pragmatic multimedia lab · the students are required to create a small “real life”...

Pragmatic Multimedia LABCDM-A (10th edition ) March/April 2010

A course about technology supported communication as

agency.

Il banco di prova delle idee. The ideas' workbench.

[ but banco means also bank in Italian]

Keywords 2010.

Understanding globalization in practice.

Beyond intermediation: direct-action.

Goal.

Effective creativity

Roberto Bordogna – Independent Researches Milan Italy 2010

Comunicazione Digitale Multimediale A - Collegio Nuovo - Pavia

PML - PRAGMATIC MEDIA LABROBOT / VIDEOGAMES

Non verbal communication.Artifacts (as clothing).

Haptics (touch).

Chronemics (use of time).

Kinesics (sign language).

Proxemics (use of space).

Plus other notions such as:

Human Behavior,

Motion Capture, Biomechanics,

Kinematics, Kinetics.

(Taxonomy by P. Baillie-De Byl 2004)

Example:gestures,used in touchdriven interfaces

Roberto Bordogna – MilanItaly


Some Western Culture fundamentals appear often rooted in the Middle Age Christian Scholarship: Being & Forms, Philosophy,Math, Logic, Rational Thinking.

The Person is the Center of the Creation (of the Universe).

But Eastern Culture fundamentals must be understood as well. Nothingness & Formless, Intuition (“illumination”), Aestethic & Emotional living.

Humanity as part of the Natural World.

Understanding globalization

An iconic example:the Holy CROSSin the Swiss Flag (also present in other European and Italian Communal flags).

An iconic example:the SUN inthe Japanese Flag

The centered dot.Equilibrium(Psychological.Forces).

Being & Not Being(Fuzzy Logic)

EastWest Crosscultural understanding exists to some extent as a fact, but hard studying is needed to reconcile the Western and Eastern cultural fundamentals leveraging also on technology as did for example the Cusanus ( a german priest Nikolaus Von Kues) in his 1440 “De Docta Ignorantia”, an attempt to bridge Christianity and Oriental thinking, and in his 1458 Roman manuscript “De beryllo”. The beryllo was the name of a precious stone used at the time “to see the invisible”. The stone could be shaped as a lens to produce a categorization device capable for instance to “transform the micro into the macro”. [The original manuscript is in Yale University's Library but a copy is available in Pavia National Library]).

But ART may be also a WorldClass Communication Agency. The Beauty, The Experience (technological mediated one included)

are understanding agencies.

Roberto Bordogna – Independent Researches – Milan Italy 2010

The pragmatic practice of understanding


Practice and the experience of beauty often leverage on simplicity and are aimed at everyone.

Often a common practice offers insight into a community culture otherwise not available, as for

instance Japanese teadrinking ceremony, this also thank to a common humanity (a basic common

anatomy and physiology).

Multimedia technologies (as for instance Brain Computer Interface) may dramatically emphasize these

possibilities.

Beauty as agency


In 2009 in a note to IEEE 1600.1 community of interestthe writer has emphasized the opportunity to focus on

Ideal Realism.“This is the opinion that nature and the mind have such

a community to impart to our guesses a tendency towards the truth,while at the same time they require

the confirmation of empirical science” .[The Essential Peirce Vol 1 Indiana Univ. Press 92 –

Introduction p. XXV N.Houser ed.] The lab and particularly the test bench project can be considered an implementation of this hypothesis and

an ambit of thirdness practice. Pragmatism is rooted in the Western tradition and

supports inclusion and understanding.

Idealrealism and agency

Ing. Roberto Bordogna 2010 – Milan Italy

Common Ambit (Natural,Artificial,Cultural)

Contingent Media 1... n

The understanding ambit of shared practice

PersonalAmbitB

PersonalAmbitA

Shared knowledge representationShared infrastructure

Shared structures...

