presented by: scott wallace, p.e. scott.wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329
DESCRIPTION
Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands. Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. [email protected] (612) 802-2329. References for Industrial Wetland Design. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Presented by:Scott Wallace, P.E.
[email protected](612) 802-2329
Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands
![Page 2: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
References for Industrial Wetland Design
Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)
• Small Scale Constructed Wetland Systems (Wallace & Knight, 2006)
Treatment Wetlands 2nd Edition• (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009)
![Page 3: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Recent Industrial Wetland Examples• BP, Casper Wyoming Refinery, USA• BP, Lima Ohio, USA• ARCO Wellsville New York Refinery USA• Williams Pipeline, (Watertown, South Dakota) USA• El Paso Energy (El Dorado, Kansas) USA• Shell, Scotford I Upgrader, Alberta, Canada• Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, USA• Heathrow Airport, London UK• Edmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada• Occidental Petroleum, Cano Limon, Colombia• Rosebel Gold Mine, Suriname• Sangachal, Azerbaijan
![Page 4: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Industries Using Wetlands• Oil & Gas (upstream & downstream)• Chemical Manufacturing• Landfills• Mining• Food Processing• Airports
![Page 5: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of Treatment Wetlands • Surface Flow (SF) • Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF)• Vertical Flow (VF)• Sludge Dewatering Reed Beds• Intensified Wetlands – Aerated (cold climates)– fill-and-drain (warm climates)– reactive media (ammonia, phosphorus, etc)– industrial wastewaters
![Page 6: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Surface Flow Wetlands
Kadlec & Wallace, 2008
![Page 7: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Surface Flow Wetlands
Champion Paper, Pensacola Florida
![Page 8: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands
Wallace & Knight, 2006
![Page 9: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetland
Wildflower Meadows: 90-person treatment system
![Page 10: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vertical Flow Wetland
IWA, 2000
![Page 11: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vertical Flow Wetland
Rousillon, France
![Page 12: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sludge Dewatering Reed Bed
Kadlec & Wallace, 2008
Skovby, Denmark: 8000-person treatment wetland
![Page 13: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Main Treatment Mechanisms• Adsorption of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons– Contaminant retention time much greater than hydraulic
retention time• Microbial degradation of organic compounds• Settling of particulate compounds• Oxidation and reduction of nitrogen compounds• Precipitation of metals• Use of intensification methods (aeration and reactive
medias to accelerate treatment)
![Page 14: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Natural vs. Mechanical Systems
LEAST MOST
Natural SystemsIntensified Wetlands
Mechanical Treatment Systems
Area RequirementsMOST LEAST
Energy and O&M Needs
![Page 15: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Treatment Wetland Design Basis
N
i Nhk
CCCC
1
**
Pvi PkCCCC
11
**
• Tanks-in-series, N typically ranges from 3 to 6
• Value of N is different for reactive chemicals vs. tracers• Spatial variability of biodegradation rate represented by P
• Important for complex organic chemistries (such as produced waters
![Page 16: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Climate Range of Treatment Wetlands
Wellsville, New York Northern Sahara,Libya
![Page 17: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Casper, Wyoming
Casper
![Page 18: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BP – Casper, Wyoming Refinery• Operated 1912 to 1991
• 37,000 m3 of LNAPL recovered to date
• Extensive smear zone due to river flooding
• 50 to 100 years to remediate site
• High mountain west: -35oC
![Page 19: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BP – Casper Wyoming Refinery
![Page 20: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Casper Reuse Plan
SF Wetlands
HSSF Wetlands
![Page 21: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Casper Pilot Wetland System
• With and without insulating mulch
• Vertical upward flow • With and without aeration
• 4 cells
Phytokinetics, Inc.
