predicting the product in single replacement reactions
DESCRIPTION
Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions. Using the Activity Series. Introduction. In a single replacement reaction, the metal ion in a salt solution is replaced by another metal. AX( aq ) + B( s ) → BX( aq ) + A( s ) For example: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Predicting the Product in Single
Replacement Reactions
Using the Activity Series
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Introduction•In a single replacement reaction, the
metal ion in a salt solution is replaced by another metal.
AX(aq) + B(s) → BX(aq) + A(s)
For example:
Adding magnesium metal to a solution of silver chloride causes the magnesium to dissolve and the silver to precipitate out.
2 AgNO3(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
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Introduction•In a single replacement reaction, the
halide in a salt solution is replaced by another halide.
AX(aq) + Y2 → AY(aq) + X2
For example:
Adding chlorine gas to a solution of sodium bromide causes the chlorine to dissolve and the bromine to come out as a liquid.
2 NaBr(aq) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(aq) + Br2(l)
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Introduction•These kinds of reactions do not occur
with all combinations of metals or halogens.
•Some metals will replace some other metal ions in solution.
•Some halogens will replace some other halogen ions in solution.
•However, not every metal will replace every other metal ion in solution.
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Metals•The metals that replace other metal ions are
said to be “more active” than the metals they replace.
•For example, in the reaction
2 AgNO3(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
Mg is more active than Ag.
•By examining a series of reactions with solid metals and dissolved metal ions, we can build a list of metals based on activity.
•We call this the “Activity Series.”
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Metals•The most active metal is Li followed by
Rb, K, Ba, Sr, Ca, and Na.
•Each of these metals react with cold water and acids, replacing H.
Li(s) + H2O(l) → LiO(s) + H2(g)
2 K(s) + HCl(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) + H2(g)
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Metals•The most active metal is Li followed by
Rb, K, Ba, Sr, Ca, and Na.
•Each of these metals react with O2(g), forming oxides.
2 Ba(s) + O2(g) → 2 BaO(s)
2 Rb(s) + O2(g) → Rb2O(s)
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Metals•The next most active set of metals is Mg
followed by Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Cd.
•Each of these metals react with H2O(g) and acids, replacing hydrogen.
Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + 2 HNO3(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
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Metals•The next most active set of metals is Mg
followed by Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Cd.
•Each of these metals react with O2(g), forming oxides.
2 Zn(s) + O2(g) → 2 ZnO(s)
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)
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Metals•The next most active set of metals is Co
followed by Ni, Sn, and Pb.
•None of these metals react with H2O (hot or cold).
•They do react with acids, replacing hydrogen.
Co(s) + 2 HNO3(aq) → Co(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + H2(g)
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Metals•The next most active set of metals is Co
followed by Ni, Sn, and Pb.
•Each of these metals react with O2(g), forming oxides.
2 Ni(s) + O2(g) → 2 NiO(s)
2 Sn(s) + O2(g) → 2 SnO(s)
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Metals•The next most active set of metals is Sb
followed by Bi, Cu, and Hg.
•None of these metals react with water or acids.
•Each of these metals react with O2(g), forming oxides.
4 Sb(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Sb2O3(s)
2 Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2 CuO(s)
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Metals•The least active set of metals is Ag
followed by Pt and Au.
•Each of these metals are fairly unreactive.
•None of these metals react with water or acids.
•None of these metals react directly with O2(g) to form oxides.
•They will form oxides, but only indirectly.
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Metals•The Activity Series:
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
most active
least active
incr
easi
ng
act
ivit
y
incr
easi
ng
act
ivit
y
incr
easi
ng
act
ivit
y
incr
easi
ng
act
ivit
y
incr
easi
ng
act
ivit
y
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Halogens•The most active halogen is F2 followed
by Cl2, Br2, and I2.
•Each of these halogens are reactive with a wide variety of elements and compounds.
•The activity series just shows which is most reactive and least reactive.
