prepared especially for the secondary professional learning network of pulaski county public schools...
TRANSCRIPT
Prepared especially for the Secondary Professional Learning Network of
PULASKI COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLSby Dan Mulligan, Ed. D.
August 2011
RIGOR with NURTURING Designing Assessment & Instruction for
Concept-Centered Learning
Premise of the Workshop
As the United States continues to compete in a global economy that demands
innovation, the U.S. education system must equip students with the four Cs:
1. critical thinking and problem solving,
2. communication,
3. collaboration, and
4. creativity and innovation.
Self RelianceThere are three types of
baseball players--those who make it happen, those who watch it happen, and those who wonder what happened.
Tommy Lasorda
teachers/administrators
SAMPLEPre-assessment
that includes differentiation
page 10
Discuss with your new friend:
How do you check for background knowledge and give each student a
context for what they are about to learn?
1. The percent of ALL students PASSING the WRITING SOL tests in 2011.
2. The percent of BLACK students PASSING the WRITING SOL tests in 2011.
3. The percent of ALL students ADVANCED on the US HISTORY II SOL test in 2010.
4. The percent of ALL students ADVANCED on the US HISTORY II SOL test in 2011.
5. The percent of ALL students FAILING the WORLD HISTORY I SOL test in 2011.
6. The percent of BLACK students FAILING the WORLD HISTORY I SOL test in 2011.
7. The percent of ALL students GRADUATING ON-TIME in the Class of 2011.
8. The percent of BLACK students GRADUATING ON-TIME in the Class of 2011.
82
53
46
18
26
46
74
At PULASKI County Public Schools:
SOLUTIONS: 18, 26, 46, 46, 53, 59, 74, 82
59
NURTURING
“Nurture denotes to supply with food, or to cause to grow. To nurture is to train up with a fostering care…”
Rigor with Nurturing
QUESTIONS TO EXTEND THINKINGpage
4 – 6
Discuss with your new friend: In your PLC, when planning for
learning, (how) do you identify questions to be used during the lesson that engage students in
higher-order thinking?
Stool – 42 cm
LaToya – 159 cm
Shoulder – 135 cm
Counter – 73 cm
Silk – 108 cm 42
+ 135
177
- 108
69
- 73
4 cm below
Learning By Doing
When you realize that people learn naturally from the life they experience every day, it won’t surprise you that the brain is set
up to learn better with active, hands-on endeavors. Many students request less bookwork and more hands-on activities.
Students are more willing to do bookwork if there is a project or activity as part of the lesson. Building models and displays,
fieldtrips and fieldwork, hands-on experiments, and craft activities are all strategies that help students learn.
Category Ave. Effect
Size (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences
1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
*Setting objectives & providing feedback*
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses .61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
What processes can students engage in to identify similarities and differences?
Comparing
The process of identifying and articulating similarities and differences among items.
Classifying
The process of grouping things into definable categories on the basis of their attributes.
Creating Metapho
rs
The process of identifying and articulating the underlying theme or general pattern in information.
Creating Analogie
s
The process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts (e.g., relationships between relationships).
Use your BOUNCE
Cardto ‘bounce’
your conversation up a notch to higher-order
critical thinking
page7
WHO AM I
To develop deeper critical thinking skills, each student must develop refined questioning
strategies.
?
Graphic Organizers
The integration of graphic organizers into the learning of every content area is now NON-NEGOTIABLE…
page16 & 17
Work with a friend to express a
relationship using essential knowledge
from your content area that can be expressed with a graphic organizer.
NURTURING
“Nurture denotes to supply with food, or to cause to grow. To nurture is to train up with a fostering care…”
Rigor with Nurturing
Premise: The meaning of a text is NOT contained in the words on the page. Instead, the reader
constructs meaning by making what she thinks is a logical, sensible connection between the new
information she reads and what she already knows about the topic.
Read the paragraph on the next slide and work with your 4-second partner to fill in the missing words.
ENJOY! (this is NOT a test)
Research Related to Teaching Reading Skills from Cognitive Science
The questions that p_____ face as they raise ch_____ from in_____ to adult life are not easy to an_____. Both fa_____ and m_____ can become concerned when health problems such as co_____ arise any time after the e_____ stage to later life. Experts recommend that young ch_____ should have plenty of s_____ and nutritious food for healthy growth. B_____ and g_____ should not share the same b_____ or even sleep in the same r_____. They may be afraid of the d_____.
