previewing the chapter - crestwood local school district 1... · section 4: the reformation ......

10/24/2012

1

1300-1600

Two great European movements—the Renaissance and the Reformation—usher in dramatic cultural and social changes.

The Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic creativity, while the Reformation lead to new Christian beliefs.

Previewing the Chapter

Section 1: Italy—Birthplace of the Renaissance

The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy, beginning about 1300.

Versatile artists transform painting, sculpture and literature.

10/24/2012

2

Section 2: The Northern Renaissance

In the 1400s, Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe, where German and Flemish masters create distinctive works of art.

The books of northern Renaissance writers and philosophers become widely available because of the invention of the printing press.

Section 3: Luther Starts the Reformation

Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the authority of the Catholic Church and triggers the Reformation—a movement for religious reform.

The Reformation spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the Catholic Church.

Section 4: The Reformation Continues

John Calvin develops a system of Protestant theology that gains popularity among other European reformers.

To stem the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates its own reforms.

10/24/2012

3

The relationship between the Church and European rulers?

At this point in history, which was stronger—the Church or the state?

What Do You Know About…??

Europe during the Renaissance Look at the timeline on page 34 of your

textbook. What happened in 1534?

What were the main city states of the Renaissance?

Understanding Time Lines

1300 1600

1300 Renaissance begins in Italian city-states such as Florence, Milan and Mantua

1434 Medici family takes control of Florence

1455 Gutenberg Bible printed in Mainz

1517 Martin Luther begins the Reformation

1534 King Henry VIII starts the Church of England

1563 Council of Trent mandates reforms in Catholic Church

Look at the map on page 35 of your textbook During the 16th century, the humanistic ideas of the Italian

Renaissance were spreading throughout Europe. The Holy Roman Empire, though formally in control of northern Italy, had little power outside Germany. The map shows Europe in the 1500s.

Using the map, answer these questions: 1. What were the borders of the Holy Roman Empire? 2. How was Italy divided at the time? 3. What does the map show in Italy that is different than the

rest of Europe? 4. How might the growth of cities have affected Italian

culture?

Connect History and Geography

10/24/2012

4

Cultural Interaction:

Most medieval European art expressed either the values of Christianity or the code of chivalry.

During the Renaissance, scholars an artists developed new cultural and artistic ideas based

Previewing Themes

Religious and Ethical Systems:

For centuries, religious leaders had sought to reform the Catholic Church. They wanted to make it live up to its ideals.

In the 1500s, Martin Luther began a reform movement called the Reformation. This led to the founding of Protestant churches.

Previewing Themes

Revolution:

European scholars gained access to classical documents that they thought had been lost after Rome fell. This revolutionized their thinking. New ideas and values swept Europe.

The invention of the printing press aided the spread of these revolutionary ideas. It also spread ideas that called for a revolutionary rejection of the pope’s authority.

Previewing Themes

10/24/2012

5

Chapter 1: European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600

Section 1: Italy—Birthplace of the Renaissance

Objectives:

1. To explain the conditions in Italy that gave rise to the Renaissance.

2. To identify the values and ideas prized during the Renaissance

3. To describe the artistic breakthrough and achievements of Renaissance artists.

4. To summarize the influential literary works and techniques of key Renaissance writers.

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

During the late Middle Ages, Europeans suffered from both war and plague. Those who survived wanted to enjoy life.

As a result, they questioned the church, which taught Christians to endure suffering to get a heavenly reward. They also questioned the structures of medieval society, which blocked social advancement.

Educated people gradually began to reject medieval values and look to the classical past for ideas.


10/24/2012

6

Main Idea:

The European Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and the arts, began in Italy in the 1300s.

Why It Matters Now:

Renaissance ideas about classical studies, art, and literature still influence modern thought.



Read “Perspective in Paintings” on page 40, and study the diagram and painting. What optical illusion does the artist Raphael create in his painting?

Why does the use perspective make the painting seem realistic?

Terms and Names:

Renaissance

Humanism

Secular

Patron

Perspective

Vernacular


10/24/2012

7

The Renaissance: Renaissance means “rebirth”—an explosion of

creativity in art, writing, and thought.

Started in northern Italy around 1300 and later spread north. Rest of Europe lagged behind because England and

France were locked in the Hundred Years’ War.

Italy’s great advantages included: Thriving cities

Wealthy merchant class

Classical heritage of Greece and Roman Empire

Italy’s Advantages

City-States: Overseas trade had been spurred by the Crusades led

to the growth of cities.

Northern Italy had mainly urban centers while the rest of Europe was rural. This made them ideal for the spread of ideas.

The bubonic plague killed off almost 60% of the population in Europe. With fewer workers, survivors could get higher wages

With little opportunities for business expansion, wealthy merchants turned to other interests, such as art.


Merchants and the Medici:

City States in Italy were independent states and had their own governments and armies.

Because of trade, the wealthy merchant class rose to the top ranks with a bigger emphasis on individual achievement.

The Medici family became the most powerful family in Florence.

