Prayatni Soewondo and Marisa Handajani prayatnisoe@yahoo.com

Environmental Engineering Program

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Institut Teknologi Bandung January 2012

Introduction Current

Situation

Future

Developments Conclusions

1 3 2 4

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The major pollutant in Indonesia comes from

domestic wastewater;

It contributes about 70 % of organic loads in

urban rivers

The water quality trends to decrease, as

example:

some parameters COD, BOD,

nitrogen and phosphate;

always increases annually

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0

50

100

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200

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400

450

500

St 1

B

St 2 St 3 St 4 St 5 St 6 St 7 St 8 St 9

Station

BO

D C

on

cen

trati

on

, m

g/L

BOD (Sem 2 2002)

BOD (Sem 2 2003)

BOD (Sem 2 2004)

BOD (Sem 2 2005)

Depth: 0.2 m

0

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50

St 1B St 2 St 3 St 4 St 5 St 6 St 7 St 8 St 9

Station

BO

D C

on

cen

trati

on

, m

g/L

BOD (Sem 1 2002)BOD (Sem 1 2003)BOD (Sem 1 2004)BOD (Sem 1 2005)

Depth: 0.2 m

Variation of BOD concentration in surface water of Saguling Dam on Semester I (April-May) and Semester II (October-November), 2002-2005 (Soewondo, 2006a and 2006b)

636,5 - 643 m

613,35 – 629,01 m

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(Semester I) (Semester II)

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Aprl

02

Nov

02

May

03

Oct

03

May

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Oct

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Aprl

05

Nov

05

May

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Nov

06

Apr

07

Time

CO

D a

nd

BO

D c

on

cen

trat

ion

,

mg

/L

COD

BOD

The concentration of BOD and COD in Citarum river, Nanjung during wet and dry seasons, 2002-2007

The population is around 237.5 million (BPS, 2010)

The population lives : 42 % in urban area and 58 % in rural area (BPS, 2010)

Basic facilities of sanitation : 69.51 % in urban area and 33.96 % in rural area (Bappenas, 2009)

Most of the people in Indonesia build their basic infrastructure of sanitation by self-supporting means.

In national scale, only 51.19 % of population has basic sanitation facilities (Bappenas, 2009)

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0

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Urban Rural

Areas

Ac

ce

ss

ibilit

y t

o f

ac

ilit

y o

f d

om

es

tic

wa

ste

wa

ter,

%

Communal (%) Private (%) Without facilities (%)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Pelita III Pelita IV Pelita V Pelita VI

Five-Year Development

Investm

en

t, %

Sanitation

Wastewater

The accessibility of basic sanitation in Indonesia, 2000

Source: National Action Plan, 2003

The investment of five-year development in Indonesia for sanitation (include water supply) and infrastructure of wastewater

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Served Population

Served Area Capacity and

Efficiency WWTP No City Population (person)

Served Area (Ha) Person % Ha % m3/day % Eff

Art of treatment

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

1 Balikpapan 436.029 50.331 7.764 1,8 40 0,1 800 tad ExAE

2 Banjarmasin 579.362 7.200 50 0,0 20 0,3 500 93,3 RBC

3 Bandung 2.250.000 16.729 420.000 18,7 6.000 35,9 243.000 91,7 S.POND 4 Cirebon 269.478 3.736 60.000 22,3 120 3,2 13.500 Tad S.POND 5 Denpasar (*) 459.384 23.653 181.600 35,2 1.655 7,0 51.000 Tad AELGN 6 Jakarta 9.175.600 65.570 1.659.000 20,3 6.260 9,6 462.600 66,7 AELGN 7 Medan 1.974.300 26.500 51.000 2,6 450 1,7 30.000 Tad UASB

8 Prapat (*) 10.000 192,1 10.500 105,0 71,6 37,27 2.010 85,0 AELGN 9 Surakarta 539.387 4.404 4.000 0,7 60 1,4 2.000 95,8 AELGN 10 Tangerang 1.320.600 18.378 45.700 3,5 82 0,4 5.500 Tad OXD

11 Yogyakarta 906.237 20.304 60.726 6,7 1.220 6 15.500 87,9 OXL

12 Total 17.910.377 236.805 2.489.940 13.9 15.977 6.75 826.410

Profile of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Indonesia (2000)

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Wastewater Treatment Plant in

Jakarta (a), Bandung (b) dan Medan (c)

(a) (b)

( c )

Current Zone Delineation in Bandung by Sanitation System Mode

Public sewerage (Zone A & A’): 39.7 km2 (23%)

Individual septic tank (Zone B): 37.1 km2 (22%)

Public sewerage (Zone A & A’): 39.7 km2 (23%)

