Practical Quantum Computing€¦ · D-Wave was founded in 1999, the year after the paper by Professors Nishimori and Ozeki. For 5 years, the founders studied var\൩ous technologies
31
Practical Quantum Computing Next Generation Computer Symposium Next Generation Computer Creates New Business/ Quantum Computer/Annealing Machine Opens the Door Sponsored by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry May 20, 2019 Dan J. Cohrs, Ph.D Chief Financial Officer
Next Generation Computer SymposiumNext Generation Computer Creates New Business/
Quantum Computer/Annealing Machine Opens the Door
Sponsored by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
May 20, 2019
Dan J. Cohrs, Ph.DChief Financial Officer
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
DisclaimerNothing in this document is an offer to buy or an invitation for offers to purchase securities. Any offer to sell securities will be made, as required by applicable securities laws, pursuant to a prospectus or an exemption from any applicable prospectus requirements.
Except for statements of historical fact, the information contained herein constitutes forward-looking statements and includes, but is not limited to, statements with respect to: management’s expectations regarding the future sales, growth, results of operations, performance and business prospects of D-Wave Systems Inc. (the “Company” or “D-Wave”); the potential for the development of new machine learningapplications and the anticipated growth in the field of machine learning; the expected development of the Company’s business, projects and partnerships; execution of the Company’s vision and growth strategy; the ability of D-Wave to secure and maintain strategic business relationships; and, the possible commercial applications of D-Wave’s technology.
A number of factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to: projected financial performance of the Company; the development of the Company’s business, projects and partnerships; the ability of D-Wave to manage growth; the impact of competition; the investment in technological innovation; the ability of D-Wave to maintain business relationships; financial, political or economic conditions; financing risks; the ability of D-Wave to protect its intellectual property; and third party intellectual property rights.
Forward-looking statements provide the reader an opportunity to understand management’s beliefs and opinions in respect of the future so that such beliefs and opinions may be used as one factor in evaluating an investment. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and undue reliance should not be placed on them. Such forward-looking statements necessarily involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual performance and financial results in future periods to differ materially from any projections of future performance or result expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Although forward-looking statements contained in this document are based upon what management of the Company believes are reasonable assumptions, there can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
The birth of quantum annealing in 1998
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Thank you. It’s a pleasure to be here, where quantum annealing was born, and to have the chance to spend time with Professors Nishimori and Ozeki, who wrote this paper in 1998.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
Teenager?Very active in Japan
Presenter
Presentation Notes
D-Wave was founded in 1999, the year after the paper by Professors Nishimori and Ozeki. For 5 years, the founders studied various technologies of quantum computing. In 2004, the decision was made to pursue the development of quantum annealing systems. Now, 15 years later, we have built a very powerful system that is attracting a lot of users, especially in Japan. Today, I’ll talk about how that teenager is performing, and about our plans to bring it to full adulthood.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
Japanese companies and universities have been very active in using our system, and developing many of the early applications. Tohoku University has been one of the most active centers, with many collaborations and a wide range of applications.
Groovenauts, a company that provides easy-to-use machine learning services, recently launched the first commercial service using a quantum computer. They integrate optimization modules using a D-Wave quantum system with forecasts from their machine learning service, for applications such as optimal logistics routes and staff scheduling
More than 150+ early applications have been developed for the D-Wave system, by customers all over the world. Some of the best work has been done by Japanese companies and universities. Here are just a few examples.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
World Class Customers3 systems installed40+ cloud customers40+ cloud users1000s of Leap sign-ups
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We have installed systems at some customer sites, and most customers access our systems through the cloud. In addition to our direct customers, more than 40 institutions have access to our system through programs run by NASA, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, and USC.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
D-Wave’s user conferences have grown substantially over the last three years. Our most recent conference in Milan, had 150 attendees and 24 presentations. These are the conferences at which many of the 150 applications have been presented, and those presentations are available on our website
Let’s look at what a neutral party says about the state of play in quantum computing. The Julich supercomputing center in Germany is the equivalent of, say, Oak Ridge or Los Alamos National Lab in the U.S. They tested various devices, and developed a Technology Readiness Scale. At 1, you’re Richard Feynman and you just invented quantum computing—it’s theory. At 9, you’re beating every classical computer on earth. They rate some experimental devices at 3 or 4. The big players like IBM and Google are at 5. And D-Wave is at 8. We agree with that. We’re not yet beating every classical computer on earth—but we’re starting to see glimpses of Level 9 on certain real problems. Note: it’s going to be very hard, and take a long time for the IBMs and Googles to get from Level 5 to Level 6, because they have to go from around 20 working qubits today, to millions of working qubits just to jump that one level. If they are able to grow at twice the pace of Moore’s Law (i.e., if the double the number of qubits every year) it will take them 10-15 years just to get from Level 5 to Level 6.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
