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Pre-Feasibility Study for Rural Electrification Program by Hydropower Resources in The South of Uganda Study Report February 2006 Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc

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Pre-Feasibility Study for

Rural Electrification Program by

Hydropower Resources in The South of Uganda

Study Report

February 2006

Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan

West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc

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Contents Executive Summary Chapter 1 Introduction・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1

1.1 Background and Objectives・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1 1.2 Scope of Works ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2 1.3 Study Area ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2 1.4 Study Schedule ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2 1.5 Study Team Member ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2

Chapter 2 Electric Supply Plan ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3

2.1 Background ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3 2.2 Energy Sector・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3 2.3 The Development of Hydropower Resources ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3 2.4 Renewable Energy Resources ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・5

Chapter 3 Situation of the Kisoro District ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・7

3.1 General Description of Kisoro District ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・7 3.2 Power Supply and Demand of Kisoro District・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・13 3.3 Power Supply and Demand Prospect of Kisoro District ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・14

Chapter 4 Namabuye Hydro Power Project・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16

4.1 Hydrology ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16 4.2 Hydro Power Planning・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16 4.3 Cost Estimate・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・17 4.5 Benefit to the Local Community ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・18 4.6 Environmental and Socio-Economics Screening of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・18 4.7 Japanese Experience ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・18

Chapter 5 Future Issues ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・21

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Figure List Fig-1.1 Present and Future Electricity Transmission Network Fig-3.1 Three Mountain Scenery at Kisoro Town (2005/11/28 morning) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・7 Fig-3.2 Uganda’s National Parks ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・10 Fig-3.3 Transmission Network in South of Uganda ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・13 Fig-3.4 System Diagram – Kisoro District・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・13 Fig-3.5 Kisoro District ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・15 Fig-4.1 Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・20

Table List

Table-1.1 Study Team Members ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2 Table-2.1 Major Sites on River Nile ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・4 Table-2.2 Power Potential based on Alternative Energy Resources・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・5 Table-2.3 Mini Hydro Site in Uganda ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・5 Table-3.1 Land use/cover・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9 Table-3.2 Distribution Line Expansion Priority Plan in Kisoro District ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・14 Table-4.1 Flow Data・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16 Table-4.2 Itemized cost list ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・17 Table-4.3 Cost ratio ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・17 Table-4.4 Electricity rates and charge of UMEME (shilling/kWh) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・17 Table-4.5 Hydroelectric generator application of African countries ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・19

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Abbreviations

ABB ABB Ltd ACEC Aterliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi AES The AES Corporation BINP Bwindi Impenetrable National Park DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority IBA Important Bird Area In Uganda HV High Voltage MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development ODA Official Development Assistance PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PV Photovoltaic RE Rural Electrification SWECO SWECO INTERNATIONAL TBA Traditional. Birth Attendants TC Town Council UEB Uganda Electricity Board UEDCL Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited UGNP Uganda Gorilla National Park UMEME Umeme Limited : Ugandan registered company with shareholders Globeleq(56%)

and Eskom(44%)

UPE Universal Primary Education UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority

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Executive Summary

The biggest social problem in Uganda is poverty as in other African countries. The Uganda

government aims of implementing Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) through the sector

programs which is a development plan devised at every main sector of : education, health, road,

agriculture, water, sanitation and electric power. PEAP aims of improving the income of residents

and their life level through infrastructure developments and services. In order to attain these aims,

stable supply of electricity and improvement of electrification rate are one of the elements which are

indispensable.

Almost all parts of Uganda is green throughout the year in which 1/3 is covered with lakes and

rivers that makes much of the country’s power generated by hydropower. The large hydropower sites

are mainly concentrated along the Nile River while sites for small hydropowers are scattered in

several parts of the country.

The Kisoro District in Uganda is independent from the domestic power system. Furthermore, only

some town receives electricity supply from the neighboring country, Rwanda. Therefore, Kisoro

District was not incorporated in the Rural Electrification program. On the other hand, small

hydropower project is located in this district. Thus, investigation of hydropower is necessary to

accelerate rural electrification. This study will examine a scheme for the electrification program

through renewable energy.

As a study result, this time we propose a mini hydro power project with a maximum output of

2.0MW, an annual energy generation of 12.0 GWh and with an improved electrification rate from

21% to 66%.

This report is divided into five chapters. Chapter One addresses the background and objective of

the project. Chapter Two gives Electric Supply Plan in Uganda. Chapter Three presents Power

Supply and Demand Prospect of Kisoro District. Chapter Four proposes the Nymabuye Hydro Power

Project. Chapter Five presents the conclusion and issues of the proposed project.

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Fig-1.1 Present and Future Electricity Transmission Network

Nyamabuye Project

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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Objectives

The Republic of Uganda (hereinafter referred to as “Uganda”) located in the African eastern part is a landlocked country right on the equator with an area of about 2/3 of Japan’s 236,000 km2.

As in other African countries, the biggest social problem in Uganda is poverty in which the Uganda government devises to find solutions by adapting “Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP)” through the following:

① Sustained and rapid economic growth ② Good governance and maintenance of security ③ Income improvement in the poverty group ④ Life quality improvement of the poverty group Uganda government aims of implementing Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) through "the

sector program" which is a development plan devised at every main sector of: education, health, road, agriculture, water, sanitation and electric power. PEAP aims of improving the income of residents and their life level through infrastructure developments and services. Stable supply of electricity and improvement of electrification rate are one of the elements which are indispensable to these aims.

Related with this rural electrification promotion is the “Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan Covering 2001 to 2010” which is prepared by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Local Government.

Under this policy, poverty eradication is accelerated to promote rural electrification with three concepts as follows: ① Expansion of a transmission system and the abolition of low efficiency diesel ② Forest environmental protection by reducing the use of firewood. ③ Stabilization of a system Electrification rate of Uganda is very low in 2000 which is only 5.9 % , thus, the government aims

to achieve a rate of 7.4% for the year 2005 and a rate of 13.0 % for the year 2010. In addition, rural electrification rate in a household level is only 2 % in 2000. Therefore, the government rural electrification (RE) strategy aims to achieve a rural electrification rate of 10 % for the year 2010.

Rural Electrification fundamental fund is established based on the revised "The Electricity Act, 1999" to achieve the goals mentioned above and to develop the expansion of transmission and distribution system (connected between major cities) and the dispersion type power source (Off grid) located in a distant place. In September 2002 transmission and distribution system consisted of: 1,115km transmission line with 132kV, and 54km transmission line with 66kV. 33kV and 11kV are for distribution line which totals 6,700km. Only 33 areas cover rural electrification in a total of 54 administrative divisions. Thus, the development of rural electrification is one of the important action plan. (See Fig-1.1;Present and Future Electricity Transmission Network)

As for the following thing, this investigation is placed with a pilot survey contributing to rural electrification acceleration of Uganda. The Kisoro District stands alone from domestic power system. Furthermore, only some town catches an electricity supply from the neighboring country, Rwanda.

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Therefore, Kisoro District is not incorporated in The Rural Electrification program. This study will examine a scheme for the electrification program through Renewable energy.

1.2 Scope of Works This study will examine a scheme for implementation of this project, recommend measures to

realize this project and collect data on following: ①Feasibility study on rural electrification ②Site survey ③Hydropower planning

1.3 Study Area The study was conducted in Nshungwe village and Nyamabuye village located in the Kisoro

District, the South of Uganda.

1.4 Study Schedule The survey was conducted with the offices of MEMD (Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Development), ERA (Electricity Regulatory Authority), Kisoro District Government and the branch offices of UMEME. Meeting, information collection, data collection and site survey were done in ten days from November 24,2005.

1.5 Study Team Member

Persons-in-charge of study are as listed below:

Table-1.1 Study Team Members

No Name Specialty

1 Takatoshi NAGAO Project Manager and Hydropower Plan

2 Kenji TAGUCHI Regional Development Plan

3 Shigeru ONIKI Rural Electrification Plan

4 Hideaki NAKAGAWA Environmental, Topography and Geology

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Chapter 2 Electric Supply Plan 2.1 Background

Uganda consumes energy at the rate of slightly more than 5 million tons of oil equivalent per annum. Of this, over 90% is biomass (wood, charcoal and agricultural residues) as the main source of energy for most households.

Only 6% of Uganda’s estimated population of 23 million has an access to electricity which is a very low figure in international standards.

