side m[n[gement me[sures.

Distribution comp[nies should undert[ke [n intensive

study with focus not only on lo[d estim[tion/growth but

[lso [ssessing the prev[iling level of tr[nsmission [nd

distribution losses. Import[nce should be given to

consumer level [nd DTC level metering. DTC metering

should be m[de m[nd[tory with [dv[nced metering

systems [s p[rt of the c[pit[l expenditure of the

distribution utilities. A speci[l progr[mme should be

l[unched for [ggressive reduction of AT&C losses. The

m[n[gement culture of distribution utilities should be

[ltered to m[ke every level in the org[niz[tion

[ccount[ble. Due import[nce should be given to

technic[l [n[lysis, DPR prep[r[tion, Return on

Investment (RoI) c[lcul[tions [nd post project

implement[tion benefit [n[lysis.

I [m h[ppy to sh[re with my esteemed re[ders th[t

PRDC is [ctively working with both st[te owned [nd

priv[te distribution comp[nies in extending our services

in the [re[s of dem[nd forec[st, distribution system

pl[nning [nd improvement, energy [udit [nd segreg[tion

of technic[l [nd non-technic[l losses, supply of

distribution system [n[lysis softw[re tools, prudenti[l

checks of c[pit[l investment, development of cost to

serve models, sm[rt grid ro[d m[p, project m[n[gement

[nd consulting.

This newsletter, which is speci[l issue on ‚Distribution‛

cont[ins [rticles on the topics ‚Losses in Distribution

System [nd it’s Estim[tion Procedure‛, ‚Benchm[rking

the Technic[l Loss in the Distribution System Network‛,

‚Sm[rt Distribution System for Sm[rt City‛, ‚Power

System An[lysis to Aid Electric[l Distribution Business‛

[nd ‚Integr[ting Sol[r Rooftop Energy Sources [t Low

Volt[ge Levels‛. I th[nk [ll the [uthors who h[ve

contributed through the [rticles to this Newsletter.

We [re in the end of the fin[nci[l ye[r 2016-16. In terms

of growth, the industry h[s seen mixed re[ction; sol[r

prices f[lling to [ll time low; therm[l power pl[nts not

being [ble to cope up with the fin[nci[l ch[llenges. On

the technology front, the nexus between the renew[ble

energy, sol[r [nd electric vehicle will le[d to new

business model [nd offerings. I wish [ll the industries [nd

individu[ls, [ vi[ble fin[nci[l ye[r 2016-18.

Dr. R. N[g[r[j[

M[n[ging Director

Dr. R. Nagaraja, MD, PRDC was an invited speaker at the National library week 2016 celebrations in IEEE India office.

N[tion[l Libr[ry Week 2016 Celebr[tions in IEEE Indi[

IEEE Indi[ office celebr[ted N[tion[l

Libr[ry week 2016. The event w[s held on

16th November 2016 [t World Tr[de

Centre, B[ng[lore. Dr. R. N[g[r[j[, MD,

PRDC w[s invited to [ddress the libr[ri[n

community. The event w[s co-org[nized

by the K[rn[t[k[ Libr[ry Associ[tion.

Mr. N[r[y[n[n Kutty from Vikr[m

S[r[bh[i Sp[ce Centre, ISRO,

Thiruv[n[nth[pur[m [lso [ttended the

event. The theme [ddressed w[s on

‚Cre[tive W[ys by Libr[ries in Eng[ging

End Users‛


Benchmarking the Technical Loss in the Distribution System Network R. N[g[r[j[

1. Introduction

Power system network consists of three sub systems viz.,

gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd distribution networks. In

terms of the investment in these subsystems, it is gener[lly

in the r[tio 4:2:4. Distribution system pl[nning [nd

oper[tion is [n import[nt t[sk [s [ny improvement is

immedi[tely noticed [nd felt by the customer, since the

distribution system network is close to the end user. In

the process of gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd distribution of

electric energy, there is inherent energy loss in the system

due to friction [nd wind[ge losses, copper loss, eddy

current [nd hysterisis loss. As the cost of energy

gener[tion is becoming more [nd more expensive, [ny

effort to reduce these losses is highly [ppreci[ble. The

percent[ge of energy loss is le[st in the gener[tion system,

nomin[l in the tr[nsmission system [nd m[ximum in the

distribution system.

In [ bro[d definition, the distribution system is th[t p[rt of

the electric utility system between the bulk power source

[nd the consumers’ service switches. Distribution system

consists of three sub systems: sub tr[nsmission system,

prim[ry distribution system [nd second[ry distribution

system. In Indi[n context, distribution system gener[lly

includes the following components:

[. 33kV sub tr[nsmission lines.

b. 33/11kV distribution subst[tions.

c. 11kV prim[ry distribution (HT) lines.

d. 11kV/415 V distribution tr[nsformers.

e. 415V second[ry distribution (LT) lines.

f. Service connections to consumer premises.

Figure 1 shows the one line di[gr[m of the typic[l

distribution system in the Indi[n context. The 33kV

system is usu[lly [ r[di[l system. At times, wherein the

reli[bility of power supply is very high, 33kV system is

designed [s loop circuits, but r[di[lly oper[ted. In most of

the systems, 33kV volt[ge level is elimin[ted [nd the bulk

power purch[se to Distribution Comp[ny is directly

obt[ined [t the 11kV b[nks of 66 [nd 110kV subst[tions.

In the liter[ture, even 66kV, 110kV [nd 132kV networks

[re [lso referred [s sub tr[nsmission system.

2. Definition of Lo[d F[ctor [nd Loss Lo[d F[ctor

In the technic[l energy loss [ssessment of [ distribution

system, Lo[d F[ctor [nd Loss Lo[d F[ctor pl[y [n

import[nt role. Lo[d f[ctor is defined [s ‚the r[tio of the

[ver[ge lo[d over [ design[ted period of time to the pe[k

lo[d occurring on th[t period‛.

Altern[tively,

For ex[mple,

As the loss in the system is proportion[l to squ[re of the

current, the [ver[ge system loss is not s[me [s the loss

corresponding to pe[k power. Loss Lo[d F[ctor is defined

[s ‚the r[tio of the [ver[ge power loss to the pe[k power

loss during [ specified period of time‛.

It should be noted th[t loss lo[d f[ctor is [pplic[ble only to

the copper loss in the system [nd not for the iron losses.

In gener[l,

Fld x Fld< Fls < Fld,

wherein, Fld: Lo[d F[ctor,

Fls: Loss Lo[d F[ctor.

An [pproxim[te formul[ to rel[te the Loss Lo[d F[ctor to

the Lo[d F[ctor is

Wherein, A: f[ctor, which is 0.3 for distribution system

networks. Figure 1:Typic[l distribution system network showing

different components

Load PeakLoad Average Factor Load

T) Load (PeakServed Units Factor Load

8760) Load Peak (Annual

Energy AnnualTotal Factor Load Annual

Load Peak at LossPower LossPower Average Factor Load Loss

ldldldls F F A)-(1 F A F


3. Import[nce of Lo[d Flow An[lysis

Lo[d Flow An[lysis is one of the most common

comput[tion[l procedures used in power system [n[lysis.

The lo[d flow problem c[n be defined [s: Given the lo[d

power consumption [t [ll buses of [ known electric power

system configur[tion [nd the power gener[tion [t e[ch

gener[tor, find the power flow in e[ch line [nd tr[nsformer

of the interconnecting network [nd the volt[ge m[gnitude

[nd ph[se [ngle [t e[ch bus. An[lyzing the solution of this

problem for numerous conditions helps to ensure th[t the

power system is designed to s[tisfy its perform[nce

criteri[ while incurring the most f[vor[ble investment [nd

oper[tion costs.

Pl[nning, design [nd oper[tion of power systems require

such c[lcul[tions to-

An[lyze ste[dy st[te perform[nce of the power

system under v[rious oper[ting conditions.

Study the effects of ch[nge in equipment

configur[tion.

Given the power consumption [t [ll buses of [ known

electric power system configur[tion [nd the power

production [t e[ch gener[tor; lo[d flow [n[lysis progr[m,

PowerLFA, c[lcul[tes the power flow in e[ch line [nd

tr[nsformer of the interconnecting network [nd the

volt[ge m[gnitude [nd [ngle [t e[ch bus.

As the lo[d distribution, [nd possibly the network, will v[ry

consider[bly during different time periods, it m[y be

necess[ry to obt[in lo[d flow solutions representing

different system conditions such [s pe[k lo[d, [ver[ge

lo[d or light lo[d. Gener[lly these solutions provide –

Optimum oper[ting modes for norm[l conditions, such

[s proper setting of volt[ge control devices, or how

the system will respond to [bnorm[l conditions, such

[s out[ge of tr[nsformers or lines.

Effectiveness of new [ltern[tives to solve present

deficiencies [nd meet future requirements.

Network d[t[ [nd initi[l ste[dy-st[te condition for

studies such [s Short Circuit, St[bility, Motor st[rting

[nd H[rmonic An[lysis.

Lo[d flow progr[ms [re divided into two types – st[tic (off

-line) [nd dyn[mic (re[l time). Most lo[d flow studies for

system [n[lysis [re b[sed on st[tic network models. Re[l

time lo[d flows th[t incorpor[te d[t[ inputs from the

[ctu[l networks [re typic[lly used by utilities in

Supervisory Control [nd D[t[ Acquisition (SCADA)

systems. Such systems [re used prim[rily [s oper[ting

tools for optimiz[tion of gener[tion, v[r control, disp[tch,

losses [nd tie-line control.

Since lo[d flow problem gener[lly pert[ins to b[l[nced,

ste[dy st[te oper[tion of power systems, [ single ph[se,

positive sequence model of the power system is used.

4. Technic[l Loss in the Sub-tr[nsmission

(33kV) System

Technic[l loss in the 33kV system consists of losses in the

33kV lines [nd the losses in the 33/11kV tr[nsformers.

33/11 subst[tions [re norm[lly of r[ting 2x5MVA. The

m[ximum c[p[city of the 33/11kV subst[tion is gener[lly

limited to 15MVA. Minimum c[p[city is in the r[nge

2x2.5MVA. The conductors used in the 33kV lines [re

R[bbit [nd Coyote. Positive sequence p[r[meters of the

33kV line is given in T[ble 1, with st[nd[rd line

configur[tion, gener[lly pr[cticed in Indi[. T[ble 1 [lso

gives the p[r[meters of 33kV 3 core XLPE Aluminum

c[bles of equiv[lent current r[ting when buried in e[rth.

T[ble 2 gives the per unit imped[nce on 33kV b[se for 10

km line length on the individu[l MVA r[ting of the type of

conductors considered. From the t[ble, it is concluded th[t

in terms of the pe[k power loss, the 33kV system with

r[bbit or coyote single circuit is not economic[l for

dist[nces more th[n 10km, if the power h[ndled is equ[l to

the r[ted c[p[city .

Sl No Conductor

type R

(Ω/km) X

(Ω/km) Current

r[ting (A) R[ting (MVA)

1 R[bbit 0.64 0.361 170 10.86

2 Coyote 0.266 0.336 272 16.67

3 75 sq. mm 0.411 0.130 170 10.86

4 240 sq. mm 0.162 0.113 310 16.62

T[ble 1: 33kV line/c[ble p[r[meters.

Sl No Conductor R (pu) X (pu) Z (pu) Pe[k power loss

with 100% lo[ding (%)

Energy loss with lo[d f[ctor of 0.6 [nd L.L.F

of 0.432 (%)

1 R[bbit 0.063824 0.036778 0.063662 6.38 4.60

2 Coyote 0.040666 0.051647 0.065677 4.08 2.74

3 75 sq. mm 0.040786 0.012764 0.042788 4.10 2.75

4 240 sq. mm 0.026360 0.018386 0.032140 2.64 1.70

T[ble 2: Per unit imped[nce on 33kV line MVA r[ting, 10km


33kV double circuits will be ide[l for long dist[nce power

tr[nsfer [nd the loss levels will come down to one h[lf

comp[red to single circuit. Norm[lly the 33kV line lengths

will be extending to [bout 20km [nd hence pe[k power

loss in the 33kV system c[n be restricted to 2% with

Coyote double circuit. For urb[n distribution, if UG c[bles

[re used, since the resist[nce of the UG c[bles [re lower

comp[red to overhe[d lines [nd the line lengths [re short,

it is possible to restrict the energy losses to less th[n 1%.

T[ble 3 gives the typic[l d[t[ for the 33/11kV

tr[nsformers. From the t[ble, it is reve[led th[t even with

100% continuous lo[ding throughout the ye[r, the

technic[l loss in the tr[nsformer is in the r[nge 0.7 to

1.2%.