A communication domain implies a common Ambit

among Agent and Patient Personal ambit

The PRAGMATIC Multimedia LAB

The course has been partially inspired by the work done inthe Us Working Group IEEE 1600.1 that was aimed at the definition of standards for worldclass technology based – human and machine knowledge sharing and communication. (http://suo.ieee.org). The content is integrated with some Cultural Anthropology, Formal Philosophy, stateofthe art technology oriented contributions and a number of case studies with an emphasison Agency. For instance see the seminar “Winning Hearts and Minds through cultural & technological commons” available on the Collegio Nuovo web site or the paper “La Bellezza agenzia di civilizzazione globale” Beauty as a Global Civilization Agency (2007 edition). See also on the IEEE SUO site reflector “Thirdness Practice” working note.The students are required to create a small “real life” communication test context of his/her choice, suitable to experiment pragmatic thinking that is to say to test conceptualizations and multimedia tools presented in the course in practice on an actual case study. In several cases the student has been an effective innovation agent (see the“Provincia Pavese” 2008, April 29th – “Un corso dedicato ad alunni ingegnosi”. A course aimed at smart alumni). (See http://colnuovo.unipv.it )

Students are encouraged to create teams and receive credits for their laboratory works.Students that do not attend the lessons are required to study at least one out of the Basic books (see the list in the following slides section BASIC BOOKS).

http://suo.ieee.org/

http://colnuovo.unipv.it/

PRAGMATIC Multimedia LAB

Multimedia Technology.

Basic Windows / Linux productivity tools. Or any multimedia tool suitable to create the student's selected test/work context.

Optional advanced (freeware tools) presented in the course.

Protegè. Stanford University. http://protege.stanford.edu. (Frameoriented knowledge representation & sharing tool).

Ivan Bratko Ljubljana University and J. Stefan Institute Prolog Programming for A.I. Pearson Addison Wiley UK. 2001 SWIProlog. Amsterdam University http://www.swiprolog.org GNU Prolog http://www.gprolog.org. Penny BaillieDe Byl. Programming Believable Characters for Computer Games Charles River Media MA 2004 (freeware – Italian based videogame shell)

BASIC BOOKS

Common Language Conceptualization skills. Students that for any reason do not plan, or may not attend the lessons, are required to study at least the following book John Dewey Reconstruction in Philosophy (1920) Italian edition Rifare la Filosofia Donzelli, Roma 2002.

Other recommended books. a) Sister Miriam Joseph The Trivium. The Liberal Arts of Logic,Grammar, and Rhetoric,Paul Dry Books Philadelphia 2002. (Recommended to Human Science's Students). b) F.W. Lawvere, S.H. Schanuel – State University of New York at Buffalo. Conceptual Mathematics. A first Introduction to categories. Cambridge University Press. Uk 2002. (Recommended to Science's Students). c John Dewey, Art as Experience (1934), Perigee Penguin, Usa 2005. More advanced backgrounders. C.S. Peirce, The Essential Peirce, Volume 1, 2 Indiana University Press – Bloomington and Indianpolis, Usa 1998. G.Lakoff and M. Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh, Basic Books, N.Y. Usa,1999. J. F. Sowa Knowledge Representation. Brooks/Cole, Ca, Usa 2000. R.Bordogna , Technology Based Diffused Knowledge Acquisition & Sharing. Constraints and possibilities. Proceedings CCCT2003, Orlando FL, Usa 2003. G.A. Thibodeau, K.T Patton, Anatomy & physiology, Mosby Usa – Italian Edition

Anatomia e Fisiologia , Casa Editrice Ambrosiana , Milan 2000. A. O' Sullivan Urban Economics (Intern. Edition) Mc GrawHill, Usa 2000.

Worldclass pragmatism

LAB PRAGMATIC

MULTIMEDIA

Technology based experimental working style.[American] Pragmatism.(+Analytic Philosophy&Logic)Digital multimedia embedded in physical objects & the territorial ambit.Community media.

PML - PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Physical objects.(From Intelligent Furniture, to

things such as robotic )

Artifacts.(Intell. Things, Book+RFID

Intelligent pen...)

(“Assistants” as sawing machines)

Living and Working ambits.

Mobile embedded Multimedia Tech

Mobile embedded Multimedia Tech.(Mobile-TV /Embedded Systems)ProductInnovationRobot/Games/”Intelligentthings”.Brain ComputerInterface


Knowledge Representation

(Analytic Philosophy).

Semiotic (Sintax, Semantic,

Pragmatics). Logic, Fuzzy Logic.

Logic Programming (Java, C++,

Prolog), Ontology definition,

Expert Systems (Protegé),

Machine Learning,

Common Sense and Natural

Language Processing.

