power, subjectivity and resilience.resilience (power point)

8/14/2019 Power, Subjectivity and Resilience.resilience (power point)

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BETWEEN A FORESTBETWEEN A FOREST

andand

A HARD PLACE:A HARD PLACE:

PowerPower

, subjectivity and resilience in a, subjectivity and resilience in a

Japanese stateJapanese state--managed forestmanaged forest

Eric John CunninghamEric John Cunningham

Ph.D. candidate, ABDPh.D. candidate, ABDUniversity of Hawaii atUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaManoa,,

Department of AnthropologyDepartment of Anthropology

*Special thanks to the UHM Center for Japanese Studiesfor their financial support www.otakimura.blogspot.com


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National forests in JapanNational forests in Japan

SOURCE: Japan Forestry Agency,http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/j/kokuyu_rinya/welcome/bunpu.html


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SubjectsSubjects

Human actors as selfHuman actors as self--referential subjectsreferential subjects

Human and nonHuman and non--human actors in thehuman actors in theenvironment whom are subjectively gazed uponenvironment whom are subjectively gazed uponand subordinatedand subordinated

SocioSocio--natural environments and/or theirnatural environments and/or their

constituent parts; objects made subjectsconstituent parts; objects made subjects


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National Resource EnvironmentalNational Resource Environmental

(NRE) subject(NRE) subject

Linked to emergence of Japanese stateLinked to emergence of Japanese state

Forests, water, etc defined as national resourcesForests, water, etc defined as national resources

Actors defined as national citizensActors defined as national citizens

ExploitativeExploitative

UtilitarianUtilitarian

BureaucraticBureaucratic

Economically orientedEconomically oriented


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OtakiOtaki VillageVillage

SOURCE: http://www.vill.otaki.nagano.jp/sky/sky_map.html


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Forest historyForest history inin OtakiOtakiSOURCE: Makino Hyorokuro,

SOURCE: Morishita T. 1998.

Memories of the Kiso Forest Railroad. Matsumoto: Kyodoshuppansha


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Timber extractionTimber extraction

Income from timber extraction in the Kiso Valley

(1897-1935)

0% 13% 26% 39% 51% 64% 77% 90%

1897

1902

1907

1912

1920

1925

1930

1935

Percentage of total imperialincome

Percentage of income fromall imperial forests

SOURCE: adapted from Oura Y. 1992.: (The expansion of recreation forest practices in national forests: Anexample from national forests under the jurisdiction of the Otaki Forestry Office). Ina: Shinshu University,

Graduate School of Agriculture


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Forest conversionForest conversionTimber extraction in the Kiso Valley

1948-1998

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1948

1952

1956

1960

1964

1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

timber volume (sq.meters)

Felling and growth amounts

in national forests 1946-1996(10,000 sq. meters)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1946

1950

1954

1958

1962

1966

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

Amount felled Amount of growth

Current Sructure of Otaki Forests

9.8%

4.1%

86.0%

National forest

Private forest

Common forest

Timber imports begin Timber imports begin

SOURCES: adapted from

Oura

Y. 1992.:

(The expansion of recreation forest practices in national forests: An example from nationalforests under the jurisdiction of the Otaki

Forestry Office). Ina: Shinshu

University, Graduate School of

Agriculture

Kasahara A, Shioya H, Kada T. 2008.(What to do, national forests). Tokyo: Liberta

Central District Forest Management Office. 2008. kokumin-no-mori kokuyuurin (Nationalforest, the people's forest) chubu-shinrin-kanri-kyoku, (Central District Forest ManagementOffice

41.5%

14.4%

42.4%

0.0%

Coniferous forests Broadleaf

Natural Artificial


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SOURCE: Central District Forest Management Office. 2008. kokumin-no-mori kokuyuurin (National forest, the people's forest) chubu-shinrin-kanri-kyoku, (Central District Forest Management Office)


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Specialized forestsSpecialized forests

SOURCE: Central District Forest Management Office. 2008. kokumin-no-mori

kokuyuurin

(National forest, the people's forest) chubu-shinrin-kanri-kyoku,

(Central DistrictForest Management Office)

SOURCE: http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/chubu/kiso/index3.html


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One tree, one neckOne tree, one neck

Late

feudal period

forestry officialModern gate

SOURCE: Makino Hyorokuro,


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Water resourcesWater resources

Miura DamMiura Dam

(() 1945) 1945

280 hectares280 hectares

MakioMakio Dam (Dam () 1961) 1961

247 hectares247 hectaresSOURCE:

http://www02.kani.or.jp/~ido/makio.

html

Filled with one ton of water,the ripples of Lake Ontake

wish for the glory of the nationand become a badge of our sincere feelings

for the industry of the blessed nation,the measure our hometowns happiness


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Tourism developmentTourism development

OntakeOntake

2240 Ski Hill2240 Ski Hill

TaTa--nono--harahara

Nature Park (Nature Park ())

MountaineeringMountaineering

PilgrimagePilgrimage


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Resilience ThinkingResilience Thinking

SOURCE: The Resilience Alliance, http://www.resalliance.org/570.php

RESILIENCE: the degree of disturbance a system can absorb before the variables andprocesses that govern that systems behavior are altered to the point that its basic

character changes and the system tips into a new stability domain (Holling

&

Gunderson 2002).


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Potential benefits ofPotential benefits of

resilience thinkingresilience thinking

Uncertainty and unpredictabilityUncertainty and unpredictability

call for varieties of knowledgecall for varieties of knowledge

Inclusive & consensualInclusive & consensual

IntegrativeIntegrative

SOURCE: Gerald Marten, http://www.gerrymarten.com/humanecology.html

SOURCE CSIRO h // i / /S i S i D h P li h lwww.otakimura.blogspot.com

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