prigogine vs. gal-or debate & paradox in physico-chemical gravitism of dynamic systems

8/3/2019 Prigogine vs. Gal-Or Debate & Paradox in Physico-Chemical Gravitism of Dynamic Systems.

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WHY People Cannot A PARADOX in SOCIO-

PHYSICS and the DEBATE on GRAVITISM

B. Gal-Or with M. C. Fernandez

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or and M.C. Fernandez

Fig. 1.1: The dark-cold expanding voids shown cause all radiated energy to

be dissipated deep inside them as explained by Fig. 1.2.

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The Prigogine vs. Gal-Or Paradox and Debate

While Prigogine won the Noble Prize in chemistry for his formalism in converting

symmetry Dynamics into Irreversible Thermodynamics [18], he did not really tellus how irreversible changes in living and non-living systems emerge from the

reversible mathematical equations of physics. In turn, as we had debated during the

historic Pittsburgh Conference on Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics [18],

Gravitism [12-17] is asserted to be superior for it draws the same formalism [17,

Lecture VI] from two reliable and independent sources:

1. The THEORETICAL: Einsteins Field Equations [Gravity Physics] accept no

static cosmological solutions, namely, time itself, the arrow of time and all

irreversibilities in Nature, originate from Einsteins General Relativity.

2. The EMPIRICAL: Measured dynamics of energy-dissipation in expanding

voids between superclusters and clusters of galaxies [Figs. 1.1 and 1.2; References

1 to 11] give rise to the 2nd Law in non-living and living Systems Dynamics. (Fig.

1.2). The resulting paradox is fundamental today in all the sciences.

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Fig. 1.2: TheCause-Effect Paradox in the Crisis about the Origin of time,Arrows of Time, Entropy Growth and all Irreversibilities in Nature.

Astronomical-astrophysical scales are expressed in terms of Light Years [ ly], asdemonstrated by Figs. 1.1 and 1.2.The 100 million lyscale depicted in Fig. 1.1

is ten times larger than that in Fig. 1.2. (Light Year is the distance

electromagnetic waves, including photons as light, travel during 100 million years

at 300,000 km/sec.) Such actual scales translate into enormous delay times for light

from distant worlds to reach us.

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Fig. 1.3: Our Non-Expanding Neighborhood is home to thousands of

galaxies. These are wrapped around by darkSPACE-3. Located in the Local

Group of about 30 galaxies [picture center], we feel its coldness each night. But

there is much more to say about this information. (Image Source: NASA/Wikipedia)

FIRST, most of the shining galaxies shown are assumed to contain super

massive black hole 6 at their center. Each Galactic Center therefore acts as a

gigantic matter-energy sinkin the immediate neighborhood of the black hole.

SECONDLY, black holes are neither universal nor the largest

thermodynamic sinks. The gigantic amount of radiation energy poured out

from all the shining galaxies is evenly dispersed in all space directions, and is

always proceeding from Space-3 into Space-2 that wraps clusters of galaxies.

Therefore, only a very small portion of this wide-spread universal radiation

energy reaches and irreversibly dissipated in galactic centers. In fact, most of it

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proceeds outside the dark space that dominates Fig. 1.3, thereby being

irreversiblydissipated in expanding Space-1.

THIRDLY, and most important, without the observed Space-1 expansion, the

density of radiation energy (Fig. 1.2) in Spaces 1, 2 and 3, would increase with

time, eventually reaching the highest temperatures maintained by nuclearfusion4 in active stellar cores, causing not only our roasting on earth and

disintegrations of the all structures, but eventual equilibrium throughout all

space. So if we owe our life to the universal rules of physics and bio-physics,

we specifically owe it to Space-1 expansion.

The apparent paradox involved here is what causes what: Said dynamics give

rise to the 2nd Law of thermodynmaics, or vice versa.

Gravitism is based on the first assertion. In other words, space-1 expansion is

the prime cause of cosmic time, the Master Arrow of Time, the origin ofentropy growth and ofall observed irreversibilities in Nature.

Next we plunge into specific verifiable facts that illustrate and support the

universal scales and dynamics of involved in the meaning of Gravitism.

OurLOCAL GROUP contains some 30 galaxies of different size and shape. Each

galaxy contains billions of active stars.

Superclusters Virgo include over 2,500 galaxies and is about 50,000,000 lightyears away from us. It stretches about 20,000,000 light years in diameter.

Only Fig. 1.1 -- on a 10 times bigger scale shows our nearby Coma

Superclusters, which contain about 800 major galaxies. Also the nearby

superclusters Hydra are out of the picture.

Further away are superclusters Hercules, which is about 50,000,000 light years

across -- the home of about 5,000,000 galaxies.

OurMilky-Way galaxy is less than a spot in the large-scale portrait of our visibleuniverse. [Fig. 1.1]. While our galaxy harbors billions of sun-like stars, it is only

0.1 million light years across. The distance from us to our sun is about 8 light

minutes.