They had made their fortune in trade and banking.


10/24/2012

8


Merchants and the Medici: Cosimo de Medici was the

wealthiest man in Europe in 1434.

He had complete control of Florence’s government but did not seek political office himself.

Instead he used his wealth to influence members of the ruling council.

In many ways, Cosimo ruled Florence as a virtual dictator.

Looking to Greece and Rome:

Renaissance scholars disliked the art and literature of the Middle Ages and wanted to bring back the learning of the Greek and Roman philosophers.

Classical forms reemerged as artists of the Renaissance became inspired by the ruins that surrounded them.

In the 1300s, scholars studied ancient Roman manuscripts preserved by monks.

When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Byzantine scholars fled to Rome with ancient Greek texts that had been thought to have been lost long ago.


Harlem Renaissance:

Renaissances have happened in other places and during other times.

In 1920s, the area of New York City called Harlem became the center of an artistic and literary rebirth.

African-American culture was celebrated and some famous African American artists emerged like:

Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington and Bessie Smith

Other Renaissances

10/24/2012

9

Classics Lead to Humanism:

The study of the classical Greeks and Roman texts leads to humanism, which focused on human potential.

Scholars began to look at classical texts like the ancient Greeks did, which focused on human achievement, instead of giving Christianity credit for everything.

Humanist thinking influences artists and architects.

Humanists popularize the study of history, literature and philosophy.

In college course catalogs, these subjects are called the humanities.

Classical and Worldly Values

Worldly Pleasures:

Medieval society thought that suffering would get them to heaven.

Humanists said that people could enjoy the good life without offending God.

Wealthy people enjoyed material luxuries, fine music and tasty food.

While Renaissance society was mostly Catholic, they still believed in secular ideas—to live in the here and now.


Patrons of the Arts:

In addition to living in luxury, Renaissance popes made Rome more beautiful by spending lavish amounts of money on beautiful art.

They became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists.

Wealthy merchants like the Medicis supported the arts by donating buildings and beautiful art.

This way they showed their wealth and power.


10/24/2012

10


The Renaissance Man: People during the

Renaissance believed that an educated people should create art and even master every area of study.

A book called The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione pointed out that a young man should be witty, know literature, dance, sing, play music and write poetry. He should also be a good rider, wrestler and swordsman and have self control.

The term is now known as the Renaissance Man


The Renaissance Woman: Castiglione suggested that

women of the Renaissance should also be educated and charming.

However, women were to inspire art, rather than create it.

Isabella d’Este did exercise power. She was a patron of the arts in the city of Mantua and had one of the finest collections of art in Europe. She was also good at politics

and when her husband was taken prisoner during the war she defended Mantua and won his release.

Art Advances in Northern Italy: Supported by wealthy patrons like Isabelle d’Este in

Mantua, Renaissance artists flourish in northern Italy.

While medieval art used religious themes to convey a spiritual ideal, Renaissance artists used religious subjects in a realistic style.

Patrons also want their own portraits painted, and for the money, Renaissance artists were happy to oblige.

Thanks to perspective, realism became popular.

Artists like the painter and sculptor Michelangelo glorified the human body.

Renaissance Revolutionizes Art

10/24/2012

11

Michelangelo was a true Renaissance man.

He excelled in all styles—painter, sculptor, architect and poet.

He was most famous for his glorious portrayal of the human body.

Influenced by the classics, he created figures that showed heroism and power.

By doing this, he explored what they called humanism.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Read: The Agony and the Ecstasy by Irving Stone



10/24/2012

12







10/24/2012

13



Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist.

He made careful study of the movements of muscles and even the veins on a leaf.

He made copious notes and diagrams and used his observations in his art.

His most famous pieces of art are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Critics say that the facial expressions are so realistic that you can almost read the subjects’ minds

Leonardo 1452-1519, Renaissance Man

Raphael was a fan and student of both Michelangelo and da Vinci.

He was also patronized by the Pope and painted many great works for the Vatican.

School of Athens conveys the classical influence of the Renaissance. It combines classic Greek figures as well as both Raphael and da Vinci listening to Greek philosophers.

Raphael 1483-1520 Advances Realism

THE AGONY AND THE ECSTASY (1965) - Theatrical Trailer.mp4

10/24/2012

14

Compare Styles of the Masters

Leonardo DaVinci – The Virgin of the Rocks Raphael – Madonna of the Goldfinch

Sculpture using the same Technique

Women Painters

Sofonisba Anguissola:

She was the first woman painter of the Renaissance to become world known

Artemisia Gentilschi:

Best known for painting strong, heroic women.

10/24/2012

15

New Trends in Writing:

During most of the Middle Ages, educated Europeans wrote everything in Latin.

Many Renaissance writers followed the style of Medieval writer Dante, who wrote in the vernacular—that is, his native language, Italian.

Renaissance writers wrote either for self expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects.

Renaissance Writers Change Literature

Petrarch and Boccaccio:

Francesco Petrarch was one of the most influential writers of the Renaissance.

