presentation foreign language learning and teaching
TRANSCRIPT
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Hymes (1971)
Wilkins(1976)
Widdowson (1978)
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The communicative approach is the theory that
language is communication. Therefore thefinal aim of CLT
(Communicative Language Teaching) is
communicative competence.
The focus is on fluency rather than onaccuracy
Language is learned in a social context with
interaction from one person to another
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Notional functional teaching forproficiency
Proficiency based interaction
Communicative language teaching (CLT)
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Real life language is used in theclassroom
Learners learn through using it tocommunicate
Authentic and meaningful
communicationFluency is an important dimension of
communication not accuracy
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Authentic materials are used
One function can have many different forms
Students need to learn cohesion and coherence
Students should be given the opportunity to express theiropinions
Errors are tolerated to a certain extent
Encourage cooperative relationships among students;opportunity to negotiate meaning
The social context of the communicative is essential
Learning to use language forms appropriately is important
Teacher acts as advisor/facilitator
Speakers have choices in communication of whatto say andhowto say it
Students should be given opportunities to develop strategiesfor interpreting language as it is actually used by nativespeakers
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Use of Integrated approach
Target language is the only vehicle for classroom
communication Student would be an active learner Emphasize use of language in a social context
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The teacher has two main roles:To facilitate the communication
process in the classroom
To act as an independentparticipant within thelearning-teaching group
The teacher is also expectedto act as a resource, an organizer ofresources, a motivator, a counselor, aguide, an analyst and a researcher.
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The classroom should be learner centered
The learner is a negociator
The learner is an interactor who gives as well
as takes The learner can not be only a listener but a
speaker, through him or her the class is
developed
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Since communicative competence is our aim, it isessential that students be given every opportunityto practice communicating. In the communicativeclassroom teacher talking time (TTT) must be keptto a minimum. This is not to say that the teacher
shouldnt speak at all, but TTT should becontrolled and appropriate.
The classroom should be learner centered.
The teachers role is to facilitate studentcommunication which is done through carefulselection of materials and activities relevant to theaims of the lesson in which they are used.
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Student centered approach
Use of authentic materials in classroom
Consider student interest and make the learningmeaningful
learner is able to acquire fluency
Meaningful use of language in social context
More exposure to Target Language
More authentic opportunities to USE the
language Fun and interesting for learners
Provides opportunity to use authentic materials
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CLT approach focuses on fluency but not
accuracy
The weaker learner who struggle a lot and
cannot use target language continuouslymake mistakes and eventually give up
CLT approach is very easy to apply on
intermediate and advanced learners but not
for beginners
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There are many different types of activities. They providespeaking, listening, writing and reading practice as well as
aiding production
A few
ideas for activity types
Games Role-plays Simulations Information Gaps
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Text based: practice exercises, reading
passages, gap fills, recording
Task based: game boards, role play, cards,
,materials for drilling, pair work tasks Realia: magazines, newspaper, fruit and
vegetable, animals and maps
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Behaviorism
1. Language acquisition through external
environment
2. Language is seen as a behavior to betaught
3. Habit formation
4. SRRR theory
5. Stimulus, response, reinforcement,
repitition
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Behaviorism Nativism
Interactionism
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Interactionism
1. Interaction among environment, mind andfeeling
2. Language learning occurs through Social
interaction within a social environment
3. Interactionism is important in day to day world
4. By theses interactions we make our
perceptions about the world
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We learn the language by interaction and in
communicative method the activities areinteractive
Language learning never takes place in
isolation. So, in communicative method
interaction is required for meaningfulcommunication
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Social context and mental process both are
involved.
Language learning comes through using
language communicatively in real lifesituation
Focus is on fluency rather than accuracy
Integrated approach
Four things influence the language learningprocess teachers, learners, task and context.
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