As a way of reducing poverty, the government is encouraging investment in the power sector specially in the rural areas where over 90% of the population is found. The demand for electric power increases at 4 to 5MW per month amidst shortage of supply. The region’s power exports to neighboring countries is another overwhelming factor bearing on the increasing demand.

Uganda Ministry of Electric Power has an active plan for expansion of transmission and distribution network at 132kV and 33kV to promote the action plan of the rural electrification plan.

However, in some region, geographically and economically, the expansion of transmission and distribution network is impossible causing delay in the development of power supply distribution .

Considering the diesel generation cost, it takes roughly one liter of diesel (1 liter = 75 US cents) to generate 3.8kWh which translates to 1kWh that costs approximately 20 US Cents on the existing thermal generators. On the other hand, the national average tariff for 1kWh is approximately 11 US cents.

Hydropower is generally cheaper, cleaner and a more environmentally friendly source of electricity.

Uganda has a comparative advantage in the region with its abundant hydropower potential though less than 10 % has been exploited.

The choice of hydropower remains the only option to Uganda’s electricity needs.

2.2 Energy Sector The Ugandan government reviewed the Electricity Act on October, 1999. It has set in motion the

privatization of the Uganda Power Industry except for the transmission company and has set up the ERA (Electricity Regulatory Authority) as a regulatory organization with supervision over Electric Power Industry participants. In addition, the electricity distribution business (UEDCL Assets) was in concession to UMEME for 20 years to maintain and operate the electricity distribution network, and the consortium of British CDC Globleq and Eskjom commited to invest 65 million US$ in the system for 5 years starting in 2004.

2.3 The Development of Hydropower Resources

Almost all part of Uganda is green all year round and 1/3 of it is covered by lakes and rivers. The annual mean rainfall for most part of the country is 1,000mm with 500mm in the Northeast and 2,000mm in the Lake Victoria region.

Virtually, all of Uganda’s hydropower potential is on the Nile River commonly called the White Nile. It is estimated that the potential on the Nile within Uganda boarders is about 2,650 MW. While small hydro powers (0.5 – 5.0MW) are scattered in many parts of the country.

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Much of Uganda’s power is generated by hydropower. The Owen Falls hydro station with the

biggest reservoir in the world is the largest at 180MW and occupies more than 95% of the total installed capacity in Uganda which the government plans to extend. After completion of this power station, the total capacity becomes 380MW.

In addition, AES electric company which is a subsidiary of the U.S. AES company established AES Nile Power Company in Uganda which receives support from the World Bank and has started construction of Bujagari Hydroelectric Power Station (250MW) in 2002. But the construction did not make progress due to unfair dealings over the project and due to objections of an environment group. (See Table-2.1;Major Sites on River Nile)

Table-2.1 Major Sites on River Nile No. Site Hydro

Capacity (MW)

River Remarks

1 Nalubaale (Owen Falls) 180 Nile In service 2 Kiira(Owen Falls Extension) 200 Nile 80MW in service,

40MW expected by June 2002

3 Bujagali 250 Nile Construction to start By June 2002

4 Kalagala 225 Nile To be developed into a leisure/tourist centre

5 Busowoko** 230 Nile Not developed 6 Karuma(Kamdini)**** 300-350 Nile - do - 7 Ayago (North) 310-400 Nile - do - 8 Ayago (South) 230-250 Nile - do - 9 Murchison Falls 450-550 Nile - do - TOTAL (max) 2,635

** This site is less economically viable with the development of neighboring sites. ** This site is ready for development but its development is dependant on the Bujagali project

( development delayed due to the environmental issues )

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Table-2.2 Power Potential based on Alternative Energy Resources

Energy Source Estimated Electrical Potential

Large Hydro 2,000MW

Mini-Hydro 209MW

Biomass 190MW

Solar 230MW

Wind -

Geothermal 450MW

Peat 800MW

2.4 Renewable Energy Resources

Uganda has a rich renewable energy resource base.

This includes hydrological, biomass, solar, wind and geothermal resources.

However, modern production of energy from these resources is still very limited. (See Table-2.2;Power Potential based on Alternative Energy Resources) (1) Hydropower

Hydropower provides about 98% of the country’s utility power supply. The resource however, contributes to less than 2% of Uganda’s total energy consumption. Uganda’s hydrological resources are estimated to have a potential power production of over 2500MW. The large hydropower sites (over 200MW) are mainly concentrated along the Nile River while sites for small hydro (0.5 – 5.0MW) are scattered in many parts of the country. Table-2.1 and Table-2.3 give details of the hydropower potential in Uganda. This potential gives Uganda a comparative advantage over her neighbors in the East African region in producing relatively cheap power product. To date, less than 10% (about 196MW) of this potential is exploited. Therefore, there is a considerable potential for further development.

Table-2.3 Mini Hydro Site in Uganda

No. Site Hydro Capacity (MW)

River(District) Remarks

1 Paidha 10 Nyagak(Nebbi) Studies done awaiting funding

2 Ishasha 5 Ishasha(Rukungiri) - do - 3 Muzizi 20 Muzizi(Kibale) Not developed 4 Nyamabuye 1.5 – 4.0 Kaku (Kisoro) - do - 5 Biseruka 10 Ntungu(Rukungiri) - do - 6 Nsongezi 54 Kagera(Mbarara) - do - 7 Bugoye 7.5 Mubuku(Kasese) 5MW in service TOTAL 122.5

(2) Biomass

Uganda has immense forest and agricultural resources that can be converted into electricity. As an agricultural country, Uganda generates a lot of agricultural residues and forest products, especially those derived from coffee and rice husks; bagasse; and municipal and animal waste; saw dust, wood stumps and wood chipping.

The major source of energy is biomass which contributes over 90% of the total energy

consumption and is largely used in traditional non-commercial form. Every year, 20 million m3 of woods are consumed for cooking.

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Thus, biomass can provide substantial amounts of electricity, especially from co-generation of

sugar industries, gasification from coffee processing industries and biogas from biodegradable wastes. Electricity produced can be either connected to the grid or used to supply local demand in a mini-grid set-up.

(3) Solar Energy

Uganda straddles the equator and has a very good average insolation of about 5 kWh/m2/day. Solar radiation has been used traditionally in the drying of crops and animal produce as well as other domestic purposes like drying of clothes.

Limited modern solar thermal applications are now available for crop drying, water heating and

cooking. Solar photovoltaic (PV) applications have been increasing in Uganda since the late 1980s. These include electrification for rural households, health centers (especially vaccine refrigeration), community services (e.g. water pumping, schools, etc) and telecommunications.

There are currently several thousands solar home systems installed. However, large scale adoption

of PV electrification is hampered by the high cost of the system. PV technology is the available option for accessing electricity in the remote and dispersed

population of Uganda. The government has embarked on plans to remove market barriers which include the high investment cost, lack of long-term finance to increase affordability, inadequate technical capabilities and low level of public awareness.

(4) Wind The average wind speed in Uganda is low – about3.0m/s. However, in more flat areas (e.g.

Karamoja Region of Northwestern Uganda) around the great lakes and hill-tops in many parts of the country, the speed may go as fast as 6.0 m/s which is adequate to run a wind turbine.

The main application of wind energy has been used for water pumping, especially in Karamoja.

There are several small wind turbines that have been installed in Uganda. However, commercial wind application has been hampered by most of the potential areas which is so far identified and far from demand centers. To harness the wind potential in Uganda, therefore, requires grid connection.

(5) Geothermal Energy Geothermal resources have been identified in the Rift Valley Region in Western Uganda. Some

preliminary studies have been carried out in which a resource of about 450MW has been estimated. There is however, a need to carry out detailed exploration to quantify the available resource

capacity. Since the resource occurs in an agriculturally rich area, there is a potential for using this resource for commercial food processing, using direct thermal energy and electric power.

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Chapter 3 Situation of Kisoro District 3.1 General Description of Kisoro District

Kisoro District is located in the South Western corner of Uganda and borders with Rukungiri District in the North, Kabale District in the East, Rwanda in the South and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the West. It is a high mountainous district with large lakes and rivers with eroded gullies. The economy of the district is one of the less developed in the country. The main economic activity is agriculture and majority of the people are engaged in small scale subsistence farming.

