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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Brazilian Portuguese Translation Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Video Transcript Transcrição do vídeo “Tratamento multidisciplinar do carcinoma inflamatório de mama” Professional Oncology Education Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Time: 22:38 Educação profissional em oncologia Tratamento multidisciplinar do carcinoma inflamatório da mama Hora: 22:38 Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D. Associate Professor, Breast Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D. Professor Adjunto, Breast Medical Oncology MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D. Associate Professor Breast Medical Oncology Welcome to this educational activity bringing you the latest information on the treatment of inflammatory breast cancer. Bem-vindos a esta atividade educacional que traz as últimas novidades sobre o tratamento do carcinoma inflamatório de mama.

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Page 1: PPt Cristofanilli - MD Anderson Cancer Center · Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Video Transcript ... Center Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D. Professor Adjunto,

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Brazilian Portuguese Translation

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Video Transcript

Transcrição do vídeo “Tratamento multidisciplinar do carcinoma inflamatório de mama”

Professional Oncology Education Multidisciplinary Treatment of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Time: 22:38

Educação profissional em oncologia Tratamento multidisciplinar do carcinoma inflamatório da mama Hora: 22:38

Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D. Associate Professor, Breast Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Dr. Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D. Professor Adjunto, Breast Medical Oncology MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Massimo Cristofanilli, M.D.Associate Professor

Breast Medical Oncology

Welcome to this educational activity bringing you the latest information on the treatment of inflammatory breast cancer.

Bem-vindos a esta atividade educacional que traz as últimas novidades sobre o tratamento do carcinoma inflamatório de mama.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Update on the Multidisciplinary Treatment

Today, we will focus on the update in the multidisciplinary treatment of this disease.

Hoje nos concentraremos na atualização do tratamento multidisciplinar do carcinoma inflamatório de mama.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

The Multidisciplinary Management of IBCThe Multidisciplinary Management of IBCThe Multidisciplinary Management of IBCThe Multidisciplinary Management of IBC

• Induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by

mastectomy and chest wall irradiation represents

the standard of care for IBC

• Pathological response to IC represents the most

important prognostic factor

• Anthracyclines and taxane-based regimens are

traditionally used as IC in IBC

Fleming RY et al. Ann Surg Oncol 1997 4(6):452

Inflammatory breast cancer is a locally advanced inoperable disease at the time of presentation. It presents, actually, in 30 percent of the cases, with metastatic disease already. So it is important that a multidisciplinary approach be part of the treatment of this disease, particularly induction chemotherapy, or systemic therapy, followed by mastectomy, in the case where the disease is responding properly, and chest wall irradiation. This represents the standard of care for inflammatory breast cancer. The pathological response to the induction chemotherapy is definitely the most important prognostic factor identified so far. Unfortunately, only 10 to 15 percent of these patients achieved a complete pathological response. Anthracycline and taxane-based regimens had been in the past, traditionally used to treat inflammatory breast cancer in patients, and had been shown to be the most effective of these treatments.

O carcinoma inflamatório de mama é uma doença inoperável localmente avançada no momento da apresentação. Na verdade, em 30% dos casos já se apresenta como doença metastática. Então, é importante que uma abordagem multidisciplinar faça parte do tratamento desta doença, especialmente, a quimioterapia de indução ou a terapia sistêmica procedida por mastectomia, quando a doença responda adequadamente, e a irradiação da parede torácica. Isto representa o tratamento padrão para o carcinoma inflamatório de mama. A resposta patológica à quimioterapia de indução é, sem dúvida, o fator prognóstico mais importante identificado até agora. Infelizmente, só uma faixa de 10% a 15% destas pacientes alcançou uma resposta patológica completa. Os esquemas terapêuticos com antraciclina e taxanos têm sido utilizados para tratar pacientes com carcinoma inflamatório de mama e provaram ser os mais eficazes destes tratamentos.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer The MDA Experience with Anthracyclines-based Regimens (1974-92)

Cristofanilli M et al. Cancer 2001 92(7):1775

The MD Anderson Cancer Center has a large experience in treating inflammatory breast cancer over the last 30 years. And periodically, we had inflammatory breast cancer-dedicated protocols where the several different regimens were tested. Initially, they were mostly based on anthracycline regimens, three drugs together. And the various modalities were combined using sequence. Approximately 178 patients were treated with inflammatory breast cancer protocols dedicated between 1974 and 1992. The first protocol actually was extremely interesting but they did not include surgery only radiation therapy after completion of induction chemotherapy. So we used only clinical response and overall survival and progression-free survival to compare with the others. All the others included mastectomy after completion of induction chemotherapy. While this concept seems to be easy and established at this point, at that time, it was quite revolutionary.

O MD Anderson Cancer Center possui ampla experiência acumulada ao longo dos últimos 30 anos no tratamento do carcinoma inflamatório de mama. E, periodicamente, temos tido protocolos exclusivamente dedicados ao carcinoma inflamatório de mama em que foram testados diversos esquemas terapêuticos. No início, eles se baseavam principalmente em esquemas com antraciclina, três fármacos juntos. E as várias modalidades foram combinadas sequencialmente. Aproximadamente 178 pacientes foram tratadas segundo os protocolos para o carcinoma inflamatório de mama dedicados entre 1974 e 1992. Na realidade, o primeiro protocolo foi extremamente interessante, mas não incluíram cirurgia, somente radioterapia após o término da quimioterapia de indução. Então, utilizámos somente a resposta clínica e a sobrevida global e a sobrevida sem progressão para compará-las com outras. Todas as outras incluíram a mastectomia após o término da quimioterapia de indução. Embora neste momento esta noção pareça ser fácil e estabelecida, naquela época foi bastante revolucionária.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Efficacy of DoxorubicinEfficacy of DoxorubicinEfficacy of DoxorubicinEfficacy of Doxorubicin----based Regimens in IBCbased Regimens in IBCbased Regimens in IBCbased Regimens in IBC

