Presented by

Ahmed Magdy

PRELAB 2

Preparations1)Mouthwash 2)Effervescent solutions: a)Potion Reviere b)Magnesium citrate

ProblemsMetric system

PRELAB 2

1)Mouthwash مضمضة p. 75Aqueous solution used for its deoderant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.

It may contain: AlcoholGlycerinSynthetic sweeteners Flavoring &coloring agentsSurface active agents

????

Most mouthwashes are slightly alkaline..why??

Because:1. Alkaline solutions are more effective in

dissolving & removing mucous & saliva.2. Acid solutions have a damaging effect on

the teeth.3. Strongly alkaline solution will produce

tissue damage &sloughing of mucous membrane of mouth & throat.

Many of the common oral preparation have a pH in alkaline range between 7 and 9.

Those which are acidic in character rarely have a pH value below 5.

RxPotassium bicarbonate 2 gm

Sodium borate (borax) 2 gm

Thymol 0.05 gm

Eucalyptol 0.1 gm

Methyl salicylate 0.05 ml

Alcohol 20 ml

Amaranth solution 14 ml

Purified water to 100 ml

Fiat : Mouthwash

Mitte : 50 ml

(Volatile oils are refreshing , cooling, antiseptic & anti-inflammatory).

Aromatic mixture

Calculation:

F = R/P = 50/100 = 0.5¾ vehicle (water)= [50-(10+7)] x ¾ = 25ml

I gm1 gm0.025gm0.05 gm 0.025 ml10 ml7 ml50 ml

x 0.5 (Alkalinizer)

(Antiseptic & Astringent)

( antiseptic & solvent)( coloring agent (red))

Procedure:

1) In a beaker add 25 ml water.???

2) dissolve KHCO3 & Borax

3) Filter 4) add

amaranth solution (Aqueous solution)

5) In dry cup measure add 10 ml alcohol6) Add 2 drops of the aromatic mixture

(Alcoholic solution)

7) Add aqueous solution to the alcoholic solution portion wise with continuous stirring. (clear red solution)8)Adjust volume with water.

50 ml

Fiat : MouthwashRed label

The Mouthwash To be used as

directed.

2) Effervescent solutions p.70

Uses of CO2 in effervescent solution:

1)Refreshing 2)mask saline bad taste 3)digestive by stimulating gastric juice secretion A solution containing a recently prepared salt by combining

an acid ( citric or/and tartaric) and alkali carbonate or bicarbonate ( potassium or sodium)

Effervescent preparation are more agreeable to the taste when slightly acidic..so we add a slight excess of the acid .

Types of effervescent solution: 1. Alkaline & acidic solutions dispensed in two separate

bottles , one dose of each bottle is mixed just before administration.(Potion Reviere)

2. The alkaline salt is dispensed as powder in paper packets the patient adds the content of each packet to each dose of the acid dose

3. Mixture is dispensed charged with CO2 in tightly closed bottles ..the alkaline salt added at last & the bottle is corked &the cork is fixed with string.( Mg Citrate)

a) Potion Reviere

Solution No. 1

Rx

Sodium bicarbonate 0.35gm

Syrup 2 ml

Water to 15 ml

Fiat : Alkaline solution

Uses: Antiemetic

Solution No. 2

RxCitric acid 0.4 gmSyrup of lemon 2 mlWater to 15 mlFiat : Acid solution

Prepare VI doses of eachSig: 15 ml of each to be mixed directly before use.Calculation:

Soln 1 : ¾ vehicle (water) =[90-12] x ¾ =58.5 mlSoln 2 : ¾ vehicle (water) =[90-12] x ¾ =58.5 ml

x 62.1 gm12 ml9o ml

x 62.4 gm12 ml9o ml

Procedure: The alkaline solution 1)add ¾ water 58 ml???

2)Dissolve sodium bicarbonate

3)Filter using wetted cotton (if necessary)Clear solution

4)Add syrup(12 ml)

5)Complete to 90 ml with water

The acid solution 1)add ¾ water 58 ml???

2)Dissolve citric acid

3)Filter using wetted cotton (if necessary)Clear solution

4)Add syrup of lemon(12ml)

5)Complete to 90 ml with water

Must be clear

Fiat : Alkaline solution

Can we use lemon syrup (sweetening agent) in solution 1 ??

NO ,as lemon syrup contain citric acid react with NaHCO3 CO2 (effervescence)

Fiat : Acid solution

Sig: 15 ml of each to be mixed directly before use.

The Alkaline Solution

One tablespoonful of each to be mixed directly before use.

The Acid Solution

One tablespoonful of each to be mixed directly before use.

