presentation: tackling poverty through multiple water services: uzualoki-urualla, nigeria case study

Tackling Poverty throughTackling Poverty through Multiple Water Services Multiple Water ServicesUzuakoli – Urualla, NigeriaUzuakoli – Urualla, Nigeria

CASE STUDYCASE STUDYJOACHIM IBEZIAKO EZEJI

PROJECT COORDINATOR/CEORURAL AFRICA WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(RAWDP) NIGERIA

OverviewOverview

• IntroductionIntroduction• Human Development IndexHuman Development Index• Facts and EconomicsFacts and Economics

• ContextContext• Community and Water AvailabilityCommunity and Water Availability• Water UsageWater Usage• ““Wet” and “Dry” TimesWet” and “Dry” Times

• ProjectProject• Early Community EffortsEarly Community Efforts• RAWDP Steps InRAWDP Steps In• Water Scheme OperationsWater Scheme Operations• Results and EvaluationResults and Evaluation

OverviewOverview

• ObservationsObservations• Rural African Water Problems Rural African Water Problems • RealitiesRealities

• TechnologiesTechnologies• Bio-Sand FilterBio-Sand Filter• Ceramic FilterCeramic Filter• Moringa oleiferaMoringa oleifera

• ConclusionsConclusions• QuestionsQuestions

IntroductionIntroduction

Human Development IndexHuman Development Index

• Composite index measuring:Composite index measuring: • Long and healthy lifeLong and healthy life

• In many Sub-Saharan African countries:In many Sub-Saharan African countries:• Life expectancy is as low as 39 years oldLife expectancy is as low as 39 years old• Mortality rate is as high as 40%Mortality rate is as high as 40%

• KnowledgeKnowledge • Adult literacy rate, gross enrollment ratioAdult literacy rate, gross enrollment ratio

• Decent standard of livingDecent standard of living• Per capita GDP, Purchasing Power ParityPer capita GDP, Purchasing Power Parity

• In Nigeria in 1999, GDP was as low as 3.5%.In Nigeria in 1999, GDP was as low as 3.5%.

IntroductionIntroduction

Facts and EconomicsFacts and Economics

• Heavily Indebted Poor Countries have worst Heavily Indebted Poor Countries have worst indicators indicators

• Majority of population in half of HIPC lackMajority of population in half of HIPC lack• access to adequate sanitation access to adequate sanitation • clean drinking waterclean drinking water

• EconomistEconomist recently projected: recently projected:

• Access to drinking water and sanitation could drive Access to drinking water and sanitation could drive economic, social and environmental development economic, social and environmental development

Investment of US $2 billion in water and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa

US $16 billion in corresponding benefits on continent

ContextContext

Community andCommunity and Water Water AvailabilityAvailability

• Uzuakoli Urualla community Uzuakoli Urualla community • Southeastern Nigeria Southeastern Nigeria • population of about 15,000population of about 15,000

• Water AvailabilityWater Availability• No permanent streamsNo permanent streams• Rainfall is never heavyRainfall is never heavy• Very dry, rocky, hilly area Very dry, rocky, hilly area • Water in stream only at onset of the early rains Water in stream only at onset of the early rains • Stream equidistant to many familiesStream equidistant to many families

ContextContext

Water UsageWater Usage

• Drinking, cooking, sanitation,Drinking, cooking, sanitation,

irrigation, agriculture, livestock irrigation, agriculture, livestock • Animals use the water as humans doAnimals use the water as humans do• Earthy colour immaterial to usersEarthy colour immaterial to users• The peak gathering on weekendsThe peak gathering on weekends

• Women do their washingsWomen do their washings• Soak and ferment cassava Soak and ferment cassava

• Children bathe and swimChildren bathe and swim• Men also do various things of interest here Men also do various things of interest here

ContextContext

“Wet” and “Dry” Times“Wet” and “Dry” Times

• ““Wet” when water flowsWet” when water flows• most lively period in communitymost lively period in community

• ““Dry” when stream is dryDry” when stream is dry • Life becomes compact, it shrinks!Life becomes compact, it shrinks!• Trauma and sadnessTrauma and sadness• Families carry jerry cans searching for water Families carry jerry cans searching for water • Poor roads keep water tankers at bay Poor roads keep water tankers at bay

ProjectProject

Early Community EffortsEarly Community Efforts

• Water committee was set upWater committee was set up• Meetings held, funds contributedMeetings held, funds contributed

• Water scheme was a borehole projectWater scheme was a borehole project• All attempts unsuccessfulAll attempts unsuccessful• Poverty worsenedPoverty worsened

