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ESRC NGPA Final Conference 14/15 January 2009 - London
Embracing AutonomySocial movements and the state in
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico
Ana C. Dinerstein Department of Social Sciences,
University of BathESRC NGPA grant holder
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Latin American (new) social movements …
Mid 90s onwards:
– Against neoliberalism
– Defence of environment and natural resources
– Struggle for access to basics (e.g. water, oil, land)
– Struggle for political participation, human, civil and indigenous rights, agaisnt repression
– Against racism, poverty, unemployment, lack of land, housing, social exclusion, corruption.
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‘Autonomy’New mobilising utopia
– Self determination
– Governed by self-established rules, self-management and self-regulating practices particularly vis-à-vis the state.
– Attempts to create alternative economic, cultural, social and/or political practices and relations.
– Collective, a shared project
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The practice of autonomy…
…has opened a theoretical space to re-think NGPA, civil society and the state in novel ways.
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Aim
Forms in which the practice of collectiveautonomy by social movements asserts itself intoday Latin America
Dilemmas and contradictions
Implications for the notion of civil society andNGPA
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Four Social MovementsEmbracing autonomy
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Findings ESRC NGPA
TWO Research projects 2005-2008
– The movement of the unemployed in Argentina (2005-2008)– Social movements and the project of autonomy in Latin America
(Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico) (2008)
Thanks to
– Research Team, University of Buenos Aires and University of La Plata: D. Contartese, M. Deledicque, L. Ghiotto and R. Pascual
– ESRC and the NGPA programme
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Autonomous practices
Question
‘actualization of the classic term ‘civil society’ or mutation in the political body? (see Esteva,1999).
FocusTension between rebellion and institutionalisation
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1. The Federation of Neighbours’ Councils (El Alto, Bolivia)
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Micro governments– Territorial organisations
(200 families each)– Neighbourghood based
micro governanments(Assembleism and massiveparticipation at the threelevels of organisation)
– Active role in • Mobilisation at key
moments (e.g. the ‘War for water’ and the Oil War’)
• everyday life issues. The politics of vital needs’ (Cabezas 2007)
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(I)legal– Recognised by law (No
1551 Participacion Popular, 1994)
– But also semi legal. Dispute the legitimacy of the state
– Supervision and control of use of resources and implementation of publicwork by the local government (Comisión de Vigilancia)
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2. The Movement of Unemployed Workers (Argentina)
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New identity
• Created at the roadblocksduring 1996/7 and onwards• Decentralised/LocalIdentity formation andorganisation:
– From ‘the unemployed’ to Piqueteros
– From Piqueteros to ‘Unemployed Workers’
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‘Genuine Work’Recovering of damage localsocial fabric and relations
Provide solutions toeveryday needs
Search for ‘genuine work’
Management ofemployment programmes
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From Workfare to WorkContest workfare
Use existing features of employment and social programmes intoopportunities to develop their own projects
Creative autonomous ventures Housing cooperatives - Wood recycling - Garment factory -Selection and packing of beans - Metalworking Shop & Training Centre – bakeries – literacy campaigns, school dinners, etc.
Community and solidarity values integrated into new policy ethos•
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3. The Landless Rural WorkersMovement, MST, Brazil
•
Fazenda Giacometi (PR) foto Montse
Foto: Luciney Martins
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Land occupation and settlements
• (ilegal) Land occupation(unused land) between 1979-1984
• National Rural movement(largest in Latin America) created in 1984
• ‘Revolutionary’ movement
• Encampments and Regional Settlements,
• Territorialisation: everyday lifepolicy, democratisation(political project)
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Land reform
• Won land titles for more than 350,000 families in 2,000 settlements
• 180,000 encamped families currently await government recognition
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Beyond land distribution: Community projects
Socializacion, colectivisationof production, democracy
Cooperative farms, constructedhouses, schools for children andadults and clinics, promotedindigenous cultures and a healthyand sustainable environment andgender equality
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4. Zapatistas, Chiapas, Mexico
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EZLN and NAFTA
• EZLN: Insurrectionary group
• emerged in 1994 • against neo-Liberal
globalisation• NO to NAFTA:
indigenous lands (ejidos) were going to be taken back and opened up for large agro-business
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Beyond NAFTA…Enough!
• Symbol for those struggling for dignity and new forms of democracy worldwide.
• Different revolution: no intention to seize state power but politics based on dignity
• Counter power
• New definitions of civil society
• ‘Asking we walk’.. and ‘command while obeying’
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New political bodies• Commonality/community
• Autonomy as radical democracy
• Creation of good government councils: as opposed to bad government
• 30 autonomous municipal governments , 5 Snails (Caracol) and 5 Good government Councils
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Junta del Buen GobiernoJBGs: Each has a special committee
• balance the uneven development among different autonomous communities
• mediate conflicts between autonomous councils and government councils.
• denounce violations to human rights, guarantee bi cultural education and health.
• promote and supervise projects and community programmes, research, etc.
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Diversity…Shared Features?
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All four
Innovative organisational and identity forms
Creative repertoires of collective action, political projectsand values
Everyday politics, self-governance, policy from below
Community/local/ Territorial
‘Ilegal and Semi-(i)llegal’ but legitimate.
Rejection of the state power or contested institutionalisationand relationship with the state.
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Actualisation or mutation?
Do (current forms of ) autonomy contribute to an ‘actualisation of the classic term ‘civil society’
or
do they imply a significant mutation?
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Traditional view
Civil Society
• Public
• Seeks concesions, policy changes from the state
• Complementary to/regulated by the state butdoes not seek state power
• Democratic function (Diamond 1994)
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Autonomy and Critique
• Critique of dominant notions of civil society as asphere established apart from, regulated via orcomplementary to the state
• Challenge to Autonomy framed in the design of the state, i.e. like in decentralisation processes
• Challenge to the power of the state
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Autonomy and Mutation?In different degrees, the four cases show a tendency to…
• experience and conceive civil society as the ‘sphere of autonomously organised society’ which is able toempower itself in ‘rising up’ and activating ‘thepower it already has’ (Esteva, 1999: 159)
• not to dispute the power of the state but reject it
• not counterweight the power of the state but make itsuperfluos
• Civil society to become political!
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Rethinking…
• …separations
– Between political and social– Between political and economic)
• …the state as ‘the’ political form of organisation of society
• …the public sphere
• …policy (from above and from below)
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Forthcoming Publications (2009)
Dinerstein A C et al ‘Embracing Autonomy. Social Movements and the state in Autonomy in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico’. NGPA ESRC Working Paper, LSE
Dinerstein AC ‘The snail and tht good government. A critique ofthe notion of civil society’. Paper to the CINEFOGO and CCSconference, London 26/27 february.
Bohn, S, Dinerstein A.C. and Spicer, A. ‘(Im)possibilities ofAutonomy. Social Movements in and beyond capital, the stateand development’ NGPA ESRC Working Paper, LSE .Submitted to Social Movement Studies
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For further information
E-Mail: [email protected]
Project web page: http://www.bath.ac.uk/soc-pol/research/ngpapiqueteros/