3.1.1 Physical/Chemical Environment (1) Location

In the southwest of Uganda, Kisoro District covers an area of 729.6 km2 of which 577.2 km2 is land and the rest is an open water area and swamps. It lies approximately 1981m above sea level. The area is classified into two: the lowland and the upland mountain. The highest point of the mountain is in the volcanic ranges including Mgahinga (4,127m above sea water level) that is bordering between Uganda and Rwanda and Muhavura (3,475m) bordering in Rwanda and Sabyino (3,674m) at 3 countries’ border points.

The district is situated with crater lakes of Mutanda, Mulehe, Chahafi and Kayumbu of which the total land area is 28.3 km2 and are the main potable water sources of the people. The District Administrative Center is in Kisoro Town which is 510 km Southwest of Kampala City.

Fig-3.1 Three Mountain Scenery at Kisoro Town (2005/11/28 morning)

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(2) Climate The District that has two rainy seasons a year with heavy rains during March till May/June and

from August to October. November to February and June to August is the dry season. The mean annual rainfall in the district is 1,000-1,250 mm. However, the Mgahinga National Park and the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park probably receives more rainfall than the central part of the district.

The Kisoro District has a relatively low temperature where the mean annual maximum temperature is 23-25 degrees and the annual minimum temperature record is 10-12.5 degrees.

Winds are strong in the district especially during the dry season and at the onset of the rainy season. Sometimes it causes the loss of crops like sorghum and banana falling before maturity.

(3) Geology and Soil

The rocky system underlying in most parts of the Kisoro District was influenced by volcanic actions formed by the upsurge of the Western Rift Valley during the Pleistocene age. Basement complex rock system occupies a large part of the district especially central Kisoro. It consists of large metamorphic granitite rocks, schist and foliated granites, granochiorate and adamellite.

Regarding the geological condition in the area, there are four soil types found in the district. The first is eutrophic soils of Tropical Forest Region based on volcanic ash that is rich in plant

nutrients and which contains high reserve of weathered minerals usually developed on volcanic ash. They are found in the southern part of the district, like the Busanza sub-district where the project site is located .

The second is ferrate soils of high altitude that represent almost the final stage in tropical weathering possessing a fine granular structure which is very friable and porous. They are generally found on hill slops and in valley bottoms and widespread in the northern part of the district.

The third is non-hydromorphic and organic soils of mountains; they are almost entirely organic mountain soils, and they are predominant specially around the Sabinio Mountain area.

The last one is papyrus peat soils comprised of peat, sands and clays which are developed on papyrus residues and river alluvium. They were formed as a result of the accumulation of thick layers of organic matters below swampy vegetation through a slow decomposition.

The volcanic plugs/rocks have rich mineral contents like: Gold, Bismuth, Wolfram, Tin, Iron, and Pumice, and there are some potentials for developing mining in the district.

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3.1.2 Biological Environment (1) Flora

Kisoro District is located in a mountainous area, hence, there are many progressive changes in vegetation zones as a result of physical factors of particular climate, altitude and edaphic. In the past, the land was covered by an open canopy mountain rain forest and the lowlands were covered with bamboos, small shrubs and grasses. Recently most of the land was cultivated with the reduced natural forest remaining outside the conservation area of the Mgahinga National Park, Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park and Echuya Highlands. About 20% of the district is a natural vegetation area while 75% of the district is an artificial vegetation area. Some households have planted Eucalyptus woodlots, Black wattle and Cypress trees. (See Table-3.1;Land use/cover)

Table-3.1 Land use/cover

Area (km2) %

Tropical forest 114.3 15.7

Grassland/Bushland 29.2 4.0

Small scale subsistence 543.9 74.5

Plantation 2.0 0.3

Built-up areas 2.1 0.3

Papyrus swamps 9.8 1.3

Open water bodies 28.3 3.9

Total 729.6 100.0

There are three main types of forests that remain in the district namely:

・High Altitude Forest This vegetation type has remained on the slopes of the volcanic mountain ranges – Mgahinga,

Muhavavura, Sabino and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park where the altitude is more than 1,500 m up to 3,300m. Mountain bamboo forest spread out in various thickness on the medium altitude slopes of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest and Echuya Forest reserve.

・Forest and Savannah Mosaic

This vegetation covers the medium altitude areas between 2,100 and 3,000 m above sea level. Grass species are abundant in this mosaic including Pennisetum purpereum, Hyperrhenia ssp, and Themeda trianda.

・Swamp Forest

There are both permanent papyrus/reed swamps and seasonal swamps in the water-logged areas where the Chahi, Nyabwisheya and Nyakabande are dominant. Most of these swamps are covered by Cyperus papyrus and reeds which attain a height of 2 - 5 m.

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(2) Fauna According to the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (BGNP)

and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) have a great diversity of habitats. As for large mammals, the rare species of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei), buffalos (Syncerus cafter) and elephants (eloxodonta africana) live in the parks. There is also the rare golden monkey (cercophithecus mitis kanditi) known only to exist in the Virunga and other forests in central Africa.

79 species of birds have been recorded in MGNP, whereas BINP supports 346 bird species of which 182 are typical forest species. BINP is one of the prominent forests in Africa with richness in mammalian species, supporting at least 120 known species of mammals. It hosts 7 diurnal primate species namely the mountain gorilla, chimpanzee (Pantragladytes), blue monkey, black and white colobus, and baboon among others.

Of the 65 forests investigated for biodiversity, Echuya forest reserve ranks eight in overall importance (IBA, 2001). It supports ten species which do not occur anywhere in Uganda. Of these five are trees, four butterflies and one of the bird species.

(3) Conservation area

In Uganda, there are ten National Parks and thirteen Wildlife reserves. In Kisoro District there are two national parks namely: Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (area; 33.7km2) and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (area; 331km2). (See Fig-3.2;Uganda’s National Parks)

Echuya Bamboo Forest reserve is a 702 ha under the Forest Department had been published in the

government’s periodicals. It comprises 90% of bamboo zone and in some areas, Cypress and pines have been planted.

Fig-3.2 Uganda’s National Parks

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The main reason for biodiversity loss is the increasing population. The protected areas were once considered as the sole source of livelihood for the surrounding communities. Some areas were completely settled and cultivated prior to the publication. Some illegal activities including wire spares, bamboo collection for making baskets and housing, bee keeping, livestock grazing, firewood and water collection, and encroachment for agriculture have been done. And also, the forest environment has been faced with the threat of introduction of exotic species.

3.1.3 Social Situation

In May1991, Kisoro became Uganda’s 35th District after separation from Kabale District. There are 13 rural sub-counties, 34 rural parishes, 2 town wards, 389 villages and a town council.

The district population is 267,364 people i.e. 136,896 females (55%) and 130,468 males, and the

population growth rate is 3.3% per annum. (by Kisoro District current home page) The recent population growth in Kisoro region during the past 50years has been influenced

mostly by the restive situation between Uganda and the adjacent countries, Rwanda and Congo. The fighting and wars spilled over into Kisoro District leading into the influx of refugees and emigrations. Kisoro District is densely populated with the Bafumbira, the major ethnic group (about 68%) who led a simple life mainly as farmers. And then the remaining majors are Bakiga (about 16%) and Banyarwanda (about 15%). The significant ethnic group is Batwa (Pygmies) who occupied 0.1% the natural forest and the National Park since they have lived there from ancient times.

Agriculture is a major economic activity in Kisoro District which employs 93.4% of the active age

group population. And 89.5% of the household population has their main source of livelihood in subsistence farming. Traditional agricultural techniques are used where crop rotation involving a short fallow period is almost non-existent due to the shortage of land in the District. The crops grown in the District are beans, sorghum, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, maize, field peas, wheat, bananas and vegetables (cabbage, onions, and tomatoes). Perennial crops such as coffee, tobacco and tea are growing in small scales. Much of the crops produced are consumed leaving little surplus for sale to become a source of family income.

For the promotion of the primary education, the Universal Primary Education (UPE) system was introduced in February 1997 in Uganda. In Kisoro District, the number of Primary schools increased. There are 114 government aided schools , 7 private schools and 14 community aided schools in 2004. The total primary school enrolment number rapidly increased under the UPE system.