• Still, geological formations supported Still, geological formations supported limited water supplylimited water supply

ProjectProject

RAWDP Steps InRAWDP Steps In

• RAWDP mobilized resources and expertiseRAWDP mobilized resources and expertise• Cooperation between the community and Cooperation between the community and

RAWDPRAWDP

• Geophysical surveyGeophysical survey• Revealed the intrinsic aquifer characteristics of Revealed the intrinsic aquifer characteristics of

the sub-surfacethe sub-surface

• Concise drilling programmeConcise drilling programme• RAWDP sank a very successful boreholeRAWDP sank a very successful borehole

ProjectProject

RAWDP Drilling BoreholeRAWDP Drilling Borehole

ProjectProject

Water Scheme OperationsWater Scheme Operations

• Pressure constraint, so only two fetching headsPressure constraint, so only two fetching heads• Recruited 50 young men as water vendorsRecruited 50 young men as water vendors

• Carts fit 8 jerry cans of 50 liters eachCarts fit 8 jerry cans of 50 liters each• Clerk hired to oversee each fetching head Clerk hired to oversee each fetching head • The vendors go to homes selling waterThe vendors go to homes selling water

• Returns made from sales pay for:Returns made from sales pay for:• Vendors and clerks weeklyVendors and clerks weekly

• Costs of repairs and maintenanceCosts of repairs and maintenance • Exercise remains successfulExercise remains successful

ProjectProject

Water Vendors and ClerkWater Vendors and Clerk

ProjectProject

ResultsResults

• Fewer uses of streamFewer uses of stream• No longer for drinking waterNo longer for drinking water• Livestock use stream moreLivestock use stream more• Greens spared more grey waterGreens spared more grey water

• Scheme endured since 2001Scheme endured since 2001

ProjectProject

Evaluation 1 Year LaterEvaluation 1 Year Later

• Morbidity and mortality from Morbidity and mortality from waterborne ailments reduced waterborne ailments reduced

• Good health resulted in:Good health resulted in:• Increased school enrollmentIncreased school enrollment• Increased productivity Increased productivity • Fewer man hours lost Fewer man hours lost

searching for water searching for water

ObservationsObservations

Rural African Water Rural African Water Problems Problems

• Poverty evident when people deprived of waterPoverty evident when people deprived of water• Not limited to drinking waterNot limited to drinking water

• Most rural Nigerians get 10 L per capital per dayMost rural Nigerians get 10 L per capital per day• Verifiable from the Federal Ministry of Water Resource (FMWR, L – 2000) Verifiable from the Federal Ministry of Water Resource (FMWR, L – 2000)

NigeriaNigeria

• Water supply regarded as most important problem Water supply regarded as most important problem • Confirmed in rural survey by UNICEF in 1999Confirmed in rural survey by UNICEF in 1999

• Water was cited as a priority problem by 77%Water was cited as a priority problem by 77%• Ahead of health care, education etc.Ahead of health care, education etc.

ObservationsObservations

RealitiesRealities

• Water deprivation caused by:Water deprivation caused by:• Lack of rainfallLack of rainfall• Ephemeral streamsEphemeral streams• Gross hydro-geological inhibitionsGross hydro-geological inhibitions

• Separating water Separating water • Requires infrastructureRequires infrastructure• Impractical in third world countriesImpractical in third world countries

• Still seeking MDG targetsStill seeking MDG targets• Possible in developed economicsPossible in developed economics

• Villagers could use cheap technologiesVillagers could use cheap technologies

TechnologiesTechnologies

Bio-sand FilterBio-sand Filter


Bio-sand FilterBio-sand Filter

• Originated in Calgary, CanadaOriginated in Calgary, Canada• Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation

• Slow sand filtration processSlow sand filtration process• Three distinct size sand ranges Three distinct size sand ranges • ““Schmutzdecke” is the biological layer Schmutzdecke” is the biological layer

• Eliminates pathogens and fecal coliformsEliminates pathogens and fecal coliforms• 90% pathogen removal efficiency90% pathogen removal efficiency• 100% parasite and coliform removal efficiency100% parasite and coliform removal efficiency

• Also removes turbidity, some iron and manganeseAlso removes turbidity, some iron and manganese

• Easy maintenance and low costEasy maintenance and low cost


Ceramic FilterCeramic Filter

• Clay filter inside a lidded, spiggoted containerClay filter inside a lidded, spiggoted container• Colloidal silver as germicide/disinfectantColloidal silver as germicide/disinfectant• Flow rate of about 1-1.75 L of water per houseFlow rate of about 1-1.75 L of water per house