The questions that poultrymen face as they raise chickens from incubation to adult life are not easy to answer. Both farmers and merchants can become concerned when health problems such as coccidiosis arise any time after the egg stage to later life. Experts recommend that young chicks should have plenty of sunshine and nutritious food for healthy growth. Banties and geese should not share the same barnyard or even sleep in the same roost. They may be afraid of the dark.
~Adapted from Madeline Hunter
1 2
3
Explain how teachers in your department worked as a PLC (developing and sharing results of common assessments and planning for engaging learning experiences.) How could it be improved?
What ideas/strategies did you use last year that improved the understanding of each student?
What are essential actions that you will ‘take-away’ from your discussions with peers today? Why are these important
1 2
3
Explain how teachers in your department worked as a PLC (developing and sharing results of common assessments and planning for engaging learning experiences.) How could it be improved?
What ideas/strategies did you use last year that improved the understanding of each student?
What are essential actions that you will ‘take-away’ from your discussions with peers today? Why are these important
Thank you for your commitment to children!
"It's your attitude, not just your aptitude that determines your ultimate altitude."
--Zig Ziglar
Dane4ae.com
Knowing the Learner
Directions: Rank the symbols (1-4) in order from most (1) like you as a learner to least (4) like you as a learner.
Know
ing the Learner
Strengths NeedsExperimentationRisk takingAdventurousIntuitive/InsightfulCreativeSpontaneous
GuidelinesBoundariesExpectationsStandardsParametersHelp in Focusing
Attitudes PreferencesDon’t like step-by-step directionsReact to internal and external rewardsWant to improve things for society
Stimulus-rich environmentOptions and alternativesInteresting and exciting learning
Learning Style of Beach Balls
Know
ing the Learner
Strengths Needs
See the big pictureHome in on main pointsLearn from lecture and readingThink in abstract terms and languageAnalyze theories and informationThorough logical learnersCan delay gratification
Help in working with othersHelp in organizing time and bringing closure
Attitudes PreferencesDon’t like to waste time “pooling ignorance”Don’t like inquiry
Vicarious learningSimulationsAnalytical thinkingExpert informationFeedback that will improve grades
Learning Style of Microscopes
Know
ing the Learner
Strengths Needs
Precision and accuracyStriving for perfectionPracticalityCompliance with teacherSensory responsiveExternally motivatedDelay gratification
Real experiencesConcrete examples, not theoryStructureProcedures, routinesDirections
Attitudes PreferencesNo news is good newsSerious about their workRequire feedback
Precise, useful feedbackRecommendationsAppreciate privacy
Learning Style of Clipboards
Know
ing the Learner
Strengths Needs
EmpathicIntuitiveSubjective, abstract, affectiveRead between the linesSee the gestalt
Opportunities to work with othersTime for self-reflectionTo connect with teacher and peersRationale for learning
Attitudes PreferencesInternal motivationSelf-monitoring toward personal criteriaRequire rationale for learningCan block out stimuli
Subjective versus abstractPersonal incentives, encouragementChoice of learning environments
Learning Style of Puppies
“If an educator keeps using the same strategies over and over and the student keeps failing,
who really is the slow learner?”
Musical/RhythmicSing itCreate a beatRap itMake a cheerCreate a jingleHum itIdentify soundsReact to soundsListen to soundsConnect to musicWrite a poem
Verbal/LinguisticRead itSpell itWrite itListen to itTell itRecall itUse “you” wordsApply itChunk informationSay itUse mnemonics
Logical/MathematicalMake a patternChart itSequence itCreate a mnemonicAnalyze itThink abstractlyThink criticallyUse numbersProve itInterpret the dataUse the statistics
Visual/SpatialMind mapsGraphic organizersVideoColor codeHighlightShape a wordInterpret a graphicRead a chartStudy illustrationsVisualize itMake a chartCreate a poster
Body/KinestheticRole playWalkaboutDanceLip syncSkits/charades/mimesConstructionMath manipulativesSign languageSportsActivity centersBody language
IntrapersonalMetacognitionUse self-talkWork independentlySolve in your own wayUnderstand selfJournal itRehearse itUse prior knowledgeConnect itHave ownership
InterpersonalThink-Pair-ShareJigsawCooperative groupingDramaDebatesClass meetingsRole playMeeting of mindsPeer counselingTutors/buddiesGiving feedbackShared Journals
NaturalistLabel itCategorize itIdentify itForm a hypothesisDo an experimentAdapt itConstruct itClassify itInvestigate itDiscern patterns
Choice Board or Tic-Tac-ToeThis assessment strategy allows students to select their own preferences but still achieve the targeted essential knowledge and skills.