About human health, the environments of Kisoro District have poor living conditions. Life

expectancies are low, for males 49.9 % and for females 54.4%. Crude death rate per 1,000 populations is 16.5 although crude birth rate is 57.1. Whereas, the infant mortality rate per 1,000 populations is 105. This is due to lack of clean water, poor sanitation and nutrition among children. However, the situation is being improved through training and registration of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA), application of hygienic methods and promotion of medical/health facilities and systems. The domestic water system in Kisoro District has 394 protected springs and wells, 9 boreholes, 7 institutional rain water tanks and 3 gravity flow schemes. These sources covered only

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18% of the population in 1997 and almost all of the people depends on unsafe water sources i.e. unprotected springs, rivers, lakes and streams.

Wood fuel is the main source of energy in most households for both rural (99.8%) and urban

(88.8%) areas in Kisoro District (1991). The source of fire wood is mainly from private woodlots, Bushland and crop residues like sorghum stalks. Charcoal production is meant primary for urban centers. Petroleum sources of energy are paraffin (Kerosene), petrol and diesel. About 20% of the households in Kisoro District use paraffin for lighting both in the rural and urban areas. Only some parts of the Kisoro Town Council and Nyakabande sub-county are supplied with stable electricity through the 30kV grid from Rwanda.

The district has a total road network of 503km of which 48km is under the Central Works and

325km is earth road under district maintenance while 130km is a community road maintained by sub-counties.

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3.2 Power Supply and Demand of Kisoro District The Kisoro District which is located at the southwest end of Uganda is isolated from domestic

power systems and distribution company. UMEME receives electricity through the 30kV distribution line from the neighboring country, Rwanda. The distribution line is passing only through the 3 sub countries: Kisoro TC (Town Council), Nyakabanda and Chahi against 14 sub countries of Kisoro District. (See Fig-7.1; System Diagram – Kisoro District)

In addition, only about 5% of householders are using electricity in the distribution area since they

are running out of income cash. The peak demand of Kisoro District is 500kW at the moment.

Fig-3.3 Transmission Network in South of Uganda

Fig-3.4 System Diagram – Kisoro District

30kV Line from RWANDA

Army Barracks

Kisoro Hill

Kisoro Town

Chuho Water

Kamonyi

Busamba Iranu Air Strip

Mutorere Hospital

Binsobedde

Gasiza

Kabira

Nyakabande Gisorora T/C

Nyamabuve

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3.3 Power Supply and Demand Prospect of Kisoro District When a total 2MW hydropower plant is constructed at Nyamabuye area of Kaku river which is

flowing from Lake Mutanda to DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo), the best access for the power transmission is through the new 30kV distribution line to Kisoro TC which is along the existing road in view of the power capacity, distance between the hydropower station and the existing power line, construction cost and availability. In that case, distribution company UMEME can distribute electricity among sub countries like Busanza, Nyarubuye and Nyakinama which will pass through the distribution line. If there would be more power to send, UMEME can distribute it to a sub country Nyarusiza, south of Kisoro TC which is populated, and to other sub countries. As a result, electric power import from Rwanda disappears and the voluntary supply system is established. Rate of Electrification is improved to 66% from 21%.A priority plan in the distribution line expansion in Kisoro District is shown at Table-3.2 which is due to the location of sub countries and the number of households and population. However, if the redundant power will be sent to Rwanda, more survey is needed, (See Fig-3.5;Kisoro District)

Table-3.2 Distribution Line Expansion Priority Plan in Kisoro District

Future Priority Sub country Households Population Remarks

Kisoro T.C. 2,575 11,328 Nyakabande 4,516 21,495 Existing D/L

Chahi 3,124 14,457

30kV Existing Distribution Line from Rwanda

Amount(21%) subtotal 10,215 32,823 Rate of electrification 21%

Nyakinama 3,426 15,071

Nyarubuye 3,376 15,441 Proposed D/L

Busanza 3,389 14,525

This time proposed D/L from the new hydropower station to the center of Kisoro T.C.

Amount(42%) aubtotal 10,191 45,037 Rate of electrification 21%

Nyarusiza 5,059 22,350 1

Muramba 6,793 28,189

South-west part of Kisoro District; a lot of households and closer to the existing D/L

Amount(66%) subtotal 11,852 50,539 Rate of electrification 24%

Murora 3,330 15,477 2 Kanaba

Nyundo 2,696 2,175

12,895 10,705

East and North from Kisoro T.C.; easy to expand the existing D/L

Amount(83%) subtotal 8,201 39,047 Rate of electrification 17%

Kirundo 3,403 15,647

Bukimbiri 2,351 11,604 3 Nyabwishenya 2,324 11,128

North part of Kisoro District; far away from Kisoro T.C. and the last D/L Expansion Area in Kisoro District

Amount(100%) subtotal 8,078 38,379 Rate of electrification 17%

Total 48,537 220,312 *from the Census of Uganda in 2002

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12km

3km

5km

15km

2km 10km

8km 12km

From Ruwanda

3km

Existing Distribution Line

Extend Distribution Line

Distribution Line for Project

Project

Fig-3.5 Kisoro District

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Chapter4 Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project 4.1 Hydrology

No data was available for the site since the river had never been gauged before. To generate the required data for the site, the catchment was compared with the River Kiruyuma catchment which is the nearest catchment with a reasonable period of data (1960~1980). Based on the available flow data from the hydrological station along the river and the available rainfall data both at Kaku and Kiruruma catchments, an estimate of the flow data at the proposed intake site on River Kaku at Nyamabuye was prepared.

The method involved establishing the rainfall runoff correlation in River Kiyuyuma catchment and assuming the same relationship for River Kaku, the long term flow data series for River Kaku was obtained. The rainfall stations with data used in correlation and estimation of flow data were Mafuga and Kabale for Kiruruma catchment and Kisoro for River Kaku catchment.

The average inflow of water to the project amounts to 3.23m3/s which gives an assumed maximum turbine discharge of 4.0 m3/s.

Calculation results as summarized below:

Table-4.1 Flow Data

There is no available water level data for Lake Mutanda in the hydrological record, thus, we requested the Chairman of Kisoro District to set the gauging station.

4.2 Hydro Power Planning

The conceptual layout for the Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project has been based on the Reports of the 1993 Norconsult Study and 2000 SWECO Study as a result of our team’s site visits and investigation in November 2005. We proposed the rubber type weir considering sedimentation and flood control.

This time, we suggested two projects: one with cascade development and another one with natural pond.

Project 1 ・ An approximately 3~5m high rubber type weir at EL+5,850ft located 2km east of Nshungwe

village in Kisoro District. ・ Open headrace canal flows from the intake to the head tank. ・ A power house with two turbine ( maximum plant discharge: 2x2m3/s ) directly connected to

the tailrace water level at EL+5,700ft. Project 1 will produce 1.5MW and an annual energy generation of 9.0GWh.

Site River Average Flow(m3/s) Maximum Flow(m3/s) Minimum Flow(m3/s)

Nyamabuye Kaku 3.229 17.303 0.419

Q95 Q90 Q75 Q50 Q25 Q10 Q5

Flow 1.067 1.293 1.933 2.856 4.108 5.501 6.649

QXX: Q:Water flow(m3/s)

XX:Probability of flow occurrence

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Project 2 ・ An approximately 3~5m high rubber type weir at EL+5,550ft located 0.5km west of

Nyamabuye village in Kisoro District. ・ Open headrace canal flows from intake to head tank. ・ A power house with two turbines (maximum plant discharge:2x2m3/s) directly connected to

the tailrace water level at EL+5,500ft. Project 2 will produce 0.5MW and an annual energy generation of 3.0 GWh. The total project cost has been estimated at 9MUS$ based on the present available data. An itemized cost list is given in Table-4.2. (See Fig-4.1;Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project)

Table-4.2 Itemized cost list

4.3 Cost Estimate

Generating cost will be calculated with 16.9C(340shilling)/kWh. As a result, it is high in comparison with existing electricity rates and charge. In application of ODA case, generating cost becomes 8.45C(170shilling)/kWh with the existing charge level .Therefore, Japanese ODA is necessary to implement the rural electrification. (See Table-4.3 and Table-4.4)

Table-4.3 Cost ratio

Table-4.4 Electricity rates and charge of UMEME (shilling/kWh)

Project1 Project2 Nyamabuye total

Intake water level 5,850ft 5,550ft

Tailrace water level 5,700ft 5,500ft

Head 45m 15m

Discharge 4.0 m3/s 4.0 m3/s

Output 1.5MW 0.5MW 2.0MW

Generation 9.0GWh 3.0GWh 12.0GWh

Cost(MUSD) 6MUS$ 2MUS$

Distribution line(30kv)* 1MUS$

9MUS$

*70km

Interest Depreciation Operation Auxiliary power ratio

Transmission Loss

Rate 10% 5% 5% 1.4% 10% Interest: World Bank:4%、refinancing rate from Bank of Uganda 4%, an additional rate of commercial bank 2% Analysis term 20 years 1US$:2000shilling Commercial base ratio: 20%, ODA base ratio : 10%

Domestic Commercial Medium

Industrial

Large

Industrial

Street-light mean

2005 216.9 208.3 182.8 73.6 205.3 177.4

2004 171.4 164.8 150.3 60.4 162.5 141.9

2003 170.1 170.1 155.4 89.4 155.0 148.0

2002 168.0 168.0 152.4 93.5 153.0 147.0

2001 189.8 189.8 171.6 104.4 176.4 166.4

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4.5 Benefit to the Local Community A hydropower plant at Nyamabuye would benefit the local community through the following: ・ Support in local electrification. ・ Possible operation of the local system in an island operation during failures. ・ Promotion of local industries such as the existing wolfram mines that suffer from high cost

of electricity. ・ Reduction on the need of expensive import from Rwanda. ・ Improvement of the overall quality of supply.