Next Gen>5000
D-Wave 2000Q2000
D-Wave 2X1000
D-Wave Two512
D-Wave One 128
2816
49 Gate Model
~20
[72]
‘04 ‘08 ‘12 ‘16 ‘18‘06 ‘10 ‘14 ‘20
Annealing has been far more scalableQubits
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Here’s the history of scaling in quantum computers. Since 2004, the entire gate model community has gone from 9 to about 20 working qubits. A few devices with more qubits have been announced, but no one has seen any performance data on those devices. The largest device announced is Google’s 72 qubit device. In the same time, D-Wave has gone from 0 to 2000 qubits, in commercial systems that customers pay to use. You’ll read things like “gate model qubits are better than D-Wave qubits”. This is usually about coherence time being shorter for our qubits—but we don’t need long coherence time. If we try to discuss the theory of that, we need all day, plus 5 years of grad school. So let’s just look at actual performance, which we now have enough information to do. It’s hard to get actual data to compare, because other QC companies don’t have much published data about applications run on their systems.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
What will it take to have a gate model QC that can compete with today’s D-Wave systems? Let’s look at what Google says. This chart is from their announcement of their newest quantum chip. They say that in order to have a “useful” error corrected QC, you need about 4 million qubits, and error rates about 100 times better than today. Given what we saw about the history of scaling, this is going to take a long time. You can imagine why we decided to invest from the beginning in quantum annealing – we knew we wanted to get a working QC to market to customers as soon as we could.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
D-Wave is years ahead of gate model capabilities < 1 correct
answer per 100,000 runs
100,000 correct answers per 100,000
runs(x102 copies of the
problem)
Rigetti’s19-qubitproblem
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Rigetti has a state-of-the-art gate model device, with 19 qubits. They published a problem they ran on that device. They got less than 1 solution in 100,000 runs, because they don’t have enough qubits for error correction. (That would take something like 19,000 to 1.9 million qubits). Our scientists decided to try running exactly the same problem. We put 100 copies of the problem into our device, and got 100 answers on every run. 100 times 100,000 is 10 million. We’re about 10M times better than Rigetti’s state-of-the-art device.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
ScaledUniversal
Runs any quantum computation
Startups & Labs
Annealing Gate Model
Topological
Paradigms for quantum computing
Presenter
Presentation Notes
There are several potential avenues to building a quantum computer. Ultimately, any of these approaches could lead to a scaled, universal quantum computer. The gate model QC’s of today (and the near future) are NOT universal, as they need to be scaled to millions of qubits and reduce their error rates and implement error correction in order to achieve that. Before anyone has a scaled universal QC of any kind, we expect to have non-universal annealers that are solving practical problems of a scale that could stump the best classical computers. We have exceeded their performance on benchmark problems, and are already rivalling their performance on some real commercial and scientific problems with our D-Wave 2000Q. Of those pursuing annealing, D-Wave is the only one that has built a functioning device of any scale. Gate model QCs mimic the classical paradigm of sequential logic gates, but each logic gate takes advantage of quantum interactions. Gate model devices must create a very difficult quantum state, then maintain it until all of the gates are complete. They also require error correction, which means 1000s of physical qubits for each logical qubit. Microsoft is playing a long game, pursuing topological QC. In theory, it would require much less error correction and work like gate model. However, it depends on making and scaling devices that use quasi-particles only recently proved to exist. Not one functioning qubit has yet been produced. Gate model is turning out to be extraordinarily hard to scale, and they need lots of scale in order to useful
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
Annealing Quantum Computers
Designed to solve hard problems
Manufacturable and scalable
Qubits can be engineered and calibrated
Built by engineers from the aerospace industry, not academic physicists
So, how did D-Wave, a small, independent company in Vancouver, get so far ahead? We took the road not taken. Almost 20 years ago, the founders starting collecting IP, and studying the best way to make a useful quantum computer in the shortest time. They concluded that quantum annealing was the best way to get there. Everyone else followed the academic literature and tried to build gate model quantum computers. We don’t have time to get too far into the technical differences. The key point is that annealing naturally performs calculations all at once in a low-energy state. Gate model is like a digital computer that uses quantum effects at each sequential logic gate—the problem is that you must maintain a very difficult high-energy state long enough to finish the calculation. It’s much harder than annealing (even though annealing certainly isn’t easy!) Our founders also decided to focus on building superconducting qubits that are macroscopic, so they can be designed, engineered and controlled. That’s been one of the keys to our unique success in scaling our technology.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
min E s = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖 + ∑𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗𝑛𝑛 𝐽𝐽𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖
High/low bias
Qubits
Interaction bias
A non-universal annealing-based quantum computer can solve any classical problem, and some quantum problems