He wrote sonnets—14-line poems—in both Latin and Italian.

He was a humanist and wrote a lot about a woman called Laura.

Italian writer Boccaccio is best know for the Decameron.

This was a series of off-color, cutting stories.

He emphasized the pitfalls of humans and wrote with sarcasm.



Machiavelli Advises Rulers: Niccolo Machiavelli also

wrote about human imperfection.

In his most famous work, The Prince. He examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies.

He said a clever ruler should rule like a lion and be shrewd like a fox.

Machiavelli wasn’t concerned with morality, but with what was politically effective.

10/24/2012

16

Women Writers:

Women writers of the Renaissance generally wrote of personal topics, not politics.

Vittoria Colonna had great influence as she collaborated with both Michelangelo and Castiglione.

Her poems expressed personal emotions, even bitterness when her husband left for war.


Terms and Names:

Renaissance

Humanism

Secular

Patron

Perspective

Vernacular

Review

Using Guided Reading handout from earlier, record the main ideas from this section about the Italian Renaissance:

Taking Notes

10/24/2012

17

Name three people from this section whom you would regard as a “Renaissance Man” or “renaissance Woman”. Explain your choices:

Think About:

The idea of the “universal man”

Castiglione’s description of such a person

Which people from this section seem to match that description

Supporting Opinions

Revolution:

How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and thought?

Think about:

Changes in ideas since medieval times

Changes in artistic techniques

Changes in artistic subjects

Analyzing Themes

With a partner, create a “Top 10 List” of the greatest achievements of Italian Renaissance artists discussed in this chapter.

Present your lists with class and support your rankings with reasons.

Closing Activity

10/24/2012

18


Section 2: The Northern Renaissance

Objectives:

1. To explain the origins and characteristics of the Northern Renaissance.

2. To trace the impact of the Renaissance of German and Flemish painters.

3. To profile key Northern Renaissance writers.

4. To explain how printing spread Renaissance ideas.

The Northern Renaissance

The work of such artists as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael showed the Renaissance spirit.

All three artists demonstrated an interest in classical culture, a curiosity about the world, and a belief in human potential.

These ideas impressed scholars who visited Italy. Merchants also carried these ideas when they traveled out of Italy.

By the late 1400s, Renaissance ideas had spread to northern Europe—especially England, France, Germany and Flanders.


10/24/2012

19

Main Idea:

In the 1400s, Northern Europeans began to adapt the ideas of the Renaissance.

Why It Matters Now:

Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought.


Read the “Connect to Today” on page 49.

Give examples of William Shakespeare’s popularity among worldwide audiences today.

Name two Shakespearean plays that were recently made into movies.


Terms and Names:

Utopia

Printing press

Gutenberg Bible


10/24/2012

20

Renaissance Ideas Spread: The spirit of the Renaissance in Italy had impressed

visitors from Northern Europe

Most of Europe was finally recovering from the bubonic plague and the effects of the Hundred Years’ War when it ended in 1453.

As trade expands, northern merchants become wealthy and begin to sponsor artists—especially in Flanders.

Unlike Italy’s city states, England and France were unified under strong monarchs who are art patrons.

The Northern Renaissance Begins

Renaissance Ideas Spread: In France, King Francis I hired Renaissance artists and

even invited da Vinci to retire in France. Francis I’s royal palace, Fontainebleau, became a

showcase of the French Renaissance.

As ideas spread, the northern Renaissance took on its own, distinct style. Northern Renaissance artists were more interested in

realism.

Humanists in the north were interested in social reforms based on Christian values.

The Northern Renaissance Begins

Renaissance Styles Migrate North:

In 1494, a French king invaded Italy.

Many Italian artists and writers left and went north.

They brought many ideas of the Renaissance with them.

Artistic Ideas Spread

10/24/2012

21


German Painters: The most famous painter

to leave Italy was Albrecht Dürer.

Dürer’s woodcuts and engravings emphasized realism and became popular.

Dürer’s work was influential and helped spread the Renaissance style.


German Painters: Another German

influenced by Dürer was Hans Holbein.

His style was so realistic that his portraits look like photographs.

He was extremely successful in England and enjoyed the patronage of King Henry VIII.

Flemish Painters:

The influence of the Hanseatic league on trade in the north led to the creation of wealthy merchant families.

As in Italy, they were attracted to the Renaissance emphasis on individualism and worldly pleasures.

Because of their wealth, Flanders became the artistic center of northern Europe.


10/24/2012

22


Flemish Painters: The first of the influential

Flemish painters was Jan van Eyck.

Van Eyck lived at the height of the Italian Renaissance.

Van Eyck worked with the newly developed medium of oil paints.

Since oil paints dry slowly, van Eyck created subtle colors by blending many layers of paint together.

This technique became popular and spread to Italy.

Van Eyck’s paintings are realistic and reveal the subject’s personality.


Flemish Painters: Flemish painting reached

it’s peak after 1550 with the work of Pieter Bruegel.

