power transmission and distribution/ulg 19 nov 08 ... · ©siemens ag 2006 power transmission and...

© Siemens AG 2006

Power Transmission and Distribution/ULG 19 nov 08

Protection sélective des réseaux

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006

Power Transmission and DistributionA.belvaux

The electricity network ensure an efficient supply of energy

High Voltage Transformers Medium VoltageComponents, switchgear and turnkey projects for AC and DC power

technology for power transmission ≤ 52 kV.

Components, switchgear and turnkey

projects for AC and DC power technology for power transmission

> 52 kV.

Power transformers, distributiontransformers with oil or cast-resin

insulation.

Energy AutomationNetwork control systems, protection

and substation automation, telecontrol systems, power quality.

ServicesNetwork planning & consulting, asset

maintenance and maintenance management for grids and networks, metering services.

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Energy flow in electricity networks

Domestic Industry

Main power station

0.4 kV

15 kV

150 kV

DomesticCombinedheat power

Solar

Storage

Combinedindustrialprocesses

WindHydro

Biomass

Fuel cell

150 kV

15 kV

0.4 kV

+ -

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


63

50

40

31,5

25

0

Rated short-circuit breaking current [kA]

72,5 123 145 300 362 420 550 800Rated voltage [kV]

170 245

80

3AT2/3 3AT4/5

3AP1 FI3AP1 FG 3AP2 FI

Key Product for High VoltageNetwork: Circuit Breaker

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Type 3AP1 FG up to 245 kV

�For all applications: reliable and economical

�Stored energySpring Drive Mechanism

�Self compression arc quenching principle

�Rated voltages up to 245 kV

�Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kA

�Type tested to the new IEC 62271-100

�Available for one or three pole operation (FG/FI)

�Delivered more than 50,000 breakers to more than 120 countries

Type 3AP1 FI up to 300 kV

� Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism

� Self compression arc quenching principle

� Rated voltages up to 300 kV

� Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kA

� Type tested to the new IEC 62271-100

High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Product Characteristics

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Centre Break

Ur 72,5 kV – 550 kVIr 1250 A – 4000 AIk 31,5 kA– 63 kA

Pantograph

Ur 123 kV – 420 kVIr 3150 AIk 50 kA

Vertical Break

Ur 123 kV – 550 kVIr 1250 A – 6300 AIk 31,5 kA– 63 kA

Earthing Switch

Built-onFree-standing

Neutral point

Double Break


Knee Type


Disconnectors & Earthing Switches from 36 kV to 800 kV

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Instrument Transformers

� Current Transformers

� Voltage Transformers

Bushings

� Air Core Dry Type Reactors

� Line Traps

� Arc Suppression Coils

Coils

� Air Core Dry Type Reactors

� Line Traps

� Arc Suppression Coils

Arrester

� HV: AIS (Porcellain, Polymer) & GIS; HVDC, FACTS

� MV: Distribution & Traction Vehicles

Products for High VoltageArrestors, Bushings, Coils & Instrument Transformers

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Voltage(kV)

80

72.5

63

50

40

25

0

123 145 300 362 420 550 800

8DR1

8DQ1

8DN9

170 245

HIS 8DN8

HIS 8DQ1

8DN8

Rated short-circuit breaking current (kA)

8DQ1

31,5

Products and Solutions for High voltageGas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