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Halogens•The Activity Series:
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
most active
least active
incr
easi
ng
act
ivit
y
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Using the Activity Series•The activity series is used to predict whether
or not a single replacement reaction will occur.
•First, we look at the ions in a solution.
•Next, we look at the metal or halogen being added to the solution.
•If the metal is higher up on the activity series list, then it goes into solution and the metal ion in solution precipitates out.
•If the metal is lower down on the activity series list, then there is no reaction.
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Using the Activity Series•The activity series is used to predict whether
or not a single replacement reaction will occur.
•First, we look at the ions in a solution.
•Next, we look at the metal or halogen being added to the solution.
•If the halogen is higher up on the activity series list, then it goes into solution and the halide ion in solution comes out as a solid, liquid, or gas.
•If the halogen is lower down on the activity series list, then there is no reaction.
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put zinc metal in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put zinc metal in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
![Page 21: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put zinc metal in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
![Page 22: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put zinc metal in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
Zn is more active than Cu.
![Page 23: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put zinc metal in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
Zn is more active than Cu.Zn(s) will replace Cu2+(aq).
![Page 24: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put zinc metal in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
We predict that the solid zinc will dissolve in the solution (forming Zn2+ ions) and copper metal will precipitate out.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put magnesium metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put magnesium metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
![Page 27: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put magnesium metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
![Page 28: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put magnesium metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
Mg is more active than Fe.
![Page 29: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put magnesium metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
Mg is more active than Fe.Mg(s) will replace Fe3+(aq).
![Page 30: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put magnesium metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
We predict that the solid magnesium will dissolve in the solution (forming Mg2+ ions) and iron metal will precipitate out.
3 Mg(s) + 2 FeCl3(aq) → 3 MgCl2(aq) + 2 Fe(s)
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put copper metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
![Page 32: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put copper metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
![Page 33: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put copper metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
![Page 34: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put copper metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
Fe is more active than Cu.
![Page 35: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put copper metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
Li Mg Co Sb Ag
Rb Al Ni Bi Pt
K Mn Sn Cu Au
Ba Zn Pb Hg
Sr Cr
Ca Fe
Na Cd
Fe is more active than Cu.Cu(s) will not replace Fe3+(aq).
![Page 36: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We put copper metal in a solution of iron(III) chloride.
We predict that there will be no reaction.
Cu(s) + FeCl3(aq) → no reaction
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) iodide.
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) iodide.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) iodide.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
![Page 40: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) iodide.
Cl2 is more active than I2.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) iodide.
Cl2 will replace I−.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Cl2 is more active than I2.
![Page 42: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) iodide.
We predict that the chlorine gas will go into solution (forming a Cl− ion) and the iodine will come out as a solid.
3 Cl2(g) + 2 FeI3(aq) → 2 FeCl3(aq) + 3 I2(s)
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) fluoride.
![Page 44: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) fluoride.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
![Page 45: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) fluoride.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
![Page 46: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) fluoride.
F2 is more active than Cl2.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
![Page 47: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) fluoride.
Cl2 will not replace F−.
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
F2 is more active than Cl2.
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Using the Activity Series•For example:
We add chlorine gas to a solution of iron(III) fluoride.
We predict that there will be no reaction.
Cl2(g) + FeF3(aq) → no reaction
![Page 49: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Summary•The activity series is used to predict whether
or not a single replacement reaction will occur.
•First, we look at the ions in a solution.
•Next, we look at the metal or halogen being added to the solution.
•If the metal is higher up on the activity series list, then it goes into solution and the metal ion in solution precipitates out.
•If the metal is lower down on the activity series list, then there is no reaction.
![Page 50: Predicting the Product in Single Replacement Reactions](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56814a95550346895db7a25a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Summary•The activity series is used to predict whether
or not a single replacement reaction will occur.
•First, we look at the ions in a solution.
•Next, we look at the metal or halogen being added to the solution.
•If the halogen is higher up on the activity series list, then it goes into solution and the halide ion in solution comes out as a solid, liquid, or gas.
•If the halogen is lower down on the activity series list, then there is no reaction.