After Reading Choice BoardSummarize a main idea
and put it to a beat.Draw the sequence of events on a timeline.
Create a way to remember the information.
Reflect on the significance of the information in your
journal.
WILD CARD !!!Your choice after getting approval.
Create a series of at least six cartoon
frames to express the main idea.
Condense the information about a
main idea and create an advertisement, banner,
or slogan.
Act a short skit that conveys the message
of the story.
Write a poem that conveys the main idea
of the story.
Choice Board
Verbal/Linguistic Body/ Kinesthetic Visual/Spatial
Musical/Rhythmical
Wild CardYour choice after
getting the approval of the
teacher.Naturalist
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Logical/Mathematical
4 second partner
1. Select a new partner.2. Identify content to be
taught to your students.3. Outline a Dinner Menu of
evidence of student understandings.
4. Enjoy!
Setting the Context“Policy-makers, educators, and
parents are asking that all students
meet high standards. To achieve this
goal, we must convert our educational
system from a filter that screens some
children out, to a pump that propels all children forward.”
Carol R. Johnson and Ross Taylor, “Excellence for All in Minneapolis,” Educational Leadership, March 2001, P.10.
4 – second partners’
(spread the love)
Introduce your partner to the other people at your table. Tell them something about her/him.
There are three parts to any research-based
lesson:• Beginning – ‘check for’ and ‘build’
background knowledge of each
student; (BL)
• During – teach and actively engage each student in new content – making connections to prior
knowledge; (DL)
• End – check for understanding - provide each student with an opportunity to summarize (in their own way) and practice the essential knowledge and skills
conveyed in the lesson. (EL)
Research on Imagery as Elaboration
637 percentile pts. higher
than… …students who kept repeating definitions.
421 percentile pts. higher
than… …students who were using the terms in a sentence.
Students who used imagery to learn vocabulary, on average, performed
# of studies
Factors Influencing School Improvement
School
Teacher
Student
1. Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum2. Challenging Goals and Effective
Feedback3. Parent and Community Involvement4. Safe and Orderly Environment5. Collegiality and Professionalism
6. Instructional Strategies7. Classroom Management8. Classroom Curriculum Design
9. Home Environment10. Learning Intelligence/ Background
Knowledge11. Motivation
MOVING from ETCH-a SKETCH Learning
to Each STUDENT UNDERSTANDING
Don’t let the ‘what’
overshadow the ‘how’!
PAGE 7
Work with a partner to create
a conceptual learning
framework for a topic from your content area.
Category Ave. EffectSize (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences 1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
Setting objectives & providing feedback
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses .61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
HIGH-Yield Instructional Strategies
When students know what they are
learning, their performance, on
average, has been shown to be
27 percentile points higher
than students who do not know what they are learning.
Category Ave. EffectSize (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences 1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
Setting objectives & providing feedback
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses .61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
HIGH-Yield Instructional Strategies
Category Ave. EffectSize (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences 1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
Setting objectives & providing feedback
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses .61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
HIGH-Yield Instructional Strategies
1.Remember it. (Describe its colors, shapes, and sizes. What does it look like?)
2.Understand it. (What does it make you think of?)
3.Apply it. (What can you do with it? How is it used?)
4.Analyze it. (How is it made or what is it composed of?)
5.Evaluate it. (Take a stand and list reasons for supporting it.)
6.Create it. (Generate a new version of it. How is it an improvement from the original?)
CUBING 2010
Georgia Content Standards Verbs PROBLEM SOLVING
Analyze Derive Discover Evaluate Explore
Predict Solve Survey Verify Investigate REASONING
Categorize Classify Compare ContrastDifferentiate
Describe Estimate Explain Generalize Interpret
Justify Order Hypothesize Predict Infer
Prioritize Rank Validate Summarize COMMUNICATION
Clarify Correspond Describe Discuss Demonstrate
ExhibitExplain Express Persuade Portray
RestateShow Speak State Write
Momentous Discovery
When teachers regularly and collaboratively review assessment data for the purpose of improving practice to reach measurable achievement goals, something magical happens.
