Preliminary AssessmentDelaware Sand + GravelNew Castle, Delaware

November 1986

Prepared forU.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Region III, Philadelphia, PA

Prepared byAlan Humphrey, Environmental ScientistU. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Response BranchEdison, NJ

Background

The Environmental Response Team (ERT) was contacted to investigate alandfill located adjacent to the Delaware Sand and Gravel Site, a hazardouswaste site ranked on the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL).Delaware Sand and Gravel, a defunct sand and gravel quarry, had beenbackfilled with drums of various hazardous and solid wastes. The ERTconducted a soil vapor survey on top of and downgradient of the severalacre landfill which received solid wastes and possibly hazardous wastesduring Its operation. The landfill gradually slopes toward the southwestfor three hundred feet, then steeply drops fourteen feet over a fiftyfoot distance before leveling out.

Methodology

The equipment and techniques applied to the task were consistent with con-ventional soil vapor survey techniques. A solid spring steel probe(5 feet long, 3/8 inch diameter) was used to create an open hole to adepth of four to five feet* A stainless steel tube (5 feet long, 1/4inch diameter) with Teflon"1 tubing attached was inserted into the openborehole. Soil was packed around the tube at the surface to prevententry of ambient air and a thin wire was used to clear the tube of anysoil particles lodged in the bottom of the tube. Teflon" tubing (nottygon) was attached to the tip of the tube and connected directly to theHNIF Photo1on1zat1on Organic Vapor Instrument and readings were recordedafter 45-60 seconds.

Detection Methodology

The detection methodology utilized in this case was measurement of soilvapors at a five foot depth with an HNIT Photoionization Organic VaporInstrument. The data produced by this methodology is a relative measureof the total organic vapors present and is not specific to Individualchemical compounds*

This detection method was utilized for screening purposes. If a significantHNU" reading was obtained (4-5 ppm above background), an air sample wascollected for further analysis. One liter Tedlar" air sampling bags wereplaced Inside a vacuum dessicator and connected to the stainless steelprobe via the Teflon"1 tubing. A Gilian" Air Pump evacuated the dessicator,filling the Tedlar* sampling bag with 500-800 ml of soil vapors drawnfrom a 4-5 foot depth.

Occasionally the HNU* will respond to water vapor 1n the soil or naturallyoccurring organic compounds, such as terpenes released by various speciesof trees. For confirmatory purposes, the Tedlar" air sampling bags weretransported to Edison, New Jersey, and analyzed by a Photovac* Gas Chrom-atograpn for specific volatile organic compounds. To further define abroader range of chemical compounds and confirm those compounds Identi-fied by the Photovac", specific Ion analysis was conducted on each bagusing GC/MS.

&R3G2M7

Sampling Effort

Upon arrival at the site a sampling grid was established utilizing exist-ing fifty-foot transects as reference points. Each sample location wasdesignated by a four-foot wooden -stake. The transects began upgradlent fromthe landfill, ran southwest over the landfill, and continued down thesteep slope at the rear of the study area (see site map with samplinglocations). The initial location on each transect was marked AA1, Al,Bl, Cl, Dl, El, Fl, 61, HI, and II. Approximately 50 feet upgradientfrom Gl station GO was marked and sampled as a background station. Eachtransect was located twenty-five feet apartf with fifty feet between twopoints on any given transects. Transects AA, A, C E, G and I were sampledto determine the downhole vapor concentration. When necessary, points ontransects B, D, F, and H were sampled to further define contaminated areas.

The number of points on each transect was usually seven, depending on theterrain and length of the transect. Soil vapor readings were recordedover an area measuring approximately 250 feet north to south and 300 feeteast to west. Soil vapor readings were taken at 37 sample locationsthroughout the study area. Occasionally obstructions were encounteredduring sampling but overall the disturbed soils and materials in thelandfill proper were suitable for soil gas sampling.

HNU* Results

The vast majority of sample locations on the study area showed no readingsabove background. Of the 37 stations sampled, only 6 levels abovebackground and only 3 of the 6, station C4, E2, and D2, showed readingshigh enough to justify Tedlar" bag sampling for further analysis. Noneof the three significant readings exceeded 8.0 ppm on the HNU"1 (see HNU"Soil Gas Results).

