Composite Climate

Guided by : Ar. Meenakshi Singh Ar. Vinit Deewan

Submitted by: Aayush Gupta Ankur Pandey Anshul A Bansal Anusha Sathe Ayushi Soni Devendra Yadav Divya Patidar Divya Rathore Hanul Mehta Namrata Sule

Composite climate usually occur in large land masses near Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

Cities having composite climate are: New Delhi, Lahore, Mandalay, Asuncion and Kano.

Humidity i.e. RH is low varies from 20%-55%. Vapor pressure is about 1300-1600 N/m2 . Annual rainfall is about 500-1300 mm. The sky is dull during the monsoons and clear

with dark blue color in dry season. Winds are hot and dusty during dry period and

fairly strong and steady during monsoons.

Composite Climate

Seasons Hot – Dry Warm-Humid

Cool-Dry

Day-time mean max.

32-430 C 27-320 C Up to 270 C

Night time mean min.

21-270 C 24-270 C 4-100 C

Diurnal mean range

11-120 3-60 C 11-220 C

Soil is brown and red and changes rapidly with rain.

The landscape becomes green and fertile and plants grows quickly.

Special characteristics:dust and sand-storms may occur. Termites are common.

Air temperature, i.e. DBT, in shade is as follows-

Composite or monsoon climates are neither consistently hot and dry, nor warm and humid.

Their characteristics change from season to season, alternating between long hot, dry periods to shorter periods of concentrated rainfall and high humidity, wind, sky and ground conditions can easily be appreciated by comparing the descriptions of warm and humid and hot-dry climates.

Nature Of Climate

Effective temperatures are much lower than in two warmer seasons.

Physical comfort will depend on the prevention of heat loss from the body, especially at night.

In the warm seasons the heat dissipation is inadequate.

During the warm season people get acclimatized to high temperatures , so their tolerance of cold conditions will be reduced.

Physiological Objectives

Climates with changing seasons set as difficult task for designer.

Solutions suitable for one season may be unsatisfactory for others.

Thermal design criteria recommended for hot-dry season of composite climates.

Buildings should be designed according to the criteria of warm and humid climates.

Design Criteria

Moderately compact internal planning of houses. Courtyard type buildings are very suitable. Building should be grouped in such a way as to take

advantage of prevailing breezes during the short period when air movement is necessary.

A moderately dense, low rise development is suitable for these climates, which will ensure protection of : out-door spaces, mutual shading of external walls, shelters from the wind in the cold season, shelter from dust and reduction of surfaces

exposed to solar radiation.

Form and Planning

Houses with separate day and night rooms. Shading of walls is desirable but not critical,

provided that the roof has a low transmittance value and a good thermal capacity.

Thermal loading of roofs in hot-dry and cold seasons is reduced by outgoing radiation to the clear sky.

External openings, however, do require shading during the hot and warm seasons.

Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs are needed. Shades should be provide to reduce sky glare. Louvers and other sun breaks used to protect openings. Shading devices should preferably be of low thermal

capacity. Controlled landscape and enclosure walls are necessary

to provide protection against dust and thermal winds. High rainfall makes it easier to maintain vegetation

around buildings, thereby reducing dust. A courtyard should be designed in such a way as to allow

sun penetration during winter and provide shading in hot season.

Deciduous plants can serve a useful purpose.

External Spaces

Roofs and external walls should be constructed of solid masonry or concrete.

The thermal capacity will be of advantage in both the cold and hot-dry seasons.

In the warm humid season the best arrangement is if the thermal capacity is provided in massive floors, partitions and ceilings, permitting the outer walls to be used more freely for large openings.

Resistance insulation should be placed at the outside surfaces of external walls or roofs.

Insulation on the inside would only reduce the beneficial effects of high thermal capacity walls and roofs.

Roofs and Walls

Prevention of heat entering through the outer surface of the walls and roof is a fundamental rule.

Surfaces exposed to the sun during the hot and warm seasons should be light coloured or of shiny polished met.

In some such locations as the labour is cheap roofs are whitewashed at the beginning of the warm season and painted black before the cold season arrives.

Surface Treatment

Orientation of openings is determined by two factors:1. Towards the breeze prevailing during the warm-

humid seasons, to utilise its cooling effect.2. Towards the sun during the cold seasons, to utilise

the heating effect of radiation entering through the windows.

Large openings in opposite walls are suitable. The openings with solid shutters used for cross

ventilation should not exceed the area of solid walling on the same elevation.

On the adjacent walls the windows should not occupy more than about 25% of the total area.

Openings

Two small openings, one high level and one low level, or ventilating stacks may provide a solution.

Occasionally, during transitional period condensation may occur when two factors coincide:1. When the relative humidity of the air is high.2. When the surface of a wall or ceiling is cold enough to

cool the adjacent layer of air below its dew point. At the end of the rainy season the moisture content of

the air is high and the night-time temperature drops. A more likely period of occurrence is at the beginning of

the rainy season, when the cold night thoroughly cools the structure, and this is followed by the sudden influx of warm, humid air.

Ventilation and Condition

As there is no danger of frost, the danger of structural damage is negligible.

As weather conditions producing condensations are only of a short durations.

The best protection in the tropic is use porous and moisture absorptive materials, which will act as buffers, absorbing the moisture as condensation occurs and releasing as soon as air sufficiently dry.

Depends upon the relative predominance of hot dry or warm humid conditions during the course of year.

A familiar urban solutions for housing in this climate is the ground floor with massive walls, with large shutter openings, laid out around a courtyard, and a first floor structure of light weight material.

These cool quickly at night, to allow fairly comfortable sleeping conditions during the hottest part of the year.

Traditional Shelter

Architects- Arvind Krishan and Kunal Jain. The climate-• Very hot and dry period.• Maximum DBT- 440 and minimum DBT- 30

• Maximum relative humidity 90%. Design features-• Eliminate heat gain in the hot dry period.• Maximize ventilation in the hot humid period.• Maximize heat gain in the cold period.• Design with nature.

Examples-PEDA Office Complex, Chandigarh

The PEDA building is a series of overlapping floors at different levels with interpenetrating large vertical cut-outs.

Vertical cut-outs integrated with light wells and solar-activated naturally ventilating, domical structures.

Large volume of air cooled during hot period by a wind tower.

In cold period air is heated by solar penetration through roof glazing.

Adequate distribution of daylight within the entire working zone minimizing the consumption of electricity.

Thermal mass of floors slabs moderates diurnal swing.

Architects: Anant Mann and Siddhartha Wig. The climate-

Very hot and dry period. Maximum DBT:440C and minimum DBT:30C Maximum humidity 90%

Residence for Madhu and Anirudh, Panchkula

Design features- Small residential building

on to the south-west. Rooms placed around a

courtyard. Eliminate heat gain in hot

and dry period. Maximize ventilation in

hot and humid period. Proper shading and day

lighting. Solar chimney for

ventilation. Insulation on west wall. Structure is load bearing

with RCC.

Fabric Mud and clay Raw Thatch Concrete Metal Glass Plastic Foam Cement Composite

Materials Used

Difference between Moderate and Composite ClimateMODERATE COMPOSITE

This is a climate which is generally comfortable; neither too hot, nor too cold, and where all of us should be staying! All you need to do is be shaded and insulated from direct sun, let in a little breeze when you feel stuffy or warm: and shut the window if it is chilly or wear some light woolens.

It has a very hot and dry summer, followed by a humid season with monsoon rains. With the departure of the monsoon it gradually becomes comfortable in autumn, followed by a short winter with the cloudy and wet as well as sunny periods. Before the summer returns there is a comfortable but short spring season.

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