He used realism but also focused on everyday life, like peasants and so on.

He was able to subtly display many subjects at once.

He also protested Spanish rule of Flanders with some of his work,

Northern Humanists:

Renaissance ideas influenced writers in northern Europe just like they did in Italy.

These writers adopted the ideas of humanism.

They want to reform society and promote education, particularly for women.

While many writers criticized the Catholic Church, much of their work has a religious slant.

Writers start Christian Humanism.

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society

10/24/2012

23


Christian Humanists: Desiderius Erasmus of Holland

and Thomas More of England are the best known of the Christian Humanists.

Erasmus wrote his most famous work In Praise of Human Folly while visiting More. In it, he pokes fun at greedy

merchants as well as pompous priests.

Erasmus believed that Christianity lived in the heart, not in ceremonies or rules established by clergy.

He believed that to improve society, people should study the Bible.


Christian Humanists:

Thomas More of England was also concerned about society’s flaws.

In 1516, he wrote the book Utopia about an imaginary land with peace-loving people.

The word Utopia means “no place” but it has come to represent the ideal place because of More’s book.


Christian Humanists: On the opposite end of

Erasmus and More, the French humanist Rabelais believed that human nature was good.

Rabelais believed that humans should live by natural instincts rather than religious rules.

While Erasmus and More wrote in Latin, Rabelais wrote in his vernacular French.

10/24/2012

24

Women’s Reforms

Christine de Pizan was one of the first women writers of the Renaissance.

She had more humanistic ideals in her writing, and promoted education as well as equal treatment for boys and girls.


The Elizabethan Age

Queen Elizabeth I: In England, the

Renaissance occurred in the mid-1500s.

The Renaissance in England was called the Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth I who reigned from 1558-1603.

Elizabeth spoke French, Italian, Latin and Greek. She wrote poetry and patronized artists and writers.

The Elizabethan Age

William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is often

regarded as the greatest playwright of all time.

Born in Stratford-Upon Avon in 1564, he was living and writing in London by 1592.

His work shows a masterful command of the English language, as well as an understanding of human tragedy.

Like many Renaissance writers, he revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots.

10/24/2012

25

Years before the printing press, the ancient Chinese had invented block printing where a carved block of wood would be inked and then pressed on paper.

In 1045, Bi Sheng invented moveable type, with separate characters were carved into blocks.

Since Chinese had thousands of characters, this method was impractical.

Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas

Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process:

In the 1300s, Europeans were using block printing to print Renaissance books.

Unfortunately, the process was too slow.

Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops the printing press.

The printing press allows for quick, cheap book reproduction.

In 1455, the Gutenberg Bible was the first complete book to be printed with moveable type.


Printing Spreads Learning: The printing press had a revolutionary effect on European

society.

It allowed for the cheap printing of mass copies of books.

By 1500, presses in European cities had printed between 9 and 10 million books.

New ideas spread more quickly than ever. The printing press made people want to read and therefore lead to increased literacy.

Writing in the vernacular also increased and Bibles were printed in this manner. Now people didn’t have to know Latin or Greek to read.


10/24/2012

26

Changes in the Arts:

Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome.

Realistic portrayals of individuals and nature.

Art id both secular and religious.

Writers use vernacular.

Art praises individual achievement.

The Legacy of the Renaissance

Changes in Society:

Printing makes information widely available.

Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them.

Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries.

Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to people.

Political structures and religious practices are questioned.

The Legacy of the Renaissance

Terms and Names:

Utopia

Printing press

Gutenberg Bible

Review

10/24/2012

27

Important Events of the Northern Renaissance:

1455: Gutenberg prints Bible on printing press

1494: Durer studies in Italy

1509: Erasmus writes The Praise of Folly

1516: More writes Utopia

1592: Shakespeare writes plays in London

Which event do you think was the most important? Explain.

Review Time Line

Log on to your Schoology account and answer this question:

Choose one Northern Renaissance figure. Explain how he or she was influenced by Renaissance ideas.

Think about:

The influence of humanism.

The use of new techniques.

The concept of the Renaissance man or woman.

HW Activity

Summarizing:

Divide into four groups representing the following categories:

German painting

Flemish painting

English literature

Technology

Group members will create a chart summarizing key innovations, changes and achievements in these areas.

Groups will list findings on smartboard.

Closing Project

10/24/2012

28

Chapter 1: European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600 Section 3—Luther Starts the Reformation

1. To analyze historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.

2. To trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic Church.

3. To analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.

4. To explain the spread of the Protestant faith to England during King Henry VIII’s reign.

Objectives

By the tenth century, the church in Rome had come to dominate religious life in northern and western Europe.

However, the Roman Catholic Church had not won universal approval.

Over the centuries, rulers, scholars, and members of the clergy criticized church practices.

Even though church leaders made several important reforms during the Middle Ages, the problems lingered.

Luther Starts the Reformation

10/24/2012

29

Read the timeline on pages 58 & 59 of your text:

How many times did Henry VIII marry?