• Product water Product water • Generally tastes good Generally tastes good • Proven to be coliform–freeProven to be coliform–free• No vibrio cholera, amoebae, or other parasites No vibrio cholera, amoebae, or other parasites

• Successfully lab tested in over 10 countries in 4 Successfully lab tested in over 10 countries in 4 continentscontinents

• Propagated by Propagated by Potters for PeacePotters for Peace

Potters for Peace- Ceramic FilterPotters for Peace- Ceramic Filter

Gathering Recycled BricksGathering Recycled Bricks


Breaking Bricks Breaking Bricks


Grinding BricksGrinding Bricks


Spreading Ground Bricks on Spreading Ground Bricks on TarpTarp


Folding into MoundFolding into Mound


Making ClayMaking Clay


Forming Before MoldForming Before Mold


Mold with Clay insideMold with Clay inside


Using Truck Jack to Press Using Truck Jack to Press ClayClay


Excess Clay Outside MoldExcess Clay Outside Mold


Removing Filter from MoldRemoving Filter from Mold


Filter Removed from MoldFilter Removed from Mold


Multiple Drying FiltersMultiple Drying Filters


Filter being FiredFilter being Fired


Filters being TestedFilters being Tested


Inserting FilterInserting Filter


Putting on LidPutting on Lid


Getting Drinking WaterGetting Drinking Water


For More InformationFor More Information

• From family of shrubs and treesFrom family of shrubs and trees• Cultivated across the tropical belt Cultivated across the tropical belt • Used for a variety of purposesUsed for a variety of purposes

• In place of alum to treat waterIn place of alum to treat water• 50-150 mg of ground seed needed 50-150 mg of ground seed needed

to treat 1 litre of river water to treat 1 litre of river water• Dosing is usually 1-3% solutionDosing is usually 1-3% solution• Still expanding in AfricaStill expanding in Africa

• Malawi uses in urban water treatmentMalawi uses in urban water treatment

http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/staff/Sutherland/moringa/moringa.htm


Moringa oleiferaMoringa oleifera


Preparation of Seed SolutionPreparation of Seed Solution

http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/staff/Sutherland/moringa/pictures/fscale/fscale.htm

Shelling seedsShelling seeds Crushing SeedsCrushing Seeds Sieving seedsSieving seeds Seed pasteSeed paste


Moringa oleifera’s EffectMoringa oleifera’s Effect

• Solution yields water soluble proteins Solution yields water soluble proteins with a positive chargewith a positive charge• Act as cationic polyelectrolyteAct as cationic polyelectrolyte

• Active antimicrobial agentActive antimicrobial agent • (4 aL-rhamnosyloxy benzyl isothiocyanate)(4 aL-rhamnosyloxy benzyl isothiocyanate)• Treatment studies by Eilert et al (1981) Treatment studies by Eilert et al (1981)

• Tests on Moringa oleifera revealed Tests on Moringa oleifera revealed it is very effective in: it is very effective in:• reducing hardness, improving the pHreducing hardness, improving the pH• coagulation of suspended solids (SS)coagulation of suspended solids (SS)• turbidity reductionturbidity reduction• removal of odour, taste and pathogensremoval of odour, taste and pathogens

http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/staff/Sutherland/moringa/pictures/fscale/fscale.htm

ConclusionsConclusions

• Money is major constraint in replicating these Money is major constraint in replicating these sustainable technologiessustainable technologies• E.g. Bio-sand filter replicated in Nicaragua after E.g. Bio-sand filter replicated in Nicaragua after

Hurricane MitchHurricane Mitch• Funded by Canadian International Development Funded by Canadian International Development

AgencyAgency• Similar efforts in other countries, but pace is too slowSimilar efforts in other countries, but pace is too slow

• Difficult to reach 2015 MDG targets Difficult to reach 2015 MDG targets • Please consider donating to RAWDPPlease consider donating to RAWDP

• No amount is too small!No amount is too small!

Thank YouThank You

Questions?Questions?

[email protected]@yahoo.com

1 Tetlow / 4 Assumpta Avenue1 Tetlow / 4 Assumpta AvenueP.O. Box 6116 AladinmaP.O. Box 6116 Aladinma

OwerriOwerriImo State, NigeriaImo State, Nigeria

presentation: tackling poverty through multiple water services: uzualoki-urualla, nigeria case study

Documents

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water vendors carts