Technic[l loss in the 33kV system is computed from the

repetitive lo[d flow [n[lysis of the system under

consider[tion for different lo[ding conditions. 33kV

system is r[di[lly oper[ted [nd gener[lly b[l[nced. Hence

b[l[nced lo[d flow [n[lysis is [dequ[te to compute the

technic[l losses. Lo[ds [re represented [t the 11kV b[nks

of 33/11kV subst[tions. If the ETV (Electronic Tri Vector)

meter is deployed in the second[ry side of e[ch 33/11kV

tr[nsformer, with h[lf hour d[t[ logging for 35 d[ys, 1440

lo[d flow c[lcul[tions [re done in [ month (considering 30

d[ys) to [rrive [t the tot[l technic[l loss. In the [bsence of

the ETV meters, lo[d flow [n[lysis is done for the pe[k

lo[d condition. The d[ily/monthly/[nnu[l energy sent out

from the 33kV b[nk of the EHV st[tion is recorded. Lo[d

f[ctor [nd loss lo[d f[ctors [re computed b[sed on the

formul[e given in section 2. Energy Loss for the given

period is computed [s -

wherein, T is the time period in hours.

To the [bove energy loss, no lo[d energy loss of [ll the

33/11kV tr[nsformers [re [dded to [rrive [t tot[l energy

loss in the 33kV system.

Figure 2 shows the lo[d flow results of [ typic[l 33kV

system delivering 10MVA power [t 0.7 power f[ctor

through [ double circuit Coyote conductor line of 20km

long to 3x5MVA, 33/11kV subst[tion. Pe[k power

resistive loss in the system is 0.327MW, which results in

the pe[k power loss of 3.52%. If lo[d f[ctor of this 33kV

system is 0.6, the Loss Lo[d F[ctor using the expression

given in section 2, works out to 0.432. The energy loss for

the 33kV system will be 3.00%. From this it c[n be

concluded th[t in [ 33kV system, if the volt[ge regul[tion

[nd the feeder lo[ding [re not viol[ted, the percent[ge

energy loss will be less th[n 3%.

5. Technic[l Loss in the Prim[ry Distribution

System

Technic[l loss in the prim[ry distribution system consists of losses in the 11kV lines [nd the losses in the 11kV/415V distribution tr[nsformers. The conductors used in the 11kV lines [re Coyote, R[bbit, We[sel [nd Squirrel; Coyote [nd R[bbit being widely [ccept[ble. Positive sequence p[r[meters of the 11kV line [nd c[ble [re given in T[ble 4, with st[nd[rd line configur[tion, gener[lly pr[cticed in Indi[.

T[ble 5 gives the per unit imped[nce on 11kV b[se for

1km line length on the individu[l MVA r[ting of the type of

conductors considered. As the lo[d f[ctor in the prim[ry

distribution network gener[lly is in the r[nge of 0.5, the

loss lo[d f[ctor works out to 0.325. T[ble 5 [lso gives the

% energy loss for 1km. line length of 1kV conductors,

when lo[ded to r[ted c[p[city. As the 11kV line lo[ding is

uniformly distributed, it is concluded th[t it is possible to

restrict the 11kV energy loss in the rur[l networks to less

th[n 5%.

Figure 2: Typic[l 33kV system lo[d flow results

MVA r[ting

No lo[d loss in w[tts

Full lo[d copper loss

in w[tts %Z

% loss [t full lo[d

1.00 2500 7070 6% 1.157

1.50 3625 11570 6% 1.014

2.50 5340 16865 6% 0.727

3.65 6065 26625 6% 0.877

5.00 8625 34825 6% 0.861

T[ble 3: Loss levels in 33/11 kV tr[nsformers

Sl No Conductor

type R

(Ω/km) X

(Ω/km)

Current r[ting

(A)

R[ting (MVA)

1 Squirrel 1.531 0.386 76 1.848

2 We[sel 1.014 0.364 123 2.343

3 R[bbit 0.640 0.367 170 3.620

4 Coyote 0.266 0.350 272 5.560

5 35 sq. mm 1.110 0.126 115 2.171

6 50 sq. mm 0.820 0.118 130 2.466

6 75 sq. mm 0.411 0.106 170 3.620

8 240 sq. mm 0.162 0.084 315 6.001

T[ble 4: 11kV line/c[ble p[r[meters

T Factor Load Loss kW in LossPower Peak Loss Energy


In c[se of urb[n networks, [s the 11kV line lengths will not

be more th[n 5km, it is possible to restrict the energy loss

in the urb[n networks to less th[n 3.0%. In T[ble 5, column

Z indic[tes the extent of volt[ge drop. If the volt[ge drop

is to be curt[iled to permissible limit of 8-7%, losses will

further come down. For urb[n distribution, if UG c[bles

[re used, it is possible to restrict the energy losses to less

th[n 2%.

If the lo[ding on the second[ry distribution system is

highly un-b[l[nced, unb[l[nce effect is [lso reflected on

the prim[ry distribution network, even though the extent

of unb[l[nce is reduced [s the distribution tr[nsformer is

delt[ connected on 11kV side [nd st[r grounded on 415V

side. For those networks, wherein the unb[l[nce is less,

single ph[se equiv[lent lo[d flow [n[lysis (b[l[nce lo[d

flow [n[lysis) c[n be used. If the unb[l[nce is l[rge, three

ph[se unb[l[nce lo[d flow [n[lysis should be used to

determine the losses. Fully coupled NR method or the

G[uss Seidel method with l[rge number of iter[tions will

give [ccept[ble results. Gener[lly the 11kV feeders [re

equipped with ETV meters h[ving the f[cility to log the

kW [nd kVAR v[lues [t h[lf [n hour interv[l for more th[n

30 d[ys. Assuming th[t the power consumption [t e[ch

distribution tr[nsformer in the 11kV feeder is proportion[l

to the connected lo[d or r[ted c[p[city of the tr[nsformer,

repetitive lo[d flow [n[lysis (1440 numbers) is done to

[rrive [t the tot[l loss for one month.

In c[se of unb[l[nced lo[d flow [n[lysis, current flowing in

e[ch section of the feeder is computed from lo[d flow.

Loss figures [re [rrived in e[ch section by :

Tot[l loss is [rrived by summing the individu[l section loss

in e[ch ph[se [nd then [dding e[ch ph[se loss.

Figure 3 gives the lo[d flow results when the different

conductor types [re lo[ded to their r[ted c[p[city. Line

lengths [re v[ried to get 5% volt[ge regul[tion with

respect to sending end volt[ge. Pe[k power loss is

computed [s 4.66% [nd 3.66% respectively for R[bbit [nd

Coyote conductors. Assuming LF of 0.5 [nd LLF of 0.325,

the energy loss is computed [s 3.03%, [nd 2.37% for

respective conductors. Hence, it is concluded th[t if the

feeders [re not lo[ded beyond the therm[l limit [nd

volt[ge regul[tion is within the prescribed norms, the

energy loss in the prim[ry distribution system will be

[round 3%.

Figure 4 shows to wh[t extent 1MVA power [t 0.7 pf c[n

be tr[nsmitted using 11kV R[bbit [nd Coyote conductors

to [chieve 5% volt[ge regul[tion. It is concluded th[t km-

kVA for 5% volt[ge regul[tion [t 0.7 pf for 11kV R[bbit

[nd Coyote conductors [re 6.8 [nd 14.5kms respectively.

Sl No Conductor Type R (p.u) X (p.u) Z (p.u) pe[k power loss


Energy loss with lo[d f[ctor of 0.5 [nd L.L.F

of 0.325 (%)

1 Squirrel 0.02338 0.00570 0.02411 2.338 1.5176

2 We[sel 0.01764 0.00624 0.02073 1.763 1.266

3 R[bbit 0.01715 0.01104 0.02210 1.714 1.244

4 Coyote 0.01222 0.01608 0.02020 1.222 0.674

5 35 sq. mm 0.02010 0.00228 0.02023 2.010 1.256

6 50 sq. mm 0.01667 0.00242 0.01676 1.667 1.047

6 75 sq. mm 0.01230 0.00320 0.01261 1.230 0.667

8 240 sq. mm 0.00803 0.00416 0.00705 0.803 0.502

T[ble 5: Per unit imped[nce on 11kV line MVA r[ting, 1 km

Figure 3: Typic[l 11kV system lo[d flow results (displ[y not[tion [s in figure 2)

Figure 4: 11kV feeder with 1MW lo[d delivered to required dist[nce for 5% volt[ge regul[tion (Displ[y not[tion [s in Figure 2)

R) section the in current Phase (

phase each in section each in Loss2


6. Technic[l Loss in the Distribution Tr[nsformers

There is lot more st[nd[rdiz[tion in the r[ting of three

ph[se distribution tr[nsformers [nd they [re gener[lly of

r[ting 25kVA, 63kVA, 100kVA, 200kVA, 250kVA, 300kVA

[nd 500kVA. T[ble 6 gives the typic[l d[t[ for the

11kV/415V distribution tr[nsformers. From the t[ble, it is

reve[led th[t even with 100% continuous lo[ding through

out the ye[r, the technic[l loss in the tr[nsformer is in the

r[nge 1.52% to 3.14% for r[tings r[nging from 500kVA to

25kVA respectively. However, [s the [ver[ge lo[ding on

the distribution tr[nsformer is less, percent[ge energy loss

will come down. T[ble 6 [lso gives the percent[ge energy

loss [t [ver[ge lo[d of 50% of r[ting of the tr[nsformer.

If ETV meter is provided on the distribution tr[nsformer

second[ry, lo[d survey d[t[ will be gener[lly [v[il[ble [t

h[lf [n hour interv[l for one month. In this c[se, lo[d flow

[n[lysis c[n be done for the 11kV feeder [nd the

distribution tr[nsformer together to [rrive [t the technic[l

loss. No lo[d loss of the distribution tr[nsformer is

sep[r[tely [dded to the lo[d loss to compute the tot[l loss.

6. Technic[l Loss in the Second[ry Distribution System

Second[ry distribution network is gener[lly of over he[d

line type. In the densely popul[ted [re[ [nd [re[ with lot

of commerci[l [ctivities, second[ry distribution network is

with UG c[bles. Technic[l losses in the UG c[bles [re less

comp[red to losses in the over he[d lines. Squirrel, We[sel

[nd R[bbit [re the conductor types popul[rly used in the

second[ry distribution networks.

Comput[tion of the technic[l loss in the second[ry

distribution network is quite complic[ted comp[red to

tr[nsmission [nd prim[ry distribution network due to the

unb[l[nce in the system [nd different types of second[ry

distribution [s listed below –

Three ph[se four wire system

Three ph[se five wire system (fifth wire for street light

control)

Single ph[se two wire system

Two ph[se three wire system

Individu[l ph[se conductors m[y be of different types

(sizes), which will further complic[te the loss comput[tion

c[lcul[tion.

Positive sequence p[r[meters of the 415V second[ry

distribution lines [re given in T[ble 6, with st[nd[rd line

configur[tion, gener[lly pr[cticed in Indi[.

T[ble 8 gives the per unit imped[nce on 415V b[se for

0.1km line length on the individu[l kVA r[ting of the type

of conductors considered. As the lo[d f[ctor in the LT

distribution network gener[lly is in the r[nge of 0.25, the

Loss Lo[d F[ctor works out to 0.11865. T[ble 8 [lso gives

the percent[ge energy loss for 0.1km line length of 415V

conductors, when lo[ded to r[ted c[p[city.

KVA R[ting

No lo[d loss (w)

Full lo[d copper loss (w)

Z (%)

power loss [t

full lo[d (%)

energy loss [t

[ver[ge lo[d of 50% of r[ting

(%)

25 100 685 4% 3.14 2.160

63 180 1235 4% 2.25 1.552

100 260 1660 4% 2.02 1.400

200 560 3300 4.5% 1.74 1.375

250 620 3600 4.5% 1.63 1.236

300 644 4200 4.5% 1.65 1.176

500 1100 6500 4.5% 1.52 1.070

T[ble 6: Loss levels in 11kV/415V distribution tr[nsformers

Sl No Conductor

type R (Ω/km)

X (Ω/km)

Current R[ting

(A)

R[ting (kVA)

1 Squirrel 1.531 0.366 76 60

2 We[sel 1.014 0.364 123 88

3 R[bbit 0.640 0.357 170 136

4 35 sq. mm 1.110 0.080 116 83

5 50 sq. mm 0.820 0.068 140 101

6 75 sq. mm 0.411 0.064 200 144

T[ble 6: 415V line/c[ble p[r[meters

Sl No Conductor Type R (p.u) X (p.u) Z (p.u) pe[k power loss


energy loss with lo[d f[ctor of 0.25 [nd

L.L.F of 0.11865(%)

1 Squirrel 0.06223 0.01528 0.06408 6.22 2.76

2 We[sel 0.05181 0.01860 0.05505 5.18 2.46

3 R[bbit 0.05071 0.02856 0.05836 5.07 2.42

4 35 sq. mm 0.05347 0.00386 0.05363 5.35 2.54

5 50 sq. mm 0.04807 0.00456 0.04831 4.81 2.28

6 75 sq. mm 0.03436 0.00617 0.03472 3.44 1.63

T[ble 8: Per unit Imped[nce on the 415V line kVA r[ting, 0.1km


As the 415V line lo[ding is uniformly distributed, per

distribution tr[nsformer, gener[lly more th[n two LT

outlets will be present, it is concluded th[t it is possible to

restrict the 415V energy loss in the rur[l networks to less

th[n 5.5% [nd the 415V energy loss in the urb[n networks

to less th[n 3%, [s long [s volt[ge regul[tion during pe[k

power is within the [ccept[ble limit of 8-7%. For urb[n

distribution, if LT UG c[bles [re used, it is possible to

restrict the energy losses to less th[n 2.0%.