![Page 22: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Casper Rate Coefficients
Aeration No AerationCompoun
dWetlandMulch
No Mulch WetlandMulch
No Mulch
Benzene 518 456 317 226BTEX 356 311 257 244TPH 1058 965 725 579MTBE 64 60 35 22
kA, m/yr, based on 3 TIS
Wallace & Kadlec, 2005
![Page 23: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Full-Size System from Pilot DataWallace & Kadlec, 2005
![Page 24: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Casper Intensified Wetland Cell
![Page 25: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Wetland Aeration System
![Page 26: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Casper System Construction
![Page 27: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Casper Benzene Data 2004 - 2006
Benzene effluent at Outfall 001consistently below detection levels
<0.01 mg/L
![Page 29: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Wellsville, New York
Wellsville
![Page 30: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wellsville Wetland System
![Page 31: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wellsville Treatment Concept• Cascade Aerators (iron oxidation)• Sedimentation Pond (iron precipitation and settling)• Surface Flow Wetlands (hydrocarbon removal)• Vertical Flow Wetlands (pH adjustment)
![Page 32: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
November 2008 Start Up• Cold climate design (ice formation)• Thermal calculations necessary
![Page 33: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)
![Page 34: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Dec-08
Jan-
09Fe
b-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-
09Ju
l-09
Aug-09
Sep-
09Oct-
09Nov
-09Dec
-09Ja
n-10
Feb-
10Mar
-10Apr
-10May
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Former Sinclair Refinery Site OU2Wellsville, NY
IronC
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
L)
Influent
Effluent
System Startup 12.4.08
Aeration Startup3.2009
Wetland Plant-ings
5.15.09
Initiate Monthly Sampling
![Page 35: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Surface Flow Wetlands (Hydrocarbon Removal)
![Page 36: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dec-08
Jan-0
9
Feb-0
9
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-0
9
Jul-0
9Aug
-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-1
0
Feb-1
0
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
SPDES Monitoring Results SummaryFormer Sinclair Refinery Site OU2
Wellsville, NYAniline
Influent Effluent Proposed SPDES Limit 10.0 µg/L Influent Effluent
Influ
ent a
nd E
fflue
nt A
naly
tical
Res
ults
(ug/
L)
Influent
Effluent
System Startup 12.4.08
Aeration Startup3.2009
Wetland Plantings5.15.09
Initiate Monthly Sampling
![Page 37: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dec-08
Jan-0
9Fe
b-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-0
9
Jul-0
9Aug
-09Sep
-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-1
0Fe
b-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
SPDES Monitoring Results SummaryFormer Sinclair Refinery Site OU2
Wellsville, NYNitrobenzene
Influent Effluent Proposed SPDES Limit 5.0 µg/L Influent Effluent
Influ
ent a
nd E
fflue
nt A
naly
tical
Res
ults
(ug/
L)
Influent
Effluent
System Startup 12.4.08
Aeration Startup3.2009
Wetland Plantings5.15.09
Initiate Monthly Sampling
![Page 38: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Vertical Flow Wetlands for Alkalinity Addition
Wellsville New YorkWallace et al., 2011
![Page 39: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Wellsville New York pH Buffering12/22/20081/15/20092/8/20093/4/2009
3/28/20094/21/20095/15/20096/8/20097/2/2009
7/26/20098/19/20099/12/200910/6/2009
10/30/200911/23/200912/17/20091/10/20102/3/2010
2/27/20103/23/20104/16/20105/10/20106/3/2010
6/27/20107/21/20108/14/20109/7/2010
10/1/201010/25/201011/18/201012/12/2010
1/5/20111/29/20112/22/20113/18/2011
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9Influent Effluent SPDES Limits
![Page 40: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Overall Wellsville System
![Page 41: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusions
• Industrial treatment wetlands are already being used in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia
• Surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, and intensified wetlands are all being used by industry
• Use of wetlands for industrial treatment wetlands is increasing on two major fronts:– Range of applications in different industries– Construction of wetlands in different geographic regions
![Page 42: Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/568163ee550346895dd560c5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thank you for your time
Treatment Wetlands for Industry