What were his wives’ names?

How are the events shown for 1527 and 1529 connected?


Main Idea:

Martin Luther’s protest over the abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches.

Why It Matters Now:

Nearly one-fourth of the Christians in today’s world are Protestants.


Terms and Names:

Indulgence

Reformation

Lutheran

Protestant

Peace of Augsburg

Annul

Anglican


10/24/2012

30

The Church Authority is Challenged:

Secularism and individualism of the Renaissance challenges the Church authority.

European rulers resented the pope’s authority over them.

The printing press increases literacy and spreads secular ideas.

Northern merchants resent paying the church taxes to Rome

Causes of the Reformation

Criticisms of the Catholic Church:

Critics claimed that church leaders were corrupt.

Popes lived extravagant lives, one even admitted to having children.

Lower clergy were poor, many were uneducated and couldn’t teach.

Some broke vows by marrying, gambling and drinking to excess.

People expected higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders.


Early Calls for Reform: By the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and

John Huss of Bohemia denied that the pope had the right to worldly power.

Wycliffe and Huff also stress the Bible’s authority over the clergy’s.

Humanists like Erasmus and More were also vocal critics of the Church.

In 1497, the people of Florence burned their worldly possessions after hearing fiery sermons from an Italian friar called Girolamo Savoraloma. A year later Florentines turned against him and executed him for

heresy.

Reading religious works, Europeans form their own opinions of the Church.


10/24/2012

31

Luther Challenges the Church

Martin Luther: Martin Luther was the

son of a miner who became a monk in 1505.

He began teaching in 1512 at the University of Wittenberg.

He never wanted to start a religious revolution, he just wanted to be a good Christian.


The 95 Theses: In 1517, Luther protests Friar

Johann Tetzel’s sale of indulgences.

An indulgence was a pardon releasing a person from sin allowing them to get to heaven without saying certain prayers.

Luther wrote the 95 Theses attacking these “pardon merchants” and on October 31, 1517 posted them on the door of the church in Wittenberg inviting scholars to debate him.

After someone copied and printed the theses, Luther’s name quickly spread throughout Germany

The 95 Theses: Luther’s actions spark the Reformation—a movement for

religious reform.

The Reformation lead to the founding of Christian churches that challenge the pope’s authority.

Soon Luther called for full reform of the Church:

People can only win salvation through good works and deep faith.

Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the pope.

All people with faith are equal. They did not need priests to interpret the Bible.


10/24/2012

32

The Pope’s Threat: Luther had never really wanted to start a new religion,

he just wanted to see changes.

Luther was astonished at how fast his ideas spread.

As Luther’s ideas became increasingly radical, the pope realized Luther was a threat.

In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening to excommunicate Luther from the church if he didn’t take back his statements.

Luther refused to take them back and in fact threw the decree into a fire while his students cheered.

The Response to Luther

The Emperor’s Opposition: Charles V is the Holy Roman Emperor—he is a devout

Catholic.

He orders Luther to come to the German city of Worms to stand trial and to recant (take back) his statements.

Luther replied: I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot to otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen.


The Emperor’s Opposition: In 1521, Charles V issues the Edict of Worms declaring Luther a

heretic. According to the law, no one is allowed to give Luther shelter

and his books are to be burned. However, a follower, Prince Frederick of Saxony, sheltered Luther

in one of his castles.

In 1522 Luther returns to Wittenberg and found many of his ideas were being put to use: Priests dressed in ordinary clothes and called themselves

ministers. Services were being held in German and not Latin. Priests were marrying.

Luther and his followers begin a new religious group called Lutherans.


10/24/2012

33

The Peasants Revolt: Inspired by the Reformation, German peasants seek an

end to serfdom and in 1524 begin an uprising to end serfdom.

They raid and burn down monasteries.

Horrified, Luther wrote a pamphlet urging German princes to stop the rebellion.

They crush the revolt, killing about 100,000 people.

Peasants were unhappy with Luther, but his ideas had already taken hold and Luther was influential until the end of his life.


Germany at War: German princes, seeing an opportunity to protest the

Catholic Church (and its taxes), side with Luther and become known as Protestants.

In 1529, war breaks out between princes who still support the Catholic Emperor and the Protestant princes.

By 1547, Charles V defeated the Protestants but was unable to force them back to the Catholic Church.

In 1555, a tired Charles V decided to gather all the princes in the German city of Augsburg.

The Peace of Augsburg was an agreement which allowed all princes to decide the religion of their own states.



Witch Hunts: After the Reformation,

the number of people in Europe accused of Witchcraft rose dramatically.

From 1561 to 1670, 3,229 people accused of witchcraft in Germany were burned at the stake

From 1559 to 1736, almost 1,000 people were put to death in England 80 percent of the

people accused were _______

10/24/2012

34

Witch Hunts:

The witchcraft mania eventually made it’s way to __________.

In the New England colonies, many people were accused of witchcraft.