� Rated voltage up to 145 kV

� Rated frequency 50 / 60 Hz

� Rated power frequency

withstand voltage (1 min) up to 275 kV

� Rated lightning impulse

withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs ) up to 650 kV

� Rated busbar current up to 3150 A

� Rated feeder current up to 3150 A

� Rated breaking current up to 40 kA

� Rated short-time current up to 40 kA

� Leakage rate per year

and gas compartment < 0.5 %

� Bay width 800 mm

� Bay height 2850 mm

� Bay depth 3500 mm

� Bay weight 3 t

Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)8DN8.2 switchgear

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN9 switchgear

�Rated voltage up to 245 kV

�Rated frequency 50 / 60 Hz

�Rated power frequency

withstand voltage (1 min) up to 460 kV

�Rated lightning impulse

withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs) up to 1050 kV

�Rated busbar current up to 3150 A

�Rated feeder current up to 3150 A

�Rated breaking current up to 50 kA

�Rated short-time current up to 50 kA

�Leakage rate per year and

gas compartment < 0.5 %

�Bay width 1500 mm

�Bay height 3500 mm

�Bay depth 4700 mm

�Bay weight 5 t

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Domaine d’utilisation des installationsmoyenne tension

G

x x

x xxx xx x

x

Niveau de production et Réseau de Transport

Niveau de distribution primaire

Niveau de distribution secondaire

Basse tension

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


� High reliability

� Excellent field experience with more than 2

million vacuum interrupters

� Tailormade development

� Wide product range for any application

� For use in

� LV and MV circuit-breakers, load-break

switches and contactors

� Autoreclosers

� Transformer Tap Changers

up to 6300 Aup to 72 kA7.2 up to 40.5 kV

up to 2500 Aup to 65 kA690 up to 1300 V

Delivery Program

Medium Voltage ComponentsVacuum Tubes

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


8DA

� Type-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-clad

� Proved design, Single Busbar

� Modular design with standard enclosures allows single- and double phase applications

� More than 15 years of operating experience

Medium Voltage Products for Primary DistributionSF6-Insulated Switchgear

8DB

� Type-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-clad

� Proved design, Double Busbar

� Modular design with standard enclosures

� Busbars and busbar-disconnectors in separate gas compartments

� More than 15 years of operating experience

up to 4000 Aup to 40 kAup to 40.5 kV

Delivery Program

up to 4000 Aup to 40 kAup to 40.5 kV

Delivery Program

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


8DJ20

� Type-tested

� Independent of climate

� Maintenance-free

� Block-type construction, for 1-5 bays

� Hermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosures

� Compact and clear design

� No sealings

� Highest Quality Level

� Shortest Delivery Periods

8DJ10

� Type-tested

� Independent of climate

� Maintenance-free

� Block-type construction, for 3-6 bays

� Hermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosures

� Compact and clear design

� No sealings

� Highest Quality Level

� Shortest Delivery Periods

� Smallest floor space for substations

up to 630 Aup to 25 kAup to 24 kV

Delivery Program

up to 630 Aup to 25 kAup to 24 kV

Delivery Program

Medium Voltage Products for Secondary DistributionSF6-Insulated Switchgear

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Generatortransformer

Systeminterconnectingtransformer

Shuntreactor

Oil-immerseddistribution transformer

GEAFOLcast-resin transformer

Tractiontransformer

HVDC

Systemtransformer

Special purpose transformers for industrial application

Voltageregulator

Phase angle regulator

TLM

Siemens Transformer Life

Management(condition

assessment,life-extension,

on-site-services,monitoring, ...)

Transformers at all Levels of Transmission and Distribution

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Energy Automation

Do lor situs cum

habilitarum itum

alus causticus

imanenter Status

landum exus rius

laudanum tum.

Lorem exit vulnareus

plexus est. Vulna

pausta rhus tex, per

itum falor sit wunt.