Cristofanilli M et al. Cancer 2001 92(7):1775

When the different kinds of protocols were compared in the various combinations, for example, one of the important aspects of this evaluation was that pathological CR and clinical CR did not agree many times; suggesting that the clinical evaluation, even done [by a] multidisciplinary experienced team, was not always mirroring what the reality of the disease was. In particular, the presence of non-palpable mass makes [it] quite difficult to assess the response in the disease. The clinical CR was present in approximately 12 percent of the cases. While the pathological CR was around that, but did not match many times what the clinical assessment was. So this was part of the finding important, that brought us to use more and more imaging in assessing and following these patients who used induction chemotherapy.

Quando foram comparadas diferentes combinações dos vários tipos de protocolos, por exemplo, um dos aspectos importantes desta avaliação foi que, muitas vezes, não houve concordância entre a resposta patológica completa e a resposta clínica completa, sugerindo que a avaliação clínica, mesmo sendo realizada [por uma] equipe multidisciplinar experiente, nem sempre refletia a realidade da doença. Especialmente, a presença de massas não-palpáveis dificulta a avaliação da resposta na doença. A resposta clínica completa estava presente em aproximadamente 12% dos casos. E embora a resposta patológica completa fosse em torno disso, na maioria das vezes, não concordou com a avaliação clínica. Então, isto foi parte do achado [que foi] importante [porque] nos levou a utilizar cada vez mais a imagiologia para avaliar e dar acompanhamento a estas pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia de indução.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Paclitaxel in IBC Benefit in ERPaclitaxel in IBC Benefit in ERPaclitaxel in IBC Benefit in ERPaclitaxel in IBC Benefit in ER----neg Diseaseneg Diseaseneg Diseaseneg Disease

Cristofanilli M et al. Clin Breast Cancer 2004 4(6):415

When the anthracyclines were the backbone of this disease, we were obviously achieving a limit of--in the terms of pathological CR prognosis. Subsequently, the taxanes were introduced, particularly Paclitaxel. And [it] appeared that particularly for the patients that were triple negative or had negative disease, this resulted in a benefit, at least in the short term, in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival; suggesting this also should have been an important component of the induction chemotherapy of these patients.

Quando as antraciclinas constituíram a espinha dorsal desta doença, obviamente, atingíamos o limite de – em termos de prognóstico da resposta patológica completa. Subsequentemente, os taxanos foram introduzidos, especialmente o Paclitaxel. E pareceu que especialmente para estas pacientes com [câncer] triplo negativo ou negativo para esta doença, isto resultou em benefício, pelo menos a curto prazo, em termos de sobrevida sem progressão e sobrevida global, sugerindo que isto também poderia ter sido um componente importante da quimioterapia de indução nestas pacientes.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

IBC OS by Decade of DiagnosisIBC OS by Decade of DiagnosisIBC OS by Decade of DiagnosisIBC OS by Decade of Diagnosis

Gonzalez-Angulo AM et al. Oncologist 2007 12(8):904

Over time, we have also been able to compare what has been the impact of our treatments on patients over the various different decades. What was noticed [was] that obviously these patients benefited by the introduction of systemic chemotherapy compared to the local therapy. And this is what happened between the '80's--'70's and the '80's. Subsequently a different type of chemotherapy regimen, that I already showed you, that didn't seem to be having a long-term effect or benefit for these patients; suggesting probably, that there is part of this treatment that is not appropriate with these patients. Or most likely, they need additional therapy that doesn't necessarily affect [only] the proliferation of the tumor but also the metastatic process of this tumor. In that sense, other therapies are being looked at.

Com o decorrer do tempo, também pudemos comparar qual foi o impacto de nossos tratamentos nas pacientes ao longo das décadas. O que foi observado [foi] que, obviamente, estas pacientes se beneficiaram com a introdução da quimioterapia sistêmica em relação à terapia local. E isso foi o que aconteceu entre as décadas de 1980 e 1970 e na década de 1980. Subsequentemente, surgiu um tipo diferente de esquema quimioterápico, que eu já lhes mostrei, que não parecia estar tendo um efeito de longo prazo ou benefício para estas pacientes, sugerindo, provavelmente, que há uma parte deste tratamento que não é adequada para estas pacientes. Ou, mais provavelmente, elas precisam de uma terapia suplementar que não necessariamente afete [somente] a proliferação do tumor, mas também o processo metastático deste tumor. Nesse sentido, outras terapias estão sendo pesquisadas.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

XRT and Locoregional ControlXRT and Locoregional ControlXRT and Locoregional ControlXRT and Locoregional Control

Local-Regional Control

Response to Neoadjuvant ChemotherapyLocal-Regional Control

No Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Bristol IJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Bio Phys 72(2):474

The importance of local-regional therapy has also come out of doing this experience, in particular, the role of intensified radiation therapy, twice a day, hyperfractionated, 66 Gray. And MD Anderson championed this particular treatment. And you can see that the local-regional control is quite good and [it] is particularly important for patients to achieve a response to neo-adjuvant therapy. But also not response to neo-adjuvant therapy is supposed to achieve some local control that is significant, even though the systemic disease actually doesn't follow the same pattern. So this is actually important now, in perspective, because there are patients that do not respond to induction chemotherapy in which we can maximize the local control - maybe in [a] future combination therapy with chemotherapy, other agents of radiation, and the possibility of bringing to surgery even in cases that don't respond to