KnowledgeRepresentation

KnowledgeAcquisition &Sharing.

PML - PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB:Knowledge Representation: LOGIC

Propositional Logic:

States true/false facts as boolean

expressions.

First Order Logic:

Can represent objects and

relationship between them.

Can define a properties in general

for 'Entities' without having to

deals with every single instance,

used in the “semantic WEB”.

Example: p and qp = 'there is fog'q = 'it's raining'

Example:owns(Jim,car)likes(John,Mary)

PRAGMATICA MEDIA LAB

“Field force” in social ambits (Kurt Lewin 1951) do change with multimedia.

Roberto Bordogna 2007

Complementing physical constraints with multimedia possibilities:

the class room with a “return” camera(Source: fixed videocamera “watching” the audience)

(Sits)

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB Example of psychological forces in configurations:

creative vision – Rudolf Arneim (1954)


(A)Going UP(B) DOWN(C)Equilibrium

(A) (B)

(C)

Equilibrium,an example:The JapaneseFlag.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Firstness (Sintax), Secondness (Semantics) & Thirdness (Pragmatics) ( C.S.Peirce).


PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Deduction, Induction & Abduction ( C.S.Peirce).

Rule

Case Result

Deduction Induction

Abduction

Rule: “all beans from this bag are white”,Case: “these beans are from this bag”,Result: “these beans are white”.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


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Data base “old stuff”:Ted Codd's “normal” forms ( Law or Arguments)

(adapted from R.T Watson 1996)


A table representing an Entity ( an “Essence”), is in first normal form (1NF) if and only if all columns (Rhemes) contain atomic values only. All occurrences of a row must have a single value.

A table is in second normal form (2NF) if it is in first normal form(1NF) and all non key columns are dependent on the key.

A table is in third normal form (3NF) if and only if it is in second normal form (2NF) and has no transitive dependencies.

Fourth normal form (4NF): a row should not contain two or more independent multivalued facts about an entity.

Fifth normal form (5NF): a table should not be reconstructed from other tables.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Knowledge Representation

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Signs: Icon,Index, Symbol ( C.S.Peirce).


4.ICON a sign that resemble the thing it is a sign of. 5. An INDEX: that refers to the thing by causal connection.

APPLE

A..Z 123..0 6. SYMBOL : a sign that is a convention.

7.A Rheme: a formal Symbol to indicate and Entity, 8.Dicent Signs: a proposition, 9.Argument a sequence of Dicent Signs that express a lawlike relationship

1.Qualisign: sensory quality of a thing– 2.Sinsign: a thing that is a sign of itself (a person), 3.Legisign: a thing that is a convention or a habit (a rubber cone on a treet).

“Apples are red”“Two apples plus two equal givesa total of four”.

2a+2a=4a a formula is an ICON of an Argument

Three Trichotomis of Signs by C. S.Peirce(see J.F. Sowa 2000 p.397)

Signs Quality Indexicality Mediation

Material Qualisign Sinsign Legisign a quality existent thing/event a sign of a law

Relational Icon Index Symbolrefers by similarity being affected law or association

Formal Rheme Dicent Sign Argument qualitative a sign of actual a sign of a law possibility existence (a word) (sentence of rhemes) (a sequence of dicent signs: a syllogism)

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Analogy of representations of Peirsean BEING and SUBSTANCE

in the Formal Information Technology Domain .


“Real” BEING , IT”Object”, Class, Table or “Frame”

Quality Attribute (x) (Firstness: a material ground)

Relation Relation (x,y) (Secondness: ground plus correlate)

Representation Method or Procedure (x,y,z) (Thirdness: ground plus correlate and Interpretant ) SUBSTANCE CONCEPT OF THE SUBSTANCE

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Existential Quantifiers ( C. S. Pierce , A.N.Whitehead &B. Russell,Frege, Peano)

E

Possibility:

A From the German “Alles”: ALL, a whole Class of Entity

Existentia

Modality

From latin Existentia: an instance.

Necessity:

E

A

X

X

.X

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Existential Quantifiers & Propositions ( Sister Miriam Joseph CsC Ph.D 1948 reprint 2002)

EA

A ff I rmo. ISA (x) N E g O. ISNOT (x)Quantitative FormsA All S is PE No S is P

I Some S is PO Some S is Not P.