Sit itum causticus

aurum eum et expli

ndus.Cum

� Information and

network control

technology

� Protection and

substation auto-

mation, telecon-trol

systems, power

quality

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


LE BUT DE LA PROTECTION SELECTIVE EST:-Assurer la continuité de service du réseau d’energie , par

élimination de l’élément défaillant et de lui seul-Eviter des dégâts au niveau des équipements affectés par

les défauts(câbles,transformateurs…)

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


LE SYSTEME DE PROTECTION =

TI/TP + Relais+ Disjoncteur

Sélectif,rapide,fiable

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


O/C protection 7SJ6

Distance protection 7SA6

Line differential protection 7SD5 / 7SD6

Transformer diff. protection 7UT6

Generator protection 7UM6

Station protection 7SS52

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


O/C protection7SJ6

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Time-overcurrent protection Functions

Time-overcurrent protection

Criteria for fault: overcurrent

Criteria for selectivity: time

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics

t [sec]

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

x IN0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

I> I>>

Tripping area

Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrentprotection device - definite time

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Time-overcurrent protection Application

Used as:

Line protectionSelectivity by time-grading

1

x

O/C

x

O/C

1

x

M

O/C

2

x

O/C

3

As main protection

2 Motor protectionwith short circuit- and overload protection,start protection,start inhibit

3 Transformer protectionfor network transformerswith short circuit- and overload protection,Inrush-stabilisation

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Time-overcurrent protection Application

Main protection as line protection

x x x x

O/C O/C O/C O/C

t = 0mst = 300mst = 600mst = 900ms

Advantage: simple device,only current transformers are necessary

Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time

Ttrip

distance

backup

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


4 CT inputs

7SJ61

O/C protection with motor protectionO/C protection with motor protection

� Over current protection(Phase/Earth)

� Inrush Blocking� Motor Protection� Overload Protection� Unbalanced Load Protection� Auto reclosure� Trip Circuit Supervision� Breaker Failure Protection� Lock out

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Distance protectionDistance protection

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Why impedance protection?

Situation: Meshed network and two infeedsDirectional overcurrent time relays

0,6s

0,6s

0,3s

0,3s

0,6s

0,6s

0,3s

0,3s

non-selective trip

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

� fault on the protected line

� fault outside the protected line

Z1

relay A

selectivity

relay A

Z2

Basic principle of impedance protection

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Distance measurement (principle)

6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and3 phase- ground loops

phase- phase -loop:

The same applies to the remaining loops

UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Measured current

measured voltage

06.08.97dtgerdis3

ZL = RL + j XL

ZE = RE +j XE

IL1

IL2

IL3

IE

Z

L

Z

EUL1UL2UL3

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


phase-ground-loop:UL1 = ΙL1 · ( RL + j XL )- ΙE · ( RE +j XE)

ΙL1, ΙE measured current

UL1 measured voltage

06.08.97dtgerdis3

The same applies to the remaining loops

Distance measurement (principle)

IL1

IL2

IL3

IE

ZL

Z

EUL1UL2UL3

ZL = RL + j XL

ZE = RE +j XE

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Numerical filtered phasor measurement

1. Fast operation ⇒ Use short data window

2. High accuracy ⇒ High selectivity

3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation

X

R

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


ni2sin ⋅π

ni2cos ⋅π

C(k)S(k)(k)j III ⋅+=

S(k)I

C(k)Ij ⋅ )(k

I

)( inki

+−

k-n

0 1 2 . . . n

ϕ

i

C(k)I

S(k)I

k

Fourier analysis of measured values

Sampledmeasuringvalues

Resulting phasor

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Load and short-circuit impedances

ZL

ZLF1

ZLF2

RF RF

ZLoadDF1 F2

X

R

ZL

ZLF2

j SC1

j SC2

j L

RR

ZF1

ZF2

RR

ZLoad

ZLF1

Fault area

distance relay

operating characteristic

Increasing load

Fault in reverse

direction Load area

Minimum Load Impedance:Minimum voltage 0,9 UnMaximum current 1,1 In

Maximum angle ± 30°

Phase - Phase Fault

RR ≈ RF / 2

Phase - Earth Fault

RR ≈ RF /(1 + RE/RL)

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Graded distance zones

time

D1 D2 D3

t1

t2

t3

Z1

Z2

Z3

distance

∆t = grading time

A CB D

Z1 = 0,85 ZAB

Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC)

Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))

Safety margin is 15 %:� line error

� CT, VT error

� measuring error

Grading rules:

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


ϕSC

Current area forforward faults

ΙSC

Current area for reverse faults

ΙSC

USC

R

ZSC

Z'SC

Impedance area for forward faults

Impedance area forreverse faults

X

ϕSC

Determination of fault direction

current / voltage diagram impedance diagram

Fault location Where is the fault ?