Michael Fullan
KEY QUESTION: Why are common assessments so important?
“You can enhance or destroy students’ desire to succeed in school more quickly and permanently through your use of assessment than with any other tools you have at your disposal.”
Rick Stiggins, Assessment Trainers Institute
WHY do we ASSESS:
1. INFORM INSTRUCTIONAL DECISIONS
2. ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO TRY
Talk to Me…
Directions– Form a team of EIGHT (8) people…– Determine the person with the most sisters and
then send them to pick-up your team ziplock bag… PLEASE DO NOT OPEN!!!
– Determine the person with the least sisters and send them to pick-up a grid sheet for each person.
– Distribute a grid sheet to each team member.
Follow-up Debriefing
Each pair should share with your other team members the method you used to graph the figure.
Discuss with your team:– Which method appeals to you?– Is there another method that you would prefer?
Prepare for a “pairs choice of method” with a new graph.
Key Question
Did your performance on the second attempt to complete the grid exercise improve after having an opportunity to
self-assess your initial strategy?
Formative AssessmentFormative assessment is the process used by teachers and students during instruction that provides feedback to adjust teaching and learning for the purpose of improving student learning.
Council of Chief State School Officers, October 2006
Notes:
Process rather than a particular test….
It is not the nature of the test itself that makes it formative or summative…it is the use to which those results will be put.
Category Ave. EffectSize (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences 1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
Setting objectives & providing feedback
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses .61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
HIGH-Yield Instructional Strategies
Low-level Questions
• Short answer
• Shallow thinking
High-level Questions
• Elaborate answer
• Deep thinking
High-Consensus
• Right or Wrong answer
• “What” to think
Low-Consensus
• No single correct answer
• “How” to think
Review
• Asker knows answer
• Checking for correctness
True
• Asker doesn’t know answer
• Invitation to think
Path to Thinking QuestionsNOT Just Remembering Facts
Genius Questions
What if…? Is ______ the reason for…?I wonder why…? Can…?If…? Would you rather…?What is it that…? What would it take to…?When is it…? Why is it that…?Who could…? Would ______ be possible if…?How is ____ like _____? Is it possible to…?When is…? Could…?What could happen if…? How can…?If it were possible…? What is your opinion about…?Are there…? Is it right to…?Why is…? I wonder when…?How…? I’m wondering if…?Where did…? How could it…?Do you…? Why are…?Does it matter if…? If I ______, could_____?When is it …? What can…?
Questioning StrategiesThink Time
Question Exchange
Journaling
Numbered Heads
Jigsaw
Learning Centers
Timed Pair Share
Writing and Discussing
Three types of curricula exist in any classroom:The Intended Curriculum: content/skill specified by the state, division, or school at a particular grade level.The Implemented Curriculum: content/skill actually delivered by the teacher.The Attained Curriculum: content/skill actually learned by the students.
Intended Curriculum
Implemented Curriculum Attained
Curriculum
Effective Instruction #2: focuses on essential knowledge and essential skills
Virginia’s Essential Knowledge, Skills,
Vocabulary & Processes
Content-Related Evidence of Validity(Attained Curriculum)
Essential
Skills & Processes
Essential
Knowledge
Essential
Vocabulary
LEARNINGTARGET
(attained curriculum)
Effective Teaching Methods: Applying Research on How the Brain Learns
FromWhole-class instructionLecture and recitationWorking with better studentsSage on the stageAssessment based on test performanceCompetitivenessAll students learning the same thing the same wayPrimacy of verbal skills
ToSmall-group instructionCoachingWorking with weaker studentsEngaged studentsAssessment based on productCooperationAll students learning the same thing in a different wayIntegration of visual and verbal thinking
• Small-group instruction• Coaching• Working with weaker students• Engaged students• Assessment based on product• Cooperation• All students learning the same thing in a different way
• Integration of visual and verbal thinking
1. Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum
2. Challenging Goals and Effective Feedback
3. Parent and Community Involvement
4. Safe and Orderly Environment
5. Collegiality and Professionalism
Factors Influencing Achievement
School
Factors Influencing Achievement
9. Home Environment
10. Learned Intelligence/ Background Knowledge
11. Motivation
Student
Factors Influencing Achievement
6. Instructional Strategies
7. Classroom Management
8. Classroom Curriculum Design
Teacher
Identifying similarities and differences
Summarizing and note taking
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
Homework and practice
Nonlinguistic representations
Cooperative learning
Setting objectives and providing feedback
Generating and testing hypotheses
Cues, questions, and advance organizers
Identifying similarities and differences
Summarizing and note taking
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
Homework and practice
Nonlinguistic representations
Cooperative learning
Setting objectives and providing feedback
Generating and testing hypotheses
Cues, questions, and advance organizers
An Effective Instructional School…
Opportunity to LearnTime
MonitoringPressure to Achieve
Parental Involvement
School Climate
Leadership
Cooperation
Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum
Challenging Goals and Effective Feedback
Parental and Community Involvement
Safe and Orderly Environment
Collegiality and Professionalism
Getting the Biggest Bang for Your Buck!• Researchers conducted studies to identify those instructional strategies that have a high probability of enhancing student achievement
for ALL students in ALL subject areas
at ALL grade levels.