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Every classical problem can be expressed in the form of this equation. This is the trick to programming our computer, and it does not look like any computer program you’ve ever seen. Once you can write down that equation, you can program it into our annealing system. The types of problems this system is good for are everywhere, and are very hard to solve. That’s not to say this system is intended to solve every problem. Annealing quantum computers are best for large complex problems in optimization, sampling and machine learning, fault detection, network analysis, and simulation of quantum effects in materials. Although any classical problem could be programmed, you wouldn’t use it for most of the things you use classical computers for today.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc. http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06139
“…two superconducting flux qubits coupled…to achieve a nonstoquastic Hamiltonian. Such coupling can enhance performance of QA processors… extend the range of quantum simulations… and provide a path towards annealing-based universal quantum computation.”1
A universal annealing-based quantum computer could solve any quantum problem.
1 Ozfidan, et al., "Demonstration of nonstoquastic Hamiltonian in coupled superconducting flux qubits", arXiv:1903.06139v1
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Our scientist have also accomplished a key step in the journey to build a universal annealing system that could handle any quantum calculation. (This preliminary 2-qubit device is an accomplishment that has eluded the team working on a major US government program in quantum computing.) The additional interactions in the physical device expand the objective function to include the red terms shown above. This means we can handle more interactions and program more complex problems like simulation of molecules. Think of being able to move within the solution space on a non-stop flight rather than making a connection, as indicated by the arrows in the diagram. Given our industry-leading experience in scaling our systems, we believe that we could scale this small device into a fully universal quantum annealer, and we plan to do so in the future.
“This paper represents a breakthrough in the simulation of physical systems which are otherwise essentially impossible,”
- Dr. J. Michael Kosterlitz2016 Nobel laureate in Physics
“…D-Wave scientists and engineers have accomplished a premiere goal of scientific computing… of immediate significance to today’s advanced technology sectors…it is the first truly useful application of a quantum computer.”
D-Wave scientists recently published work in materials simulation that shows the power of even our current systems, in both Science and Nature, the two leading scientific journals in the world. Lockheed’s chief scientist called this the first truly useful application of a quantum computer, of immediate importance in advanced technology. The man who won the Nobel prize for the theory behind the Nature paper, said these results are “otherwise essentially impossible”
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
QuantumComputational Performance Today
Customerproblems
Performance vs. Classical today
Hardness of problem
Classical
Benchmarkproblems
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Its great to be far in the lead ahead of all quantum competitors. To make a business, we have to outperform classical computers. To double the power of a classical computer, you have to double the number of bits, or cut the clock speed in half. To double the power of the quantum computer, you add one qubit. That’s why the performance curves look so different. D-Wave’s systems have now beat all classical computers on benchmark problems designed to test performance. Next we need to show that we can beat classical computers on real customer problems. We’re starting to get glimpses of that, but we recognize that we’re not quite there yet.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
“Our D-Wave [quantum machine learning] algorithms achieve comparable, and in some cases slightly better, classification performance than their classical counterparts on high-dimensional, multi-omic cancer data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). “
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
QuantumComputational Performance
Improving performance on customer problems
Time
Classical
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
More Powerful SystemsMore qubits
Denser connectivity
Annealing features & controls
Lower noise
Reduced latency
Universal annealer
Easier to UseSoftware development tools
Cloud services for broad access
Developer ecosystem
Algorithms & applications
Presenter
Presentation Notes
How to we get to real sustainable advantage? Simply, build more powerful system, and make them easier to use. We’re working on several fronts to make the system far more powerful, and these features will be in the next generation system we expect at the end of 2019. Beyond that, we plan to build the universal annealer we talked about earlier. Making them easier to use gets more smart people thinking of creative applications, and more efficient ways to run the applications. We’ll later about our improvements in software and access.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
Next-gen system due in mid-2020
Processor architectureChimera Pegasus
More qubits 2000+ 5000+
More connectivityEach qubit connected to…Qubits required for test problem
Fully-connected graph variables
61800
15625
Lower NoiseNoise reductionPerformance improvement
-
-
5x
~25x
64 180
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Our next-gen system is due in mid-2020, and we may release components of it in the cloud before then. The new system will be far more powerful in each of several dimensions: More qubits, more connections among the qubits, and lower noise, which has a magnifying effect on performance. We expect the new system to create practical use cases that will outperform classical computers.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.https://cacm.acm.org/news/236266-worlds-largest-quantum-computer-doubles-down/fulltext
“D-Wave's Pegasus opens up new application horizons…Pegasus bridges the gap between quantum computing and the real world of applications."