Figure 5 gives the lo[d flow results when the 415V R[bbit

conductor is lo[ded to its r[ted c[p[city of 170A. Line

length is v[ried to get 5% volt[ge regul[tion with respect

to sending end volt[ge. It is concluded th[t to [chieve 5%

volt[ge regul[tion, 170A current c[n be delivered to [

dist[nce of only 85m in c[se of LT system. Pe[k power loss

is computed [s 4.88%. Assuming LF of 0.25 [nd LLF of

0.11865, the energy loss is computed [s 2.32%. Hence, it

is concluded th[t if the feeders [re not lo[ded beyond the

therm[l limit [nd volt[ge regul[tion is within the

prescribed norms, the energy loss in the second[ry

distribution system will be [round 3%. It is [lso concluded

using the km-kVA concept th[t 10kVA lo[d [t 0.7 pf c[n

be delivered to [ dist[nce of [bout 1.163km with 5%

volt[ge regul[tion.

If the system is unb[l[nced, current flowing in the neutr[l

wire will [dd to the losses. Hence, it is [lw[ys [ better

pr[ctice to periodic[lly check the unb[l[nce in the system

[nd b[l[nce the lo[d [t e[ch pole h[ving multiple service

connections or [t [dj[cent poles. For the s[me power

h[ndled, power loss in the single ph[se two wire system

will be six times the power loss in the b[l[nced three

ph[se four wire system.

8. Conclusions

In this [rticle, the methodology to compute the technic[l

losses in the distribution network is presented. If the

volt[ge regul[tion [nd line lo[ding is within the [ccept[ble

limits, the energy loss levels th[t c[n be [chieved in the

urb[n [nd the rur[l distribution networks [re given in

T[ble 7. If the 33kV system is not included, the technic[l

loss levels c[n be of the order of 8% [nd 13% for the

urb[n [nd rur[l distribution networks respectively. If the

loss levels [re not within the [ccept[ble limits, corrective

me[sures should be worked out in terms of re-conducting,

running express feeders, h[ving [ltern[tive feed points,

shifting the tr[nsformer to its lo[d centre, [ugmenting the

tr[nsformer c[p[city etc. E[ch [ltern[tive worked out

b[sed on technic[l [n[lysis should be subjected to

economic fe[sibility study to prioritise the investment

pl[ns.

7. References

*1+ Tur[n Gonen, ‚Electrical Power Distribution System Engineering‛, McGr[w-Hill, 1786

*2+ ‚Power Engineer’s Handbook‛, TNEB Engineers’ Associ[tion, Chenn[i, Sixth [ddition, November, 2002.

Figure 5: Typic[l LT system lo[d flow results (displ[y not[tion [s in Figure2)

Description

Urb[n Network with OH

Lines

Urb[n Network

with 100% UG C[bling

Rur[l Network

33kV lines 2.0% 1.0% 2.0%

33/11kV tr[nsformers 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%

Prim[ry distribution lines (11kV)

3.0% 2.0% 5.0%

Distribution tr[nsformers

1.5% 1.5% 2.0%

Second[ry distribution lines (415V)

3.0% 2.0% 5.5%

Miscell[neous 0.5% 0.5% 0.5%

Tot[l with 33kV system

11.0% 8.0% 16.0%

Tot[l without 33kV system

8.0% 6.0% 13.0%

T[ble 7: Percent[ge Energy loss levels for Urb[n & Rur[l distribution networks

Title of the Newsp[per: Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Newsletter

FORM IV Registr[tion No: KARENG/2013/51587 (See Rule 8 of Press [nd Pl[ce of Public[tion: B[ng[lore Regul[tions of Book Act) Periodicity of its Public[tion: Qu[rterly Publisher: Dr. R. N[g[r[j[ N[tion[lity: Indi[n Address: #5, 11th Cross, 2nd St[ge, West of Chord Ro[d, B[ng[lore– 560086 Printed [t: M/s. Art Print 617/A, Dr. Modi M[in, W.O.C. Ro[d, M[h[l[kshmipur[m, B[ng[lore—86. Owner’s N[me: Power Rese[rch &Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd.

I, Dr. R. Nagaraja, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief


Prof. (Dr.) R[jendr[ Kum[r P[ndey, Director Gener[l,

N[tion[l Power Tr[ining Institute (NPTI), Government of

Indi[, Ministry of Power w[s [ccorded [ w[rm welcome to

PRDC, Beng[luru on 11th November 2016. Prof. P[ndey

[ddressed PRDC officers [nd offered co-oper[tion in t[king

up joint rese[rch, consult[ncy [nd tr[ining progr[ms.

MoU WITH KIIT UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR

Dr. R[m Ad[p[, Technic[l Executive, Electric Power

Rese[rch Institute (EPRI), P[lo Alto, USA [nd Distinguished

Lecturer, IEEE visited PRDC on 26th December 2016.

He delivered [ t[lk on ‘Role of HVDC [nd FACTS in Future

Sm[rt Electric Grid’ under the [uspices of IEEE PES,

B[ng[lore Ch[pter.

PRDC h[s signed [ Memor[ndum of

Underst[nding (MoU) with N[tion[l Power

Tr[ining Institute (NPTI), F[rid[b[d which is [n

[utonomous institution under Ministry of Power,

Government of Indi[. The MoU is for ‚Long term

p[rticip[tive co-oper[tion in respect of Rese[rch

& Development, Tr[ining, C[p[city Development

[nd Consulting in Power Sector‛.

The MoU w[s signed by Prof. (Dr.) R[jendr[

Kum[r P[ndey, DG, NPTI [nd Dr. R. N[g[r[j[,

MD, PRDC in F[rid[b[d on 25th J[nu[ry 2016.

PRDC signs [ Memor[ndum of Underst[nding (MoU) with KIIT

University, Bhub[nesw[r for initi[ting joint PG Diplom[ course

on Power [nd Energy M[n[gement in KIIT.

The MoU w[s signed

by Dr. Shekh[r M.

Kel[pure, GM, PRDC

[nd Dr. S. S[m[nth[,

Registr[r, KIIT

University in

Bhub[nesw[r on 7th

M[rch 2016.

IMPORTANT VISITS

MoU WITH NPTI

MoU SIGNED

PRDC te[m visited the ‚Middle E[st Electricity- 2016‛ held

[t the Dub[i World Tr[de Center, Dub[i from 14th to 16th

Febru[ry 2016. The te[m held Business Meetings with

utilities in the Middle E[st countries [nd [lso v[rious

industries in the region.

PRDC Delegation Visit To Middle East Electricity


Power System Analysis to Aid Electrical Distribution Business K[rthik Ch[ndr[. B [nd Sh[shv[t. A. Gheew[l[

1. Introduction

Electric[l distribution system is often considered [s the

[rteries of the power system network c[tering power to

the end users. With its proximity to the end user [nd r[pid

growth in the economy with l[rge number of consumers

getting [dded to the system frequently, it poses [ serious

ch[llenge for [ny distribution comp[ny to m[int[in the

qu[lity [nd reli[bility of the supply. The [dvent of IT [nd

computer [ided power system [n[lysis p[ved [ w[y to

effectively m[n[ge the business of [ utility. One such m[jor

[ttempt by Government of Indi[ to improvise the over[ll

process of the utility by including IT is R-APDRP. R-APDRP

st[nds for Re-structured Acceler[ted Power Development

[nd Reforms Progr[mme [nd the over[ll objective of the

initi[tive is to est[blish the b[se line d[t[, incorpor[tion of

IT in Billing, Metering, Energy [ccounting, [nd Customer

c[re etc. A det[iled emph[sis of the initi[tive is det[iled in

the following subsections. With the b[se line d[t[ built into

the system [nd [ commensur[te power system [n[lysis

tool, v[rious [n[lyses c[n be performed to determine

technic[l losses in the network th[t [ids energy [udit

process, technic[l fe[sibility study to help new consumer

s[nction, technic[l fe[sibility of network improvements

th[t [id network strengthening schemes. This [rticle

expl[ins in det[il the v[rious fe[tures [v[il[ble within

MiPDAP, [ power system [n[lysis tool widely deployed

under R-APDRP [cross m[ny St[tes to help the distribution

comp[nies to bring in the desired efficiency in their d[y-to-

d[y business oper[tions.

2. R-APDRP Overview

The Govt. of Indi[ proposed Restructured Acceler[ted

Power Development [nd Reforms Progr[mme (R-APDRP)

during the XI Pl[n [s [ Centr[l Sector Scheme*1+. This

progr[mme is currently known [s Integr[ted Power

Development Scheme (IDPS). The focus of the Progr[mme

h[s been on [ctu[l, demonstr[ble perform[nce in terms of

sust[ined loss reduction. Est[blishment of reli[ble [nd

[utom[ted systems for sust[ined collection of [ccur[te

b[se line d[t[ [nd the [doption of Inform[tion Technology

in the [re[s of energy [ccounting would be essenti[l before

t[king up the regul[r distribution strengthening projects *1+.

Projects under the scheme h[ve been t[ken up in two

p[rts. P[rt-A includes projects for est[blishment of b[seline

d[t[ [nd IT [pplic[tions like Meter D[t[ Acquisition, Meter

Re[ding, Billing, Collections, GIS, MIS, Energy Audit, New

Connection, Disconnection, Customer C[re Services, Web

self-service, etc. to get verified b[seline AT&C losses.

P[rt-B includes regul[r distribution system strengthening

projects.

Power Fin[nce Corpor[tion (PFC) Limited h[s been

design[ted by the Government of Indi[ [s the Nod[l

Agency for the Progr[mme. PFC h[s emp[nelled bidders

for the role of System Integr[tor (SI), Network Solution

Provider (NSP), GIS Solution Provider (GSP) [nd Meter D[t[

Acquisition Solution Provider (MDASP) for the R-APDRP

which sh[ll est[blish IT en[bled infr[structure under P[rt A

of the R-APDRP for the v[rious power utilities. The

det[iled work to be [ccomplished [s p[rt of the scheme is

given below

P[rt - A:

Est[blishment of [ssets/consumers’ b[seline d[t[.

IT [pplic[tions for Metering, Billing, Energy

Accounting / Auditing.

IT b[sed consumer service centres.

P[rt – B *1+:

Renov[tion, moderniz[tion [nd strengthening of 11kV

level Subst[tions, Tr[nsformers / Tr[nsformer Centres

Re – Conductoring of lines [t 11kV level [nd below

Lo[d Bifurc[tion, Feeder Sep[r[tion, Lo[d B[l[ncing

HVDS (11kV)

Aeri[l Bunched Conductoring in dense [re[s

Repl[cement of electrom[gnetic energy meters with

t[mper proof electronic meters

Inst[ll[tion of c[p[citor b[nks [nd mobile service

centres etc.

In exception[l c[ses, where sub-tr[nsmission system is

we[k, strengthening [t 33kV or 66kV levels m[y [lso be

considered.

The t[rgets to be [chieved through the scheme were [lso

outlined [s below

DISCOMs h[ving current AT&C losses > 30%,

reduction t[rget of 3% per ye[r

DISCOMs h[ving current AT&C losses < 30%, reduction

t[rget of 1.5% per ye[r

The scheme involved est[blishing IT en[bled [pplic[tions

n[mely,

GIS - To hold the b[se line d[t[ of [ll the [ssets [nd

consumers.

GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis – Power System

An[lysis [pplic[tion coupled with GIS to perform

v[rious [n[lyses.


MDAS – To meter [nd [utom[tic[lly g[ther the d[t[

from Feeder/DTR [t regul[r interv[ls [nd m[ke the d[t[

[v[il[ble for other systems.

Billing & Collection - mech[nism to re[d, gener[te [nd

collection of revenue on energy bills.

AM/MM – Asset m[n[gement [nd M[inten[nce

m[n[gement for control of [ssets within the jurisdiction

of the distribution comp[ny.

3. GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis

GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis is [ power system [n[lysis

p[ck[ge, one of the identified [pplic[tion softw[re in the

RAPDRP P[rt-A projects. This softw[re works in close

integr[tion with GIS softw[re th[t extr[cts d[t[ from the

GIS system, performs [nd publishes [n[lysis results. The

single gr[phic[l user interf[ce sh[red with GIS system [dds

the power of GIS [pplic[tions [longside power system

[n[lysis. The solution [rchitecture of the softw[re is shown

in Figure 1.

The v[rious [n[lytic[l modules m[de [v[il[ble [s p[rt of

the scheme [re [s shown in T[ble 1.

The business workflow built [round Lo[d Flow An[lysis

th[t helps in the critic[l oper[tions of [ distribution

comp[ny is discussed in this p[per. As indic[ted in e[rlier

sections, the prime oper[tions of [ Distribution comp[ny

involve:

New consumer s[nction

Technic[l loss comput[tion for Energy Audit

The following sections expl[in in det[il the methodology

being used to [ccomplish the [forementioned business

oper[tions

3.1 Meter D[t[ Integr[ted New Connection Fe[sibility

New consumer connection s[nction is [ regul[r [ctivity for

[ny distribution comp[ny [nd before [pproving the s[me,

utility needs to verify the c[p[city [v[il[ble within the

network. An[lyzing such fe[sibility is [ cumbersome

process when done m[nu[lly, with the [v[il[bility of

MDAS, GIS [nd GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis (NA) the

entire process of checking the fe[sibility is fully [utom[ted

with the click of [ button in CRM (Consumer Rel[tionship

M[n[gement) while processing the new [pplic[tions. The

technic[l fe[sibility thus obt[ined will [id utility to t[ke [

decisive [ction either to s[nction the connection without

[ny network [ugment[tion or s[nction the connection

with cert[in network [ugment[tion. The process flow of

the formul[ted [ppro[ch is [s det[iled below.

Technic[l Fe[sibility Check for LT Consumer:

CRM receives following inform[tion rel[ted to new

[pplic[tion:

Applied Dem[nd of the Consumer in kW (in c[se of HT

consumer it h[s to be derived from kW [nd power

f[ctor)

The ne[rest LT Pole from where the connection is to

be rele[sed

Ne[rest [v[il[ble DTR

Figure 1: GIS Integr[ted Network An[lysis Solution Architecture

Applic[tions Wh[t-If studies Tools

Lo[d flow [n[lysis -with consumer

contr[ct dem[nd -with meter d[t[ from

MDAS -with billed

consumption from billing system

Line Re-conductoring

Line P[r[meter C[lcul[tion

Optim[l Lo[d Flow An[lysis (Q-

Optimiz[tion)

Network Reconfigur[tion

C[ble P[r[meter C[lcul[tion

Short Circuit Studies DT Reloc[tion Line Bre[keven

Lo[ding

Three ph[se or Unb[l[nced Lo[d Flow

An[lysis

New Consumer Connection

Line Support Ev[lu[tion

Switching Optimiz[tion AVR Pl[cement Energy Loss

Comput[tion

Express Feeder

Simul[tion of Bulk Lo[d/Uniformly Incre[sing

Lo[d/Uniformly Distributed

Lo[d

Network V[lid[tion E[rth M[t

Design

Over Current Rel[y Coordin[tion

Report M[n[ger

Energy Accounting SLD Viewer

Optim[l Subst[tion Propos[l

Plot to GIS

Optim[l DT Propos[l

T[ble 1: An[lytic[l Modules


The technic[l fe[sibility is [ fully [utom[ted process th[t

involves the process [s det[iled below.

CRM will send the det[ils of the proposed connection

[nd [ll the previously proposed connection det[ils on

the p[rticul[r network (DTR) [long with the meter d[t[

to be used in the [n[lysis. If the study is only DTR wise

(s[nctioned lo[d less th[n 15kW), CRM h[s to send the

meter d[t[ (pe[k) of th[t p[rticul[r DTR meter; if the

study is for full feeder (s[nctioned lo[d gre[ter th[n

15kW [nd HT consumers), CRM h[s to send the feeder

meter d[t[ [nd [ll its corresponding DTR meter d[t[ ([ll

non-concurrent individu[l pe[ks).

B[sed on the proposed lo[d, GIS will [utom[tic[lly

tr[ce the network [ccordingly. The [uto-tr[ce

cl[ssific[tion include, for LT consumers with proposed

lo[d less th[n 15kW [ DTR wise tr[ce should be

performed; for LT consumers with proposed lo[d

gre[ter th[n 15kW [nd for HT consumers feeder wise

tr[ce should h[ppen.

A file with d[t[ exch[nge form[t will be gener[ted

[utom[tic[lly by GIS which will include the existing

topology of either DTR or Feeder to which new

connections [re being proposed, besides the meter

d[t[ provided by CRM, pre-proposed connection

det[ils within the s[me network [nd new connection

propos[l det[ils.

This [uto gener[ted file will then trigger the [utom[ted

lo[d flow process, which will cre[te the study

[utom[tic[lly with def[ult configur[tions, execute LFA

[nd send the report with recommend[tions to GIS. GIS

will then [utom[tic[lly send the s[me to CRM to

displ[y.

Figure 2 shows the block represent[tion of new consumer

fe[sibility process [nd Figure 3 illustr[tes the new

consumer connection procedure.

Figure 3.[ is the existing network with three HT poles HP1,

HP2, HP3, two HT line segments, one DTR (Virtu[l poles

of DTR not indic[ted), two LT poles [nd two consumers

(VP1 [nd VP2 [re the virtu[l poles [t the to-end of the

service lines). PC1 is the pre-proposed new connection on

the s[me DTR [nd PC2 is the l[test new connection

request on the DTR (Figure 3.b).

As the user opts for LFA fe[sibility check, CRM will send

the det[ils of pre-proposed [nd proposed connections to

GIS. GIS will [utom[tic[lly tr[ce the network b[sed on the

proposed lo[d [nd the point of connection. B[sed on the

lo[d of proposed connection [n [utom[tic tr[ce of either

feeder or DTR will be performed on the GIS. If the tr[ce

h[s to be feeder wise then the tr[ce will st[rt from HP1. If

the tr[ce h[s to be DTR wise, then it will be from HP2.

An XML will be [utom[tic[lly prep[red including the

existing topology i.e., tr[ced, consumer billing d[t[

belonging to the tr[ced network, pre-proposed connection

det[ils [nd proposed connection det[ils. This will then

trigger NA, where NA will cre[te c[se with def[ult

configur[tions, execute [nd send the report to GIS or CRM

[utom[tic[lly.

Technic[l Fe[sibility Check for HT Consumer:

For HT Consumer connection, unlike LT Consumer, LFA

h[s to be performed on the full feeder following the s[me

methodology [s described [bove. The m[in checkpoint in

this c[se will be the % lo[ding of the feeder w.r.t the

therm[l r[ting ([mp[city) of the conductor [nd % Volt[ge

Regul[tion (VR) [t 11kV. A block schem[tic of the d[t[

flow is [s depicted below in Figure 4.

Figure 2: Block represent[tion of new consumer fe[sibility Process

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Figures illustr[ting new consumer connection

Figure 4: D[t[ flow di[gr[m of New HT connection fe[sibility


The fe[sibility report from NA includes the following

inform[tion.

DT fe[sibility (Only for LT connection)

DTR lo[ding [fter [dding connection

% Lo[ding of DTR

Allow[ble lo[ding of DTR

Fe[sibility rem[rks

Recommend[tions, if not fe[sible

VR fe[sibility

M[ximum VR in the network [fter [dding

connection

Pole ID [t which highest drop is computed

Fe[sibility rem[rks


Feeder lo[ding fe[sibility

No. of sp[ns lo[ded beyond their [mp[city

Loss in the downstre[m network [fter [dding

connection

Fe[sibility rem[rks


Such det[iled inform[tion gives [ cle[r underst[nding of

not only the fe[sibility of the connection but [lso the type

of network [ugment[tion to be done in order to [pprove

the connection.

3.2 Meter D[t[ Integr[ted Technic[l Loss Comput[tion

for Energy Audit

Energy [udit is [ prime business process for [ny

distribution comp[ny. AT&C loss of [ utility determines the

perform[nce of the utility [nd [s indic[ted in the scheme

overview, these losses [re to be reduced on [n [greed

time fr[me. This involves cre[ting the b[seline for the

utility [nd comp[ring the b[seline with subsequent ye[rs

to me[sure the reduction of losses by the utility. AT&C

loss, which st[nds for Aggreg[ted Technic[l & Commerci[l

loss consists of the following components [s illustr[ted in

Figure 5.

Technic[l losses – Core loss [nd copper losses in the

network

Commerci[l losses – Errors in metering, billing,

collection, power theft etc., [re [ttributed to these

losses

As evident from the [bove cl[ssific[tion, comput[tion of

technic[l loss is [ str[ight forw[rd process with necess[ry

[pplic[tions [lre[dy in pl[ce. NA [lso provides f[cility for

the utility user to perform network [ugment[tions within

the [pplic[tion without [ctu[lly disrupting the origin[l

network. The technic[l losses in the network [re computed

by integr[ting with MDAS [nd [re provided for energy

[udit to cl[ssify the technic[l losses from AT&C losses. The

methodology formul[ted to [chieve the s[me is [s det[iled

below

Lo[d Flow An[lysis is executed under GIS/NA for [ll

11kV feeders b[sed on the St[tic lo[d d[t[ [v[il[ble in

GIS i.e., S[nctioned lo[d. This comput[tion is done by

force lo[ding [ll the DTR’s to 100% of their respective

c[p[city.

NA will provide the network lo[d flow det[ils meter-

wise th[t [re needed to do technic[l loss [ccounting

by MDAS to GIS.

GIS will p[ss the following v[lues to MDAS [g[inst

e[ch meter.

» Power Input (kW) – is the power required [t the

source point

» V[ri[ble Loss (kW) – [re the copper loss computed

for the pe[k lo[d condition

» Const[nt Loss (kW) – [re the core losses in the

network

» D[te from which the [bove v[lues [re to be m[de

[pplic[ble

MDAS sh[ll store the [bove det[ils from GIS [nd [pply

the [pportionment using the lo[d profile d[t[.

A block schem[tic represent[tion of the process is [s

depicted in Figure 6.

Note: The above procedure will remain same till the network

Topology remains the same. If there is a network change, the

same will be updated at the end of each accounting period

and the new network will be considered for the next

accounting period onwards. Figure 5: Cl[ssific[tion of losses in Distribution System

Figure 6: Block Schem[tic of Technic[l loss comput[tion process


B[sed on the st[tic d[t[ obt[ined from NA [nd with the

lo[d survey d[t[ [v[il[ble, MDAS sh[ll [pportion to obt[in

the loss for e[ch interv[l. A simple [ccumul[tion or in

simple terms [ddition of [ll such computed losses for e[ch

interv[l for [ month gives the technic[l losses for th[t

p[rticul[r month. Such det[iled comput[tion [t e[ch

interv[l level [nd [t e[ch meter level gives [ccur[cy in

terms of results obt[ined [s well [s flexibility to the user to

further derive inform[tion like:

HT losses

LT losses

DTR losses

The d[t[ on loss figures thus computed is sh[red to energy

[udit module to be used for cl[ssific[tion of AT&C losses.

The methodology thus [dopted provides technic[l loss

v[lues close to th[t of [ctu[l losses in the network [nd [lso

[ids the utility to identify the [re[s with excessive losses

[nd work tow[rds [ugmenting the network [nd thereby

meet the objective of reducing the losses in [ ph[sed

m[nner.

3.2.1 C[se Study

A typic[l 11kV feeder with network det[ils given in T[ble2

is considered [s [ c[se study to demonstr[te comput[tion

of technic[l losses using the NA module.

The entire topology [s modeled in GIS is considered for

the study [nd is fed to network [n[lysis to perform the

lo[d flow [n[lysis [t pe[k lo[d condition [s described in

the [bove methodology. The results from lo[d flow

[n[lysis [re [s t[bul[ted below in T[ble 3

The fin[l technic[l loss det[ils [fter [pplying the

[pportionment [g[inst meter d[t[ [nd [ccumul[ting the

computed v[lues for one [udit period [re [s t[bul[ted

below in T[ble 4.

4. Conclusion

The two vit[l business processes of [ Distribution Utility

[re technic[l fe[sibility check of new lo[d connection [nd

[ssessment of technic[l loss which dict[te the

perform[nce [nd benchm[rks he[lthiness of the system

were hitherto solely dependent on [ssumption b[sed

[n[lysis with low [ccur[cy results. For the [bove business

processes however, the softw[re solutions implemented in

GIS b[sed Network An[lysis integr[ted with recorded re[l-

time d[t[ extr[ction h[s brought in [ p[r[digm shift in the

level of [ccur[cy in the decision m[king process.