Modal FormsA All S must PE S cannot be P

I S may be PO S may not be P.

X X

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Proposition where Subject & Predicate are Distributed (d) or Undistributed (u) . (M. Joseph 2002)

Quantitative Forms d uA All S is P d dE No S is P u uI Some S is P u dO Some S is Not P.

Modal Forms

A All S must P

E S cannot be P

I S may be P

O S may not be P.

A term is distributed if used in full its full extension. The extension identify the total set of objects to which the term refers.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Proposition where Subject & Predicate are Distributed (d) or Undistributed (u) . (M. Joseph 2002)

Quantitative Forms AEIO d uA All S is P d d

E No S is P

u uI Some S is P

u dO Some S is Not P.

S

S

S P

P

P

S Not PS P

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Syllogims: evaluate if Subject & Predicate are Distributed (d) or Undistributed (u) . (M. Joseph 2002)

Quantitative Forms AEIO d uA All S is P d dE No S is P

u uI Some S is P

u dO Some S is Not P.

A term is distributed if used in full its full extension. The extension identify the total set of objects to which the term refers.

S

S

S P

P

P

S Not PS P

SOME SYLLOGISMFORMS:AAA, AEEEAE are at risk.

No Fallacy (error in process) withforms:AAI, AEOEAO

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Implication Concept in Logic

Implication −< less OR equal function (Pierce): p < q

Implication expressed with more usual logical operators : p implies q its equivalent to

NOT p OR q. With a usual notation: ~p v q

NOT: ~ Curly minus sign

Implication in AI systems as Prolog: IF (pattern matching ) Then assert fact

OR: Disjunction v for “vel” (or in latin), Sets: + Logical s um ∨AND: Conjunction Upside down v , Sets: × Logical product

p q p<q 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

p q ~p ~p v q 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Implication Concept in Logic: Production Rules and Ontological Commitments. (C. S. Pierce , A.N.Whitehead &B. Russell, J. Sowa, Aristotle)

QP

p implies q

Genus q

Species ?xSpecies p

Differentia

p q

If P then Q

C

Intension

Type Extension

(inverted 'c' from Latin word consequentia)

Every person is different.A comunication impliesa Common (species, genus...)All contingent Commons define the Common Ambit.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Notation definitions ; Equivalence

Conjunction (and) p ^ q(Set notation Intersection p x q)

Disjunction (or) p v q(Set notation Union p +q)

Negation (not) ~p

Disjunction (or) p v q ; ~(~p ^ ~q)

Implication (if - then) p -> q ; ~(p ^ ~(q))(Set notation inclusion or subset p c q).Biconditional (if-and-only-if) p <-> q ; p -> q and q ->p ; ~(p^~q)^~(~p^q)

Propositional logic functions

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Syllogism: p, q and r represent any proposition

Modus Ponens -MP. From case p and rule (p -> q), infer result q. (Repeated MP is called forward chaining – used in insertion in data bases). Pattern => Action

Modus Tollens-MT. From case ~q and rule (p -> q), infer result ~p. (Repeated MT is called backward chaining – used in answering questions).

Dictum de Omni et Nullo.What is affirmed / denied of the whole holds for the parts too, for: p -> q and r -> p result r -> q. p ~ q and r -> q result r ~ p.

Hypothetical Syllogism. p -> q and q -> r, result p -> r.Disjunctive Syllogism. p v q and ~p, result q.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Common Indenties Expression Identical to

Idempotency. p ^ p p (“^” conjuction , “ v” disjunction, ~ negation). p v p p

Commutativity. p ^ q q ^ p p v q q v pAssociativity. p ^ (q ^ r) (p ^ q) ^ r p v (q v r) (p v q) v rDistributivity. p ^ (q v r) (p ^ q) v (p ^ r) p v (q ^ r) (p v q) ^ (p v r)Absorption. p ^ (p v q) p p v (p ^ q) p

Double Negation. ~~p p

De Morgan's Laws. ~(p ^ q) ~p v ~q ~(p v q) ~p ^ ~q

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Syllogisms: avoiding some common formal fallacies

3 terms / proposition only (not 4).