Photovac* Results

Tedlar* bag samples were taken at three locations of suspected contamination,C4, E2, and 02. Two more were taken, one each at points GO and AA2, toconfirm the background readings. There were eleven standards utilizedconsisting of common aromatic and chlorinated volatile organic compounds,such as benzene, tolene, vinyl chloride, and trichlorothene. The onlysample that showed significant readings with Photovac1" analysis was D2,which yielded levels of benzene, tolene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes inthe two to nine parts per million range. Several unknown peaks weregenerated by Photovac* analysis so GC/MS analysis was conducted to confirmthose matching standards and identify the unknown peaks (see Photovac*results).

ri

GC/MS Analytical Results

There were four samples analyzed for confirmatory purposes on GC/MS, C4,02, GO, and C4. The sample GO was considered background and showed tracelevels of several contaminants, as expected. Of the remaining samples,again D2 showed significant readings. The types of compounds detectedwere volatile organics In similar concentration to the Photovac" results,but the unknown peaks were also identified. They were aliphatic hydrocarbonsfrom C3 to C9* The combination of aromatic'and aliphatic hydrocarbonsidentified at station D2 strongly resembles an oil or gasoline "fingerprint".

Attachment A contains ^11 of the GC/MS information, including procedures,materials, system containments, and sample results.

Discussion

The soil gas survey did not detect any significant areas of contaminationfrom volatile organic compounds at the small landfill adjacent to DelawareSand and Gravel. Of all the samples taken, only one, D2, showed significantcontamination* Based on the GC chromatogram and the GC/MS results thesample strongly resembles oil or gasoline components. Since only stationD2 recorded these compounds and readings, there is a high probabilitythat a small amount of oil or gasoline was dumped there, creating alocalized, contaminated area.

While Interpreting this report the reader must consider that the use ofsoil gas on top of a landfill or other highly disturbed area may notgenerate an accurate profile of potential groundwater contamination but1s an accurate measure of potential sources of contamination in nearsurface areas.

&R3Q2M9

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.R302U20

HNUSoil Gas Results

Delaware Sand + GravelNew Castle, Delaware

Transect AA HNU (ppm) Transect E HNU (ppm)g g g7 08 0

Transect 6 HNU (ppm)

Transect A4567

Transect C12345678

Transect E11A22A345

HNU (ppm)000

HNU (ppm)0005.600.200

HNU (ppm)006.00000

123456

Transect I123456

Transect D2

00.4000.50

HNU000000

HNU8.0

(ppm)

(ppm)

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ATTACHMENT A

1,0 PROCEDURES

1.1 Preparation o£ Sample Cartridges

Sample cartridges were provided in sealed glass ampoules by Supelco, Inc.The method used for the preparation of the cartridges was a modification of"Standard Operating Procedure for Preparation of Clean Tenax Cartridge"&iSL/RTP-SOP-EHD-013 (U.S. EPA). The cartridges contained 200 mg. Tenax-TA35/50 mesh and 150 mg. CMS packed into 6 x 120 mm borosilicate glass tubingwith Pyrex glass wool on each end and between phases. The tubes wereconditioned with nitrogen gas flow at 240 C. for twelve hours.

1-2 Sample Spiking

P-Bromofluorobenzene (p-BFB) was added as a surrogate to all samples andstandards prior to analysis. One-hundred ul of p-BFB was injected directlyonto the Tenax portion of all samples and into the cryogenic trap desorboven concurrently with the daily and calibration standards. The p-BFBstandard was prepared as follows:

1. An 850 ml, gas cylinder, with two septum-sealed samplingports, was evacuated with a vacuum pump.

2. A saturated p-BFB vapor was generated by placing a capillarytube filled with liquid p-BFB inside a one-liter Tedlar bag,then filling the bag with nitrogen gas.

3. The saturated p-BFB vapor was placed in the evacuatedcylinder. The cylinder was then filled with nitrogen gas to atotal pressure of 10 atm.