4.6 Environmental and Socio-Economic Screening of the Project

The Nyamabuye Project is located in Kisoro District which has a population density of 357persons/km2 (according to the three-year District Development Plan).This implies that if there is any population to be displaced by the project it might be difficult to resettle them anywhere within the district. Almost 96% of the population in the district lives in rural areas where farming is the major sources of income with women concentrating on food production accounting for 90% of their time.

There are some small-scale fishing by children which provides some protein to the family. If this will be lost due to the project, it may affect some of the households source of protein. The crops mainly grown are bananas, coffee and eucalyptus plantations which supply wood fuel

and construction needs of the community. For a more detailed assessment of the sociological impact of the project on the population ,

complementary research in the field should be performed. The population settled around the proposed site is composed of the Buhumbu ethnic group who

are peasant subsistence farmers and who sell off some crops for household income. The people in the area are living peacefully without any serious land wrangles despite the high population density. They welcome any development in the area and feel that if the project takes off, there will be improvement of the infrastructure in their area that will stimulate development. It is anticipated that there will be no population displacement, however, some small farmland might undergo changes.

4.7 Japanese Experience

Since this project builds intake weir in the wet zone of high plains, it is necessary to think about stage rising of flood and sediment. Therefore, we suggest application in rubber dam based in the Japanese mini hydro power project. On the other hand, it will be a base of power generation in Kisoro district.Consequently, it is highly critical to prevent the accidental suspension of a system or the decline in power generation caused by the mechanical failure. Considering the impact of the electric power system in the rural area, equipments that are highly reliable and efficient in power generation have to be installed.

As for the turbines and generators in African countries, formerly occupied countries more then

100 years, uses the local European equipments they have. But among all of the equipments available,

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it is preferable to avail of the Japanese equipments due to its low mechanical failure frequency compared in the world standard and can be operated at high efficiency.

(See Table-4.5;Hydroelectric generator application of African countries)

Table-4.5 Hydroelectric generator application of African countries

ABB:ABB Ltd, Switzerland

ACEC:Aterliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi,S.A.,Belgium SIMENS:Germany A-J:Alstido Jeumont ,France

ABB ACEC SIMENS A-J Japan Others Total Unit 23 22 21 19 6 68 159

Ratio 14% 14% 13% 12% 4% 43% 100

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Fig-4.1 Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project

Nyamabuye 2

Output 0.5MW

Nyamabuye 1

Output 1.5MW

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Chapter5 Future Issues

Kisoro District is green and is covered by lakes and rivers. Since there is no power plant in this area, its electric power is imported from Rwanda. Thus, developing the Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project and improving electrification rate is very important..

Maximum demand of Kisoro District is 500kW.This project serves as a big role for the improvement of electrification rate (object household rate spreads from 22% to 66%).

As for the hydropower development, the percentage of the cost interest is commercially high that in turn makes the electrification rate high.

Japanese ODA becomes indispensable while securing existing electricity rate to accelerate rural electrification. Furthermore, after construction, it is necessary to perform maintenance and operation of a generating plant smoothly. Therefore Japanese Enterprise's Participation is indispensable.

For MEMD to direct Kisoro District government and the UMEME in order to build an administrative oganization.

It is necessary to have an immediate general check on the technical aspect of the situations under the pre-feasibility study which are as follows:

(1) Non-existence of data for the river flow and water level of Lake Mutanda. (2)Topographical map was made 1965 and the scale is large (1/50,000). As such, we request the Chairman of Kisoro District to set up the gauging station and send an

up-dated map. The accuracy of the project layout (length) and its basic design (height) is at thirty meters level

and using a new data , the design level becomes in five meter level.

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Appendix

1. Uganda Energy Balance・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1

2. Uganda Energy and Power・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2

3. Kisoro District ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3

4. Kisoro Town (Photo) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・4

5. Nshungwe Village (Photo)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・5

6. Nyamabuye Hydropower Project Site(Photo) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・6

7. Uganda Passenger's Security Information ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・8

8. Investigation Schedule・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9

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1

Fig 1 Uganda Energy Balance

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Kikagati Nyamabuy

Sogahi 2

Fig 2 Uganda Energy and Power

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Fig 3 Kisoro District

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Prefectural office of Kisoro District

Uganda Electricity Distribution Company

Elementary school

Fig 4 Kisoro Town(Photo)

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Nshungwe Village

House in the village

Nshungwe community center

Fig 5 Nshungwe Village(Photo)

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Lake Mutanda

Project 1 weir site

Project 1 powerhouse site

Fig 6 Nyamabuye Hydropower Project Site(Photo)

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Project 2 power house site

Project 2 down stream

Lake Mulehe

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Nyamabuye Project

Fig 7 Uganda passenger's security information

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Table1 8 Investigation Schedule

Schedule 日 Traffic Stay Content

11.24 Th. Air (Dhbai) 15:00 EK 6254 Fukuoka⇒Osaka

23:15 EK317 Osaka⇒Dhbai

11.25 Fr Air Kamapla 8:10 EK723 Dhbai⇒Entebbe(14:30)

11.26 Sa Carriage Kamapla

11:00 Eng.Murengyezi(MEMD Director: Rural

Electrification)

13:00 To Jinja The Owen Falls Hydropower Station

11.27 Su Carriage Kisoro 8:00 Start to Kisoro

18:00 Arrival Kisoro

11.28 Mon Carriage Kisoro

8:00 Dr.Mateke(Kisoro District Chariman)

John Charles( Kisoro District Commissioner)

Investigation

11.29 Thu Carriage Kamapla 8:00 Investigation 12:00 Start to Kampala

11.30 Wed Carriage Kamapla

11:00 Eng.Murengyezi(MEMD

13:00 Bahti Godfrey (Commissioner Geological &

Minerals/Geothermal survey)

12.1 Th. Carriage Kamapla

9:00Mr.Susaki (Resident Representative: JICA Uganda

Office)

10:30Mr.Kikuchi(Embassy of Japan: Ambassador of Japan)

15:00 Bradford Ochieng (Assistant Director: Uganda

Investment Authority)

16:00 Dr.Sebbowa (Chief Executive Officer :Electricity

Regulatory Authority)

Johnson S.D.Kwesigabo(Secretary/Legal Counsel :ERA)

12.2 Fr Air (Dhbai)

8:00 Kiyemba Eriasi(Managing Director: Electricity

Transmission Co.)