Sentence, Middle_term, PropositionS_M S_M M_S M_SM_P P_M M_P P_MS_P S_P S_P S_P

Middle term M must serve as logical whole and be distributed in one premise.

From two negative premises no conclusion can be drawn.From two partial, contingent or singular premise, non conclusion can be drawn.

If one premise is negative the conclusion must be negative.

If one premise is partial (/ contingent / empirical) the conclusion must be partial (/ contingent / empirical).

To prove a conclusion as necessary both premises must be necessary.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


First Order Logic: Predicate calculus

Propositional logic deals only with true / false facts.

First Order Logic, uses many of the propositional logic constructs, butcan represents objects (using constant symbols or entities) and relations(thanks to predicate symbols).

owns(Jim, this_car) > ~[owns (Mary,this_car) v owns(Bill,this_car)]Means that if Jim owns this car neither Mary nor Bill does.

With FOL is possible to specify properties for whole class of objects.

People that belong to a community generally owns commons concepts that may be described as a common ontology and common rule (or logic) that are supposed to be contingently applied.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


A Natural Language Processing well known example.Parsing Sentences of “Semantic Nets“ (Silvio Ceccato) may be implement for instance in Prolog (but is “formal”). See also Princeton “Word Net” (Oxford Dictionary on line).

S

VP

VP

VP NPNP

Article Noun Verb Verb Preposition Article Noun Adverb

The cat is looking at a mouse overthere

S => SentenceNP => Noun PhraseVB => Verb Phrase

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Language as a ruledriven behaviour in the World.

Not only word intension/extension is “fuzzy” but John R. Searle (“Speech Acts” Cambridge 1969) hypothesis stress that not alwaysa person do mean what he/she says, and that theory of language should be seen as part of the theory of action in some “real” world ambit.

A pragmatic contingent approach to personto person communication and knowledge sharing in some (mediated) common ambit is proposed. A “Thirdness Practice” ( in Peirsean terms Roberto Bordogna IEEE 1600.1 – 2007) tounderstand what a person “means” (or persons' contingent abduction for the case).

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


An accepted hypothesis: Language as a ruledriven behaviour in the World. (Toward the integration of formal logical and analogical reasoning useful for

computational purposes with common life's behaviours).

John R. Searle's “Speech Acts” (1969) follows Austin (1962).

Verbs denoting, so called, Illocutionary acts (Italian “atti illocutivi”) as state, describe,assert,warn,remark,comment,comand,order,request,criticize,apologize,censure,approve,welcome,promise,object,demand,argue...(J.L. Austin “How to do things with words” Oxford 1962) are actsin which “...the same reference and predication can accur in theperformance of different complete speech acts” (Searle).

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Language as a ruledriven behaviour in the World.

John R. Searle's “Speech Acts” (1969)

a) Utterance acts (atti enunciativi) = performing utterance acts (morphemes, sentences).

b) Propositional acts (atti proposizionali) = referring and predicating acts.

c) Illocutionary acts (atti illocutivi) = stating, questioning,commandingpromising, expressing a wish...

d) Perlocutionary acts ( atti perlocutivi) = acts correlated with illocutionary acts as effects or consequences on actions, thoughts, or beliefs of hearers.

Mediated Perlucutionaryacts as Agencies

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Pragmatic of Communication (good practices)

as a Civilization Agency

John R. Searle's “Speech Acts” (1969)

d) Perlocutionary acts ( atti perlocutivi) = acts correlated with illocutionary acts as effects or consequences on actions, thoughts, or beliefs of hearersare acts aimed to persuade, or convince (enlighten, edify, inspire, get to realize) someone.

These acts are aimed at changing cultures and judgements (abductions) in communities and agent/patient interactions, and emphasize the role of good practices in effective/efficient knowledge sharing (facilitated by human games, videogames, media, the beauty and the work of arts, that drives love and compassion, pluralism, understanding and other similar civilization's agencies).

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


A NON TRADITIONAL LOGIC EXAMPLE :

FUZZY LOGIC

Propositional logic deals only with true / false value (0 , 1).

Fuzzy Logic deals with a continuum of values (FITS ranging from 0 to 1) suitable to express natural language's vague (fuzzy) characterizations.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Fuzzy Logic

Traditional Logic deals only with 4 discrete X,Y conditions.