RB302U23

Sample Analysis

Sample tubes were analyzed by thermal desorption onto a cryogenic trap,followed by GC/MS analysis (1)« A Tekmar model 5000 automatic desorber anda Hewlett-Packard 5993 GC/MS were used. Table 1 lists cryogenic trap andGC/MS conditions. Materials used are listed in Table 2.

TABLE 1INSTRUMENT CONDITIONS

A. Cryogenic Trap Conditions:

Purge TimeFurnace Desorb Temp.Desorb TimeCryotrap-1 Temp.Cryotrap-1 Desorb Temp.Cryotrap-1 Desorb TimeCryotrap-2 Temp.Cryotrap-2 Desorb Temp.Cryotrap-2 Desorb Time

10 minuteso240" C.8 minuteso-150" C.o250" C.3.0 minutes-150° C.,o250 C, *1.5 minutes *

B. GC/MS Conditions:

Temp.-l 30° C.Time-1KateFinal Temp.Run TimeEM VoltageMass Scan Range

1 minute10° C./min.o250" C.30 minutes180045 to 300 AMU

Note; * Injection temp, and time

(1): "Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic OrganicCompounds in Ambient Air", EPA 600/4-84-041, Apr. 1984.

MATERIALS SUPPLIER

Tenax-TA/CMS tubes Supelco, Inc.One-liter Tedlar gas sampling bags, with SKC Products, Inc.

valve and injection portHigh flow air sampling pump Gilian, Inc.Calibration standards, mixture, 1 ppm V/V Scott Specialty Gases, Inc.250 cc gas bulb, dual valve, Foxboro/Analabs

with injection portSyringes, gas tight, various volumes Hamilton

1.4 Standard Analysis

Standards were provided in two compressed gas cylinders by Scott SpecialtyGases. One cylinder contained ten chlorinated components in nitrogen atconcentrations of approximately 1.0 ppm; the second cylinder contained sevenaromatic components in nitrogen at concentrations of approximately 10 ppm.Table 3 lists the compounds, quantitation masses and concentrations of thetwo standard mixtures.

TABLE 3

SINGLE IONS AND CONCENTRATIONSOF THE

CHLORINATED AND AROMATIC STANDARDS

COMPOUND

A. CHLORINATED COMPONENTS:

vinyl chloride1, 1-dichloroethenetrans-1 , 2-dichloroethene1 , 1-dichloroethanemethylene chloride1,1, 1-trichloroethane1 , 2-dichloroethanecarbon tetrachloridetrichloroethenetetrachloroethene

B. AROMATIC COMPONENTS:

benzenetolueneethylbenzenem-xylenestyreneo-xylenem-ethyltoluene

QUANTITATION MASS

62616163499762117130166

789191 . ., . .9110491120

CONCENTRATION (PPM, V/V)

1.0001.0891.0301.0671.1150.97071.0970.98250.93030.9950

10.3710.9012.9810.7510.6112.6812.75

One cc. of the aromatic standard, 10 cc. of the chlorinated standard and 100ul of the internal standard were injected into the Tekmar 5000 during thedesorb cycle on a daily basis.

1.5 Compound Quantification

Target compounds were quantitated using the area response of the single ionsof the daily standard. Non-target compounds were estimated by comparison ofchromatographic peak total area to the total area of toluene from the dailystandard. Non-target compounds were tentatively identified by interpretationof the mass spectra and use of the EPA/NIH spectral library. The methoddetection limit (MDL) for all target compounds was 250 and 50 ppb (2) forten milliliter and 50 railliliter samples. MDL for non-target compounds is640 and 130 ppb.

1.6 QA/QC

The following QA/QC procedures were performed during this analysis:

o The HP 5993 was autotuned on perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) ona daily basis. The EPA Method 624 (3) GC/MS performancecriteria for para-bromofluorobenzene (p-BFB) was checked daily.

o A seventeen component standard was used as a daily standard.Samples were quantitated on the daily standard responsefactors.

o A five point calibration range of the standard was run prior tothe analysis. A linear regression of the data was calculated(Table 4).

o An internal standard of p-BFB was added to all standards andsamples. Percent recoveries for samples were calculated ondaily standards.

o A blank Tenax/CMS tube from the lot used for sampling wasanalyzed.

