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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Gilda Nissenberg Spanish Sentence Builder New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto (i-viiiB,001-216B)whole bk.indd 3 6/3/09 12:01:07 PM

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Page 1: PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Spanish · 48 Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Sentence Builder Y, e (and), and ni (neither, nor) join independent clauses: Marisa canta y yo bailo. Marisa sings

PRACTICEMAKES

PERFECT

Gilda Nissenberg

SpanishSentenceBuilder

New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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Page 2: PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Spanish · 48 Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Sentence Builder Y, e (and), and ni (neither, nor) join independent clauses: Marisa canta y yo bailo. Marisa sings

Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 QDB/QDB 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ISBN 978-0-07-160039-2MHID 0-07-160039-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939102

Interior design by Village Typographers, Inc.

Trademarks: McGraw-Hill, the McGraw-Hill Publishing logo, Practice Makes Perfect, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of The McGraw-Hill Companies and/or its affi liates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. The McGraw-Hill Companies is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Also by Gilda Nissenberg

Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Spanish Grammar makes mastering Spanish grammar easy. It features clear, down-to-earth, and easy-to-follow explanations that make even the most complex principles easy to understand.

McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please e-mail us at [email protected].

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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v

Contents

Introduction vii

1 Declarative sentences and word order 1

2 Interrogative sentences 12

3 Questions and answers 21

4 Exclamatory sentences 28

5 Imperatives 34

6 Building sentences with coordinating conjunctions 44

7 Building sentences with subordinating conjunctions 51

8 Relative pronouns 61

9 Using pronouns 71

10 Using adjectives 84

11 Using adverbs 93

12 Using infinitives 102

13 Idioms and special phrases 115

14 Comparisons, contrasts, and antonyms 130

15 The passive voice 146

16 The subjunctive mood 153

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vi Contents

17 The subjunctive mood and verb tenses 165

18 Punctuation and spelling 173

19 Letter writing 186

20 Let’s write! 196

Answer key 204

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44

·6·

A coordinating conjunction connects two words, two phrases, or two clauses. By definition, a clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate that functions as part of another sentence. In this unit, we will build sentences that consist of more than one clause, joined by coordinating conjunctions. The clause usually consists of a subject followed by a verb, but other elements may be included. If you can understand the idea presented, if the utterance com-municates a complete thought and does not depend on any other elements to complete an idea or thought, it is an independent clause.

subject 1 predicate sentence 5 independent clause

Each of the following examples of Spanish clauses includes a subject and a verb; each one makes complete sense when it stands alone. Remember that in Spanish the subject is usually understood by the ending of the verb:

Los candidatos no llegaron. The candidates did not arrive.Viajaremos a Buenos Aires. We will travel to Buenos Aires.¡Terminen ahora! Finish now!

The most common coordinating conjunctions are:

y, e andni norni... ni neither . . . norpero but, yetsino buto, u or

Remember that y (and) changes to e when followed by a word that starts with the vowel sounds i- and hi-:

Luisa e Irene son hermanas. Luisa and Irene are sisters.Sofía e Hilario son primos. Sofia and Hilario are cousins.

Note that u, not o (or), is used when the word following starts with the vowel sounds o- and ho-:

¿Tienes siete u ocho hermanas? Do you have seven or eight sisters?

Building sentences with coordinating conjunctions

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Building sentences with coordinating conjunctions 45

Building sentences with coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions can join two or more independent clauses. The result is a compound sentence, which means that the new sentence is the result of the combination of separate, inde-pendent elements.

independent clause 1 conjunction 1 independent clause

Luis juega al fútbol 1 y 1 Jorge juega al tenis.Luis plays soccer and Jorge plays tennis.

The typical word order for declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentences is used in the clauses that surround a coordinating conjunction:

El Dr. Mena es cardiólogo y la Dra. Dr. Mena is a cardiologist and Dr. Manfredi Manfredi es inmunóloga. is an immunologist.

¿Quieres descansar o quieres ir de Do you want to rest or do you want to go compras? shopping?

Devuelve los zapatos y regresa a casa Return the shoes and come back home inmediatamente. immediately.