Accordingly to Fuzzy logic in the center True and Falsedo coexist, which is considered absurd for traditional logic(but not for Buddhist Logic.

(0;0)

(1;0)

(0;1)

(1;1)

(0,5 ; 0,5)

A

~A

Half full & Half empty

Y

X


FUZZY LOGIC

Fuzzy Logic:

Can represent “vague” concepts

and relationship between them by

means of “had hoc” mapping

functions.

Allows computers and appliances

(as washing machines) to interact

with Humans dealing with such

“vague” expressions as “old”,

“young”, “cold”, “hot”, and the

likes.

Example: p = ' is old'q = ' is young'

p and q [0.2 ; 02]in the example proposed

Multivaluedlogic: a continuosrange of valuesfrom 0 (False to 1 True)

Years old

301

0

60

old(30) > [0.2T ; 0.8F]young(30) > [0.8T ; 0.2F]

40

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Peirce's Categories & EmotionsComputer base systems have included some emotions representation (R. Shank 1975 – R.V. Guha / D. B. Lenat Cyc 1990 – see Sowa 2000). This is just an example ofa possible representation (out of many proposals and on going researches).

Psychiatrist Silviano Arieti proposal (1978) similar to Peirce Triads.

First order protoemotions (immediate experience): tension, appetite, fear, rage and satisfaction.

Second order emotions (arise associated with Firstorder emotions): anxiety, anger, wishing and security.

Third order emotions (depend on culture, past and expected experiences).

love, hate, joy and sadness.

(Adapted from Sowa 2000)rRRoberto Bordogna – Independent Researches Milan Italy 2009

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

BEING, SUBSTANCE and TYPES ( C.S.Peirce)

Roberto Bordogna 2005/2006 Studio Bordogna Milan

BEING,

Quality (Firstness: a ground) Relation (Secondness: ground plus correlate) Representation (Thirdness: ground plus correlate and Interpretant)

SUBSTANCE

MARK

TOKEN

TYPE

REPRESENTATION

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB Communicating Science & Technology to

Government and to the Public on the Web(source: Gail Overton www.laserfocusworld.com Oct .2005)


www.ucusa.org Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)– Citizens and Scientists for Environ. Solutions (active since 1969)

www.sgr.org.uk Scientist for Global responsibility – Ethical Science & Tech. (1992)

www.inesglobal.com International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES active since 1991).

www.thebulletin.org Bulletin of Atomic Scientists – active since 1945 Univ. of Chicago's Manhattan Project.

Few worldwide reference sites.

http://www.laserfocusworld.com/

http://www.ucusa.org/

http://www.sgr.org.uk/

http://www.inesglobal.com/

http://www.thebulletin.org/

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Comunicazione Digitale Multimediale B - 2005/2005 Collegio Nuovo - Pavia

Roberto BordognaIndependent Researches – MilanItaly 2009

ANALOGICAL THINKING

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Deduction. Logical forward chaining.

Given an assertion p and an axiom of the form p implies q, deduces the conclusion q.

In applications often the assertion is expressed in different form then the axiom, and mapping is necessary to unify the two before the inference can takes place. This analogical patterns matching it is said to save time.

Induction. If every instance of p is followed by an instance of q, then induction assumes the axiom that p implies q. Since real instances (accidents) in general are not identical, a form of analogy or generalization derives the general subsumption implication.

Abduction. The initial hypothesis that drives a judgmente is called by Peirce abduction. From an assertion q, the hypothesis that axiom p implies q, drives to says that p is the likely cause or explanation for q .In the guessing p uses analogy, where some parts may be more generalized while other parts are more specialized.

Peirce's three kinds of basic logical reasoning appear to be based to some kind of analogical thinking.

( John F. Sowa and Arun K. Majumdar).

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


case,

case.

case

Peirce's three kinds of basic logical reasoning appear to be based to some kind of analogical thinking.

( adapted from John F. Sowa 2003).

Conclusion

a

b

c

dRevising Theories:Contraction,Expansion,Revision,Analogy.

Analogy.