Individual septic tank (Zone B): 37.1 km2 (22%)

Other on-site (soak-pit) (Zone C): 76.9 km2 (46%)

Communal treatment (Zone D): 3.1 km2 (2%)

Direct discharge to the nearest river (Zone E): 10.9 km2 (7%)Total 167.8 km2 (100%)

Zone

Source: Suharyanto, 2011 10

Septic Tank

Septic Tank

Septic Tank

Soak Pit

WWTP

CBSS

C

Sewerage systemCity Core Area

On-site systemAdjacent Area

A

A′

B

C

D

E

groundwater

gray water

wet day overflowInterceptor

New

ly I

nst

alle

d I

nter

cep

tor

Existing Sewer & Interceptor to WWTP

Newly Installed Sewer & Interceptor to WWTP

Legend:

Mode I

Mode III

Mode I

Mode VI Mode II←VIMode V←VI

Mode II←VI

Mode V←IV

Mode II←IV

Mode II←III

Mode IV

Mode III

Mode V

Mode II←III

Future Sanitation Modal Shifts in Bandung

Mode II

Mode V

Source: Suharyanto, 2011 11

No. Parameters Rainy

Seasons

Dry

Seasons Stream Standard*

1 TDS 88-389 143-378 1000 mg/l

2 TSS 98-200 18-102 50 mg/l

3 pH 7,16-7,50 6,43-7,06 6 – 9

4 BOD 80-180 61,7-187 50 mg/l

5 COD 102-345 128-706 100 mg/l

6 TOC 7,63-50,43 16,09-64,5 -

7 Nitrite 0-0,03 0-0,03 1 mg/l

8 Nitratq 1,41-25,32 1,89-24,4 10 mg/l

9 Amonium 0,51-8,65 4,66-9,62 0,51 mg/l

10 NTK 11,5-21,2 22,167-34,398 -

11 Total Phosphate 4,3-10,5 1,1-3,502 5 mg/l

12 Oil & Grease 7,6-15,1 5,3-15,1 10 mg/l

13 MBAS 0,03-2,7 2,464-7,315

0,5 mg/l *) PP 82, 2001

Source: Debora, Setyawan and Soewondo, 2009

Ratio BOD/COD: Rainy seasons : 0.43-0.86 Dry seasons : 0.21-0.68

As example :

MCK= Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus (Bath, wash and water closet) around Bandung and Tangerang

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The development of ecological system might be a good alternative to develop the recycling system

To increase the accessibility of basic sanitation facilities : 75.175 % in 2015

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How to manage the wastewater from home industry ???

Location of Slaughtering Houses and Tofu Industries Near Bandung

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Two Stages of Wastewater Treatment Using Modifications of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Constructed Wetland to Treat Slaughtering Houses and Tofu Industries

Inlet

Anaerobic Baffled Rea c tor

Outlet

Wetland reactor

i n

l e t

Ga

s out let

2 2

o u

t l e

t 8 7

. 5

7

7

7

7

. 5

8 3 3

4 0

1

2

2 5

Sa

mp lin g

poi nts

3

Med ia Filte

r Batu apu

ng

Out

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The efficiency of COD removal

in ABR and WR during the

experiments

WR1 WR2 WR3 WR4

WR1 WR2 WR3 WR4

Influent

Effluent

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700

800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Time, day

Co

ncen

trati

on

of

CO

D,

mg

/L

Influent ABR2 Effluent ABR2 Effluent WR2

ABR2: 2 d

WR2: 5 d

ABR2: 2 d

WR2: 5 d

ABR2: 1 d

WR2: 3 d

ABR2: 1 d

WR2: 3 d

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How to manage

the domestic wastewater ???

• Decentralized system less investment

• Ecological system

• Water scarcity recycling system

Low cost encourage the community to self-financing capital cost

OM cost

Sustainable it has beneficial to the community : - sustain & reliable water resources

- renewable energy & natural resouces

- the environmental health improvement

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Increase access to domestic wastewater services, both on-site and off-site, in urban and rural areas;

Increase financial capacities for wastewater infrastructure developments, both on-site and off-site, and also recover treatment cost to insure services;

Increase societies contribution on developing housing effluent of domestic wastewater treatment system;

Increase the work of wastewater treatment institution and separate function between regulator and operator;

Develop regulation and apply treatments according to enacted guidelines.

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Almost half of the Indonesian populations have no accessibility to wastewater facilities, which can potentially pollute the body of water.

By increasing both systems (on site and off site), the degradation of raw water quality can be reduced.

The development of technology can play a key role in improving these facilities.

Participation of the community is also very important to be concerned about.

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Thank You for Your Attention

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