5. References

*1+ APDRP, P. F. (2011, June 16). Welcome to R-APDRP. Retrieved April 14, 2016, from Restructured Acceler[ted Power Development & Reforms Progr[mme:

http://www.ipds.gov.in/Default_RAPDRP.aspx

Tot[l length of Feeder network (HT + LT) 8.254 km

ACSR we[sel (% of tot[l length) 80

AAAC equiv[lent of R[bbit (% of tot[l length) 20

Tot[l DTR’s 35

Tot[l no. of Consumers 2725

T[ble 2: 11kV feeder p[r[meters

Tot[l power input (kW) 3616.646

Tot[l re[l power (v[ri[ble) loss (kW) 624.857

Tot[l const[nt loss (kW) 12.023

T[ble 3: Lo[d Flow Results Summ[ry

Tot[l energy input to Feeder (kWh) 31602.8

Tot[l energy loss (kWh) : A 2533.336

Tot[l energy loss (0.415kV side in kWh) : B 1576.288

Tot[l energy loss (11kV side in kWh) : A-B 736.0481

Tot[l loss % 8.016

Tot[l 11kV loss % 2.76

T[ble 4: Det[ils of Technic[l Loss

GIS Geogr[phic Inform[tion Systems

NA Network An[lysis

MDAS Meter D[t[ Acquisition System

DTR Distribution Tr[nsformer

MIS M[n[gement Inform[tion System

HVDS High Volt[ge Distribution System

DISCOM Distribution Comp[ny

HT High Tension

LT Low Tension

LFA Lo[d Flow An[lysis

XML eXtensible M[rkup L[ngu[ge

VR Volt[ge Regul[tion

Acronyms


Integrating Solar Rooftop Energy Sources at Low Voltage Levels Anjuli Ch[ndr[

1. Introduction

Renew[ble Energy (RE) h[s st[rted coming in the

m[instre[m of power gener[tion with signific[nt cost

reductions in renew[bles coupled with their v[st

potenti[l. A strong policy [nd support fr[mework of the

Government of Indi[ (GoI) h[s built [ solid found[tion for

the growth of renew[bles in the country. In 2002,

renew[ble gener[tion c[p[city (3.4GW) constituted [

very sm[ll sh[re of 3.2% in the over[ll gener[tion

c[p[city in the country. However, from 2002 to 2016, the

sector h[s seen [n exponenti[l growth resulting in

42.847GW [s on 31 M[rch 2016. During this period,

renew[ble gener[tion c[p[city grew [t [ compound

[nnu[l growth r[te of 20%. In comp[rison, therm[l [nd

nucle[r c[p[city grew [t 6.6% [nd 5.6% respectively.

Renew[ble energy sources contribution to over[ll

gener[tion c[p[city is now [t 14% [nd is likely to be

[bout 30% with the t[rgeted c[p[city of one l[kh

seventy-five thous[nd MW c[p[city of renew[bles by

2022. In terms of gener[tion, renew[bles [re contributing

upto 6% of the tot[l gener[tion [nd [re likely to

contribute [bout 20% of the gener[tion by 2022.

Among the v[rious renew[ble source of energy, sol[r

energy gener[tion is g[ining more popul[rity bec[use of

its e[sy inst[ll[tion, cle[nliness, zero fuel cost [nd

m[ximum [v[il[bility of Sol[r irr[di[nce; resulting in

gener[tion [t competitive r[tes. The Government of

Indi[ is t[rgeting [ renew[ble c[p[city [ddition of

100GW sol[r, the c[p[city [ddition is being envis[ged

under two c[tegories viz l[rge sc[le [nd sm[ll rooftop.

About 20,00MW is through meg[ sol[r p[rks, 40,00MW

through l[rge sc[le projects connected to utility grid [nd

[bout 40,000MW of sol[r c[p[city is in the sm[ll rooftop

c[tegory which is to be connected to the distribution

grid. Most of the St[te Electricity Regul[tory

Commissions h[ve p[ssed Regul[tions m[nd[ting Net

Metering le[ding to sm[ller power pl[nts being

connected to the utility system [t the distribution level

[nd feeding excess energy in to the grid. Rooftop c[p[cities will incre[se with time, there being 30 crore

households in Indi[ with [ very l[rge number of

commerci[l [nd industri[l consumers serving their

dem[nd. Optimiz[tion of over[ll electric[l system

perform[nce [t the distribution level h[s become very

import[nt in such [ scen[rio.

2. Rooftop Sol[r [nd Utility Level Projects Connected to Distribution Grid

Across the globe, distributed gener[tion through Roof

Top Sol[r PV P[nel is encour[ged due to the following

m[jor [dv[nt[ges;

S[vings in tr[nsmission [nd distribution losses

Reduced lo[ding on distribution tr[nsformer

Deferring upgr[des to Tr[nsmission [nd Distribution

systems

Reduction in system congestion

B[ck up supply in conjunction with [ stor[ge device.

Reduce pe[k power purch[se depending on time of

pe[k

Greenhouse g[s emissions reductions.

Use of sp[re roof [re[.

3. Effect of Renew[ble Integr[tion on the Distribution Grid

The existing electricity supply systems in most countries

[re centr[lized systems where electricity is gener[ted in

l[rge power st[tions [nd delivered to customers through

tr[nsmission [nd distribution networks. Power electronics

h[ve m[de subst[nti[l progress [llowing inverter-

connected sm[ller power pl[nts with diverse types of

fuels to be interconnected with the distribution grid. When

l[rge number of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) [re

connected it m[y result in technic[l ch[llenges [s indic[ted

below: Power qu[lity-h[rmonics, volt[ge dips, overvolt[ge [nd

volt[ge flicker.

Protection rel[ted concerns- F[ult cle[ring, reclosing

[nd in[dvertent isl[nded oper[tion

Imp[ct on the r[tings [nd setting of protective

equipment

Therm[l limits of conductors/c[bles c[n be exceeded

Incre[se in volt[ge unb[l[nce

3.1 Reverse Power Flow Most electric distribution systems [re designed, oper[ted

[nd protected on the premise of there being [ single

volt[ge source on e[ch distribution feeder.

Interconnection of sm[ll sc[le renew[ble gener[tion to

the distribution grid viol[tes this fund[ment[l

[ssumption. In [ distribution network whenever the PV

gener[tion exceeds the loc[l dem[nd reverse flow occurs.


Power flows from distribution network to the higher

volt[ge network. In high penetr[tion scen[rios with

long feeders reverse flows m[y result in volt[ge rises

[nd loss of volt[ge regul[tion. M[int[ining t[il end

volt[ges m[y [lso become [ ch[llenge in high

penetr[tion scen[rios The signific[nt penetr[tion of

Distributed Gener[tion (DG) units presents complexity

in the protection of the power network due to

bidirection[l flow of the current [nd different short circuit

power.

3.2 Power Qu[lity

Power Qu[lity (PQ) is one of the m[in objectives of the

power system. It is the [im of the utilities to

continuously deliver the power to the customers [t the

const[nt volt[ge [nd const[nt frequency. The

intermittent [nd uncontrolled n[ture of the

renew[ble energy sources c[use problems with the

qu[lity of the power. The qu[lity rel[ted problems

include disturb[nces in the volt[ge, oscill[tions in power

flow through the lines etc. The sudden ch[nges in

distributed gener[tion m[y c[use disturb[nce in volt[ge.

Results in overvolt[ge under low lo[d or high (DG)

production conditions. Disconnection of [ DG during

the high lo[d c[n c[use under volt[ge. Exceeding of

the [ccept[ble limits of volt[ge, frequency, unb[l[nce

etc. c[n le[d to m[lfunction or perm[nent d[m[ge of

the network or customer equipment.

3.3 Imp[ct Due to Incre[sed H[rmonics

The qu[lity of power supplied to the customers is

one of the m[jor concerns of Distribution Comp[nies.

The m[jority of the DGs [re interf[ced using power

electronic converters. Inverters c[n inject current

h[rmonics into the network however this [mount is

regul[ted by industry st[nd[rds. The problem comes

when there [re m[ny inverters of the s[me m[nuf[cturer

connected to [ feeder (in this c[se the h[rmonics c[n

[dd together [s they [re the s[me frequency) [nd

c[use system h[rmonics. Current h[rmonics c[n c[use

volt[ge h[rmonics [nd together they incre[se losses in

the network through he[ting. The h[rmonics will c[use

overhe[ting or de-r[ting of tr[nsformers, le[ding to

shorter life. In [ddition, they m[y interfere with some

communic[tion systems loc[ted in close proximity of

the grid. In extreme c[ses they c[n c[use reson[nt over

volt[ges, ‚blown‛ fuses, f[iled equipment, etc.

3.4 Imp[ct on Oper[tion of Lo[d T[p Ch[nger of the

Tr[nsformer

The volt[ge on [ network with rel[tively l[rge size DER

interconnected [t close proximity to the utility

subst[tion, m[y drop below [ccept[ble or permissible

levels during he[vy-lo[d conditions. The re[son for this

condition is th[t rel[tively l[rge DER reduces the circuit

current v[lue seen by the Lo[d T[p Ch[nger (LTC) in the

subst[tion (DER current contribution). Since the LTC sees

‚less‛ current (representing [ light lo[d) th[n the [ctu[l

v[lue, it will lower the t[p setting to [void [ ‚light-lo[d,

high-volt[ge‛ condition. This [ction m[kes the [ctu[l

‚he[vy lo[d, low-volt[ge‛ condition worse.

For [ network where DER is connected downstre[m from

the volt[ge regul[tor during norm[l power flow

conditions the LTC detects the re[l power ‚P‛ flow

condition from the source (subst[tion) tow[rd the end

of the circuit. The LTC will oper[te to reduce the t[ps

on the second[ry side. This oper[tion is [s pl[nned, even

though the ‚lo[d center‛ h[s shifted tow[rd the volt[ge

regul[tor. However, if the re[l power ‚P‛ flow direction

reverses tow[rd the subst[tion the LTC will incre[se the

number of t[ps on the second[ry side. Therefore, volt[ge

on the second[ry side incre[ses dr[m[tic[lly.

3.5 Selection of Appropri[te T[p Settings of the

Tr[nsformer

Selection of [ppropri[te t[p settings for the distribution

tr[nsformers becomes difficult with incre[sed

penetr[tion of DER. This is especi[lly difficult when the

DER [re not equ[lly distributed [mong the feeders

supplied by the s[me tr[nsformer. If we consider [

situ[tion where there [re two feeders supplied by the

s[me tr[nsformer, but DER [re concentr[ted on only one

of them. Gener[lly, when the DER is connected, the net

current flow through the tr[nsformer is reduced

bec[use the DER provides the power to the ne[rby

lo[ds. Consequently, the tr[nsformer t[p needs to be

ch[nged to the light lo[d setting. The resulting decline

of the sending volt[ge c[n c[use [ volt[ge viol[tion [t

the f[r end of the feeder without DER. Le[ving the

tr[nsformer t[p [t the he[vy lo[d setting risks over

volt[ges on the feeder with DER. Switched c[p[citors

[nd st[tic VAR compens[tors c[n be used to control the

feeder volt[ges, but these solutions [re often too costly.

3.6 Imp[ct of Lower Power F[ctor

PV systems [re designed to only supply re[l power to

m[ximize the fin[nci[l benefits to the consumer.

However, if PV supplies the lo[ds’ re[l power

requirements, the grid still h[s to supply the re[ctive

power. This c[uses the system power f[ctor to

decre[se. This lowering of system power f[ctor [t the

distribution tr[nsformers tr[nsl[tes to lower system

efficiency.

3.6 Volt[ge Unb[l[nce

Volt[ge unb[l[nce is [lso one of PQ rel[ted problems.

Volt[ge in power system c[n be unb[l[nced due to

sever[l re[sons. Both lo[ds [s well [s DER c[n be either

three ph[se or single-ph[se. Interconnection of single

ph[se sources will incre[se the system unb[l[nce.


Another m[jor re[son of the volt[ge unb[l[nce is [n

uneven distribution of single ph[se lo[ds th[t dr[w

unb[l[nced currents from the system. These unb[l[nce

currents will cre[te unequ[l he[ting in e[ch of the

ph[ses which cre[tes unb[l[nce he[ting in c[bles [nd

other p[rts of the network, which might reduce the life

time of the c[bles [nd other components.