HW assignment: research the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.


Martin Luther was a big music fan

Many of the hymns sung in churches today come from that time period, and some were written by Luther himself

A Mighty Fortress is Our God

Music by Bach also became popular during this time: Toccata and Fugue in D Minor

Pachelbel was also from this era: Canon in D Major

Music of the Reformation

England Becomes Protestant

Henry VIII Wants a Son: Unlike in Germany, the man

who broke England’s ties to the Catholic Church did so for political and personal, not religious reasons.

1509 Henry VIII, of the House of Tudor, become king

He is a devout Catholic, as were many English

1521-Henry writes a pamphlet attacking Martin Luther and his movement “What serpent so venomous

as he who calls the pope’s authority tyrannous?”

The Pope was so impressed, he gave Henry the title of “Defender of the Faith”

../Videos/A Mighty Fortress is Our God.wmv.mp3

../Videos/Johann Sebastian Bach - Toccata and Fugue in D minor.mp3

../Videos/Pachelbel Canon in D (the ultimate best version).mp3

10/24/2012

35

Catherine of Aragon 1485-1536

Daughter of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile

She had a strong religious upbringing and developed a faith that would play a major role later in her life

In May 1499 Catherine was married to Prince Arthur of England, son of Henry VII. Five months after their marriage, the Prince of Wales died

When Henry VII passed away, his second son Henry VIII took the throne and against the advice of his advisors married Catherine

Catherine loved her young, athletic, and charming husband

Over the next five years, Catherine gave birth to several children, all of whom were stillborn (dead upon birth) or died during infancy.

She gave birth to a daughter, Mary in 1516

Catherine hoped that she could give birth to a son that could survive. But in 1518 Catherine had another stillborn daughter. There were no other children. Despite Henry's frustration, he comforted his wife during each loss


Henry VIII Wants a Son: King of England (1509-47), second

son and successor of Henry VII. By the time Catherine was 42,

Henry was convinced she would no longer provide a male heir, so he decided to end the marriage.

The king wished to annul (invalidate) the marriage on the grounds that the papal dispensation under which he and Katharine had been permitted to marry was illegal.

English diplomacy became a series of maneuvers to win the approval of Pope Clement VII , who was in the power of emperor Charles V, who was also Katherine's nephew.


The Reformation Parliament: Henry resolves the marriage

problem by asking Parliament to end the Pope’s power in England.

1529 Reformation Parliament—Henry VIII calls Parliament into session and they pass special laws to end the Pope’s power in England.

Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn (a much younger woman and on of Catherine’s Ladies in Waiting) in 1533.

Soon after, she gives birth to a daughter, Elizabeth.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Castile.aspx

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Henry_VIII.aspx

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Henry_VIII.aspx

10/24/2012

36

The Reformation Parliament:

Following the Reformation Parliament, Henry becomes the official head of England’s church.

English Renaissance writer Thomas More refuses to go against the Catholic Church and is beheaded.


The Wives of Henry VIII


Consequences of Henry’s Changes: Soon after making himself head of the Church of England,

Henry closes all Catholic monasteries and seizes their wealth and land.

Monasteries had owned nearly 20 percent of the land in England, so this action greatly increased his treasure and power.

Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death in 1547. His son, Edward VI becomes king at only age 9. he rules only six

years and Protestants gained much power. After Edward’s death, his half sister, Mary—a Catholic—returned

England to Catholicism and has many Protestants killed. Following Mary’s death, Ann Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth, returns

England to Protestantism.

10/24/2012

37


HW Assignment: Create a family tree of Henry VIII’s family, starting with his father, Henry VII, and ending with Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism: 1559—Parliament grants Elizabeth’s request to return

England to the Protestant faith.

This was to be the national religion, or the Anglican Church, as it is now known.

Priests would be allowed to marry.

Services were conducted in English, not Latin.

To make Catholics happy, priests and churches could have fancy clothing and golden crucifixes.

The Book of Common Prayer was revised to make Catholics happy.



Queen Elizabeth I: When Elizabeth succeeded

her sister to the throne in 1558, religious strife, a huge government debt, and failures in the war with France had brought England's fortunes to a low ebb.

By 1600, she was already thinking of creating colonies in America

They did help England, but not her personally

10/24/2012

38


The Spanish Armada: Elizabeth came to the throne

with the Tudor concept of strong rule and the realization that effective rule depended upon popular support.

She was able to select and work well with the most competent of counselors

Obviously, the Spanish were unhappy with England and wanted to take it back so they could make it Catholic again (and avenge Catherine of Aragon)

In 1588, after a rousing speech to her troops known as “The Tilbury Speech”, the British navy defeated the great Spanish Armada.


Cinematic Depictions of QE1:

Was she really “The Virgin Queen”?

Terms and Names:

Indulgence

Reformation

Lutheran

Protestant

Peace of Augsburg

Annul

Anglican

Review

10/24/2012

39

Who do you think had a better reason to break with the Church, Luther or Henry VIII?