Estension

AnalogyIntension

e f

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Contextual and Embodied Communications Constraints & Possibilities (material signs)

Spatial Relational metaphorical concepts

The container (inside/boundary/outside)

x

AB

x is in A, A is in B, => x is in B

G. Lakoff M. Johnson 1999

The SourcePathGoal Schema

Source GoalT

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Common Contextual Embodied Metaphors Proposal


x

AB

A Gestaltic framework

Srini Narayanan in G. Lakoff M. Johnson 1999


Source GoalT

Intimacy is closenessCategories are containersSimilarity is closenessStates are locationsRelationships are enclosures

Scales are pathsTime and Change are motionPurposes are destinations/ desired objects

Affection is warmthCauses are physical forcesImportant is bigHappy /Control/ More is upBad is stinkyDifficulties are burdensHelp is support

Knowing is seeingSeeing is touchingOrganization is physicalstructure



x

AB

x is in A, A is in B, => x is in B

Methaphor from G. Lakoff M. Johnson 1999


Spatial logic 's roles.Moving trajector T, source, goal,route, actual trajectory,actual position, direction,actual final destination.

Source GoalT

Identity (or a Personal Ambit as well as a Common Ambit definition may be considered (formally) arising from a lattice of PersonalCommon

Ambit reciprocal and dynamic (material, relational and cultural formal) implications or a lattice of Thirdness [R. Bordogna 2003,2007, 2009].

Personal ID Personal Ambit Cultural and Territorial Common

Ambit

The Japanese Case


Practice as a tool of understanding in paradoxical cultures

Accordingly to Senko K. Maynard (Expressive Japanese Univ. of Hawai'i Press 2005 Honolulu) Japanese scholars in the Edo period(16031868) understood the language as a “kokoro no koe” a voiceof the heart”: a mean to share emotion and empathy.

Nevertheless Japanese sintax is very precise and structured as appearseven from a rudimentary knowledge of the language.There are cases (particle indexical tags – for the subject – wa / ga , for the direct object – wo, for the indirect object – ni , possessive maker no, time ad location makers ni, origin kara and destination makers e or final point indexical made, place maker de – and/too mo)., A typical structure of the sentence is subjecttime place/location indirect object direct object verb. That is to say the fundamental metaphors presented (see Lakoff) appear to hold.

The Japanese Case


Understanding Heart and Mind in practice

If the Japanese sintax is very precise and structured the writing system is very redundant (beside western alphabet there are twophonetic alphabets – Katagana and Hiragana – and a system of representation adapted from China kanji , based on ideograms).

These writing systems where supposed to support, thanks to the shared practice, of calligraphy, a Rethoric of Pathos. Accordingly to K.S. Maynard Japanese are not inclined to an agentdoes type of characterization – or event as action – but to a topiccomment one, where the agent emotion and the attitude for the occasion become more relevant. (It is possible to say I'm coffee to mean I want coffee for example – an expression which is false for the “logos”).

Apparently there is the need to deal with specific speech acts:emotional “acts” that can be shared only in a common ambit of practice (see for instance the “tea ceremony) .

The Humanistic Chinese Mind


Accordingly to Charles A. Moore (The Chinese Mind EastWest Center Univ. of Hawaii 1967) knowledge of the traditional basic principles of the Chinese philosophy “is indispensable for the educated man“ concerned as appears to be to humanism, to filial piety, to tolerance and ethics, to the art of social living, to harmony and “sageliness within and kingliness without”. (Here the current comunist culture – Western rooted will not be commented). It is not possible to synthesize in few words a huge cultural “corpus” (at least Confucius should be read), nevertheless the approach to life and philosophy as a totality appears a character of Chinese culture that even here is worthwhile to mention (as the apparent inseparability of theory and practice) , together with a “bothand” attitude contrasted with the Western “either/or” logic .

Accordingly to WingTsit Chan (ibidem) Chinese philosophy is essentially pragmatic.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Practice as a general understanding asset (C. S. Peirce , A.N.Whitehead , Aristotle,Kant )

P ( S)

Prolog:

philosopher(kant)

Kant IS Aphilosopher.

Where P is a predicate, and S is the“instance of a “named” “class” (an “essence” often defined by a cluster of predicates).

Here we will accept the realistic opinion thatthat conjunction of predicates IS realfor the case at hand (provisionally or pragmaticallyreal for the case thanks to the intuition arising fromthe community of the mind with nature) IF that abduction is supported by experiments.