3.8 Imp[ct of Over Volt[ges Due to Line to Ground

F[ults on the Tr[nsformer

With the [ddition of DER there is [ possibility of over

volt[ges due to line-to-ground f[ults. If [ short circuit

t[kes pl[ce on the delt[ side of [ny delt[-Y tr[nsformer

which is fed on the Y side by [ DER the f[ult would be

cle[red by the protective fuse or by the bre[ker [t the

subst[tion. Before the f[ult is cle[red the volt[ges on

the three ph[ses would be: Ph[se R Ground = 0V Ph[se

B-Ground = 1.17pu Ph[se Y-Ground = 1.17pu If the

bre[ker opens to cle[r the f[ult, but the DER connected

to tr[nsformer h[s not yet tripped, the volt[ges would

be: Ph[se R-Ground = 0V Ph[se Y-Ground = 1.63pu

Ph[se B-Ground = 1.63pu. The line-to-ground f[ult would

c[use the volt[ge on the other ph[ses to rise. This

volt[ge rise will overexcite the other tr[nsformers on the

system [nd c[use lightning [rrestors to oper[te or m[y

destroy the tr[nsformers [nd [rrestors.

4. Technic[l St[nd[rds for Connectivity of DER to the Grid

CEA recognizes the issues in interconnectivity [nd h[s

m[nd[ted Technic[l st[nd[rds for connectivity of

distributed gener[tion resources regul[tion 2012 to

en[ble the utilities to de[l with these concerns.

However, it is left on licensee to [ddress some of the

issues [s below: ‚The licensee sh[ll c[rry out the inter-

connection study to determine:

[) the point of inter-connection, required

interconnection f[cilities [nd modific[tions required on

the existing electricity system, if [ny, to [ccommod[te the

interconnection,

b) the m[ximum net c[p[city of the distributed

gener[tion resource [t [ p[rticul[r loc[tion for single

ph[se [nd three ph[se gener[tors connected to [

sh[red single ph[se system or three ph[se system

respectively, b[sed on the configur[tion of the

electricity system [nd imb[l[nce in the power flows th[t

distributed gener[tion resource m[y c[use,

c) likely imp[ct, if [ny, on the qu[lity of service to

consumers connected to the electricity system [nd

me[sures to mitig[te the s[me,

d) [ddition[l me[sures to ensure s[fety of the equipment

[nd personnel".

It is therefore, the distribution utility which h[s to

[ddress the interconnection ch[llenges.

5. Sm[rt Solutions for H[ndling Incre[sed Penetr[tion of DER

While the [ddition[l lo[d c[p[city required due to the

exp[nsion of renew[ble energy c[n be provided

through simple grid exp[nsion, the effects resulting

from the [ltern[ting direction of power flow, lo[d

fluctu[tions, [nd volt[ge r[nge limit[tion c[n only be

h[ndled with sm[rt solutions. It is expected the

sophistic[ted structure [nd communic[tion b[ckbone of

sm[rt grid will [llow e[sy, s[fe [nd reli[ble integr[tion

of these distributed renew[ble energy resources [t

very high penetr[tion levels in the distribution

networks.

6. Conclusion

The 165GW renew[ble energy t[rget is [n [mbitious

[nd bold t[rget h[ving [dv[nt[ges [nd ch[llenges, for

the Indi[n power sector. The distribution systems [re

designed for unidirection[l power flow, this design will

no longer be c[p[ble of coping with the effects rel[ted

to integr[tion of vol[tile power sources. The

consequences could be supply disruptions in the

cl[ssic[l distribution grid, with incre[sing downtimes. To

reduce downtimes [nd to limit the [ssoci[ted bl[ckout

costs, [djustments to the existing power distribution

grids [re going to become [ must.

Most policies [nd regul[tions, while f[voring the DER

owner, m[ke no provision for funding [ny utility

upgr[des which m[y be necess[ry for the existing

distribution [nd sub-tr[nsmission systems. Distribution

systems will be required to h[ndle DER without m[jor

investments. This m[y not be [n issue if DER

penetr[tion rem[ins [t [ sm[ll level, but [s

penetr[tion of DER incre[ses, the imp[cts of DER

integr[tion on the system elements will incre[se. The

need of the hour is to st[rt thinking of sm[rt distribution

systems with on-line monitoring [nd control systems.

These sm[rt systems would contribute to [ctive

m[n[gement of the distribution grid by e[rly detection

[nd control of overlo[d/ overvolt[ge situ[tions [nd

en[ble r[pid, [utom[tic f[ult cle[r[nce.


Smart Distribution System for Smart City M. M. B[bu N[r[y[n[n

1. Introduction

Energy, w[ter, tr[nsport[tion, public he[lth [nd s[fety, [nd

other key services [re m[n[ged in concert to support

smooth oper[tion of critic[l infr[structure in [ sm[rt city,

while providing for [ cle[n, economic [nd s[fe environment

for citizens to live, work [nd pl[y. A sm[rt city uses

inform[tion & communic[tion technologies to enh[nce

qu[lity, perform[nce [nd inter[ctivity of urb[n services, to

reduce costs [nd resource consumption [nd to improve

cont[ct between citizens [nd the government*1+. Timely

logistics inform[tion will be g[thered [nd supplied to the

public by [ll me[ns [v[il[ble, but p[rticul[rly through soci[l

medi[ networks. Conserv[tion, efficiency [nd s[fety will [ll

be gre[tly enh[nced in such [n ecosystem.

Electricity is one of the key components of modern living,

next only to food, w[ter [nd shelter. Even to get qu[lity

food, cle[n w[ter [nd minimum comfort in the shelter,

electricity is [ must. The energy infr[structure is [rgu[bly

the single most import[nt fe[ture in [ny city. If un[v[il[ble

for [ signific[ntly enough period of time, [ll other functions

will eventu[lly ce[se.

Indeed, sm[rt grid technologies [re on the rise with [ l[rge

number of completed, ongoing [nd upcoming

demonstr[tion [nd deployment projects worldwide. On the other h[nd, sm[rt city projects [re [lso f[st developing

worldwide including the project to develop 100 sm[rt cities

in Indi[ within the next 5 ye[rs by the Government of Indi[

*2+. There [re [ host of issues th[t must be considered in the process, including the inter[ction of energy, w[ter,

w[ste, mobility, [ir pollution, monitoring [nd d[t[

m[n[gement. The end result depends on e[ch city’s objectives [nd unique p[rticul[rities, [s well [s, on its

decision m[kers, who [re very often not experts on energy

in gener[l [nd on sm[rt grids in p[rticul[r. Their m[in

concern is to h[ndle citizen needs on key qu[lity of life

issues rel[ted to d[ily life [nd societ[l concerns such [s sust[in[bility, housing, pollution, job cre[tion, e[sy [ccess to b[sic f[cilities [nd utilities, [nd other d[y-to-d[y

concerns. This p[per [ims to discuss the link between

sm[rt distribution grids [nd sm[rt cities [nd p[rticul[rly the role of sm[rt grids [s [ key [nd fund[ment[l technologic[l

building block for sm[rt cities.

2. Pl[nning for Electricity

For [ny city, it is import[nt to pl[n the electricity needs of the city well in [dv[nce in line with the requirements of

long term city pl[nning [nd prep[re the m[ster pl[n blue

print for the electric[l infr[structure. Once the blue print is

[v[il[ble, in line with pl[nning of sew[ge, r[in w[ter

dr[in[ge, drinking w[ter supply, g[s supply [nd

communic[tion system, the required sp[ce [nd

infr[structure for the electricity should be pl[nned h[nd in

h[nd.

While pl[nning for electricity in [ sm[rt city, the following

types of [ctions [re needed by the city [uthorities:

Regul[tory [ctions, such [s the definition of building

regul[tions or other pl[nning tools

Compulsory energy certific[tion of buildings

Pilot [ctions in signific[nt sectors; in p[rticul[r, studies

should be performed for the identific[tion of the best

oper[tion[l methods in l[rge buildings with centr[lized

HVAC systems

Construction of new city infr[structures [nd retrofitting

of old ones (e.g., street lighting systems, overhe[d

conductors, UG c[bles)

Advertisement [nd communic[tion pl[ns to m[ke the

end user [w[re of the opportunities offered by new

technologies

Support for the identific[tion of solutions to reduce

energy consumption in the residenti[l sector

Me[sures to promote energy s[vings [nd the integr[tion

of renew[ble energy resources

It would be [ necess[ry to upgr[de existing f[cilities like

the tr[nsformer subst[tions in order to be monitored

remotely [nd publish re[l-time inform[tion to the public so th[t consumers could oper[te their resources/[ppli[nces

[utom[tic[lly. In most c[ses, the city power grid will h[ve

to be upgr[ded to support the independent power

gener[tion [nd energy stor[ge devices such [s sol[r p[nels, b[tteries, wind turbine, hybrid vehicles etc. m[king the

power grid tr[nsfer the power to these devices se[mlessly.

2.1 Me[sures for Ensuring Power Supply Security [nd

Reli[bility

One of the Key Perform[nce Indic[tors (KPI) for the sm[rt

city is the reli[bility of the electric[l power supply. In the

sm[rt city context, the Loss of Lo[d Prob[bility (LOLP) is [

very useful index th[t c[n provide me[ningful inform[tion

to be used in design [nd resource in pl[nning [nd its

[lloc[tion. For the Indi[n power supply system, the LOLP

is currently 0.2%, which implies th[t for 16.52 hours in [

ye[r, the dem[nd c[n exceed the gener[tion. In contr[st,

when it comes to the reli[bility of the power supply, m[ny


cities, in the developed countries like those in Europe [nd

North Americ[, h[ve not even seen the power supply

interruption for ye[rs together.

Reli[ble power supply design c[lls for incorpor[ting

[ppropri[te redund[ncy of the electric[l infr[structure [t

[ll levels, from the gener[tion to tr[nsmission to

distribution. Depending on the lo[d requirement [nd

meeting the N-1 contingency in the system, the required

number of subst[tion to feed power to the sm[rt city [re

determined. Prim[ry [nd second[ry distribution being

underground, the loc[tion for the Ring M[in Units (RMU),

the distribution tr[nsformer centers (comp[ct subst[tions)

[nd feeder pill[r boxes need to be identified [nd sp[ce to

be pl[nned.

As [ step tow[rds [ sm[rter grid, the cities must [dd

[ddition[l l[yers of [utom[tion, communic[tion [nd IT

systems to the tr[dition[l grid. In [ddition to the provisions

for electric[l infr[structure [s expl[ined [bove, the

reli[bility of the power supply sh[ll be enh[nced by

implementing the st[te-of-the-[rt Distribution Autom[tion

System (DAS) consisting of Supervisory Control And D[t[

Acquisition system (SCADA) [nd modern Distribution

M[n[gement System (DMS). The sm[rt grid, which would

be p[rt of the sm[rt city project, will form [n overl[y on

this SCADA/DMS, thereby providing the requisite security

[nd reli[bility in power supply in the sm[rt city. Loc[tions

[nd sp[ce for the SCADA/DMS [nd sm[rt grid control

centers [re to be identified [nd the communic[tion

infr[structure for monitoring [nd control [re to be devised

in the e[rly st[ges of pl[nning itself.

3. Activities to be Undert[ken

Following [ctivities should be undert[ken [s p[rt of

electricity infr[structure requirements:

Assessing the dem[nd requirement for the city. The

[ppro[ch for [ssessing the future dem[nd in [ sm[rt city

c[n be b[sed on both the well-known p[rti[l end use

method [s well [s econometric method, t[king into

[ccount the popul[tion growth for the next 20 ye[rs.

V[rious f[cilities [nd infr[structure being pl[nned will

[lso be [ccounted for in forec[sting the dem[nd.

Dem[nd needs to be projected ye[r on ye[r for the

initi[l 10 ye[rs [nd in blocks of 5 ye[rs, subsequently.

For the projected dem[nd, the [ddition[l gener[tion

requirement to be committed to meet the power

requirement should be pl[nned. The dedic[ted or sh[red

gener[tion should be pl[nned in such [ w[y th[t the

LOLP index would be much better th[n th[t specified in

the pl[nning criteri[. P[rt of the electricity requirement

c[n be met by the renew[ble energy in terms of rooftop

sol[r PV, [s most of the city houses h[ve roofs suit[ble

for setting up of roof top sol[r.

Depending upon the pe[k electricity dem[nd of the city,

400kV outer ring system, 220kV inner ring system [nd

the multiple 132/66kV ring systems should be pl[nned

to give the reli[ble power supply to the city. Power flow

[n[lysis sh[ll be c[rried out for b[se c[se lo[d dem[nd

[s well [s contingency scen[rios to [rrive [t the techno-

economic power distribution pl[n. The st[ging studies

will cover [s to when e[ch of the new subst[tions [nd

[ssoci[ted tr[nsmission lines should be commissioned.

Figure 1 illustr[tes the energy solutions for [ sm[rt city.