A importância da terapia regional e local também fez parte desta experiência, especialmente, o papel da radioterapia intensificada, duas vezes por dia, hiperfracionada, 66 Gray. E o MD Anderson defendeu especialmente este tratamento. E vocês podem ver que o controle local e regional é bastante bom e é especialmente importante para as pacientes alcançarem uma resposta à terapia neoadjuvante. Mas, a ausência de resposta à terapia neoadjuvante também deve alcançar algum controle local significativo, embora a doença sistêmica não siga o mesmo padrão. Então, na verdade, isto é importante agora, em perspectiva, porque há pacientes que não respondem à quimioterapia de indução na qual podemos maximizar o controle local – talvez com [uma] futura terapia de combinação com quimioterapia, outros agentes de radiação e a possibilidade de trazer à

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standard chemotherapy. cirurgia até os casos que não respondem à quimioterapia padrão.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Panades M et al. J Clin Oncol 2005 23(9):1941

The experience in the past 20 years has been also reviewed in the community base. The British Columbia experience has seen that going from an approach where the different specialists did not work together to a multidisciplinary approach, per se, has improved the overall local-regional control of the disease.

A experiência nos últimos 20 anos também tem sido analisada na comunidade. No caso da Colúmbia Britânica, eles observaram que passar de uma abordagem em que os diversos especialistas não trabalhavam juntos para outra, multidisciplinar, per se, melhorou o controle local e regional global da doença.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Panades M et al. J Clin Oncol 2005 23(9):1941

And this is because of the use of better chemotherapy, the CEF, ATPT and the Quartet is one of the regimens used in this particular community. It appeared to be affecting the local-regional control, as well as systemic therapy control; suggesting that chemotherapy is also important for local control.

E isto se deve ao uso de uma melhor quimioterapia, o CEF, ATPT e o Quartet são uns dos esquemas utilizados nesta comunidade e parecia estar afetando o controle local e regional, bem como o controle da terapia sistêmica, sugerindo que a quimioterapia também é importante para o controle local.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Panades M et al. J Clin Oncol 2005 23(9):1941

One of the most important questions that was addressed also for the study, [is] the use of mastectomy or surgery, primary surgery, in the context of this multidisciplinary approach. You see that mastectomy, before or after local-regional--systemic therapy and radiation therapy, is much better, more important for local-regional control as expected, compared to no mastectomy at all. This may have also some effect on systemic disease. Once again, highlighting the fact that several interventions in a multidisciplinary approach is extremely important to better control, local and distant.

Uma das perguntas mais importantes que também foi formulada pelo estudo é o uso de mastectomia ou cirurgia, cirurgia primária, no contexto desta abordagem multidisciplinar. Vocês veem que a mastectomia, antes ou depois da terapia sistêmica local e regional e da radioterapia, é muito melhor, mais importante para o controle local e regional do que o esperado, do que não fazer mastectomia. Isto também pode ter certo efeito na doença sistêmica. Novamente, salientando o fato de que diversas intervenções em uma abordagem multidisciplinar é extremamente importante para um melhor controle local e distante.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Molecular Targets

Adapted from Yamauchi H et al. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009 6(7):387

The increased biological understanding of this disease has brought us the possibility of using several targeted agents particularly in the EGFR/Her2 pathway, but also angiogenesis has been a focus of research in the last few years.

O maior conhecimento biológico desta doença nos permitiu a possibilidade de utilizar vários agentes dirigidos, especialmente na via do EGFR/Her2, mas, a angiogênese também tem sido objeto de pesquisa nos últimos anos.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Current Therapeutic Approaches for Current Therapeutic Approaches for Current Therapeutic Approaches for Current Therapeutic Approaches for Inflammatory Breast CancerInflammatory Breast CancerInflammatory Breast CancerInflammatory Breast Cancer

• Targeted therapies in IBC

- Growth factor receptors – EGFR, Her-2

- Antiangiogenesis

- Identification and validation of novel

therapeutic agents

So the current therapeutic approach for inflammatory breast cancer takes into account this knowledge, in particular, the targeted therapy in IBC for growth factor receptor over- expression, amplification for EGFR, Her2, and angiogenesis. At the same time there is a possibility now to identify with several models and validate novel therapeutic targets. And this is an ongoing process and I will speak briefly about that.

Então, a abordagem terapêutica atual para o carcinoma inflamatório de mama leva em conta este conhecimento, em especial, a terapia dirigida no CIM no que respeita à sobre-expressão dos receptores do fator de crescimento, à amplificação do EGFR, Her2 e à angiogênese. Ao mesmo tempo, agora existe a possibilidade de identificar, com vários modelos, e validar novos alvos terapêuticos. E este é um processo contínuo e falarei rapidamente sobre isso.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Prognosis and HER-2 Status

Dawood S et al. Cancer 2008 112(9):1905

First of all, the prognosis and the expression of Her2 and EGFR. The Her2 status has been seen in retrospective as a prognostic factor that has been investigated. These are patients that were never

exposed to Herceptin during the treatment, the initial treatment, derived from the protocols and clinical side I already mentioned. So patients with Her2-positive disease did not have [a] necessarily worse prognosis. But they had [an] improved prognosis the moment they had the recurrence, because in the metastatic setting, they started to be exposed to the combination of chemotherapy and Trastuzumab. And that, as we know, also for non-inflammatory breast cancer, has [a] major impact on the prognosis.

