pretreatment system for reverse osmosis · pretreatment system for reverse osmosis adam avey, david...
TRANSCRIPT
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Pretreatment System for Reverse Osmosis
Adam Avey, David Criswell, & Kelsey Criswell
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Mission Statement
“AquaTech Engineering Solutions’ mission is to use its technical expertise and resources to
provide customers with more affordable, longer lasting products.”
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Client: Pumps of Oklahoma
• Wholesale Supplier of Pumps
– Water Well, Environmental, Solar, Petroleum
• 18 employees
• Located in Oklahoma City
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Reverse Osmosis System
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Reverse Osmosis
Thewaterq.com
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Problem Statement
“To design and fabricate a flow-through iron removal
pretreatment module for a household reverse osmosis
(RO) system.”
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Iron Fouls Membranes
• EPA Standard: .3 pmm
• Requires extra maintenance and cost
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Scope of Work
• Precedes a household RO unit
• Refrain from using:
– Air pump
– Power source
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Standards
• NSF drinking water standards
• EPA drinking water standards
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Target Group
• Rural Homeowners
• Small Businesses
http://geology.com/articles/bottled-water.shtm
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Customer Requirements
• Treat a continuously flowing stream.
• Avoid additional mechanical hardware (such as a compressor).
• The device should be able to remove whatever substances (such as air) that have been added to the water stream.
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Market Analysis
• Agriculture Business Teammate:
Sergio Ruiz Esparza Herrera
• Strategy:
– Design standard prototype – Sell RO system to construction firms
According to www.bccresearch.com the Reverse
Osmosis industry is expected to have a compound annual growth rate of 7.3% over the next 5 years.
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Competitors
• Advanced Water Solutions
• Culligan
– Under counter drinking water systems
• Haynes Equipment Company
– Industrial RO systems
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Competitors
Product Technique Price Range Website
Terminox ISM Chlorine injector
and mixing tank $550 - $975 www.budgetwater.com
Pyrolox Granular water
filtration media $670 -$ 885 www.qualitywaterforless.com
Greensand
Glauconite
greensand
filtration media
$625 - $885 www.qualitywaterforless.com
Birm Filtration media $435 - $710 www.qualitywaterforless.com
Eagle Redox
Alloy
Iron Oxidization
Catalyst $25 www.qualitywaterforless.com
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Technical Analysis
• Wastewater Treatment Systems
• Household Treatment Systems
• Patents
• Chemical Analysis
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Wastewater Treatment Systems
1. Diffusion-Air Systems
2. Mechanical Aeration
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Cascading Aerator
– Economical
– Low Tech
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Cascading Aerator
𝐻 = 𝑅−1
0.11𝑎𝑏(1+0.046𝑇) (English Units)
– where 𝑅 = deficit ratio = 𝐶𝑠−𝐶𝑂
𝐶𝑠−𝐶
– CS = DO saturation concentration, mg/L
– CO = DO concentration of influent, mg/L
– C = required DO level, mg/L
– a = water-quality parameter
– b = weir geometry parameter for a weir
– T = water temperature, oC
– H = height through which water falls, ft
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Household Treatment Systems
• Aeration via air pump
• Water softeners
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Patents
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Patents
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Patents
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Chemical Analysis
Fe(II) + ¼ O2 + 2OH- + ½ H2O Fe(OH)(s) (Stumm, 1961)
• From Pumps of Oklahoma, 3.2 ppm Iron
– Assumption: 3.2 ppm Fe(II)
3.2mg/L Fe * mol/55.85g Fe * 1g/1000mg * ¼ mol O2/1 mol Fe * 32g O2/1 mol O2 = 0.000458 g/L O2
= 0.458 mg/L O2 needed to oxidize 3.2 mg/L Fe(II)
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Chemical Analysis
Chemical Analysis for 5 ppm Fe(II)
Fe(II) + ¼ O2 + 2OH- + ½ H2O Fe(OH)(s) (Stumm, 1961)
Concentrations needed to oxidize 5 ppm Fe(II):
For O2 : 0.716 ppm
For H2O: 0.8 ppm
For Air: 3.41 ppm
Note: Air is about 21% O2
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Chemical Analysis
Design Flow Rates
Known: 8 gpm water through eductor
𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 8𝑔𝑝𝑚 𝐻2𝑂 ∗3.758𝐿
𝑔𝑎𝑙∗
0.8mg 𝐻2𝑂
L∗
1 mol
18 g𝐻2𝑂∗
0.25mol 𝑂2
0.5mol 𝐻2𝑂
∗32g𝑂2
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑂2∗
28.97𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
6.704𝑔 𝑂2∗
1𝐿
3.41𝑚𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟∗
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙
3.785L
= 7.2 gpm air needed
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Lab Preparation
Standard curve for ferrous iron
Reagents List:
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Lab Preparation
Fe2+ + 3 Phen→ [Fe(Phen)3]2+ (Muller, 2010)
• Used Mass Spectrophotometry to test Hanna Checker readings of Fe(II)