(2): MDL:Concentration Standard x 2.5 ml (Lowest Std. Volume with a

response at least 2 x background)

(3): Test Method? for Organic Chemical Analysis of Municipal and IndustrialWastewater, EPA-600/4-82-057, July, 1982, Method 624; Purgeables.~

2.0 RESULTS

2.1 QA/QC Results

Calibration range results are presented in Table 4. Daily standard resultsare presented in Table 5. Surrogate.standard recoveries are listed in Table6.

2.2 System Contaminants

"Siloxane" peaks are found in all samples and standards. The presence ofthese polymethyl cyclotetrasiloxane peaks is largely due to silicone rubber,silicone-based vacuum grease, and possibly even breakdown products ofsilicon-base chromatography materials used in the method.

Benzene and toluene are known contaminants in the Tenax/CMS tubes at anamount equivalent to 4.0 ppb in a 500 ml sample. Benzaldehyde andacetophenone were found in most samples and may also be Tenax/CMS tubecontaminants or degradation (oxidation) products of Tenax.

1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethene were foundin some of the Tenax/CMS tubes from the lot used for this analysis (obtainedfrom Supelco). Several tubes from that lot were analyzed and some showedvarious contaminants; however, the levels were not consistent from tube totube.

Methylene chloride and trichlorofluoromethane were detected in each sampleand the one duplicate sample. However, both could be laboratory aircontaminants since the levels detected on sample C4 and its duplicate differwidely.

2.3 Sample Results

Target 'component results for all samples are presented In Table 6; non-target results are . presented in separate data sheets for each sample*Results are arranged according to FRN number (i.e., order of analysis). Therelative retention times (RRT) listed in the non-target results arereferenced to the p-bromofluorobenzene retention time.

The samples were collected on August 5, 1986 and adsorbed on Tenaxcartridges on August 7, 1986. The GC/MS analysis was performed on September10, 1986. This extended period between sample collection and GC/MS analysisis beyond the recommended hold period of 14 days. Voltage sourcedifficulties with the GC/MS caused delay and backup in the analysis of Tenaxcartridge samples. It is uncertain to what extent this affected thequantitation results.

302^28

TABLE 4CALIBRATION RANGE RESULTS

COMPOUNDFRNVOLUME (ML) (1)

vinyl chloride1 , 1-dichloroetheneraethylene chloridet-1 , 2-dichloroethene1 , 1-dichloroethane1,1, 1-trichloroethane1 , 2-dichloroethanecarbon tetrachloridetrtchloroethenetetrachloroethenebenzenetolueneethylbenzenem-xylenestyreneo-xylenem-ethyl toluene

246642.5/0.25

68150102891361671261148915427423925525912221656

246605.0/0.5

138311249237286383361248238385461519731701431686241

AREA24661 2466510. O/ 10. O/1.0 1.0

26662553450364576878355049484399911561528148310111459538

3076455595386447637365584887739741136142413998731327448

2466225/2.5

7381552137713741594184719711519123120762506292337983834247138801351

2466340 /4.0

10792286196819302439272029362404189430443978478559416299449263012340

R SQUARED (2)

0.9950.9950.9930.9910.9990.9950.9970.9980.9990.9961.0000.9990.9990.998 ^•0.993 H0.996 P0,991

Notea:1: Volumes chlorinated/aromatic standards injected concurrently.2: Coefficient of variation squared.

AR302U29

, TABLE 5DAILY STANDARD" RESULTS

COMPOUND

vinyl chloride1 , 1-dichloroethenetrans-1 , 2-dichloroethene1 , 1-dichloroethanemethylene chloride1,1, 1-trichloroethane1 , 2-dichloroethanecarbon tetrachloridetrichloroethenete t rachloroethenebenzenetolueneethylbenzenem-xylenestyreneo-xylenem-ethylbenzene

QUANTITATIONMASS

626161634997621171301667891919110491120

AREASEPT. 10

38389764992769296199910255547441224

_ 14091822176710261749539

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