11:00 Twinomujuni Jackson (Senior Hydrologist/Project

coordinator:Water Resources Management Department)

15:55 EK724 Entebbe to Dhbai

12.3 Sa Air

Osaka

Fukuoka

02:50 EK316 Dhbai⇒Osaka

19:20 EK6253 Osaka⇒Fukuoka

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ウガンダ国

南部地域における再生可能エネルギーによる

地方電化計画可能性調査

和文要約

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1.まえがき

1.1 調査の目的と背景

アフリカ東部に位置するウガンダ共和国(以下「ウ国」と称す)は赤道直下の内陸国で、

国土面積は日本の約2/3 の 236,000km2である。

ウ国における最も大きな社会問題は、他のアフリカ諸国と同様に貧困問題がある。ウ国

政府は貧困撲滅行動計画「Poverty Eradication Action Plan(PEAP)」を策定し、①急速

かつ持続的な経済成長、②グッドガバナンスと治安維持、③貧困層の所得向上、④貧困層

の質的生活向上 を重点課題としている。

ウ国政府は、貧困撲滅行動計画(PEAP)を政策の最上位に据え、教育、保健、道路、農

業、水、衛生、電力等の主要セクター毎に策定された開発計画である「セクター・プログ

ラム」をドナーの援助のもとPEAP の達成を目指している。

PEAP では、主要セクター毎に掲げたインフラ整備やサービスの提供を通して、住民所得

及び生活レベル向上を目指しており、電気安定供給及び電化率向上は、目標達成に欠かせ

ない要素の一つである。

この電化率向上に関し、同セクター・プログラムの一端を担うのは、2001 年にエネルギ

ー資源開発省(Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development)が、経済開発計画財務省

(Ministry of Finance and Planning and Economic Development)及び地方政府(Local

Government)等の協力を受けて策定した地方電化推進計画「Rural Electrification

Strategy and Plan Covering the Period 2001 to 2010(RE)」である。

同政策では、貧困撲滅につながる地方電化を促進するために、①送電系統拡張及び低効

率ディーゼル廃止、②薪燃料焚き減らしによる環境森林保全、③系統システム安定化の 3

つの柱を掲げ、地方電化を推進することとしている。

]

ウ国全体における電化率は 2000 年時点で 5.9% 表 1 ウガンダ国の電化率 (%)

と非常に低いものであり、さらに、地方電化率は

低く、わずか 2.1%(2000 年)に過ぎない。そのた

め RE では、同戦略の実施により、これを 2010年

までに 10%まで引き上げたいとしている。(表 1

参照:「海外諸国の電気事業」より抜粋)

上記の目標を達成するために、ウ国は改正電力法「The Electricity Act, 1999」に基づ

く地方電化基金を設立し、主要都市間を連系する①送配電系統の拡充や②遠隔地域におけ

る分散型電源(オフグリッド)開発に充当する予定である。

ウ国送配電系統については、2002 年 9 月現在、132kV の送電線 1,115km、66kV の送電線

54km、配電系統は 33kV 及び 11kV の合計 6,700km で構成されている。この時点では、国内

54の行政区域のうち33地域に限られていることから、送配電系統拡充は地方電化計画の重

要な一端を担っている。【図1「ウ国発電所位置図及び送電線網図」参照】

しかし、地理及び経済的に送配電網拡充が不可能な地域に対する地方電化の柱である分

散型電源の開発が進まない現状がある。

2000 2005 2010

地 方 2.1 4.0 10.0

都市部 21.0 20.0 23.0

全 体 5.9 7.4 13.0

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このような背景のもと、本調査では、ウ国の地方電化促進に貢献するパイロット調査と

位置づけ、国内の電力系統から孤立(一部都市のみルワンダから電力供給)し、地方電化プ

ログラムから外れている南西部「キソロ地方」を対象とした再生可能エネルギー(水力)を

利用した分散型電源開発可能性について調査を行うものである。

1.2 調査項目

以下の項目について、調査を行う。

① 地方電化に関する可能性調査

② 現地調査

③ 水力発電計画

1.3 調査地域

南部ウ国のキソロ地方のムシュンゲ及びニャンマブエ村で調査を行う。

1.4 調査工程

エネルギー資源開発省、電力監督庁、キソロ地方政府及びウガンダ配電会社キソロ事務

所を訪問した。現他調査のほか情報収集やデータ収集を 2005 年 11 月 24 日から 10 ケ間実

施した。

1.5 調査団員

調査団員と役割分担は、以下のとおりである。

1. 長尾 孝俊・・・・・・・団長及び水力発電計画

2. 田口 健治・・・・・・・地域開発計画

3. 鬼木 茂 ・・・・・・・地方電化計画

4. 中川 英明・・・・・・・環境、地質及び地形

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図 1 ウガンダ国発電所位置図及び送電線網図

キソロ地方

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2.電力供給

2.1 背景 ウガンダは、石油換算で毎年 500 万 t 以上のエネルギー消費の伸びある。このエネルギ

ー消費の 90%以上は木、炭及び農業残留物などのバイオマスであり、ウガンダ国民の 6%し

か電気の供給を受けていない。

一方電力の伸びは、4~5MW/月伸びており、その一因として近隣諸国への電力輸出対応

も含まれる。

エネルギー資源開発省は、地方電化の推進を送電系統の拡張で計画しているが、地理的

に遠い地域では、経済的な制約からなかなか進まない状況にある。また、ウガンダは、石

油を生産しないため、ディーゼル発電では料金コストが 20C/kWh と高いレベルとなってい

る。

そのため、自然に恵まれ水力資源が豊富なウガンダでは、クリーンで環境にやさしいエ

ネルギー源として水力開発が求められている。

2.2 電力セクター ウガンダ政府は 1999 年 10 月に電力法を改正し、送電部門を除く電気事業分野を自由化

するとともに、電気事業政策に関する規制・監督機関として電力監督庁(ERA:

Electricity Regulatory Authority)を新設した。

また、政府は、ウガンダ国営電力公社を、ウガンダ発電会社(Uganda Electricity

Generation Company Limited), ウガンダ送電会社(Uganda Electricity Transmission

Company Limited)、ウガンダ配電会社(UEDCL:Uganda Electricity Distribution Company

Limited)に分割した。さらに、ウガンダ配電会社が行っていた配電事業は、2004年の取引

契約(5年間で配電系統に6,500万 US$の投資)より、英国のCDCパートナーズとエスコム社

の企業連合へ営業譲渡(20 年間配電網を維持・運用)なされた。

2.3 水力開発 ウ国水力資源 2,650MW の内大規模地点は、ナイル川に分布し、小水力は各地に点在す

る。

ウ国電力供給の現状としては、ウ国の総設備容量183MWの95%以上を占め、世界最大級の

総貯水量(2兆 7,000 億 m3)を誇るオーウェンフォール水力発電所(180MW)によってほと

んどが賄われている。現在、オーウェンフォール発電所の増設がなされており、完成する

と同発電所の総設備容量は 380MW に達する予定である。

一方、米AES社の子会社であるAESエレクトリック社が、AESナイルパワー社を設立し、

世銀の支援を受け、2002 年よりブジャガリ水力発電所(250MW)の建設に着手したが、同プ

ロジェクトを巡る不正取引や環境団体の反対等により、建設は進捗していない。

(表 2 大規模水力発電計画参照)

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表 2 大規模水力発電計画

2.4 再生可能エネルギー

ウ国は、豊かな再生可能エネルギーを

保持しており、具体的には各地にポテン

シャルが点在するミニ水力、太陽光、バ

イオマス、風力、地熱等である。

しかし、これらの資源からエネルギー

への変換は、まだ非常に制限されている

状況にある。

(表 3再生可能エネルギー賦存量)

(1)水力

水力発電は、国の電源設備のおよそ 98%を占めているものの、ウガンダの総エネルギー使

用量の 2%未満にしか役割を果たしていない。

ウガンダの水力資源は、2,500MW 以上のポテンシャルがあり、大規模水力発電(200MW 以

上)は主にナイル川に沿って賦存する一方、小水力発電(0.5~5.0MW )は国の多くの地域

で点在する。小水力発電は、一般に価格が低廉であり、環境にもやさしくことから、グリ

ッドが延伸される可能性が低い地域を対象とした分散型電源として、大きな役割を果たす

ものと考えられる。(表 4:小水力発電計画参照)

No Site Hydro Capacity (MW)

River Remarks

1 Nalubaale (Owen Falls) 180 Nile In service 2 Kiira

(OwenFalls Extension) 200 Nile 80MW in service,

40MW expected by June 2002

3 Bujagali 250 Nile Sponsor selection process

4 Kalagala 225 Nile To be developed into a leisure/tourist centre

5 Busowoko** 230 Nile Not developed 6 Karuma(Kamdini)**** 300-350 Nile - do -

7 Ayago (North) 310-400 Nile - do -

8 Ayago (South) 230-250 Nile - do -

9 Murchison Falls 450-550 Nile - do - TOTAL (max) 2,635

Energy Source Estimated Electrical Potential

Large Hydro 2,000

Mini-Hydro 209

Biomass 190

Solar 230

Wind -

Geothermal 450

Peat 800

表 3 再生可能エネルギー賦存量(MW)

