a smaller “macroarray” panel of markers, the identifica-tion of gene expression within specific types of cancerscan be elucidated within the hospital or clinical settingas a patient diagnostic tool, requiring minimal hands-onmanipulation, and at a fraction of the cost.

The microarray is an invaluable to that, over time, willdevelop into a point-of-use device that will aid cliniciansin the ability to diagnose a wide variety of illnesses.

References

Eaker S, Johnson M, Jenkins J, Bauer M, Little S: Detection of CFTRmutations using ARMS and low-density microarrays. Biosensors andBioelectronics, 21(6):933, 2005

Martin KJ, et al: High-sensitivity array analysis of gene expression forthe early detection of disseminated breast tumor cells in peripheralblood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:2646, 2001

Suzuki H, et al: A genomic screen for genes upregulated by demeth-ylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in human colorectal cancer.Nat Genet 31:141, 2002

Cheok MH, et al: Treatment-specific changes in gene expressiondiscriminate in vivo drug response in human leukemia cells. Nat Genet34:85, 2003

Practical Applications of MicroarrayTechnology

Charles Barnett, MD, Oakridge, TN

No abstract provided.

CHALMERS J. LYONS MEMORIAL LECTUREFriday, October 6, 2006, 2:00 pm—3:30 pm

Health Care of the 21st Century:Predictive, Preventive, Personalized andParticipatory (P4) MedicineLeroy Hood, MD, PhD, Seattle, WA

The Human Genome Project has catalyzed funda-mental changes in the practice of biology and medi-cine. One of these has been to generate a geneticsparts list that includes all human genes (and by infer-ence all human proteins). Analysis of the informationfrom the Human Genome Project has also catalyzedthe view that “biology is an informational science.”Together, these advances have promoted the idea ofsystems biology—the view that biology can only beunderstood through an analysis of biological machinesand networks. The corresponding systems view ofdisease has catalyzed revolutionary changes in how tothink about diagnosis, therapy and even prevention.Fueled by dramatic changes in in vitro and in vivomeasurement technologies, systems medicine is push-ing toward a revolution in health care—one that overthe next 5 to 20 years will lead away from the currentreactive medicine (wait until one gets sick beforetreating) to a medicine that is predictive, preventive,personalized and participatory. Increasingly, the focuswill be on wellness rather than disease. P4 medicinewill require billions of measurements on each patientand the means of reducing these measurements tocoherent hypotheses about the health and disease ofindividual patients. How the acquisition, storage, min-ing, integration (of different data types), modeling and

eventually distribution of the data and the resultinginferences will occur will be one of the grand chal-lenges of this future in health care. Security and accesswill be critical considerations. This P4 medicine willcatalyze fundamental changes in virtually every aspectof the healthcare system and it will require rethinkingthe educational requirements for physicians. It willlead to the digitalization of medicine with changeseven more profound than the digitalization of infor-mation technologies and communications. It will alsolead to a turn around in the inexorably increasinghealthcare costs—with the possibility of bringing de-veloped world medicine to the developing world.Medicine will truly become an informational disci-pline—with the enormous potential for individuals totake an active role in helping to guide their futurehealth choices. The digitalization of medicine willtransform the computational requirements of healthcare in ways that we can only begin to imagine.

References

Weston AD, Hood L: Systems biology, proteomics, and the future ofhealth care: Toward predictive, preventative, and personalized medi-cine. Journal of Proteome Research 3:179, 2004

Hood L, Heath JR, Phelps ME, Lin B: Systems biology and newtechnologies enable predictive and preventative medicine. Science306:640, 2004

Lin B, White JT, Lu W, Xie T, Utleg AG, Yan X, Yi EC, Shannon P,Khrebtukova I, Lange PH, Goodlett DR, Zhou D, Vasicek TJ, Hood L:Evidence for the presence of disease-perturbed networks in prostatecancer cells by genomic and proteomic analyses: A systems approachto disease. Cancer Research 65:3081, 2005

Symposia

14 AAOMS • 2006