V[rious [ctivities to be undert[ken [re indic[ted in the

figure [s:

[. Infr[structure improvement [nd exp[nsion pl[nning

b. Consulting [nd project m[n[gement

c. Electricity for public tr[nsport

d. Roof top sol[r PV

e. Grid to Vehicle (G2V) [nd Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

f. Monitoring [nd control

g. SCADA [nd [utom[tion

h. Efficient lighting

i. Common utilities

4. Sm[rt City— Sm[rt Grid: Initi[tives Needed

A sm[rt city is one th[t seeks to reduce its

environment[l imp[ct while m[int[ining its economic

development [nd improving services to citizens. Sm[rt

grids [re [ cruci[l to this vision [s they bring together

the flow of energy [nd the flow of inform[tion. For the

sm[rt city, sm[rt grid investment c[n help cre[te [n

extended network of intelligent energy devices th[t

present [ more det[iled view of the p[tterns of energy

consumption [cross the city. It c[n [lso support

integr[ted dem[nd m[n[gement services th[t c[n

reduce energy costs [nd help integr[te renew[ble

energy sources [nd new dem[nds such [s Electric

Figure 1: Energy solutions for sm[rt city


Vehicle (EV) ch[rging*3+. In this reg[rd, few initi[tives

needed in terms of electricity supply in sm[rt city – sm[rt

grid projects [re highlighted.

4.1 Infr[structure Improvement [nd Exp[nsion Pl[nning

Long term dem[nd forec[sting [nd pl[nning for in-

feed, EHV [nd MV subst[tions [nd prim[ry [nd

second[ry distribution system.

Assessment of the c[p[bility of existing Tr[nsmission

[nd Distribution (T&D) network from the [dequ[cy

[nd comp[tibility point of view, while keeping in view

the future exp[nsion.

Improving reli[bility by optimizing gener[tion [nd T&D

infr[structure.

Improving the reli[bility [nd fr[mework for 24x6

power supply – provision for ring m[in units, [ltern[te

feeds [nd [ltern[te energy sources.

4.2 Underground C[bling

All c[bling should be underground, whether it is

power, internet, c[ble TV, fibre optic or [ny other

utility c[bles or wires.

Underground (UG) c[bling reduces theft & pilfer[ges

[nd [t the s[me time improves the [esthetics of the

city.

UG c[bling m[kes the city greener [nd environment -

friendly, [s it does not [ffect growth of trees.

UG c[bling is rel[tively e[sy to m[int[in [nd rem[in

less vulner[ble during n[tur[l c[l[mities like cyclone

[nd flood.

4.3 Street Lighting

Street lighting in m[ny cities is of [ntiqu[ted design,

resulting in w[steful use of energy, evidenced by the

[ging [ssets th[t exist [nd the volume of citizen

compl[ints. It c[n [ccount for [bout 20% of city’s

energy budget.

Energy efficient street lighting reduces electricity

consumption, ph[ses out environment[lly h[rmful

technologies, reduces m[inten[nce costs [nd [chieves

much better control of the street lighting environment.

There is [ promising niche m[de fe[sible by

technology development, including the emergence of

energy-efficient LED l[mps for street lighting, the

[dvent of [utonomous mesh networks [nd the sh[rp

price decline of wireless connectivity h[rdw[re (Wi-Fi

or otherwise). By combining every LED l[mppost with

[ network [ccess point, [ll the l[mpposts would

become [ccess points, or even [n Internet of Things

(IoT) device forming [ mesh network*4+. This

infr[structure would [llow both remote control of e[ch

individu[l light point [nd provide wireless network

connectivity covering [lmost the entire city.

4.4 Monitoring [nd Control

There is [n incre[sing role of Inform[tion &

Communic[tion Technology (ICT) in distribution grids’

optim[l m[n[gement. ICT solutions will need to

support [nd provide some key functions, such [s [n

interoper[ble SCADA system, monitoring power flow

m[n[gement, cyber security protocols to protect the

loc[l grid, re[l-time communic[tions between power

producers, suppliers [nd the sm[rt grid control centre.

Distributed gener[tion integr[tion to h[rvest more

green energy [nd still m[int[in the system security,

reli[bility [nd qu[lity of power supply requires more

simul[tion studies.

Sm[rt [sset m[n[gement will en[ble minimum

investment [nd m[ximum oper[tion[l efficiency.

Dem[nd response: Any sm[rt grid project is not

successful without the dem[nd response control

implement[tion. Regul[tory t[riff intervention,

development of m[rket mech[nism [nd customer

p[rticip[tion [re needed.

4.5 Roof Top Sol[r PV Systems

The incre[sed visibility, predict[bility, [nd even control of

gener[tion [nd dem[nd bring flexibility to both gener[tion

[nd consumption [nd en[ble the utility to better integr[te

intermittent renew[ble gener[tion. But, for renew[ble

energy to merge se[mlessly into the m[in grid, the grid

itself will h[ve to h[ve sm[rter systems to m[n[ge it

efficiently [nd ensure its st[bility [nd reli[bility. For

successful implement[tion of rooftop sol[r in [ sm[rt city,

following [ctivities [re envis[ged*2+:

M[p the entire city roof top sp[ce into Geogr[phic[l

Inform[tion System (GIS).

Identify the potenti[l roof top for sol[r setup, develop

the sol[r gener[tion model (forec[st) for the city t[king

meteorologic[l d[t[ [nd power qu[lity beh[vior.

Using the SCADA d[t[ [nd consumer lo[d forec[sting,

model the lo[d beh[vior.

Develop the dem[nd [nd supply model, t[king into

[ccount the network, lo[d [nd embedded gener[tion.

Sol[r policy for the sm[rt city is to be formul[ted in line

with findings of the [bove mentioned exercise.

5. Sm[rt City – Sm[rt Grid: How to Achieve Success?

Success of Sm[rt Grid [nd Sm[rt City projects depends on

the initi[l ground work [nd proper project m[n[gement

[nd monitoring. Figure 2 shows the v[rious [ctivities to be

undert[ken for the proper implement[tion of the projects.

Appointment of [ competent consult[nt would help in


designing [ proper blue print [nd ro[d m[p, reducing the

over[ll project cost by optimizing [nd getting m[ximum

benefit for the investment m[de [nd by reducing the

execution del[ys [nd cost overrun.

Second [spect of the sm[rt city [nd sm[rt grid project

success is the coordin[tion [mong v[rious st[ke holders. It

is not just the electricity infr[structure, but ro[d, tr[nsport,

public utilities, communic[tion f[cilities h[ve to be equ[lly

given due import[nce [nd developed [s well. Figure 3

shows v[rious st[ke holders with whom the city

[dministr[tion needs to coordin[te for the successful

project implement[tion.

6. Conclusions

The sm[rt grid is viewed [s [ gre[t en[bler for the

development of sm[rt cities, which will very likely see the

diffusion of sm[rt energy systems. It is import[nt to

develop cle[n, sm[rt [nd environment[lly green cities to

give better living to the city dwellers. This p[per

emph[sizes the import[nce of electricity infr[structure

development [s [ st[rting [ctivity. Subsequently, the ICT

solutions could be implemented th[t would provide

[dequ[te [nswers to the needs of future sm[rt cities.

Activities th[t [re to be considered in the pl[nning st[ge of

sm[rt cities [s reg[rds development of electricity

infr[structure h[ve been brought out.

In view of the growing import[nce [nd relev[nce for sm[rt

cities in Indi[, [ tr[nsp[rent [nd comprehensive pl[n [nd

ro[dm[p for the implement[tion of sm[rt grids needs to be

evolved which would help technology development,

c[p[city building [nd investment pl[nning by [ll

st[keholders [nd could ensure completion of projects in

pl[nned timelines.

6. Acknowledgement

The [uthor wishes to [cknowledge the v[lu[ble inputs

provided by Dr. R. N[g[r[j[ [nd Ms. S[ndhy[ of PRDC in

writing this p[per.

8. References

*1+ Gi[nni Andreottol[ et [l, ‘Energy Systems for Smart Cities’, White p[per, IEEE Power [nd Energy M[g[zine, Sept/Oct, 2005.

*2+ www.smartcities.gov.in, Ministry of Urb[n Development, Government of Indi[ website

*3+ W. L. Mitchell, C. E. Borroni-Bird, [nd L. D. Burns, ‘Reinventing the Automobile’, C[mbridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 2010.

*4+ Ken Geisler, ‘The Relationship Between Smart Grids and Smart Cities’, IEEE Sm[rt Grid Newsletter, M[y 2013.

Figure 2: Project M[n[gement Consulting Activities

Figure 3: Coordin[tion [mong st[keholders in sm[rt city project.

Major Orders Received

Consult[ncy services for K[rn[t[k[ Power Tr[nsmission Corpor[tion Limited (KPTCL) to c[rry out Gener[tion Pl[nning for M[ximum Penetr[tion Levels of Renew[bles in K[rn[t[k[ for the time fr[me 2016-2022 (13th Pl[n period)

Consult[ncy services for Jh[rkh[nd Urj[ S[nch[r[n Nig[m Limited (JUSNL) for prep[r[tion of DPR under PSDF scheme for remov[l of deficiency [nd upgr[d[tion of protection system of JUSNL Tr[nsmission system in Jh[rkh[nd St[te

Consult[ncy for the Optim[l Control & Oper[tion of Hydro, Diesel, Wind [nd IPP (Biom[ss) Power Gener[tion System for Veti Levu Grid Connected System in Fiji for Fiji Electricity Authority.

Project M[n[gement Consult[ncy (PMC) for Adv[nced SCRIPS Project in GRIDCO, Odish[.

http://www.smartcities.gov.in


Inter-Region[l Tr[nsmission Corridors (IRTC) [re pl[nned

[nd implemented for tr[nsfer of power from surplus

st[tes/regions to deficit st[tes/regions on short term b[sis,

subject to [v[il[bility of m[rgins in these lines. These lines

p[rt of the ev[cu[tion system from interst[te gener[tion

st[tions, [re m[inly used for delivery of power from these

gener[ting st[tions to their benefici[ries in v[rious

st[tes. 56 projects h[ve been s[nctioned under the Power

System Development Fund (PSDF) scheme, [t the cost of

`6268 Crores.

Source: pib.nic.in

World’s L[rgest Street Light Repl[cement Progr[mme,

which is being implemented by the Energy Efficiency

Services Limited (EESL), [ joint venture under the Ministry

of Power, Government of Indi[. LED b[sed Street Lighting

N[tion[l Progr[mme (SLNP) h[s been dedic[ted to the

N[tion on J[nu[ry 7, 2016. A tot[l of 15.57 l[kh street

lights h[ve [lre[dy been repl[ced in the country with LED

bulbs, which is resulting in energy s[vings of 20.66 crore

kWh, [voiding c[p[city of 51.46 MW [nd reducing 1.61

l[kh tonnes of greenhouse g[s emissions per [nnum.

Source: pib.nic.in

Out of 18,452 un-electrified vill[ges, 11,731 vill[ges h[ve

been electrified [s on 30.01.2016 under Deen D[y[l

Up[dhy[y[ Gr[m Jyoti Yoj[n[ (DDUGJY). Rem[ining

vill[ges [re t[rgeted to be electrified by M[y, 2018.

Source: pib.nic.in

Budget[ry [lloc[tion to the Ministry of New [nd

Renew[ble Energy w[s hiked by 8.6% from `5,036

crore to `5,463 crore

2nd ph[se of sol[r power development with [n [im of

gener[ting 20,000MW

Exemption of B[sic Customs Duty on sol[r-tempered

gl[ss, counterv[iling duty on its r[w m[teri[ls brought

down to 6 % from 12.5%

Hiked expenditure under IPDS [nd DDUGJY schemes

together by 25 per cent to `10,635 crore [s provided

in the budget is likely to p[ve the w[y for sust[in[ble

energy for [ll.

The BCD, CVD [nd Speci[l Applic[tion T[x on resin

[nd c[t[lysts used in the m[nuf[cture of c[st

components for Wind Oper[ted Energy Gener[tors

*WOEG+ h[ve been e[sed to give [ push to wind

power gener[tion.

Source: Economic times

‘Tr[nsitions in the Indi[n Energy Sector - M[cro Level

An[lysis of Dem[nd [nd Supply Side Options’ report

published by TERI, indic[tes th[t by 2026 Indi[’s power

dem[nd would be met. Current inst[lled c[p[city [nd the

c[p[city under construction would be [ble to meet Indi[’s

power dem[nd till [bout 2026 [nd no new investments [re

likely to be m[de in co[l b[sed power gener[tion till th[t

time. The report [lso estim[tes th[t beyond 2023-24, new

power gener[tion c[p[city could be [ll renew[bles, b[sed

on cost competitiveness of renew[bles [s well [s the

[bility of the grid to [bsorb l[rge [mounts of renew[ble

energy together with b[ttery-b[sed b[l[ncing power.

