power transmission and distribution the key … · 2006-02-16 · ptd h 1tm / re 12-2005 3 power...
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PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 1
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
The Key Question …
Power Quality Power Quality
or or LowLow--CostCostEnergy ?Energy ?
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 1
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 2
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Power Quality - Terms and Definitions
Short InterruptionsVoltage SagsOvervoltages
FlickerHarmonicsUnbalances
Voltage Fluctuations
Supply Reliability
System Outagescausing Supply
Interruptions
System Faults Load DisturbancesSystem Faults
Power Quality
Voltage Quality
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 3
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Power Quality - Influencing Factors
Qualität
tatsächlicherQualitätslevel
EinflußgrößenM
anag
emen
tO
rgan
izat
ion
App
lied
Tech
nolo
gy
Prot
ectio
n C
once
pt
Mai
nten
ance
Prot
ectio
n S
ettin
gs
Syst
em P
lann
ing
Staf
f
Net
wor
k St
ruct
ure
Doc
umen
tatio
n
Erec
tion
&In
stal
latio
n
Load
For
ecas
t
Cos
t Man
agem
ent
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
em
Power Quality
Influencing Variables
actual Level of Quality Weak-
Point Analysis essential
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 4
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Distribution System Enhancement – High Reliabilitythrough Redundancy
No Back-up(Repair: Days)
Back-up with Switch-Over(short Interruption: ≤ 1 s)
Infeed
Circuit Breaker
Disconnector
Loads
Back-up without Transition(no Interruption)
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 5
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Example 1998 - Unavailability [min / Customer / Year] and Electricity Tariff [ Pf. / kWh]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
S N GR GB B F IRL E D I
Una
vaila
bilit
ym
in /
Cus
tom
er /
Yea
r
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
Ele
ctric
ity T
ariff
Pf.
/ kW
h
Unavailability
Electricity Tariff
Sources:[1] ETG im VDE: Qualität
der Stromversorgung.dialog (1998) Heft 1, S.21
[2] Strohschein, H.: Liberalisierungdes Strom- und Gasmarktesaus Sicht der Industrie.FGE-Kolloquium des IAEWder RWTH Aachen, 05.02.1998
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 6
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Utility Voltage Sag Analysis
Based upon a composite of 222 monitoring Sites of the EPRI DistributionPower Quality Project (EPRI RP3098-01) during 6/93 to 6/94
0 - 10 20 - 30 40 - 50 60 - 70 80 - 90
>0.80.6 to 0.8
0.4 to 0.60.2 to 0.4
0.0 to 0.2
Duration (sec)
5
4
3
2
1
0
Magnitude (%)
Source: IEEE Industry Application Magazine Jan./Feb.96
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 7
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
ITI Curve (former CBEMA)Vo
ltage
in %
Disturbance Duration
1 µs 1 ms 10 ms 100 ms 1 s 10 s 100 s
Typical Conditions,which lead to anOutage of the Facility
Causes of Voltage Sags & Interruptions• Lightning Faults• Insulator Failures• Structural Failures• Accidents• Switching Operations• Equipment Failures• System Stability Osc.• Reclosures• System Collapse
Causes of Voltage Sags & Interruptions• Lightning Faults• Insulator Failures• Structural Failures• Accidents• Switching Operations• Equipment Failures• System Stability Osc.• Reclosures• System Collapse
Source: Information Technology Industry Council, www.itic.org
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 8
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Power Quality - Acceptable Power Supply Interruptions
Source: PTD SE PT, 2000
101
102
103
104
105
106
Systems
InstantaneousReserve
Industrial Systems
AutomaticChangeover
Larger Industry,DepartmentStores,Residential Areas
Households,Farmers,Small Industry
Remote Manual Switching(with available EmergencyPower Supply)
Local ManualSwitching
10 ms 100 ms 1 sec 1 minute 1 dayTime of Interruption
1 hour
Loss
of P
ower
/kW
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 9
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Power Quality - Economic Impact on the Customers
Textile Industry
Plastic Industry
Glass Industry
Industry with specialized Processes
Semiconductor Industry
$10k$1k $100k $1M $10M
Costs/USD perVoltage Sag
Source: PTD SE PT, 2001
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 10
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Economic Losses (US$) of Supply Outages in Semiconductor Industry
Source: Anderson Consulting, 1999
$ 7 m per Year
$ 1.5 m per Day
$ 100-200 k per Hour
Average of 6 - 17 Interruptions per Year
Total Losses $ 1.6 bn – worldwide (> 200 Chip Factories)
per Plant
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 11
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Impact of System Disturbances on Power Quality
Type of Disturbance Possible Causes ConsequencesVoltage Dips Successfully cleared
FaultStart-up of large Motors
Shutdown of Equipment, particularly Electronic Devices
Overvoltages Load Rejection May harm Equipment with inadequate Design Margin
Harmonics, harmonic Distortions
Non-linear Loads
Resonances
Voltage Distortion causes additional Heating in MotorsMisoperation of Electronic Devices
Flicker, Voltage Fluctuations
Start-up of large MotorsElectric Arc Furnaces
Weakening of ComponentsMalfunctionsAnnoyance of People
Transient Overvoltages
Lightning StrikeSwitching Events
Misoperation of Electronic DevicesReduced Lifetime of EquipmentInsulation Failure
Supply Interruptions System Faults Shutdown of EquipmentMisoperation of Electronic Devices
Phase Unbalances Unbalanced Loads Risk of Disconnection of the overloaded PhaseMachine Overheating
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 12
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Consequences
An example of Flicker: Voltage Swings through Motor Drives
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 13
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Harmonic Measurements in an Office Building
Time
%of
Nom
inal
Vol
tage
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 14
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Power Quality Problems affecting the Load
Voltage Sags
Harmonics
Pre-Distortions
Voltage UnbalancesNetwork Load
PTD H 1TM / Re 12-2005 15
Power Transmission and Distribution
High Voltage
Power Quality Problems caused by the Load
Network LoadHarmonics Currents
Flicker
Reactive Power
Unbalances