Em primeiro lugar, o prognóstico e a expressão do Her2 e do EGFR. O status do Her2 tem sido considerado, em retrospecto, como um fator prognóstico que tem de ser pesquisado. Estas são pacientes que nunca foram expostas a Herceptina durante o tratamento, o tratamento inicial, derivado dos protocolos e no slide da clínica que já mencionei. Então, as pacientes com doença positiva para o Her2 não tiveram necessariamente [um] pior prognóstico. Mas, elas tiveram [um] melhor prognóstico no momento em que tiveram a recorrência porque no ambiente metastático, elas começaram a ficar expostas à combinação de quimioterapia e Trastuzumabe.E isso, como sabemos, também para o carcinoma não-inflamatório de mama, surte [um] importante impacto no prognóstico.

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Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer NOAH: The Largest Neoadjuvant Trial in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Baselga J et al. ESMO Meeting 2008

So the logical consequence was to use a

Herceptin-based regimen in the neoadjuvant setting. The NOAH trial is a European trial that represents the largest neo-adjuvant trial performed in Her2/neu- positive locally advanced breast cancer including inflammatory breast cancer. Different chemotherapy regimens than we use, but similar type of drugs, particularly the ATT and the CMF, were used in this particular study, where patients with Her2-positive disease, locally advanced breast cancer, where exposed to chemotherapy plus or

minus Herceptin.

Então, a consequência lógica foi utilizar um esquema com base em Herceptina

no contexto

neoadjuvante. O NOAH é um estudo europeu que representa o maior estudo [com terapia] neoadjuvante realizado em câncer de mama localmente avançado, positivo para Her2/neu, que inclui o carcinoma inflamatório de mama. Os esquemas quimioterápicos utilizados foram diferentes daqueles que nós utilizámos, mas com tipos similares de fármacos, especialmente, o ATT e o CMF foram utilizados especificamente neste estudo em que as pacientes apresentavam câncer de mama localmente avançado, positivo para Her2, e [que] foram expostas à quimioterapia com ou sem Herceptina.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Patient CharacteristicsPatient CharacteristicsPatient CharacteristicsPatient Characteristics

HER2-negative IBC, %

Total pop. IBC pop.

(n=99) (n=14)

ER, oestrogen receptor; PgR, progesterone receptor

Characteristic

43

57

50

50

64

36

29

50

21

100

0

Age group

<50 years

>50 years

Menopausal status

Pre

Post

Hormonal receptors

ER+ and/or PgR+

Both negative

Axillary nodes

N0

N1

N2

Ipsilateral supraclavicular nodes

No

Yes

HER2-positive IBC, %

-H

Total pop. IBC pop.

(n=113) (n=31)

+H

Total pop. IBC pop.

(n=115) (n=31)

42

58

50

50

35

65

16

47

37

96

4

32

68

55

45

16

84

19

55

26

90

10

46

54

52

48

35

65

13

44

43

94

6

55

45

42

58

23

77

26

52

23

100

0

51

49

55

45

64

36

17

38

44

96

4

Baselga J et al. ESMO Meeting 2008

There was a large population of the inflammatory breast cancer, and these particular tumors were mostly the ER/PR-negative as you can see from this particular slide, and were somewhat aggressive features of extensive intranodal disease.

A população com carcinoma inflamatório de mama era grande e a maioria dos tumores eram negativos para RE/RP, como vocês podem ver neste slide, e tinham características bastante agressivas de doença infranodal extensa.

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Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Significant Improvement of pCR in IBC by Adding Trastuzumab

Baselga J et al. ESMO Meeting 2008

There was a significant improvement in pCR. The pCR was defined as eradication of invasive breast cancer in the breast. When there was a total pCR evaluated, eradication of invasive cancer in the breast and the lymph node. Also there was a statistically significant difference, suggesting that

the addition of Herceptin contributes to improved local [and] systemic control of this disease. There are no long-term follow-up studies at this point in order to be able to evaluate what the prognosis of this patient would be, but [it] is expected that similar impact will be seen in systemic disease.

Houve uma diferença significativa na resposta patológica completa (pCR). A pCR foi definida como a erradicação do câncer invasivo da mama quando havia uma total avaliação da pCR [e a] erradicação do câncer invasivo da mama e do linfonodo. Além disso, houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, sugerindo que a adição de Herceptina contribui para o melhor controle local [e] sistêmico desta doença. Até o momento, não há estudos de acompanhamento de longo prazo para poder avaliar o possível prognóstico desta paciente, mas, espera-se ver um impacto semelhante na doença sistêmica.

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Multidisciplinary Treatment of

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Inflammatory Breast Cancer Trastuzumab in Primary Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): Pathological Response Rates and Outcome

• 16 newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients

• Pre-operative Trastuzumab and chemotherapy

(FEC-Paclitaxel, TCH) were administered for 20

weeks

• Ten patients (62.5%, 95% CI 35.4% - 84.8%), of

whom two had stage IV disease at presentation,

achieved a pCR

Dawood S et al. Breast J 2010 July 6

But after this presentation we wanted to understand if long-term follow-up, actually was associated with a particular different type of recurrent disease in these particular patients. We reviewed our retrospectively treated patients, specifically, 16 newly diagnosed treatment-naive patients with inflammatory breast cancer. They were also metastatic in a few cases. They were treated with various combinations of regimens, particularly to FEC-Paclitaxel, TCH and Trastuzumab, administrated prior to surgery. We had a high pathological CR in these patients, 62.5 percent. Two of them had stage 4. But because of the excellent response at presentation they achieved a pCR and they went to surgery because the surgeon was convinced that it would have an impact on their survival.