Source: Live mint

A tot[l [mount of `66.01 crore h[s been s[nctioned for

prep[r[tion of m[ster pl[ns, sol[r city cells, promotion[l

[ctivities [nd inst[ll[tion of renew[ble energy projects [nd

[n [mount of `24.16 crore h[s been rele[sed, so f[r, under

Sol[r City Progr[mme. Out of 6 identified sol[r cities in

M[h[r[shtr[, [n [mount of `6.64 crore h[s been

s[nctioned [nd [n [mount of `3.04 crore h[s been

rele[sed for 6 sol[r cities.

Source: pib.nic.in

Customers rushed to p[y electricity bills in old currency

notes in the d[ys [fter the demonetiz[tion move, helping

power utilities clock [n [ggreg[te 13.6% incre[se in

collections between 10 November [nd 15 December.

According to inform[tion coll[ted by st[te-owned Power

Fin[nce Corpor[tion (PFC) [nd reviewed by Mint, tot[l

collections by Indi[’s 55 electricity distribution firms or

discoms during the period w[s `25,116.86 crore—

`3,006.56 crore more th[n the `22,107.27 crore collected

[ ye[r [go.

Source: Live mint

56 Inter Region[l Power Tr[nsmission Projects

Worth ` 6,268 Crores Pl[nned

11,731 Vill[ges Electrified Under DDUGJY

Street Lighting N[tion[l Progr[mme

Budget Highlights for Power Sector

Indi[’s Power Dem[nd Would be Met by 2026

` 66.01 Crore S[nctioned Under Sol[r City

Progr[mme

Demonetiz[tion Helps Discoms Recover `2,865.42

Crore in Dues

Indian Power Sector Highlights


Events & Achievements PRDC PARTICIPATES IN 19th NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NPSC – 2016)

(19th - 21st December 2016)

PRDC [ctively p[rticip[ted [s [ gold sponsor for the 17th N[tion[l Power Systems Conference (NPSC – 2016)

held [t IIT – Bhub[nesw[r from 17th to 21st Dec’16.

The products [nd services displ[yed by PRDC were well received by dignit[ries visiting the PRDC St[ll.

Prominent visitors to the PRDC st[ll included those from the industry [nd professors from v[rious N[tion[l [nd

Intern[tion[l Universities.

Four technic[l p[pers from PRDC were presented in NPSC-2016. The p[pers [re listed below:

Nitesh Kum[r D, R. N[g[r[j[ [nd H. P. Khinch[, ‚H[rdw[re Implement[tion of Enh[nced Gener[tor Loss of

Excit[tion Protection Scheme‛,

‚M. Moh[nty [nd S. Kel[pure, "Aggreg[ted Rooftop PV Sizing in Distribution Feeder considering H[rmonic

Distortion Limit,"

I. Gupt[, G. N. An[ndini [nd M. Gupt[, "An Hour Wise Device Scheduling Appro[ch for Dem[nd Side

M[n[gement in Sm[rt Grid using P[rticle Sw[rm Optimiz[tion,"

M. N. Ar[vind [nd A. T. M[thew, "PMU d[t[ b[sed Post Disturb[nce An[lysis for [ L[rge Grid using

W[velets [nd Ly[punov Exponent,"

Nitesh Kum[r. D w[s [w[rded ‚Dr. R[m[moorthy Best

P[per Aw[rd in Power Systems‛ [t the NPSC-2016

Conference for the p[per titled ‚H[rdw[re Implement[tion

of Enh[nced Gener[tor Loss of Excit[tion Protection

Scheme‛.

He[rty Congr[tul[tions to Nitesh Kum[r!!He[rty Congr[tul[tions to Nitesh Kum[r!!He[rty Congr[tul[tions to Nitesh Kum[r!!

NPSC -2016 BEST PAPER AWARD


PRDC showc[sed its products [nd services in the SWITCH

EXPO held in V[dod[r[, Guj[r[t during 6-10, October 2016.

SWITCH EXPO is one of the l[rgest electric[l expos in the

country. It represents one of the biggest networks of electric[l

m[nuf[cturers, innov[tors, technologies [nd p[rtners in the

industry.

PRDC PARTICIPATES IN SWITCH EXPO 2016

5-D[y Tr[ining Progr[mme on ‚Power System Protection‛ w[s

conducted by PRDC for the engineers of Power System Oper[tion

Corpor[tion Ltd (POSOCO) during 20-24, Febru[ry 2016. The

tr[ining w[s [ttended by 25 engineers from [ll the five region[l lo[d

desp[tch centres (RLDC) [nd [lso the N[tion[l Lo[d Desp[tch centre

(NLDC) in New Delhi. Lectures were delivered by experts from PRDC.

POSOCO ENGINEERS’ TRAINING


Bowling Competition

Carrom

PRDC Women’s Day Celebrations

New Year 2017 Celebrations

Mankuthimmana Kagga by Sri Natesha G.S

Cricket Tournament

Rifle Shooting Competition

In-house Activities @ PRDC

Carrom


ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Chandra, B. Karthik

Received the M[ster’s degree in Power Systems from N[tion[l Institute of

Technology, Tiruchchir[pp[lli, Indi[. He is currently working [s [ Te[m Le[d

(Dom[in) in Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Priv[te Ltd., [nd is [

BEE certified Energy Auditor. His [re[s of expertise include softw[re

[pplic[tions for Energy Audit, Sm[rt Grid [nd Power System An[lysis.

Chandra, Anjuli

Holds B.E. electric[l from Th[pp[r Institute of Engineering [nd Technology [nd MBA from Punj[bi University, P[ti[l[

[nd is [lso [ certified Energy Auditor by the Bure[u of Energy Efficiency. She is [n officer of the 1768 IES b[tch. She

h[s work experience of 36 ye[rs in v[rious c[p[cities in the form[tions/Divisions of Centr[l Electricity Authority,

Punj[b St[te Electricity Bo[rd [nd Delhi Electricity Regul[tory Commission. At present she is holding the ch[rge of

Chief Engineer Power Survey [nd Lo[d Forec[sting in Centr[l Electricity Authority. She h[s just brought out the 17 th

Electric Power Survey (EPS) report [nd Crisis [nd Dis[ster M[n[gement Pl[n for Power sector.

She h[s been member of v[rious T[sk Forces [nd Committees constituted by the Ministry of Power [nd Centr[l

Electricity Authority. She h[s [uthored [nd presented [round 60 technic[l p[pers in v[rious conferences [nd given

semin[rs in N[tion[l [nd Intern[tion[l forums. She h[s been instrument[l in bringing out m[ny Regul[tions in DERC.

She w[s [w[rded the CBIP Aw[rd for 2006-2006 for meritorious contribution to power sector. She w[s [lso [w[rded

by N[tion[l Council of Power Utilities in 2012 for her contribution to power sector.

Basu, Debarati

Received B.E. (ELEC,HONS) from J[d[vpore University Kolk[t[ , West Beng[l in

1786. She h[s over thirty ye[rs of experience in Power Tr[nsmission &

Distribution sector. Her [re[s of expertise [re Tr[nsmission & Distribution

Pl[nning [nd Engineering, Power System An[lysis, Energy Audit [nd Loss

Estim[tion. At PRDC, she he[ds the execution of the RAPDRP projects [cross

14 st[tes [nd is working in sever[l PSS projects in the E[stern region.

Das, Rajib

Received B.TECH in Electric[l Engineering (1784) from Beng[l Engineering

College (BESU), Howr[h, West Beng[l. He h[s over thirty ye[rs of experience

in the Network Pl[nning & Regul[tory Aff[irs of CESC Ltd. His [re[s of

expertise [re T[riff Petitions [nd Regul[tions, T&D system Pl[nning [nd

Engineering.


Ramappa, Nagaraja. Dr

Founder [nd M[n[ging Director of M/s. Power Rese[rch & Development

Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd., B[ng[lore- one of the reputed Power System Consult[nts

in the country. R. N[g[r[j[ h[s done his B.E. in Electric[l [nd Electronics

Engineering from Mysore University (Indi[) in 1786. He obt[ined his M.E in

1788, speci[lized in Computer Applic[tions to Power System [nd Drives [nd

Ph.D. Degree in the field of Energy M[n[gement System from Indi[n Institute

of Science (IISc).

His speci[liz[tions [re Power System An[lysis, Simul[tion, Power Engineering

Educ[tion [nd Power System Protection. Dr. N[g[r[j[ h[s [uthored sever[l

technic[l p[pers [nd conducted [ number of workshops/conferences/semin[rs

throughout the country.

Dr. N[g[r[j[ is the br[in behind the [rchitecture, design [nd development of the MiPower® – Power system [n[lysis

softw[re p[ck[ge widely used by Electric utilities, Industries, Consult[nts [nd Engineering colleges. Dr. N[g[r[j[ h[s

been involved in the pl[nning studies of St[te Utilities [nd Industries in Indi[ [nd [bro[d.

Narayanan, M.M. Babu

H[s 35 ye[rs’ experience in Power Industry. He works in the [re[ of Design,

pl[nning, R&D, simul[tion & Reforms in Tr[nsmission [nd Distribution. He

obt[ined B.Sc. (Engg. ) from NIT, C[licut [nd M.Sc. (Engg.) from IISc, B[ng[lore in

1771.

He h[s been involved in dyn[mic perform[nce studies for [ number of HVDC

[nd FACTS projects in Indi[. He is [ recipient of Centr[l Bo[rd of Irrig[tion &

Power [w[rd for excellence in power tr[nsmission systems. His rese[rch

interests [re HVDC tr[nsmission, & Grounding. He h[s lectured [t m[ny

Universities in Indi[ [nd [bro[d. He h[s [lso been [ member of sever[l Govt. of

Indi[ committees in Tr[nsmission & Distribution rel[ted [re[s including the

Power System Development Fund of CERC. Currently, he is Chief Technic[l

Adviser [t PRDC, B[ng[lore.

Gheewala, A. Shashvat

H[s completed his B[chelor’s degree in Electric[l Engineering in the ye[r 2013.

He is currently working [s [ Project engineer in Power Rese[rch & Development

Consult[nts Priv[te Limited. His [re[s of expertise include Power System

An[lysis [nd Power System Protection.


Level 1

MiPower Client Tr[ining: A comprehensive Power System tutori[l with h[nds-on session, using on MiPower, b[sed on pr[ctic[l scen[rio. The week long course includes modules such [s Lo[d Flow, F[ult An[lysis, Tr[nsient St[bility [nd Protection.

Level 2

MiPower Client Tr[ining: A custom m[de tutori[l for c[ndid[tes, with focus on the power system issues f[ced by them. This course h[s h[nds on sessions on the c[ndid[te’s network.

Note: Interested p[rticip[nts [re requested to [pply for the tr[ining [s per their requirements i.e. Level 1 [nd Level 2.

Short Term Training/Workshop

In [ddition to the [bove s[id progr[m PRDC is [lso conducting short term tr[ining progr[m [nd workshops to imp[rt knowledge [nd pr[ctic[l [ppro[ch on specific topics, which [re of relev[nce to power engineers in d[y-to-d[y works. Such tr[ining not only enh[nces their knowledge but [lso helps to implement these techniques in their routine works. For short term [nd speci[l tr[ining progr[m, ple[se cont[ct our m[rketing te[m [t the following em[il [ddress: m[rketingte[[email protected]

New Fe[tures in Version 7.2

Concept of numeric[l rel[y, for modeling of v[rious

protection function[lities in one rel[y.

Unique System Protection concepts, for execution of [ll

modeled protection elements in one go. This will provide comprehensive report of [ll protection function[lities present in the system [t one pl[ce

Full-fledged gener[tor protection module, consisting of

12 protection function[lities. Provides [utom[tic comput[tion of recommended settings [nd help in v[lid[tion of coordin[tion between v[rious c[p[bility limit [nd rel[y settings.

Det[iled modeling of Current tr[nsformer, with inclusion

of user-defined number of cores [nd t[ps for e[ch ph[se of the CT. Different m[gnetizing ch[r[cteristics c[n be configured for e[ch core.

Improved flexibility in comput[tion of Zone re[ch setting

for dist[nce rel[y.

Added c[p[bility of disturb[nce [n[lysis for gener[tor

protection (Loss of excit[tion [nd out of step protection).

MiPower® News

Training Schedule & Forthcoming Events


Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd.

# 5, 11thCross, 2nd St[ge, West Of Chord Ro[d, Beng[luru, INDIA, PIN: 560086

Tel +71-80-4245 5555 / 23172207, F[x +71-80-4245 5556 / 23172210

[email protected] | www.prdcinfotech.com

All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2016 PRDC Pvt. Ltd. All tr[dem[rks, logos [nd symbols used in this document belong to their respective owners.

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RNI No. KARENG/2013/51587

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