• Absorption vs. Concentration is linear (Beer’s Law)
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Lab Preparation
y = 3.5258x + 0.047 R² = 0.9943
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Stan
dar
d (
pp
m)
Absorption
Concentration vs. Absorption
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Lab Preparation
Ferrous Iron standards starting from 0.1 ppm on left to 5 ppm on far right
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Testing Local Well
• Hanna Instruments HI 721
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Testing Local Well
2 Tests Conducted
• Total Iron
• Ferrous Iron
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Testing Local Well
Ferrous Iron Content
• Field Test Procedure
– Fill 10 mL cuvette with well sample to zero Checker
– 1.0 mL of (1,10) Phenanthroline solution
– 0.8 mL of sodium acetate solution
– Fill to volume (10 mL) with raw well water
– Place in Checker and read concentration in ppm
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Testing Local Well
Total Iron Content
• Field Test Procedure
– Fill 10 mL cuvette with well sample to zero Checker
– Add one packet of HI721-25 Iron HR Reagent
– Gently swirl until dissolved
– Place in Checker and read concentration in ppm
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Testing Local Well
Results from Well Test
Sample Ferrous Iron
(ppm)
Total Iron
(ppm)
1 0.45 -
2 0.44 -
3 0.39 -
4 0.41 -
5 - 0.60
6 - 0.53
7 - 0.56
8 - 0.52
Mean 0.42 0.55
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Design Analysis
• Minimize:
– Power Requirement
– Space Requirement
– Maintenance
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Eductor
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Design Concept
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Air Relief Valve
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Design Concept
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Design Concept 1 Aeration via misting nozzles
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Calculations
• Continuity:
Q = 𝑉1𝐴1 = 𝑉2𝐴2
• Bernoulli’s Equation:
𝑝1
𝛾+
𝑉12
2𝑔+ 𝑧1 =
𝑝2
𝛾+
𝑉22
2𝑔+ 𝑧1 + ℎ𝐿
• Head Loss Equation:
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 + ℎ𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 = 𝑓𝑙
𝐷
𝑉2
2𝑔+ 𝐾𝐿
𝑉2
2𝑔
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Calculations
• Venturi Equation:
Q = 𝐶𝑣𝐴𝑇2(𝑝1−𝑝2)
𝜌(1−𝛽4)
• ∆𝑝 = 8.5 psi
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Calculations
• Reaction Vessel Sizing
– 30 second residence time, +- depending on pH, etc.
(8 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛)(.5min ) = (4𝑔𝑎𝑙)
𝐷 = 6.065𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 28.89𝑖𝑛2
4𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 924𝑖𝑛3 𝐻 = 32𝑖𝑛
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Velocity (ft/s) Pressure (psi) Head Loss (ft)
1 3.3 60 -
2 3.3 58.3 0.18
3 23.3 55.9 2.66
4 52.4 47.4 2.87
5 93.3 8.4 2.67
6 0.09 48.4 0
7 3.3 48.3 0.041
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total Head Loss = 8.4 ft
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For p = 47.4 psi = 4.13 Bar, Nozzle is rated to 19.0 gpm
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Design Concept 2
allabout-aquariumfish.com
Aeration via porous media
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Velocity (ft/s) Pressure (psi) Head Loss (ft)
1 3.3 60 -
2 3.3 58.3 0.18
3 23.3 55.9 2.66
4 52.4 47.4 2.87
1
2
3
4
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Pump Curve
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Proposed Budget
Aeration via Misting Nozzles
Part Price
Eductor $160.00
Piping & Fittings $20.00
Air Release Valve $100.00
Nozzles $15.00
Total: $295.00
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Proposed Budget
Aeration via Porous Media
Part Price
Eductor $160.00
Piping & Fittings $20.00
Air Release Valve $100.00
Filter Media $100.00
Total: $380.00
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Next Step
• Order Components
• Assembly
• Testing
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Schedule
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Gantt Chart
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References • APHA, AWWA, WPCF. 1980. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. 15th ed. American Public Health Association.
• Metcalf & Eddy. 2003. Incorporated. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. New York. McGraw-Hill
• Laura Muller. 2000. “Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet,” General Chemistry Lab, Wheaton College. Available at: http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem105manual/Lab04/ lab04.html. Accessed: Nov. 27, 2012.
• Munson, Bruce R., Donald F. Young, and Theodore H. Okiishi. 2006. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed. Massachusetts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Truman State University CHEM 222 Lab Manual. 2008. Available at: http://chemlab.truman.edu/chem222manual/pdf/ironspec.pd f.Accessed: Nov. 27, 2012.
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Appreciation
• Dr. Paul Weckler, Biosystems & Ag. Eng.
• Micah Goodspeed, Pumps of Oklahoma
• Dr. Greg Wilber, Civil & Environmental Eng.
• Dr. Chad Penn, Plant & Soil Sciences
• Stuart Wilson, Plant & Soil Sciences
• John Rodgers, Water Well Owner
• Sergio Ruiz Esparza Herrera, Ag. Business Teammate
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Questions or Comments?