Mas, depois desta apresentação, é nossa intenção entender se, na realidade, o acompanhamento de longo prazo estava associado a um tipo específico da doença recorrente nestas pacientes. Examinámos as pacientes tratadas, especificamente, 16 pacientes recém-diagnosticadas, virgens de tratamento, acometidas de carcinoma inflamatório de mama. Em alguns casos elas também apresentavam metástase. Foram tratadas com vários esquemas de combinação, especialmente com FEC-Paclitaxel, TCH e Trastuzumabe, administrados antes da cirurgia. Vimos uma elevada resposta patológica completa nestas pacientes, 62,5%. Duas delas estavam em estádio 4, mas, por causa da excelente resposta na apresentação, elas alcançaram a pCR e foram operadas porque o cirurgião se convenceu do impacto da operação na sobrevida.

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• Median follow-up was

24.2 months (range 6.4 –

61.6 months)

• Four (25%) patients

have experienced a

progression, of which

three were in the brain

• Two-year PFS was 59.4%

(95% CI 35% - 100%)

Dawood S et al. Breast J 2010 July 6

Trastuzumab in Primary Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): Pathological Response Rates and Outcome

There was a major follow-up that was longer. The original study was presented in the NOAH trial, 24.2 months. And interestingly enough, there was already evidence of progression with these patients. Three of them were in the brain. So, now it appears to be that this patient population has a quite different path of recurrence, where the chest wall recurrence status that is typical for inflammatory breast cancer does not appear [to be] the major driver of recurrence in these particular patients, but the disease appeared to be in the brain. So this would probably indicate that we have to develop other additional strategies, not only to monitor these patients, but also to address the possibility of crossing the brain barrier and fight a disease that is otherwise untreatable for these patients.

Houve um acompanhamento importante, mais prolongado. O estudo original foi apresentado no estudo NOAH, 24,2 meses. O interessante é que já havia evidência de progressão nestas pacientes. Três delas, no cérebro. Então, agora parece que esta população de pacientes apresenta uma via bastante diferente de recorrência, em que o status de recorrência na parede torácica, que é comum no carcinoma inflamatório de mama, não parece [ser] o principal fator de recorrência nestas pacientes, mas a doença parece alojar-se no cérebro. Então, isto poderia indicar que temos que desenvolver outras estratégias, não somente para monitorar estas pacientes, mas também para abordar a possibilidade de atravessar a barreira [hemato-]encefálica e lutar contra uma doença que não seria tratável nestas pacientes.

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1+2

Downstream signaling cascade

• Binds to intracellular ATP binding site

of EGFR (ErbB-1) and HER2 (ErbB-

2) preventing phosphorylation and

activation

• Blocks downstream signaling through

homodimers and heterodimers of

EGFR (ErbB-1) and HER2 (ErbB-2)

• Dual blockade of signaling

1+1 2+2

Lapatinib Mechanism of ActionLapatinib Mechanism of ActionLapatinib Mechanism of ActionLapatinib Mechanism of Action

Geyer CE, ASCO 2006

Konecny GE et al. Cancer Res 2006 66(3):1630

Rusnak DW et al. Mol Cancer Ther 2001 1(2):85

Xia W et al. Oncogene 2002 21(41):6255

So, one of such drugs that is able to cross the brain barrier is actually the Lapatinib. There are some advantages in using Lapatinib in inflammatory breast cancer. First of all [is] the possibility to affect the EGFR and Her2 and the phosphorylation site, and so affecting the cascaded events related to the activation of this signal, and also the possibility of crossing the brain barrier and eventually prevent or treat brain metastasis for these patients.

Um desses fármacos que pode atravessar a barreira hemato-encefálica é o Lapatinibe. Existem algumas vantagens em utilizar o Lapatinibe no carcinoma inflamatório de mama. Em primeiro lugar, [há] a possibilidade de afetar o EGFR e o Her2 e o local de fosforilação, afetando, portanto, a cascata de eventos relacionados à ativação deste sinal e, também, a possibilidade de atravessar a barreira hemato-encefálica e, finalmente, prevenir ou tratar a metástase cerebral destas pacientes.

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Johnston S et al. J Clin Oncol 2008 26(7):1066

Lapatinib has been found to be active in inflammatory breast cancer even in the Phase 1 Trial and, subsequently, a large Phase 2 Trial was performed. This study was looking at the two populations, two different strata. One was Cohort A where the patient had Her2/neu amplification without EGFR over- expression, and the [other], Cohort B where EGFR over-expression was present, Her2/neu was not amplified or over-expressed. The study had also the intention to differentiate if the mechanism of action, important for driving the response, particularly in inflammatory, was EGFR or Her2. And what was found out is actually the Her2 over-expression or amplification is driving the response. The patients that had a significant benefit where only the ones that had Her2-positive disease. And in fact, you can see in this particular slide, that this patient with chest wall recurrence had an almost complete disappearance of the chest wall disease in [a] matter of [a] few weeks.

O Lapatinibe mostrou ser ativo no carcinoma inflamatório de mama no estudo de fase I e, subsequentemente, foi realizado um grande estudo de fase II. Neste estudo foram pesquisadas duas populações, dois estratos diferentes. Um foi a Coorte A, em que a paciente tinha uma amplificação no Her2/neu sem sobre-expressão do EGFR; e o [outro], a Coorte B, em que a sobre-expressão do EGFR estava presente, mas sem amplificação nem sobre-expressão do Her2/neu. O estudo também mostrou a intenção de diferenciar se o mecanismo de ação, importante para estimular a resposta, especialmente a inflamatória, [estava associado] ao EGFR ou ao Her2. E o que se descobriu foi que, na realidade, a sobre-expressão ou a amplificação do Her2 é o que estimula a resposta. As pacientes que tiveram um benefício significativo foram somente aquelas com doença positiva para o Her2. De fato, vocês podem ver neste slide que esta paciente com recorrência na parede torácica, a doença nesta região desapareceu quase completamente em poucas semanas.

