present day challenges in power systems

8/12/2019 Present Day Challenges in Power Systems

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25

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Generator

Transformer

Transmission line

Under ground Cable

Reactors

Capacitors

Motors

Instrument Transformer

Circuit Breaker

FACTS

HVDC

GIS


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Generator Related Issues

Transient Stability

Small Signal Stability

Sub synchronous Oscillations

Abnormal Frequency

Exciter Limit


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2 LC

C

C C


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Switching Transients/ other Issues

Transformer

Transmission line

Under ground cable Switching

Reactors

Capacitors

Motors

GIS

Lightning Transient

Ferro Resonance

Power Quality


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Generator Stability


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load shedding studies

Load shedding is an attempt to

match load to the availablegeneration after a disturbance that

has left a deficiency in the

generation relative to the connected

loads

Frequency with and with out loadshedding


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Direct Flash

ResultsBack Flash

Results


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Other Specialized Studies

Circuit Breaker transient Recovery voltage

Capacitor Bank Switching Studies

Generator Circuit breaker arcing study

Ferro-resonance

Motor Starting study

Power Quality Study


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Shunt Reactor

Neutral Grounding

Reactor (NGR)

Shunt Capacitors

Series Capacitor


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Arc ResistantSwitchgear

Undergoing TestFor an Arcing Fault

A A

E

C B A E A


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/

0 1.2 C

1 5 &

2 8 C + &

3 25 C + & + C

4 40 C + & + D C &


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Load Generation balance is

very critical for reliablepower system

Transmission system plans,monitor, control the system

integrity power with

generation, IPP and load

center


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The challenge in the IPP interconnection is to

ensure that the new generating facilities and

the transmission system will operate reliably

under all reasonably anticipated operating

conditions.

Power flow, short circuit, transient stability,

protection, control studies were performed to

identify transmission system limitations forinterconnecting the IPP Generation.

Studies are performed to assess temporary or

transient over-voltage conditions.


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IPP Performance requirements

General

Excitation Control System.

Turbine Control System.

PSS tuning

Protection Requirements.


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General

0.85 () 0.95 ().

59.5 60.5 .

A 57.0 59.5

.

5% .

62.5 57.0,

.


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, , ( ),

.

, ,

.

.

, ,

.


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Excitation Control System

A E

0.5%

10

E

()

A .

AVR

Excitation Transformer

ThyristorConverter

AC1)

Break

PT

CTController

DC Discharge

DC1)

Breaker

A , AC


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Turbine Control System E

.

2 8%.

5%. ,

57.5 60.2 .

.


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PSS

Excitation

AVRU ref

~If Ug

+++

-

Generator

SetpointU Netz

Grid

PSS


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Protection Requirements

(

)

:


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Transmission System Parameters

D

E


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: 5%

30 : 10%

: 58.8 60.5

30 : 57.5 61.5

30 : 57 62.5

: 1.5 % ( 1%)

519

1 %

1 3%

0. 5

0.6 5

110 & 115 120

132 & 230 100

30 0


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Utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) powerplants that support grid stability and

reliability are becoming available as PV

generation grows to the point of making

a significant contribution to the grid.

Plant shut-down and start-up controls

Power curtailment at different levels

Dynamic power-factor regulation


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Notified Unplanned Outages

A Generator must, if it considers that a Generating Unit will require an Outage

which cannot reasonably be deferred to become a Planned Outage or a STPM but

of which it has some advance warning, give the TSP notice.

The TSP may request the Generator to advance or defer the Outage. The

Generator must then (subject to any intervening Outage) take the Outage in

accordance with that agreement.

Forced Outages

In the event that a Generating Unit suffers a Forced Outage, the Generator shall

inform the TSP within ten (10) minutes of the commencement of the Outage.

In such an event, the TSP shall have the right to inspect the Generating Unit andall relevant records on any Business Day and at a reasonable time.


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Motor Fast Bus Transfer


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C

C


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C / C

C

C


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1800

()

3000 800

()


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()

()


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()


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Sensors, Computing, Communication


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(, , )

,


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()

GPS satellite


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GPS satellite

PMU

PMUPMU

PMU

PDC

/


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Benefits of PMU:


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present day challenges in power systems

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