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表 4 小水力発電計画 No. Site Hydro Capacity

(MW) River(District) Remarks

1 Paidha 10 Nyagak(Nebbi) awaiting funding 2 Ishasha 5 Ishasha(Rukungiri) - do - 3 Muzizi 20 Muzizi(Kibale) Not developed 4 Nyamabuye 1.5 ? 4.0 Kaku (Kisoro) - do - 5 Biseruka 10 Ntungu(Rukungiri) - do - 6 Nsongezi 54 Kagera(Mbarara) - do - 7 Bugoye 7.5 Mubuku(Kasese) 5MW in service TOTAL 122.5

(2)バイオマス

農業国として、ウガンダはコーヒー、米殻からの農業残留物及び木株や木の切りくず等

の森林製品や動物性油などから発電を行っている。

実際、これらのバイオマスは、主要なエネルギー源として、総エネルギー使用量の 90%

以上を占めている一方毎年、2,000 万 m3の木は、料理のために消滅している。

(3)太陽光

赤道にまたがるウガンダは、およそ 5kWh/km2/日の平均太陽放射がある。

太陽光は、他国と同様に服、収穫穀物及び動物性製品の乾燥に用いられるほか、熱利用

として、湯沸と料理に使われている。

太陽光発電(PV)は、1980 年代後期から取り組みを始め、地方の世帯、ヘルス・センタ

ー(特にワクチンの冷凍)、地域・サービス(水の汲み上げ、学校)などに使われている。

現在は、数千 kW 級のソーラホーム・システム導入が計画されているが、大規模太陽光に

よる電化は、高コストにより採用がためらわれている。

(4)風力

ウガンダの風力は、弱く平均3.0m/s 以下であるが、ウガンダ北西部のカラモジャ地域で、

は、羽を回すのに十分な風速6.0m/s 以上の風況がある。

特にカラモジャでは、ポンプの揚水動力として、風力が使われているが、風力の大きな潜

在的地域は、需要地から遠く商業用への適用は難しい。

(5)地熱

地熱資源は、西部ウガンダのリフト・バレー地域で確認され、予備調査の結果、およそ

450MW の資源が推定された。

利用可能資源を定量化するために詳細な探査を行う必要がある。

資源が、農業の豊かな地域に賦存するので、食品加工用として熱供給事業として行うこ

とが望ましい。

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3 対象地域の状況

3.1 キソロ地方の概要

(1)地形及び土地

キソロ地方は、首都カンパラ市の南西 510km に位置し、東側をコンゴ共和国、南側をル

ワンダ共和国を境界とする 3,500m~4,000m 級の高い山に囲まれた海抜およそ 1980m の山岳

地域である。地方の面積は、729.6km2であり、そのうち 28.3km2は、飲料水源である Mutanda

や Mulehe など湖である。

過去天然熱帯雨林であったものが、現在は、Mgahinga 国立公園(面積:33.7km2)、Bwindi

Impenetrable Forest National Park(面積:331km2)と Echuya Highlands の保護地域のみ

が自然林として残っており、自然の多様性が保たれている。

特に、マウンテンゴリラやバッファロー及び象等の大型哺乳類が公園に生息している。

(2)気候

気候は、3月~5/6 月、8月~10月までの 2つの雨季と 11 月~2月までの乾季があり、年

降雨量は、1,000~1,250mm、最高気温が 23~25℃である一方、最低気温は 10~12.5℃であ

る。

(3)人口と生活

1991 年 5 月にキソロはカバレからウガンダ第 35 番目の地方として分離され、14 の郡、

34 の地区、389 の村から構成される。人口は、267,364 人(136,896 人の女性(55%)と 130,468

人の男性)、増加率は 3.3%/年である一方、平均寿命は、男性 49.9 歳、女性54.4 歳となっ

ている。人口 1,000人当たりの粗出生率 57.1に対して、粗死亡率は 16.5 である。

1997 年 2 月に導入された Universal Primary Education(UPE)システムにより、キソロ

地区では、小学校が増やされ、114 の公立校と 7つの私立校と 14 コミュニティ校が 2004年

までに整備された。

生活用水は、394 の井戸、9つのボーリング坑、7つ雨水タンクで構成され、1997 年段階

で人口の 18%に供給しており、残りは湧水、川、湖などの水源に依存している。

(4)産業

農業が主要産業であり、家庭人口の 89.5%は、自耕自給農業で生計をたてている。

地区で大きな収穫は、豆、モロコシ、サツマイモ、ジャガイモ、トウモロコシ、エンド

ウ、小麦、バナナと野菜(キャベツ、タマネギ、トマト)である。

エネルギー源は、90%以上を木材燃料に依存し、そのほか石油エネルギー源は、灯油、ガ

ソリン及びディーゼルを用い、家庭のおよそ 20%は、照明用として灯油を使っている。

一方、電力は、Kisoro Townと Nyakabande 郡の一部は、ルワンダから 30kV のグリッドで

供給されている。

また、産業の基盤となる道路網 503km.のうち 48kmが国の管理下にあり、325kmは地方管

理の土砂道、130kmは郡管理のコミュニティー道路である。

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3.2 キソロ地方の電力事情 ウガンダ国南西の端にあるキソロ地方は、国内の電力系統から孤立し、1996 年 11 月から

隣国ルワンダからより電気を30kV 配電線で配電会社 UMEME が受電中であり、現状の地方電

化計画プロジェクトから唯一はずれている。(図 2:ウガンダ国南西部電力系統図参照)

この配電線は、現在キソロ地方にある 14 の郡(sub country)のうち、地方の中心部で

ある Kisoro TC(Town Council)を含む、Nyakabande、Chahi の 3郡しか通っていない。

(図 3:キソロ地方配電系統図参照)

また、配電線が通っている地域においても住民の現金収入が少ないため、実際に受電し

ている家庭は 5%程度に過ぎない。なお、キソロ地方の最大電力は現状500kW である。

図 2 ウガンダ国南西部電力系統図

図 3 キソロ地方配電系統図

30kV Line from RWANDA

Army Barracks

Kisoro Hill

Kisoro Town

Chuho Water

Kamonyi

Busamba Iranu Air Strip

Mutorere Hospital

Binsobedde Kabira

Gasiza Nyakabande Gisorora T/C

Nyamabuve

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3.3 キソロ県の需給見通し

ニャンマブエ地区に 2MW の水力発電所を建設した場合、発電容量と既設電力系統から発

電所地点への距離を考慮すると 30kV 配電線で既設道路沿いに Kisoro TC まで送るのが建設

費用や利便性の点から最良の方法である。その場合、配電会社 UMEME は新設配電線が通過

する Busanza 郡、Nyarubuye郡及び Nyakinamaの潜在電力需要も取り込んで配電できる。

さらに、Kisoro TCから比較的近く人口も多い南方向の Nyarusiza などへ配電線を延ばす

ことも考えられ、その結果、ルワンダからの電力輸入がなくなり、自主供給体制の確立と

地方電化基盤整備の目安となる電化対象率が、現行 21%から 66%と大幅な改善が期待される。

キソロ地方内で配電線延長の優先順位は、各郡の位置、世帯数、人口などから表 5 及び

図 4のようになる。

なお、ルワンダ国への電力の広域融通については、同国の事情もからんでくるのでさら

なる調査が必要である。

表 5 キソロ地方内配電線延長優先順位案

優先順位 郡 世帯数 人口 備 考

Kisoro T.C. 2,575 11,328

Nyakabande 4,516 21,495 既設

Chahi 3,124 14,457

ルワンダからの 30kV既設配電線通過地

累計(21%) 小計 10,215 32,823 対象電化率 21%

Nyakinama 3,426 15,071

Nyarubuye 3,376 15,441 今回新設

Busanza 3,389 14,525

今回の水力発電所建設に伴うキソロ県中

心部 Kisoro T.C.までの配電線新設ルー

累計(42%) 小計 10,191 45,037 対象電化率 21%

Nyarusiza 5,059 22,350 1

Muramba 6,793 28,189

県南西部:既設配電線に比較的近く、人

口が多い地域

累計(66%) 小計 11,852 50,539 対象電化率 24%

Murora 3,330 15,477

2 Kanaba

Nyundo

2,696

2,175

12,895

10,705

Kisoro T.C から東部及び北部:既設配電

線が延長しやすい地域

累計(83%) 小計 8,201 39,047 対象電化率 17%

Kirundo 3,403 15,647

Bukimbiri 2,351 11,604 3

Nyabwishenya 2,324 11,128

県北部:Kisoro T.C.から遠く、地方電

化最終地域

累計

(100%) 小計 8,078 38,379 対象電化率 17%

合 計 48,537 220,312 *2002 年国勢調査データ

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12km

3km

5km

15km

2km 10km

8km 12km

From Ruwanda

3km

Existing Distribution Line

Extend Distribution Line

Distribution Line for Project

Project

図 4 キソロ地方配電系統拡張計画図

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4 ニャンマブエ水力発電計画 対象地域の選定に当たっては、