White label

Why we use lemon syrup in solution 2??Because flavor &taste of lemon syrup is matched & compatible with citric acid so can be used as flavoring & sweetening agent

b) Magnesium citrate p.72

RxMagnesium carbonate 1.5 gmSodium bicarbonate 3 gmCitric acid 3 gmDistilled water to 100 mlFiat : mistSig: m.d.s

Uses: laxative ( magnesium citrate is the active ingredient)

Calculation:

¾ vehicle (water) =100 x ¾ =75 ml

1) In a beaker 75 ml water2) Dissolve 3g citric acid3) Add 1.5 g magnesium carbonate4) Boil on direct flame until clear solution is

obtained5) Transfer to cup measure & adjust the

volume with water to 100 ml6) Transfer into colourless 200 ml stoppered

bottle ( test it!!)7) Cool to room temperature(using tap

water)8) Add 3g NaHCO3 on the wall of the bottle

& immidiately stopper the bottle 9) Dissolve the NaHCO3 by very gentle

tilting of the bottle & slight rotation.10) Keep the bottle on its side in a cool place. don’t try to open the bottle!!

Procedure:

N.B. This prescription illustrates the importance of

the order of mixing : First : citric + MgCO3 (insoluble) heat Mg

Citrate (soluble)+ CO2 cool add soluble NaHCO3 Clear solution

If sol NaHCO3 is added first to citric acid soluble Na Citrate

&on adding MgCO3 (insoluble) , it will not find enough citric acid to change it to soluble Mg Citrate so some of MgCO3 remain insoluble (ppt).

Citric acid

MgCO3 NaHCO3

Mg Citrate

soluble

Na Citrate

soluble

Xss NaHCO3soluble

Citric acid

MgCO3NaHCO3

Mg Citrate

soluble

Na Citrate

soluble

Xss MgCO3

insoluble

Auxilliary label “ keep in a cool place” as the solubility of CO2 gas is increased at lower temperature ,At higher temperature , it will be gathered above the solution causing pressure & the conc in the solution will be lowered.

why we heat first?? to expel CO2 help formation of sol MgCitrate role of citric acid convert insoluble MgCO3 to soluble Mg Citrate Precaution required for storing solution charged with CO2 a)keep bottle on its side b) in a cool place.

Fiat : mistSig.: m.d.s

The Mixture To be taken as directed.

Keep in a Cool Place

Measure of length: Meter is the fundamental unit. **

The Metric System

unit abbreviation

number of meters

kilometer km 1,000

hectometer hm 100

dekameter Dm or dam 10

meter m 1

decimeter dm 0.1

centimeter cm 0.01

millimeter mm 0.001 (1x10-3)

micrometer µm 0.000001(1X10-6)

nanometer nm 0.000,000,001(1X10-9 )

Measure of volume: liter is the fundamental unit.

Unit Abbreviation

Number of liters

kiloliter kl 1,000

hectolilter hl 100

dekaliter Dl or dal 10

liter l 1

deciliter dl 0.1

centiliter cl 0.01

milliliter ml 0.001(1x10-3)

microliter µl0.000,001(1X10-

6)

Measure of weight: gram is the fundamental unit.

Unit Abbreviation

Number of grams

kilogram kg 1,000

hectogram hg 100

dekagram Dg or dag 10

gram Gm , gm,g 1

decigram dg 0.1

centigram cg 0.01

milligram mg 0.001 (1x10-3)

microgram µg, mcg 0.000,001(1X10-6)

nanogram ng 0.000,000,001(1X10-9 )

kilo

hecto

deka

nano

centi

milli

deci

micro

Gram or liter or meter

x10

x10

x10

x10

x10

x1000

x10

x1000

÷ 10

÷ 10

÷ 10

÷ 10

÷ 10

÷ 10

÷ 1000

÷ 1000

How to reduce to lower or higher denomination:

By simply moving the decimal point.

Examples:Reduce 1.23 kg to grams 1.23kg=1.23 x103 =1.23x1000

=1230 g

Reduce 85 µm to cm85 µm = 0.085mm = 0.0085cm

To add or substract:we must 1) reduce them to a common denomination2)arrange numbers for addition or subtraction as ordinary decimals.

Example:Total wt of substances in a

capsule:0.075 g =20 mg =0.0005 g =4 mg =500 mcg = =

0.075 g0.020 g0.0005 g0.004 g0.0005 g0.100 g=100 mg

To multiply or devide:like any decimal numbers

Example:Multiply 820 ml by 12.5 &express the

result in liters 820 x 12.5 =10250 ml =10250/1000=10.250 L

Problems page 7

Questions

Thank you