In previous units you built sentences: affirmative and negative sentences, direct questions, imperatives, and exclamatory sentences. They resemble the examples below:

Me levanto a las cinco todos los días. I get up at five o’clock every day.Los fines de semana no trabajo. On weekends I do not work.Salgo de compras. I go shopping.Regreso al mediodía. I come back at noon.Quiero un vestido nuevo. I want a new dress.No tengo mucho dinero. I do not have much money.¡Préstame el dinero! Lend me the money!No voy a la fiesta. I am not going to the party.

Coordinating conjunctions can be used to join the simple sentences you just read. Indepen-dent clauses are linked with coordinating conjunctions to create longer sentences, each balanced in length:

Me levanto a las cinco todos los días, I get up at five o’clock every day, but I do not pero los fines de semana no trabajo. work on weekends.

Salgo de compras y regreso al mediodía. I go out shopping and return at noon.Quiero un vestido nuevo, pero no tengo I want a new dress, but I do not have a lot of

mucho dinero. money.¡Préstame el dinero o no voy a la fiesta! Lend me the money or I will not go to the

party!

A comma may be used in Spanish to mark the two clauses when combining sentences with these conjunctions. The comma can be placed before y, e, and ni, but only if you need to avoid confusion when linking the two clauses:

Mi jefe trabaja mucho, y el descanso le My boss works hard, and he thinks resting is parece absurdo. absurd.

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46 Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Sentence Builder

6·1EJERCICIO

Combina las dos oraciones independientes. Elige la conjunción apropiada que aparece en cada paréntesis para crear una oración.

1. (y / ni) Fui a casa de Laura. Jugué con su perro.

2. (y / pero) Yo quería cenar con ella. Laura tenía una cita con el dentista.

3. (pero / o) Laura no faltará (miss) a la cita. No le gusta ir al dentista.

4. (ni / o) Laura no come de día. Duerme por la noche.

5. (sino / o) Va al dentista. tomará calmantes por mucho tiempo.

6. (o / pero) tengo mucha paciencia. Laura me enoja (annoys).

7. (pero / y) Es una linda persona. Es muy indecisa.

8. (y / o) regresé a casa. Cené solo.

Omitting the subject and the verb in the second clause

In Spanish, as in English, when the subject of both the first and second clause is the same, it is frequently omitted:

Bertina cerró los ojos y no vio el accidente. Bertina closed her eyes and did not see the accident.

El detective concluyó la investigación y The detective concluded the investigation se fue. and left.

For different reasons, it is also possible to omit the verb of the second clause: for the sake of brevity, to balance the sentence, or as a simple matter of style:

Ni tiene trabajo ni dinero. He/she does not have a job or money.Se despide de mí y de sus amigos. He/she says good-bye to me and his/her friends.Preparo una paella de mariscos u otro I prepare a seafood paella or another dish.

plato.

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Building sentences with coordinating conjunctions 47

6·2EJERCICIO

Subraya los sujetos o los verbos que se pueden eliminar en cada oración. Después, escribe la oración otra vez.

MoDELo Fernando y rosa compraron una casa y ellos vendieron su auto viejo.

Fernando y Rosa compraron una casa y vendieron su auto viejo.

1. Alicia y yo limpiamos la casa los sábados y los domingos nosotras cenamos con mis padres.

2. Yo no como carne ni como pollo.

3. Alicia prepara la ensalada de lechuga con aguacate y prepara la limonada.

4. Mis padres invitan a mis primos o invitan a sus amigos, los López.

5. A veces, nosotros tomamos una copa de vino o nosotros bebemos un vaso de cerveza.

6. Nos gusta un café con el postre o nos gusta un té de camomila.

7. Después, Alicia y su novio dan un paseo por la ciudad o ellos dan un paseo por la playa.

8. Los domingos no son días buenos ni son días malos.

9. Los domingos yo ceno con mis padres pero yo prefiero una cena con mis primos.

10. Mis primos van al cine conmigo o van al “Café Nostalgia”.

Spanish coordinating conjunctions and their functions

At the beginning of this unit you reviewed common coordinating conjunctions. Get acquainted with their use and focus on the message each one communicates, and you will be able to use them correctly as you build sentences in Spanish.