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http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/coma.htmhttp://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/coma.htm


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Fig. 1.4: The Fundamentals of Gravitism Vs. the Earliest DarkVoids(dark

blue) that had startedour endless world differentiation and aggregations and

have thus given rise to the history of our cold night sky and the cold-hot

world at large. (Fig. 1.3). (Image Source: Wikipedia)

The first-ever dark voids shown are the earliest differentiated components of

expanding SPACE-1 that wraps around the yellow-green-red hot sources and

irreversibly absorbs all the radiation poured into the voids from the

gravitationally-condensing, and, therefore, heated material emitters. (Fig. 1.2).

The universal differentiation-aggregations is isotropic and homogeneous.

The First Tools of Gravitism

Assertion 1:

To study the expansion of a single Space-1 cell (adiabatic envelope 7) that

wraps around a typical emitter, is equivalent to the study of the expansion of

the entire universe.

Assertiion 2:

Dynamics and thermodynamic in such a single cell represent those of the entire

universe.

Assertions 1 and 2 are based on the observed isotropic and homogeneous

distribution of the cosmic dark voids in both Figs. 1.1 and 1.4 and the science of

fusion. (Footnote 4).

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With the additional definition of supernovae (Footnote 5), it also means that the

same max temperatures characterize all cosmic material emitters -- qualities that

have been approximately preserved as the universe has further expanded into

what is shown in Fig. 1.1.

Assertion 3:

SPACE-I expansion comprises the earliest and most universal clock. We therefore

define this unidirectional time as the 1st Cosmological Arrow of Time (Fig. 1.2) or

THE MASTER TIME ASYMMETRY of all processes in the universe, including

those of the living systems.

Assertion 4:

Socio dynamics on earth are subject to the same laws of physics and chemistry as in

the large-scale foundations of Gravitism. Said down-scaled dynamics are

demonstrated and explained in Lectures 1 and 2.

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Lecture1

Synopsis

Starting from this Lecture, we search for the earliest and most remote origins oftime, arrows of time, irreversibilities, entropy growth, life and social dynamics.

Socio-dynamics deals with the origin of the most private and collective traits of

humanity and civilization. Example: Why people dynamics cannot be ruled under

the objective dynamics that control the entire physical universe? Is there a

verifiable, large-scale, physico-chemical cause-and-effect that has given rise to

some destructive forces of humanity? What should be the science that deals with

this fundamental phenomenon during all historical times?

The methodology employed is to detect interconnecting facts that support the

optionalworld outlook provided by Gravitism, using minimal pre-suppositions

and imposed axioms. Though some fragments of these facts are scattered

throughout the literature on specific problems, there is yet no dedicated

professional framework to deal with the subject matter.

The subject matter has never before been presented as a unified field of study,

partially because it covers a relatively new field of integrated studies, andpartially because specialized fragments are scattered throughout the literature on

specific problems. As a result, different socio-proponents have approached this

subject from widely varying and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing

disjointed concepts to what should be a unified methodology.

Consequently, these Lectures depart from traditional, isolated texts, in

emphasizing the interconnectedness of updated facts in different and apparently

unrelated disciplines. Thus, in trying to develop a new INTEGRATED

METHODOLOGY, we refrain from repeating well-known but isolated analyses,and, instead, stress the integrated consequences from the point of view of large-

scale physics and bio-chemistry that, combined, are termed Gravitism.

For the sake of unification and simplicity, the physico-chemical supporting facts

are first introduced in as simple a manner as possible, using illustrated graphs,

pictures and drawings that can lead to testable consequences.

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Verified evidence cannot yet be admitted to a number of topics presented here.

Therefore, if scientists are counted as moderate skeptics, as no doubt they

should, they must adopt the practice of suspend judgment. By this we do not

mean radical empiricism, or the denial of any rational addition to sociology. Thus,

we refrain from leaving the study of Gravitism in the various domains of socio-

dynamics to the sole care of disciplinary sociologists.

Gravitism: From Large to Small-Scale Systems Dynamics

Differences begin on the largest and earliest scales of the visible universe, asdemonstrated in Figs. 1.1 and 1.4. We first focus on the shining emitters vis--vis

the dark-cold cosmological Voids that absorb all the outpouring radiation, as

marked in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2.

It is an undisputed evidence that the dark voids not only expand, but their expansion

is accelerated [1-5, 7, 9, 10, 20-52, 55]. This expansion, we assert and discuss

below, not only causes the 2nd Law ofthermodynamics of living systems [12-16],

but via the Einsteinian-Gravity-Based evolution of galaxies, stars, planets and

biophysics, has generated all life and its diversity. [17 and below].

SUPPORTING FACTS:

1) The core pillar of modern astronomy and astrophysics is the empirical

HUBBLE LAW. It is based on verified observations since first discovered by

Hubble in the 1920s. [1-4, 7, 9, 11, 52, 53, 55]1,2.