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Lapatinib in Metastatic IBCLapatinib in Metastatic IBCLapatinib in Metastatic IBCLapatinib in Metastatic IBC

Kaufman B et al. Lancet Oncol 2009 10(6):581

The study was also extended and a larger number of patients were included. This type was only in the Her2 population. It was clear that the response was really significant with these patients. These were patients that were treated heavily, previously with [a]

combination of chemotherapy and Herceptin, up to six combinations previously, and they had a significant benefit as a single agent to Lapatinib. So, representing important factors and important information, this is the only single agent therapy that has been found to be effective in inflammatory breast cancer, only in the Her2/neu population. And this will be a significant advancement in the management of these patients.

O estudo foi ampliado e mais pacientes foram incluídas. Este tipo somente ocorreu na população Her2. Era evidente que a resposta foi verdadeiramente significativa nessas pacientes. Estas eram pacientes que receberam tratamento intensivo, previamente com [uma] combinação de quimioterapia e Herceptina, até seis combinações anteriores, e tiveram um benefício significativo com o Lapatinibe como único agente. Então, representando fatores importantes e informações importantes, esta é a única terapia de um único agente comprovadamente eficaz no carcinoma inflamatório de mama somente na população Her2/neu. E isto será um avanço significativo no tratamento destas pacientes.

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VEGF PathwayVEGF PathwayVEGF PathwayVEGF Pathway

Adapted from Podar K, Anderson KC. Blood 2005 105(4):1383

To be able to affect-- the angiogenesis is also an important factor. As mentioned, there are different receptors involved in controlling the different areas of angiogenesis process - VEGFR-1, 2 and 3. In particular, the 3 is important for lymphangiogenesis.

Poder afetar a angiogênese também é um fator importante. Como mencionei, há diferentes receptores que participam no controle de diferentes áreas do processo de angiogênese - VEGFR-1, 2 e 3. Especialmente, o 3 é importante para a linfangiogênese.

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Targeting the VEGF PathwayTargeting the VEGF PathwayTargeting the VEGF PathwayTargeting the VEGF Pathway

Adapted from Podar K, Anderson KC. Blood 2005 105(4):1383

There are several agents that may target different components, or a combination of components, of this pathway, And further important, as mentioned, the VEGFR-2 and 3 are important for lymphangiogenesis. And Bevacizumab typically targets the VEGF, circulating, and not the intracellular component. So Bevacizumab is the only agent that had been approved for the angiogenesis treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer, not necessarily inflammatory.

Há vários agentes que podem atingir diferentes componentes, ou uma combinação de componentes, desta via. E mais importante ainda, como mencionei, o VEGFR-2 e 3 são importantes para a linfangiogênese. E o Bevacizumabe é dirigido ao VEGF circulante, não ao componente intracelular. O Bevacizumabe é o único agente aprovado para o tratamento de angiogênese de pacientes com câncer de mama metastático, não necessariamente o inflamatório.

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Bevacizumab in IBCBevacizumab in IBCBevacizumab in IBCBevacizumab in IBC

Thukral A et al. Radiology 2007 244(3):727

So, Bevacizumab, being the only agent to be extensively investigated, was also investigated in inflammatory breast cancer. This was a neoadjuvant trial that was performed at the NCI where patients received one cycle of Bevacizumab followed by combination of chemotherapy and Bevacizumab. Bevacizumab had an effect on the angiogenic factors, as evaluated by biomarkers by MRI, but, unfortunately, the combination did not translate [to] an improved pathological CR that we consider as the hallmark for improving the prognosis of these patients; suggesting that some of the aspects of these treatments, particularly the sequence, the combination, and the particular type of angiogenic agent has to be revisited, particularly for the future.

Então, o Bevacizumabe, sendo o único agente extensamente pesquisado, foi também pesquisado no carcinoma inflamatório de mama. Este foi o estudo neoadjuvante realizado no NCI em que pacientes receberam um ciclo de Bevacizumabe seguido por uma combinação de quimioterapia e Bevacizumab. O Bevacizumabe teve um efeito nos fatores angiogênicos, conforme avaliado por biomarcadores por ressonância magnética, mas, infelizmente, a combinação não resultou em uma melhor resposta patológica completa que consideramos como um distintivo para melhorar o prognóstico destas pacientes, sugerindo que alguns aspectos destes tratamentos, especialmente a sequência, a combinação e o tipo específico do agente angiogênico têm de ser revistos para o futuro.

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• Population

– Her2+ patients with IBC who have failed prior

chemotherapy and Trastuzumab

• Stratification Factors:

– Prior Trastuzumab (prior therapy versus none)

– Location of recurrence

• 1o Endpoint: PFS

• 2o Endpoint: OS, ORR, duration of response, safety/tolerability

Randomized, Placebo Controlled Randomized, Placebo Controlled Randomized, Placebo Controlled Randomized, Placebo Controlled

Paz (400mg) + Lapatinib (1000mg)

Lapatinib (1500 mg)

Her2+Screen

n=160

n=160

OSPFS

Pazopanib 800 mgn=30

So, one of these agents, Pazopanib, is currently being developed in a Phase 3 randomized placebo controlled study where patients with Her2/neu-positive disease with IBC that have failed our previous treatment, and have been exposed to Trastuzumab, have been treated in three different arms. The third arm with Pazopanib is more a short control trial. The real comparison, and the power of the study, is for comparison between Pazopanib + Lapatinib and Lapatinib. This is an appropriate comparison because, as shown before, Lapatinib as a single agent, has a significant activity in patients already treated with Her2/neu-positive inflammatory breast cancer. Pazopanib is one of these targeting tyrosine kinase anti-angiogenesis. This combination is extremely promising from [the] Phase 1 Trial and we expect to continue to complete the studies in the next 18 months to determine what is the improvement in progression-free survival and overall survival for these patients.