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48 Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Sentence Builder

◆ Y, e (and), and ni (neither, nor) join independent clauses:

Marisa canta y yo bailo. Marisa sings and I dance.

◆ O or u (or) link independent clauses that exclude each other:

Loli camina o nada en la piscina. Loli takes a walk or swims in the pool.

◆ Pero expresses opposition or contrast:

Estoy cansada, pero terminaré la tarea. I am tired but I will finish the homework.

◆ Ni (neither, nor) means y no. It joins two negative independent clauses. For emphasis, ni may precede each clause:

No dormí ni estudié. I did not sleep or study. (I neither slept nor studied.)

Ni dormí ni estudié. I did not sleep or study. (I neither slept nor studied.)

◆ Sino (but, rather) introduces an affirmative idea or concept in the second clause, which has been preceded by a negative idea in the first clause:

No peleó Pedro sino Juan. Pedro did not fight, Juan did.

6·3EJERCICIO

Usa la lógica. Con cada grupo de palabras vas a crear oraciones.

1. y / la escritora / su novela / llegó / la oficina / a / se sentó / a / escribir

2. el / final / escribió / capítulo / pero / no / gustó / le

3. escribió / otro / muy / capítulo / aburrido / pero / resultó

4. o / el comienzo / cambiaba / o / el / sería / final / imposible

5. y / no / ideas / tenía / salió / de / oficina / la

6. no / ganas / escribir / tenía / de / ni / buscar / más / de / ideas

7. de / salió / la / oficina / y / fue / librería / a / la

8. se / en / sentó / una / café / silla / y / un / tomó

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Building sentences with coordinating conjunctions 49

9. la / observó / gente / a / alrededor / su / a / el / inició / capítulo / e

10. la / autora / inteligente / era / y / el / terminar / capítulo / logró

6·4EJERCICIO

Vas a crear oraciones nuevas. Usa la conjunción más apropiada para combinar las oraciones. ¡Ojo! En algunos casos, es posible usar más de una conjunción, pero el significado será diferente.

o / pero / sino / ni / y

1. Bailas muy bien. tocas la guitarra mejor.

2. No habla. No llora.

3. Entras. Sales.

4. No eres amable con tus colegas. tampoco eres cortés con tus amigos.

5. Es muy caro. tengo dinero suficiente.

6. No cerraron la tienda a las nueve. A las diez.

7. Viajaremos por las montañas. Luego por la costa.

8. Llévame al aeropuerto ahora. Pierdo mi vuelo a Arizona.

9. Me gusta esta novela. Es muy larga.

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50 Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Sentence Builder

Punctuation of sentences with more than two independent clauses

In Spanish, a comma is usually not needed with the coordinating conjunctions y, e, and ni. How-ever, when a sentence includes more than two independent clauses, the coordinating conjunction usually precedes the last clause, and a comma separates the previous clauses. Some styles in Eng-lish also include a comma before the conjunction.

independent clause 1 1 comma 1 independent clause 2 1 conjunction 1 independent clause 3 sentence

Nos levantamos, fuimos al correo y We got up, went to the post office, and came regresamos. back.

Corro, hago gimnasia olímpica y levanto I run, practice gymnastics, and do weight pesas. training.

6·5EJERCICIO

Completa cada oración. Usa la conjunción que aparece entre paréntesis, y cuando sea necesario, usa la coma.

1. Mi amiga y yo iremos al cine. Compraremos las entradas.

(y)

2. No nos gustan las películas de horror. No preferimos las películas muy dramáticas.

(ni )

3. No llueve mucho. Date prisa.

(pero)

4. tenemos poco dinero. tenemos muchas deudas. Nuestro apartamento es muy caro.

(y)

5. Ahorramos (we save) mucho. No somos tacaños (stingy).

(pero)

6. o ganamos más dinero. Pedimos un aumento de sueldo. Buscamos otro trabajo.

(o)

7. No somos ambiciosos. Cautelosos.

(sino)

8. Somos jóvenes. tenemos el futuro por delante.

(y)

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