• Results of the studies conducted by Robert Marzano, Debra Pickering, and Jane Pollock identified the TOP NINE strategies that have a STRONG EFFECT on STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT.
Category Ave. EffectSize (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences 1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
Setting objectives & providing feedback
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses
.61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
Word Sort ApplicationsClassify words based on student identified attributes.Match linguistic and nonlinguistic pairs that represent the same concept.Use a ‘Concentration Game’ approach to identifying similarities.Create sentences that contain an identified word from the sort.Provide students with the previous years cards to check for prior knowledge.
“A pupil from whom nothing is
ever demanded which he
cannot do, never does all he
can.”John Stuart Mill
“No one Rises to Low Expectations.” Carl Boyd
Venn Diagram
Similarities and differences
Show relationships
Questions–How is something
unique in characteristics?
–What characteristics are shared?
Advanced Organizers
Use Visuals–Advanced organizers help students organize the information and retain 5 times more of the information.
Finding Similarities and Differences
Directions:
• Use the Venn Diagram rings to create a diagram similar to the graph below.
• Sort the Attribute Blocks using the criteria below.
• Think!
Yellow Thin
Large
Category Ave. Effect
Size (ES)
Percentile Gain
Identify similarities & differences
1.61 45
Summarizing & note taking 1.00 34
Reinforcing effort & providing recognition
.80 29
Homework & practice .77 28
Nonlinguistic representations .75 27
Cooperative learning .73 27
*Setting objectives & providing feedback*
.61 23
Generating & testing hypotheses .61 23
Questions, cues, & advance organizers
.59 22
Comprehension Can Be Taught!Narrative Text Expository Text
Comprehension Strategy
The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs Chapter 3 “The American Revolution”
PreviewingWhat is the story about?What might the story be about?
What do I already know about the American Revolution?
Self Questioning Why is the wolf telling the story? Why did this war occur?
Making Connections How does this pig story compare to others I have heard?
How does the information in this chapter compare to the movie we saw?
Visualizing Is my mental picture of the wolf still good? Should I change it?
What did an American soldier look like? A British soldier?
Knowing How Words Work
Does the word make sense in the sentence?
What clues in the text can I use to figure out the word representation?
Monitoring Does what I am reading make sense?
Does what I am reading make sense? Did French soldiers fight in this war? How can I find out?
Summarizing What has happened so far?What is the most important information in the chapter?
EvaluatingDo I believe the Wolf’s story? Why? How does this story rate to other I have read?
How would my life be different if we had not won this war?
READING TIC-TAC-TOEWhat did you already know about the topic before you read the
book?
Tell two questions that can be answered by reading this book
Tell what this book is mostly about. Be
sure to include three important details?
Where could you find more information about this topic?
Choose a color to describe the topic. Explain why you chose that color.
Pretend you have to teach what you
learned from reading this passage to a
new student. What will you tell about the
topic?
If you could create a sound to describe
the topic what would it be? Why?
A title for a fiction book on this topic
might be -
Did the passage leave you
with unanswered questions? If so,what are they?
Suggested Use of Instructional Strategies
Beginning
Set Objectives
Provide feedback
Questions, cues, advanced organizers
Cooperative Learning
Identifying similarities and differences
During Nonlinguistic
representation Notetaking and
summarizing Questions, cues,
advanced organizers Cooperative Learning Identifying similarities
and differences
End Reinforce effort Provide
recognition Evaluate Self-Assessment