Retrospective on California’s Air Quality Program

February 21, 2002

Air Resources BoardCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency

Twenty Years Ago...

• Unhealthy levels of lead, NO2, SO2,carbon monoxide, ozone, particulatematter, and toxics

• In the South Coast:– Over 100 Stage 1 alerts– 49 pphm peak ozone level

Today...

Lead: AttainNO2: AttainSO2: AttainCO: All but 2 counties attainOzone: No Stage 1 alerts

South Coast peak cut over 50%PM10: Annual levels reduced 20+%Toxics: Nearly 50% risk reduction

Peak Ozone Levels in California

Sacramento Valley

South Coast

San Joaquin Valley

San Francisco Bay Area

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Peak

1-H

our O

zone

Lev

el (p

pm)

State 1-Hour Ozone Standard (0.09 ppm)

Annual Average PM10 Levelsin California

0

20

40

60

80

100

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Max

imum

Ann

ual G

eom

etric

Mea

n PM

10 L

evel

(ug/

m3)

State Standard (30ug/m3)

Sacramento Valley

San Joaquin Valley

South Coast

San Francisco Bay Area

Estimated Statewide DieselParticulate Matter Levels

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1990 1995 2000

Estim

ated

Ann

ual A

vera

geD

iese

l PM

Lev

el (u

g/m

3)

75 % Risk Reduction Goal = 0.45 ug/m3

Statewide Benzene Levels

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Annu

al A

vera

ge B

enze

ne L

evel

(ppb

)

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Rel

ativ

e C

hang

e

Vehicle Miles Traveled

Population

More People,Even More Miles Traveled

How is clean air progress achieved?

• ARB programs• Complementary federal actions• Local air district programs• Transportation plans and other

local actions

ARB’s Role in Reducing Vehicle Emissions

Key Motor Vehicle RegulationsARB Adoption

Diesel Trucks

1990

On-Board Diagnostics II

Roadside Truck Inspections

Low Emission Vehicle I + Phase I Gasoline

Phase II GasolineGasoline Trucks

Diesel TrucksLow Emission Vehicle II

On-Road MotorcyclesUrban Transit Buses

Diesel Trucks

1995 2000

Statewide Motor Vehicle EmissionsOzone Precursors

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Tons

per

day

RO

G +

NO

x

Without ARB Program

With ARB Program

Evolution of ARB Auto ControlsImplementation: 1963 - 1993

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

g/m

ile H

C +

NO

x

Positive Crankcase VentilationExhaust Standards

EGR

Oxidation Catalyst

Three Way CatalystOn-Board Computer

Advanced ComputerFuel Injection

02 Sensor

Phase 1 Gas

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

g/m

ile H

C +

NO

xEvolution of ARB Auto Controls

Implementation: 1994 - 2010

Low Emission Vehicle I

Phase 2 Gasoline

Low Emission Vehicle II

Heavy-Duty TruckEngine Standards

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Pre-1988 1988 1991 1994 1998 2002 2007

Exha

ust g

/ bh

p-hr

Model Year

NOx

PM (x10)

Cleaner Lawn and GardenEquipment

1990 2000 2010

100%

33%

10%

67%

18%

100%

100%

Cleaner Watercraft

1990 2000 2010

11%

88%

100%91%

12%

Reducing Life Cycle EmissionsGasoline

2000 - 2010A Decade of Cleaner Engines

CarsTrucks Motorcycles

Watercraft

Lawn and Garden Equipment

Forklifts

Community Health

Key ARB Actions to Reduce ToxicsFacilities and Products

Platers

Medical waste incinerators

Dry cleanersMetal melting Gas cans

Cooling towers

1990 2000

Asbestos/roadsDiesel Risk Reduction Plan

Automotive products

Asbestos/roadsSterilizers and aerators

Gas stations

Asbestos/miningAuto coatings

Key ARB Actions to Reduce ToxicsMobile Sources

Diesel trucks

1990

Roadside truck inspections

Low Emission Vehicle I + Phase I gasoline

Phase II gasoline Diesel trucksLow Emission Vehicle II

Marine pleasurecraftUrban transit buses

Diesel trucks2000

Lawn and garden equipment

Diesel RiskReduction Plan

1990Air Toxics Cancer Risk/Million

CurrentAir Toxics Cancer Risk/Million

2010Air Toxics Cancer Risk/Million

(with diesel risk reduction 75% from 2000)

ConsumerProducts

Key ARB Actions to ReduceEmissions from Consumer Products

1990 2000

Mid-term measures II

Architectural coatingsAntiperspirants and deodorants

Consumer products tier IConsumer products tier II

Aerosol coatingsMid-term measures

Architectural coatings

Offsetting Growth inConsumer Product Use

200

250

300

350

400

450

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Tons

per

day

RO

G

Without ARB Program

With ARB Program

The Challenge…Over 90% of Californians Breathe Unhealthy Air at Times

Days Over StateOzone Standard

Days Over StatePM10 Standard

0-5 Days >100 Days6-50 Days 50-100 Days

Based on 2000Monitoring Data

Need for Further ARB Programs

• To meet air quality standards• To reduce risk from air toxics• To address community health and

environmental justice

Air Pollution Health Effects

• Air pollution in California contributesannually to as many as:– 17,000 premature deaths– 55,000 hospital admissions– 1,300,000 asthma attacks– 3,300,000 lost work days

• We are all part of a ‘vulnerablepopulation’ at some point in our lives

ARB Health Studies

• Lung growth and asthma in children– Children’s Health Study (Southern CA)

• Asthma progression in children– Fresno Asthmatic Children’s Environment

Study• Cardiovascular system in the elderly

– Cardiovascular Health Study (Sacramento)• Diesel particle effects

– Freeway Emission Study (Los Angeles)

Strategies for a Healthy Future

ARB’s Clean Air Plan: 2002 - 2020

One Atmosphere

Ozone(ROG + NOx)

Haze

Particles (PM10/PM2.5)(NOx, SOx, ROG, ammonia)

Toxics- Diesel particles- Benzene- Chromium- Asbestos

Greenhouse Gases

- CO2, methane

Near Term Needs andLong Term Vision

• Define new strategies to meetattainment deadlines

• Reduce air toxics risk as quickly aspossible

• Promote technologiesof the future

Clean Air Plan Strategies

• Requirements for cleaner vehicles,equipment, fuels, and products

• Continued federal action• Tighter controls on air toxics• Recommended local strategies• Opportunities to increase efficiency

TrapControls/RetrofitsControls/Retrofits

ReformulationReformulation

Countdown to Zero

Zero Emission FutureZero Emission Future