Think about:

Why Luther criticized the Church

What Henry asked the Pope to do for him

The Church’s response to Luther

The Pope’s response to Henry

HW Activity—Supporting Opinions

Revolution:

Which of Luther’s ideas do you think might have motivated the peasants to revolt in 1524? Explain.

Think about:

Luther’s criticisms of the Church

What change the peasants demanded

The actions the peasants took

HW Activity—Analyzing Themes

Section Review

Comparing

Compare the English and German protests of the Catholic Church. Include both motives and outcomes

10/24/2012

40


Section 4: The Reformations Continues

1. To explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern and western Europe.

2. To describe the beliefs of other reformers and the roles of women in the Reformation.

3. To trace the reforms within the Catholic Church.

Objectives

Under the leadership of Elizabeth I, the Church of England remained similar to the Catholic Church in many of its doctrines an ceremonies.

Meanwhile, the other forms of Protestantism were developing elsewhere in Europe.

The Reformation Continues

10/24/2012

41

Study the map on page 63 of your textbook:

Where was the Protestant religion stronger, in northern Europe or southern Europe?

Were the German states primarily Catholic or Protestant?

Judging from the map, and how religions are distributed, where would you expect religious conflicts to take place?

Why?



Main Idea:

John Calvin and other Reformation leaders began new Protestant churches.

The Catholic Church also made reforms.

Why it matters now…

Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are the result of these Catholic reforms.


Terms and Names:

Predestination

Calvinism

Theocracy

Presbyterian

Anabaptist

Catholic Reformation

Jesuits

Council of Trent

10/24/2012

42

Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church

John Calvin creates a system of Protestant theology He believes that all men

and women are naturally sinful

He used Luther’s ideas and taught that only e few people are chosen by god to be saved—the elect

He called this idea predestination and started his own religion known as Calvinism


Calvin runs the city of Geneva as a theocracy Calvin is asked by the citizens of

Geneva as a theocracy in 1541 There a very strict rules in

Geneva during this time: Everyone attended religion

class No bright clothing allowed No card-playing allowed No other doctrines could be

preached Strict punishment was doled

out to anyone who broke the rules, including being burned at the stake

Calvin runs the city of Geneva as a theocracy:

Calvin did away with many religious ceremonies that Luther accepted and Catholics upheld

For example: Calvin forbade clergy to wear rich, colorful garments

The following were not allowed in church: statues, incense, an altar, candles, chants, organ music, and stained-glass windows


../Videos/John Calvin.mp4

10/24/2012

43


Scottish, Swiss, Dutch and French reformers adopt a Calvinist form of church organization A preacher from Scotland called

John Knox visits Switzerland and is so impressed by Calvin that in 1559, he takes Calvin’s ideas back to Scotland with him.

Community churches in Scotland were governed by elders.

They became known as Presbyterians

In the 1560s, Calvinism became Scotland’s official religion

Mary Queen of Scots, a the Catholic queen of Scotland, is deposed


John Calvin John Knox

Soon reformers in Switzerland, France and Holland adopt Calvin’s ideas of church organization

Over the years, many of the new Protestant churches in Europe softened Calvin’s strict teachings


10/24/2012

44

In France, Calvin’s followers were called the Huguenots

Huguenots and Catholics hated each other so much that violence often broke out between them

On August 24, 1572 (St. Bartholomew’s Day), a Catholic mob began hunting down Huguenots and brutally murdering them

In the span of six months, thousands of Huguenots were killed

Why would Catholics kill all these people?

Define the word “Genocide”


New Protestant groups form over differences in beliefs.

The Anabaptists believe that only adults should be baptized Since only adults were responsible enough to decide to be Christian,

people once baptized as children had to be baptize again

Other beliefs:

Church and state should be separate

Refused to fight in wars

Shared their possessions

Because of their “radical” beliefs, they were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, but survived

The Anabaptists were the forerunners of the Mennonites and the Amish

A faction that split from the Anglican Church became the Quakers and Baptists

Other Reformers

../Videos/Huguenot - Words of the World.mp4

../Videos/St Bartholomews Day massacre 1572.mp4

10/24/2012

45

Women play key roles in the early Reformation

This was especially evident between 1519 to 1580

Key women Reformers include:

Marguerite of Navarre

Katherina Zell

Katherina von Bora

Other Reformers

Maguerite of Navarre 1492-1549

Margaret of Navarre was the sister of King Francis I of France.

Margaret was an ardent supporter of religious liberty and mild church reform. She protected John Calvin from execution while he lived in France

A writer herself, she is best known for the Heptaméron (1558), an original collection of 72 stories in the manner of Boccaccio. She also wrote plays and poems.

Katharina Zell

She was married to prominent reformer Matthew Zell of Strasbourg

She was outspoken and was accused of “disturbing the peace” by a minister that she criticized

She responded by writing: “Do you call this disturbing the

peace that instead of spending my time in frivilous amusements I have visited the plague and carried out the dead? I have visited those in prison and under sentence of death. Often for three days and three nights I have neither eaten or slept. I have never mounted the pulpit, but I have done more than any minister in visiting those in misery.”