Então, um destes agentes, o Pazopanibe, está sendo desenvolvido no momento num estudo randomizado, controlado com placebo, de fase III em que as pacientes acometidas de CIM positivo para Her2/neu que não responderam ao tratamento anterior e que foram expostas ao Trastuzumabe foram tratadas em três diferentes grupos de tratamento (arms). O terceiro grupo de tratamento com Pazopanibe é um estudo controle de menor duração. A verdadeira comparação e a força do estudo é a comparação entre o Pazopanibe + Lapatinibe e o Lapatinibe. Esta é uma comparação adequada porque, conforme foi mostrado anteriormente, o Lapatinibe como agente único tem uma atividade significativa em pacientes que já foram tratadas para o carcinoma inflamatório de mama positivo para Her2/neu. O Pazopanibe é um desses [fármacos] dirigidos à antiangiogênese [que atua inibindo os receptores da] tirosina quinase. Esta combinação do estudo de fase I é extremamente promissora e esperamos continuar para completar os estudos nos próximos 18 meses e determinar a melhora na sobrevida sem progressão e na sobrevida global destas pacientes.

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Cohort B

ErbB1+/ErbB2-

Cohort A

ErbB2+

Lapatinib (1500 mg/d) plus

Paclitaxel (80 mg/m2/weekly): 12 wks

Day 14 Tumor Biopsy

Pre-Treatment Tumor Biopsy

Lapatinib (1500 mg/d): 14 days

Surgery at Completion of 14 wks.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy,

Hormonal Therapy

EGF102580: Study DesignEGF102580: Study DesignEGF102580: Study DesignEGF102580: Study Design

Cristofanilli M et al. SABC 2006

Lapatinib is also being investigated in the neoadjuvant setting in a small study. Where once again, we wanted to evaluate the possibility that some of the components of the action of this drug will be also present and active in EGFR-positive or Erb-B1-positive, in spite of the lack of Erb2- positive disease. These patients received 14 days of Lapatinib, 15 milligram a day for 14 days, as mentioned, with biopsies before and after. And subsequently, the combination with Paclitaxel at that time, the only combination for which Phase 1 data were available. The patient could have continued up to 24 weeks or go to surgery if the investigator found it appropriate to proceed with surgery.

O Lapatinibe também está sendo pesquisado no contexto neoadjuvante em um estudo pequeno. Novamente, nesse estudo queriamos avaliar a possibilidade de que alguns dos componentes da ação deste fármaco também estivessem presentes e ativos no câncer positivo para EGFR ou Erb-B1, apesar de não haver doença positiva para o Erb2. Estas pacientes receberam 15 miligramas de Lapatinibe por dia por 14 dias, tendo sido submetidas a biópsias antes e depois [da administração]. E, subsequentemente, a combinação com Paclitaxel, a única combinação para a qual os dados da fase I estavam disponíveis naquele momento. A paciente poderia ter continuado até 24 semanas ou ser operada caso o pesquisador considerasse que a cirurgia era pertinente.

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• Defined as no evidence of residual invasive tumor,

including no residual tumor in the axillary lymph nodes

Objective Response RatesObjective Response RatesObjective Response RatesObjective Response Rates

Cohort A (HER2+)

N=30

Cohort B (HER2-)

N=5

Clinical Skin/Chest Wall Responses

Complete Response (CR) 3 (10%) 0

Partial Response (PR) 20 (67%) 4 (80%)

Stable Disease (SD) 3 (10%) 0

Progressive Disease (PD) 0 1 (20%)

Unknown 4 (13%) 0

Response Rate (CR or PR) 77% 80%

Clinical response to lapatinib

monotherapy (d14)10 (30%) 0

Pathological Complete Responses*

Pathological CR* 3/18 (17%) 0/3

Day 0

Day 14

Presurgery

Cristofanilli M et al. SABC 2006

There was a very careful evaluation of clinical response. The response rate appeared to be similar in the two groups even though, obviously, once again, this proved that the Her2/neu-positive diseases are the ones that derived most of the benefit from this particular agent. Even--it was interesting to see that even after two weeks of treatment as a monotherapy, these patients have developed a response to the treatment. In particular, the majority of the patients that developed a response early on [and] got more benefit from the combination with chemotherapy in the pathological CR. And the patients that actually have completed this limited type of chemotherapy treatment were able to proceed with surgery similar to other chemotherapy regimens given for a much longer time.

Foi realizada uma avaliação muito cuidadosa da resposta clínica. A taxa de resposta pareceu ser similar nos dois grupos, embora, evidentemente, isto provou mais uma vez que as doenças positivas para o Her2/neu são aquelas que mais se beneficiaram deste agente. Mesmo – foi interessante ver que mesmo após duas semanas de tratamento como monoterapia, estas pacientes tinham desenvolvido uma resposta ao tratamento. Especialmente, a maioria das pacientes que tinha desenvolvido uma resposta cedo [e] se beneficiou mais da combinação com quimioterapia na resposta patológica completa. E as pacientes que realmente completaram este tipo limitado de quimioterapia puderam continuar e ser submetidas à cirurgia, à semelhança de outros esquemas quimioterápicos administrados por um período muito mais prolongado.