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
Real-Time Cloud AccessIntegrated Open Source ADEDemos and Reference Code
Community SupportOnline Training
D-Wave LeapTM
The only real-time quantum cloud access andQuantum Application Environment
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We’ve had cloud access since 2010. Late last year, we launched a much more user-friendly web platform called Leap. Leap is our cloud service, which includes quantum cloud access and our Quantum Applications Environment. It’s available to anyone throughout North America, Europe and Japan today, and you could sign up and run problems on our quantum computer, today. You’ll get a free minute, and more free minutes if you post open-source code to Github. Of course, there are also paid plans at JY300,000 per hour of processor time. This will be our platform to expand our user and customer base from the hundreds to the thousands. We’re using this platform to develop an ecosystem of developers who can develop more applications than we could ever think of.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
The Ocean Tools Suite
A Comprehensive SDK for D-Wave’s Quantum ComputerOpen Source Repository:https://github.com/dwavesystems/dwave-ocean-sdk
Included in Leap is our Ocean Tools Suite. Abstracting from the complications of a completely different programming paradigm, users can interact with our system using languages like Python and C++. Libraries of tools, sample code, and applications are available. We open-source all of our tools, and are building an open-source community of developers.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
OptimizationMachine Learning
Materials propertiesCyber securityFault detection
UnprecedentedApplications
Faster AnswersBetter Answers
Cloud services
Hybrid systems accessed through the cloud
Quantum computers
Classicalcomputers
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We bring all of this together by deploying hybrid systems and delivering commercial services through the cloud. Just as GPU’s and CPU’s work together to deliver better solutions, we’ll add QPU’s into integrated systems to deliver solutions to customers. The best model here may be Nvidia, for the way they used a new type of processor, developed an ecosystem around it, and created tens of billions of dollars of value. Some customers will continue to want their own installed systems for their own reasons, but we expect many commercial customers to use cloud access, just as they do today for classical computing resources.
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
D-Wave HybridTM Workflow Platform
Framework for Building and Running Quantum-Classical Hybrid Applications
Hybrid Workflow ControlModular ApproachLarge Problem DecompositionFamiliar Coding Environment
We recently released a set of tools for managing work flows among classical and quantum systems, aimed at using the best features of both to solve problems for customers. Preview includes: Support for constructing, executing, and controlling flows Modular decomposers, samplers, and composers Instrumentation, error handling, structure checking, and debugging Examples in documentation and code comments
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Sys tems Inc.
D-Wave
Confidential and Proprietary Information, D-Wave Systems Inc.
150+ early applications
Business model−Quantum computing: cloud access, systems sales & leases−Quantum/classical services for machine learning −Custom fabrication of superconducting devices
US$75M of customer sales contracts
US$220M of capital raised from top-tier investors
175+ U.S. patents
180 employees, 50 with Ph.D.
HQ near Vancouver, B.C.
Founded in 1999
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Let me introduce D-Wave. Founded in 1999 by physicists at UBC, and headquartered right here in Burnaby. We sell, lease, and provide cloud access to quantum computers. We also provide state-of-the-art machine learning services, and custom fabrication of superconducting circuits. We make the most complex SC circuits in the world, and no one else has figured out how to do it. Note that our customers have committed $75M to use our systems. They’re betting that we will be able to keep improving to the point that we’ll deliver real commercial benefits.
PracticalQuantum Computing
Next Generation Computer SymposiumNext Generation Computer Creates New Business/
Quantum Computer/Annealing Machine Opens the Door
Sponsored by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