The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


X

R

forwards

forw

ards

reverse

reverse

ϕϕϕϕ LoadLoad

Z1

Z2

Z4

Z3

Z1B

Z5

Line

αααα

Impedance zones of digital relays

Distance zones

Inclined with line angle ϕ

Angle α prevents overreach of Z1 on faults with fault

resistance that are fed from both line ends

Fault detection

no fault detection polygon: the largest zone determines

the fault detection characteristic

simple setting of load

encroachment area with

Rmin and ϕLoad

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Zone grading chart, radial feeder

D

A

D

B

D

C

Ι>>

D

Ι>t

∆Ι

ZT

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B

Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + 0.85 (ZB-C+ 0.85 ZC-D) ]

Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C)

Grading according

the recommendation

with the safety margin of 15%.

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end

0.6

0.3

grading time(s)

The same grading from both sides

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Trip Characteristic

1:1

(3Y)

1:1

(3Y)

IX

IY

IX

IY

0 6 12 0 6 12

1 p.u. 1 p.u.

Internal Fault

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Trip Characteristic

Internal Fault

IX

IY

0 6 12

0 6 12

3

ID

= IX

+ IY

IR

= IX

+ IY

ID

= (+1)+ (+1) = 2 IR

= +1 + +1 = 2

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Idiff

Istab

fault line (k=1)

internal fault

external fault oroperation condition

Ideal internal fault

� Idiff = I1

� Istab = I1

� fault is on fault line

External fault

� Idiff = 0

� Istab = |I1|+|I2|+...|In|

security for CT deviations

Trip Characteristic

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Differential Current may cause maloperation in case of CT-saturation

i1

i2

i_diff

T 2T 3T 4T

t

t

t

Differential Current due to CT-Saturation

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Current transformer saturation

Saturation during steady-state current

Saturation during offset current

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Line differential protectionLine differential protection

SIPROTEC 4

� Current Comparison Protection for all

applications for cables and overhead

lines

� Two up to six line ends

� Handles transformers in the protected

zone (integrated vector group matching)

� Direct connection to communication

networks

� Communication via copper and ISDN

networks

� Fault Locator

� Fast tripping (less than 15 ms)

� Automatic reclosure

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


over 3 line ends

7SD52

7SD52

7SD52

SIPROTEC 4 Line differential protection

ConfigurationsConfigurations

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


� direct FO connection up to 100 km

� digital communication network (G703, X21)

� ISDN-connection

� 2 or 3 wire pilot wire (twisted, screened)

Digitalcommunication network

or7S

D5

ISDN

or2/3 wire pilot wire (Cu)

FO

or

7S

D5O

EE

O

EO

EO

OE

OE

No restrictions for communicationNo restrictions for communication

� Communication with …

SIPROTEC 4

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Measuring Preprocessing, Example for CT Matching (Part 1)

IP1 = 500A(load current)

IP2 = 1833A(load current)

1000/5A 2000/5A

UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 30kV

SN = 100MVA

winding 1 winding 2

7UT512

IDiff = ? IStab= ?

IN, Trafo = 525A IN, Trafo = 1924A

IS1 = 2.5A IS2 = 4.58Ameasuredsecondary currents

19/11/2008

© Siemens AG 2006


Method of Vector Group Determination

IL1,S1IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2

330°(n * 30°)

Vector group is

Y d 11

Side 2: Side 1:

1L1

1L2

1L3

2L1

2L2

2L3

power transmission and distribution/ulg 19 nov 08 ... · ©siemens ag 2006 power transmission and...

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