10/24/2012

46

Katharina van Bora

Katharina von Bora was born in 1499, the daughter of an impoverished nobleman.

In 1504 she went to the convent school In 1515 she took her vows and became a Catholic nun

Easter of 1523, Katherina fled with 11 other nuns from the convent in Nimbschen to Wittenberg

On June 13, 1525 Katharina got engaged and married Martin Luther; the wedding celebration took place on June 27, 1525.

As Luther’s wife, she supported his work and managed the household, yet argued with him about a woman’s equal role in the marriage

As the Reformation went on, women were actively discouraged from taking leadership roles, and male leaders limited women’s activities

How do you think women of the Reformation viewed their religious role and their relationship with men?

Why was it easier for women to be more active during the earlier stages of the Reformation than the later stages?

Other Reformers

The Church launches reforms to strengthen and spread the Catholic religion

While many people followed the ideas of the Reformation, millions remained Catholic

However, the Reformation movement influenced the Catholic Church to make its own reforms, mostly to keep its members in the Church

The Catholic Reformation

10/24/2012

47


Ignatius of Loyola forms a Catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits

Ignatius was of noble birth and was reared in the household of a prominent courtier

In 1517 he left his life at court to enter the army.

During a convalescence (1521) from a serious wound, he was converted through reading a life of Jesus.

In 1522, he wrote Spiritual Exercises outlining a day by day plan that called for meditation, prayer and study.

His little book is a classic of Christian mysticism

He is buried in the Gesù at Rome. He was canonized in 1622. Feast: July 31

The Jesuits quickly became popular and soon had millions of followers Other famous Jesuits were Francis Xavier, who worked in India, and

Matteo Ricci, who worked in China They were—and still are—characterized by missionary work and

especially the founding of schools, colleges and universities throughout the world

Can you name any schools that were founded and are run by Jesuits? Boston College, Fordham, Marquette, Gonzaga, John Carroll in

Cleveland, Georgetown St. Ignatius in Cleveland, St. Xavier in Cincinnati, Walsh Jesuit in

Cuyahoga Falls Another goal of the Jesuits was to stop Protestantism from drowning

out Catholicism in the world This is called Evangelizing



Two popes in the 1500s initiate reforms in the Catholic Church

../Videos/Life of St. Ignatious of Loyola.mp4

10/24/2012

48

Paul III 1468-1549

Pope from 1534-49

A very astute church diplomat, he directed his efforts chiefly toward the cause of reformation

He did four major things

Directed a council of cardinals to investigate the selling of indulgences and other abuses

Approved the Jesuit order

Used the Inquisition to seek out and punish heretics

Formed the Council of Trent

The Council of Trent 1545-1563 A council of catholic bishops and cardinals

Met in Trent, located in northern Italy

Agreed on several doctrines: The church’s interpretation of the Bible was final

Christians need both faith and good works for salvation, not just faith, as Luther said

The Bible and Church were equal in guiding Christian life

Indulgences were valid expressions of faith—but false selling of them was banned


Paul IV 1476-1559

Pope from 1555-59 He vigorously enforced the

doctrines of the Council of Trent As pope, he labored to purify the

clergy and abolish corruption and worldliness from the papal curia, thus promoting reform

He compiled the Index of Forbidden Books, which was a list of books dangerous to the Catholic faith These included Protestant Bibles In Venice, 10,000 books were

burned in one day

He used the Inquisition to carry out his decrees

../Videos/The Spanish Inquisition.mp4

10/24/2012

49

Religious and Social Effects

Protestantism spreads, and new religions emerge

Catholic Church becomes less powerful and this leads the way for new monarchs and the creation of new and modern nation states

Eventually, this led to the rejection of Christian belief that occurred in western cultures in later centuries

This led to the Enlightenment, and set the stage for the modern world we live in today

Legacy of the Reformation

Terms and Names: Predestination

Calvinism

Theocracy

Presbyterian

Anabaptist

Catholic

Reformation

Jesuits

Council of Trent

Review Section 4

10/24/2012

50

Review Section 4

Evaluate Decisions:

Which of the steps taken by Popes Paul III and Paul IV to refrom the Catholic Church do you think were wise? Which were unwise? Explain

Think about:

The goals of the reforming popes

Whether the steps clearly addressed those goals

Possible effects of each step

Project Activity

Pretend you are King Francis I of France

As Francis I, write a letter to Leonardo DaVinci asking him to retire in France. Explain why you want Italian artists to come to your country

Letter should include the following:

1. Correct date!

2. Written in the voice of Francis I

3. Uses persuasive language to lure DaVinci to France

4. Explain Francis I’s goals in inviting Renaissance artists to his court

Go to page 68 in your textbook.

Let’s review Chapter 1!

Chapter Review

previewing the chapter - crestwood local school district 1... · section 4: the reformation ......

Documents