power sharing in belgium & srilanka
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Power Sharing(BELGIUM & SRILANKA)
By
Alent Cheria Vargehse
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POWER SHARING IN :
l BELGIUM
l SRILANKA
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Engross.in Sri Lanka
• About the same as Haryana• Just a few kms away off
the southern coast of Tamil Nadu
Size
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Ethnic Communities of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Tamils –
Occupy N & E – Hindus & Muslims
Sinhalese – 74% - Buddhist
–
Indian Tamils – Hindus & Muslims
Muslims – 1%
Tamils – 18%
Both Sinhalese & Tamil – 7% -
Christian
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Engross.in Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
• After independence in 1948, Sri Lanka adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhalese supremacy over the Tamils• In 1956, an Act was
passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language
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Engross.in Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
• In 1956 an Act was passed which recognised Sinhala as the only official language.• Sinhala speakers were
preferred both for university positions and Govt. jobs.
Sinhala
Lanka
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Reasons for Alienation of Sri Lankan Tamils / Majoritarianism in
Sri Lanka
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Reasons…
•Dominance of Sinhalese community due to majority • 1956 Act made Sinhala as the only official
language• Preferential policies favouring Sinhalese in
university position and jobs• State to protect and foster Buddhism
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Position of Sri Lankan Tamils…
• Launched political parties and struggles for recognizing Tamil as an official language • Demanded autonomy • Equal opportunity in education and jobs • Political organization was formed demanding an
independent TAMIL EELAM in North & East Sri Lanka
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Engross.in Effect on Tamils• The Tamils felt isolated • They thought that even
the constitution was against them.• None of the Political
parties ever considered their needs.• The Tamils formed
groups,organisations and parties to fight for rights
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Engross.in Effect on Tamils• Their demands for
recognition to their language and separate state with autonomous status were repeatedly neglected.• This made some groups
like the LTTE to take violent actions.
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Civil War…Causes
Both sides started distrusting each other
Effects Social,Cultural &Economic
setback
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Engross.in Belgium
• Smaller than Haryana• Borders with France,
Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg
Size and Ethnic Composition
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Communities & Regions of BelgiumBrussels –
Capital Region – Dutch were a
Minority
Wallonia – 40% - French –
Rich & Powerful
Flemish – 59% - Dutch – benefit of
education and economic
development.
German – 1%
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Power Sharing
by
Accommodation
in
Belgium
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Engross.in Reasons for tension between the two
communities
• The minority French were rich and powerful• The majority Dutch got
the benefit of economic development much later.
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Power Sharing - Belgium• Equal number of Ministers from Dutch and French speaking areas in
the Central Govt.• No single community can make decisions unilaterally • Transfer of power from the centre to the state. State govt. will not be
a subordinate to the centre.• Separate govt. in Brussels with equal representation for the French
and the Dutch.• Formation of COMMUNITY Govt elected by the people belonging to
one language community Dutch, French and German wherever they live. This has power regarding
• Culture, education and language related issues.
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Power Sharing - Result
The country united respecting the feelings of different communities and regions.
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Belgium & Sri Lanka• Similarities: Both are democracies.• Differences: Power sharing arrangement is different.• What is unique about Belgium?• Leaders have realized that unity of the country is possible
only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions.• What was the drawback in the system followed by Sri
Lanka?• Dominance of majority community - Sinhalese by refusing
to share power with Tamils resulting in disunity.
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Why is Power Sharing desirable in a Democracy?
Prudential1.Reduces conflicts
between social groups.2. Stability of political order.3. Better outcome.
Moral1. It is the spirit of democracy.2.People have the right to beonsulted for governing practices.3. Power sharing is valuable.
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Why in a democracy should political power be distributed?
• People are the source of all power.• People rule themselves through institutions of • self governance.• Due respect is given to diverse groups and views.• All have a voice in shaping public policies.
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Engross.in
The Legislature The Executive The Judiciary
Forms of Power Sharing• Horizontal OR Check and Balance System
• Each of these organs is placed at the same level to exercise different powers• None of them has unlimited power thus maintains
balance.• Each one of them keeps watch on the functioning of
the other two.• Hence it is called Check and Balance System
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Engross.in Central Govt.
State Govt.
Local Bodies
• The Central Govt. is set up for the whole nation.• The state/provincial govt. is set up for each provinces/states.• The central govt. transfers/shares some of the powers to/with the
state govt. (as in Belgium)• In a big country like India, this type of two tier system is not
sufficient.• So we have the third tier – the Local Self Govt.• Both the Central and State govt. have transferred power and
resources to the Local bodies.
Vertical Power Sharing
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Engross.in
SCs
STs• Socially weaker sections also have to have share in
power.• Community govt. in Belgium is one example for this type
of power sharing.• In India, it is done by way of reservation.• Constituencies and seats are reserved for women, SCs
and STs.• Thus power is shared among different social groups.
Power Sharing among different social groups Women
STs
SCs
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Engross.in
Power Sharing among Political parties, pressure groups and
movements
• No political party enjoys power for ever.• It is for the people to decide who should be in power.• With the emergence of coalition govt. many parties share
power at the same time.• Pressure groups and movements have share in power by
exerting pressure on the govt.• They exert pressure by various means and get policies
framed in their favour.
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Summary…Amongst different organs of
Govt. legislature, executive and judiciary
Amongst Govts. at different levels
Different Social groups, religious/
linguistic
Political parties ,pressure groups
and movements influence those in power
Horizontal distribution as it allows different organs to exercise different powers
A general govt. for the entire country-called Centre and govts. at the provincial/regional level. Federal Govt.
Accommodates social diversities who would feel otherwise alienated.
Formation of coalition Govt. when different parties form alliances
No organ gets unlimited powers State Govt. Influence of interest groups-businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers.
Each organ checks the other Constitutional distribution of power to the state and centre
Results in balance of power Same with Panchayat and Municipality
All ministers /Govt. officialsare responsible to parliament/state assemblies
Vertical division of power
Judges can also check the work of other organs
A system of checks and balances