When experiments are not possible then practiceWhen experiments are not possible then practiceappears the only available source of intuitionappears the only available source of intuition(as in the case of the intuition of God and we all know(as in the case of the intuition of God and we all knowthat Religion is often a powerful cultural Agency ).that Religion is often a powerful cultural Agency ).

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Toward analogy ontology to integrate firstprinciple reasoning and analogical reasoning,

An interesting case that shows the integration of logical andanalogical reasoning formally with Sowa's “Conceptual Graphs” notation (based on Peirce Existential Graphs), capable torepresent agent/patient in contexts.

(See John F. Sowa , Arun K Majumdar “Analogical Reasoning” 2003 on the Sowa's web site.)

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

Basic Assumptions (Relationship to environment nature of reality, time & space,human nature, activity & relationship)

Artifacts & Creation(Technology – Art – visible/audible behavioral patterns)

Values(Testable in physical env. / social consensus)

Invisible – Preconscious

Visible (but decipherable?)

Greater awareness

Cultural Context:

adapted from Ed. SCHEIN model (MIT 1980)

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

POETRY COMMUNICATES EXPERIENCE

that connot be reached in another way.


POETRY: imitates life in character and situations, audience shares imaginatively character's experiences (to some degree) as their own.

NARRATIVEDrama, epic, ballad, & Romance.

DIDACTIC Expository works,

LYRIC Song, hymn, sonnet, ode and so on.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB


Invention & Disposition in Logic & in IT (Syster Miriam Joseph 2002)

LOGIC: Definition, Division (whole – parts), Propositions, Relation of them as Syllogism.RETHORIC: Introduction, body and conclusion. (unity,coherence emphasys).CICERO – INVENTION: Genus, Species, Adjuncts: (What, How, Where, Who, When, Why) (old names: quantity,quality,relation, action,passion,when,where,posture, abiliment),Contraries,Contradictories,similarity/dissimilarity,comparison.(greater,less,equal),cause,effect,antecedent,consequent,notation (names), and conjugates (names with the same root).

Several of old Logic and Cicero simplified list of concepts are actually in use in several Software languages.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

LOGIC, RHETORIC & POETIC


Truth as mind to mind communication.LOGIC Scientific Demonstration, Dialectic (opinion Q&A), Sophistic (use of material fallacies to “win” the truth). RETHORIC (Persuasion logos – pathos – ethos , Style, Arrangements). Enthymeme (logically abridged sysllogism by the omission of one proposition): premises because, for, since; conclusion: therefore,consequently,accordingly, and or but may connects two premises in a statement where the conclusion is omitted.

Imitation of experiencePOETRY: imitates life in character and situations, audience shares imaginatively character's experiences (to some degree) as their own.

PRAGMATIC MEDIA LAB

DRAMA in ARISTOTLE'S POETICS

(1) Plot Story: ( cause effects links, events).

Action: (exposition,complication,resolution). Angle of narration: Point of View,Focus, Frame, Dramatization. (Beginning, Flash back,Forecast, Suspence, Transition, Present.) Structure (Characters,problem,solution etc...).(2) Characters (3) Thought of the characters(4) Diction or style(5) Music(6) Spectacle (theatre, scene, costumes)

The Ideas' test bench (banco di prova)Continuous learning (Implementing the pragmatic rule in practice) Write initial Abductions (Assumptions). Strategy

(goal mission) & Structure (structure,infrastructure, technology and organization). Identify the Ambit (Natural, Artificial,Cultural, Technological) and related Agencies). Define Cultural/Logical assumptions and First Ontology. First formal description. Plan the testing case. Design the communication prototype together with the test plan.

Induction. Evaluate agencies in practice.Test the prototype in practice, collects and integratefacts (cases) about knowledge facts, acts or case.

Control assumptions against practice findings.

Deduction. Paradigmdefinition. If Ok then define the assumptions as paradigmatic for the ambit (business as usual).

Next fact, act or case.

Falsification of the assumptions.Paradigm shift.If not OKthen modify theassumptions.(or abductions).

Copyright Roberto Bordogna Independent Researches 2010.

pragmatic multimedia lab · the students are required to create a small “real life”...

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