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Neoadjuvant TrialNeoadjuvant TrialNeoadjuvant TrialNeoadjuvant Trial

• A Phase II Study of neoadjuvant Lapatinib plus

chemotherapy (sequential FEC75 and Paclitaxel)

in women with inflammatory breast cancer whose

tumors overexpress ErbB2 (her2/neu)

So, based on these particular results, a Phase 2 study was launched in which the sequential use of Paclitaxel and FEC, or anthracycline-based regimen, along with Lapatinib only in Her2/neu-positive patients is now being investigated.

Então, com base nestes resultados específicos, o estudo de fase II foi iniciado no qual o uso sequencial de Paclitaxel e FEC ou um esquema com base em antraciclinas, com o Lapatinibe administrado somente em pacientes com doença positiva para Her2/neu está sendo pesquisado no momento.

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Study DesignStudy DesignStudy DesignStudy Design

5 FU 600 mg/m2

Epi 75 mg/m2

CTX 600 mg/m2

C

O

R

E

B

I

O

P

S

Y

EGFR, HER2

pTEN, pAKT, pMAPK

Gene expression

Stem cells Assays

TXL 80 mg/m2 Lapatinib

S

U

R

G

E

R

Y

*

These patients who have a core biopsy at the time of initial diagnosis before entering the study. They receive, once again, 14 days of Lapatinib single agent. There is a careful expression -- evaluation of multiple markers and expression of phosphorylated markers, particular stem cell assays, imaging before and after these two weeks. Subsequently, they started the chemotherapy regimen with a reduced dose of Lapatinib also. The weekly Taxol and FEC, they are the backbone of most of this Her2 targeted therapy, and similar to Her2/neu-negative disease. And at the completion, they proceed to surgery. And this study is currently ongoing and results are obviously awaited soon.

Estas pacientes foram submetidas à biópsia de fragmento (core biopsy) no momento do diagnóstico inicial, antes de ingressar ao estudo. Novamente, receberam o Lapatinibe como agente único por 14 dias. Há uma expressão cuidadosa – avaliação de vários marcadores e a expressão de marcadores fosforilados, especialmente análises de células-tronco, com [técnicas de] imagem [realizadas] antes e depois dessas duas semanas. Subsequentemente, elas começaram um esquema quimioterápico com uma dose reduzida de Lapatinibe. A terapia semanal é com Taxol e FEC, estes são a espinha dorsal da maioria da terapia dirigida ao Her2 e similar à doença negativa para o Her2/neu. E quando terminam, são submetidas a cirurgia. Este estudo está em andamento e os resultados sairão em breve.

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DAPI –nuclear stain

CK14-myoepithelium

CK18- luminal

Development of MDA-IBC-1 Cell Line:

Grows as 3-Dimensional Mammosperes

Image Courtesy of Dr. Carolyn S. Hall

Other possibilities are [that] future agents will be developed just looking at the--using this preclinical model which has been developed in the last few years. Particularly the possibility to evaluate the characteristics of these mammospheres that appeared to be extremely high compared to non-inflammatory breast cancer, in cancer cells isolated from pleural fluid from a patient with inflammatory breast cancer. To say that essentially these features of mammosphere growth are typical of cancer stem cells, that may be suggestive of the enrichment of cancer stem cells in the inflammatory breast cancer, may be somewhat responsible for the lack of response to standard treatment. And eventually we may use this information and this particular biology to evaluate new targets. This is also being considered [as] the basis for the tumor emboli that are typical in inflammatory breast cancer.

Outras possibilidades são [que] futuros agentes sejam desenvolvidos apenas para observar – utilizando este modelo pré-clínico que foi desenvolvido nos últimos anos. Especialmente a possibilidade de avaliar as características destas “mamosferas” que parecem ser extremamente altas em relação ao carcinoma inflamatório de mama em células cancerosas isoladas do líquido pleural proveniente de paciente com carcinoma inflamatório de mama. Dizer que, essencialmente, estas características do crescimento de mamosferas são típicas das células-tronco cancerosas pode também ser sugestivo do enriquecimento das células-tronco cancerosas no carcinoma inflamatório de mama, talvez de certo modo responsável pela ausência de resposta ao tratamento padrão. E, finalmente, podemos utilizar estas informações e esta biologia específica para avaliar novos alvos. Isto também foi considerado [como] a base dos êmbolos neoplásicos, que são comuns no carcinoma inflamatório de mama.

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• Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2 mRNA and protein is

upregulated in IBC-1 cell lines

Courtesy of Dr. Fredika Robertson

So, one of the characteristics that has been found associated with the cells isolated in the tumor emboli in growing mammospheres is the over-expression of histone deacetylase or HDAC 2 mRNA and protein in this IBC-1 cell line, as well in the SUM149; suggesting that affecting the histone deacetylase pathway can probably have some implication for the growth of these cells and the particular phenotype, -- maybe modifying the phenotype, can also --could be used in combination with other agents, typically chemotherapy.

Então, uma das características associadas às células isoladas nos êmbolos neoplásicos em mamosferas em crescimento é a sobre-expressão da histona desacetilase ou HDAC 2 mRNA e a proteína nesta linhagem do IBC-1 (CIM-1), bem como na SUM149, sugerindo que afetar a via da histona desacetilase provavelmente tenha alguma implicação para o crescimento dessas células e o fenótipo específico – talvez modificando o fenótipo pode, também – poderia ser utilizado em combinação com outros agentes, geralmente a quimioterapia.