(1) 小水力開発地点として、エネルギー資源開発省の電源開発計画に計上されていること

(2) 系統から遠距離にあり、将来もオフ・グリッドとして運用される地域であること

(3) 住民が発電システムを継続的に運用できる自治体であること

を考慮して、コンゴ民主共和国及びルワンダ共和国と隣接し電化が遅れている南部地域

キソロ地方のニャンマブエ地点を選定した。特に、エネルギー資源開発省地方電化局及

びキソロ地方知事を始め地方部関係者のインセンティブが高いことも考慮した。

4.1 発電計画 ニャンマブエ水力発電計画に関する既存の資料としては、1993 年の Norconsult 社及び

2000 年の SWECO 社 の予備調査がある。

今回の現地調査の結果、堆砂や洪水など環境面を考慮して、ゴム堰を利用した発電計画

とした。当地は、湖から流れ出る河川が台地上の小さな滝を織り込みながら流下する地形

であることから、上流側(Project1)と下流側(Project2)の 2 地点とした。

水資料は、当河川に測水所がないため、近傍の キルユマ 川のデータ(1960~1980)を基

に、カク川へ換算して流量資料として使用した。

流量資料、発電計画の諸元および位置図をそれぞれ、表 6、7及び図 5に示す。

表 6 流量資料

地点 河川 平均流量(m3/s) 最大流量(m3/s) 最小流量(m3/s)

ニャマブェ カク川 3.229 17.303 0.419

表 7 発電計画諸元

Project1 Project2 Nyamabuye 合計

発電方式 流れ込み式

取水位 5,850ft 5,550ft 3~5m のゴム堰

放水位 5,700ft 5,500ft

落差 45m 15m

使用水量 4.0 m3/s 4.0 m3/s

最大出力 1.5MW 0.5MW 2.0MW

発電電力量 9.0GWh 3.0GWh 12.0GWh

工事費(MUSD) 6MUS$ 2MUS$

配電線(30kV)* 1MUS$

9MUS$

*配電線 延長 70km

Q95 Q90 Q75 Q50 Q25 Q10 Q5

Flow 1.067 1.293 1.933 2.856 4.108 5.501 6.649

QXX: Q:流量(m3/s)

XX:確立流量

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図 5 発電計画位置図

Nyamabuye 2

Output 0.5MW

Nyamabuye 1

Output 1.5MW

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4.2 経済性の評価

本プロジェクトについて、Kisiizi 地点の経費率(商業ベース)で試算してみると、発電コ

ストは、16.9C/kWh(340 シリング/kWh)となり現行電気料金を大幅に上回ることになる。

そのため、ODA の適用が必要であり、仮に無償援助で行われるとした場合は、発電コスト

は、現行の料金レベルと同等の 8.45C/kWh(170 シリング/kWh)となる。従って、生活基盤の

基礎となる地方電化を促進するためには、本プロジェクトに対する日本の援助が不可欠と

なる。(表 8:発電経費率表、表 9:UMEME の電気料金表参照)

表 8 発電経費率表

表 9 UMEME の電気料金表(シリング/kWh)

4.3 発電所が地域へ与える影響

ニャンマブエ発電所が位置するキソロ地方は、人口密度が 357 人/km2 (Three-year

District Development Plan)である。この地域の 96% の住民は農業に従事し、主な農産物

は、トウモロコシ、バナナなどであり、燃料にはユーカリの木を使用している。

この地域の住民である Buhumbu 人は、穀物を売買して家計を営んでおり、この発電計画

により移転が必要な住民もいないことから、この発電計画の実施を望んでいる。

また、今回の発電所の建設により、以下の点が改善される。

・ 独立した分散型電源として運用され、地方電化が促進される

・ タングステン鉱山で使われる高価格の電気料金が改善され、産業の発展となる.

・ ルワンダからの高い電気を買わなくてすむ.

・ 停電が少なくなり電力供給の質が改善される.

金利 元金返済 運転経費 所内率 送配電ロス

経費率 10% 5% 5% 1.4% 10%

金利:World Bank:4%、refinancing rate from Bank of Uganda 4%,

an additional rate of commercial bank 2% 検討期間:20年

1US$:2000 シリング 援助の場合は、元金返済にかわり再建設積立相当

商業ベースの経費率:20%,ODAベースの経費率: :10%

家庭 商業 中小産業 大口産業 街灯 平均

2005 216.9 208.3 182.8 73.6 205.3 177.4

2004 171.4 164.8 150.3 60.4 162.5 141.9

2003 170.1 170.1 155.4 89.4 155.0 148.0

2002 168.0 168.0 152.4 93.5 153.0 147.0

2001 189.8 189.8 171.6 104.4 176.4 166.4

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4.4 日本からの技術の活用 本プロジェクトは、台地上の湿地帯に取水堰を構築するため、構造物の構築による洪水時

の水位の上昇や堆砂の影響を軽減する観点から、日本の中小水力で培われたゴム堰を適用

するが望ましい。

一方、当発電所は、キソロ地方の重要なベース電源となることから、系統への影響も考

慮すると、機器故障等によるトリップ発生や発電力低下を極力抑制する必要がある。

そのため、調達する資機材のうち水車・発電機は、信頼度や発電効率の高い設備を設置

しなければならない。現在アフリカ諸国で用いられている機器は、旧宗主国の関係で欧州

産のものが多いが、価格競争力や故障頻度の面を総合的に判断すると、高い効率で運転が

可能な日本製機器の使用が望ましい。(表 10:アフリカ諸国の水力発電機使用実績参照)

表 10 アフリカ諸国の水力発電機使用実績

ABB:スイス、ACEC:ベルギー、SIMENS:ドイツ、A-J:フランス

5.今後の取り組み

今回、発電計画を行ったキソロ地方は、発電所もない上、系統から遠くはなれているた

め、隣国ルワンダから電力輸入を行うなど地方電化が遅れている。

今回計画したニャンマブエ水力発電所は、緑が豊かでキソロ市の水道源であるムタンダ

湖から流れるカク川に位置し、近傍まで道路が整備され交通面のアクセスもよい。

現在のキソロ地方の最大使用電力は、0.5MW であり、このプロジェクトにより地方電化の

基盤整備の目安となる電化率の改善効果(対象世帯率が 22%から 66%へ拡大)は非常に大きい

ものがある。

特に、水力の場合、商業ベースでは金利負担の占める割合が大きいため、料金コストの

面から開発が難しく、現行の電気料金を確保しつつ、地方電化を推し進めるためには日本

の援助が不可欠となっている。

さらに、開発後、発電所の維持・運営を円滑に行うためには、発電所の維持・運営に豊

富な経験を持つ日本企業の支援が必要である。

したがって、プロジェクトの実現を推進するためには、MEMDへ Kisoro 地方政府と UMEME

とのプロジェクト組織の確立を行うよう働きかけるとともに、日本の技術指導の基に、以

下の発電計画に関する検討課題を詰めて行く必要がある。

(1)カク川の実流量の測定がなされていない上に、水源地であるムタンダ湖の水位測定もな

されていない。

(2)地形図は、1965年作成のものであり、古く現状の道路や家屋が反映されていない。

(3)地形図の縮尺は、1/50,000 であり、標高精度が30m である。

そのため、キソロ地区知事に要請した水位観測所の実データと最新の地図が入手を行い、

計画の精度が大きく向上させる必要がある。

ABB ACEC SIMENS A-J Japan その他 合計

ユニット 23 22 21 19 6 68 159

割合 14% 14% 13% 12% 4% 43% 100

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This work was subsidized by the Japan Keirin Association through its

Promotion funds from KEIRIN RACE.