Hubble Law is marked in Fig. 1.2 as Uo=Hor,

where r is the distance from earth to CLUSTER I.

r represents superclusters or a cluster of galaxies shown in Fig. 1.1. Here Ho is theHubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity, namely, how fast the observed

astronomical object is receding away from us, or how fast R(t) is increasing with

time, or how fast SPACE-1 is increasing with time.

2) SPACE -1 wraps all superclusters of galaxies.3 It contains all expanding dark

voids shown in both Figs. 1.1 and1.4. It does not, however, includes the non

expanding superclusters.

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3) SPACE 2 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding clusters of

galaxies, galaxies, stars, planets, moons, etc.

4) SPACE-3 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding moon, earth,

solar system, and galaxies. [Cf. Figs. 1.2 and 1.3].

At this point one may wonder

How such remote dynamics can affect us here-now?

To start with, we resort to a few additional assertions that relate to this common but

legitimate question:

Assertion 5:

To deny today the central role of astronomy and astrophysics in physics, is to deny

the very methodology of science, and to a priori reject a large portion of its verified

empirical evidence.

Assertion 6:

We are linked here-now to what is going on far out there by resorting to a thought

experiment:

SPACE-I stops expanding now, thereby the stellar radiation energy density

marked in Fig. 1.2 gradually rises all over spaces 3, 2 and 1, eventually causing the

entire universe to reach equilibrium [uniform temperature/energy-density],

whereby all processes in the universe stop, including life on earth.

Assertion-Factual Evidence 7:

The Cosmic Blackbody Microwave Background Radiation of the Early

Expanding Universe (discovered in 1964; Cf. Fig. 1.4), is the remnant left-over

radiation that has been expanded and cooled by SPACE-1-Expansion during the13.72 (less about 500,000) billion years since creation -- the so-called Big

Bang. This radiation has been cooled down from about 4,000-3,000 K, and it

engulfs us here-now, as a reliable reminder that it constitutes a most direct

proof that SPACE-1 has indeed been expanding and is isotropic [the same in all

directions] and homogeneous.

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Upscaling 1: Since Space-1 is expanding -- and its expansion rate has been

observationally proved as being accelerated -- the universe is unidirectionally

cooling down forever. The corollary is that eventually all energy density

gradients depicted in Fig, 1.2 and in the solar system8 -- would flat, and all

processes here and there would stop in what is called the final cold death.

Downscaling 1: Said expansion generates the observed large-scale energy-density

gradients [Fig. 1.2], which, in turn, generate small-scale stellar and planetary

temperature gradients the ones that allow life to emerge and be sustained. [17].

Downscaling 2: Einsteinian gravity [general relativistic physics] is well-

approximated by Newtonian Physics as one goes down the scales of size-mass.

Accordingly, above a certain size-mass, all is structured by specific gravity, the

heaviest components down in the core; the lightest up at the top. We term this

phenomenon gravitationally-induced selectivity or gravitationally-induced

survival of the fittest. [Lecture 2].

Downscaling 3: Adiabatic envelopes7 in the observed homogeneous and

isotropic universe are always located between any pair of superclusters or clusters

of galaxies. [Fig. 1.2]. Collecting all said spots forms Space-1 cells (adiabatic

surfaces-envelopes around superclusters or clusters7), each of which evolves as

representative of the entire universe that we cannot observe due to the event

horizon/Space-1-expansion discussed next.

The Expanding Universe There Vs. We Here-Now

The undisputed, universal maximum speed of light is not violated when sectors

of the universe recede away from us [the Hubble expansion] at speeds higher

than the speed of light.

The expansion of the universe generates a large-scale event horizon an

observational limit for us to see the entire universe; namely, the light from such

far away receding emitters is gradually being redshifted until the most remotesources totally disappear from our sights, for ever. Consequently, there is no

option but to study cells of the universe, like that shown in Fig. 1.1, or by the

adiabatic cells discussed above. However, the portion of the universe shown in

Fig. 1.1 is shrinking in time, not so our nearby selected adiabatic cell. Why?

Much of what we now observe in Fig. 1.1 would be unobservable in the future,

and forever lost to our sciences.

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The relevance of Einsteins General Relativity in Gravitism

Einsteins General Relativity (EGR) is expressed by his field equations [17].

Without the so-called cosmological constant [20-51] EGR accepts no plausiblestatic cosmological solutions.

Thus, according to Einstein, the 1916 EGR had predicted the expansion of the

universe before Hubble detected it in the mid 1920s.

From this point of view our new astrophysical school of systems dynamics and

thermodynamics it is the agreement with EGR and said Einsteinian outlook, that

this outlook is deeply rooted in EGR.

Concluding Remarks;

A. If one retains the cosmological constant in EGR, which Einstein had rejected

due to the Hubble discovery in the mid 1920s, it well-explains the role of the

speculated dark energy and dark matter that are claimed, without strict

observational evidence, to fill the universe and explain its observed accelerated

expansion to a cold death. [20-51].

B. These matters bring this Lecture to a close.

C. String theories, black holes, gravity-based linguistics, Limitations of

Theories, dark matter and dark energy are treated in the next online Lectures.

FOOTNOTES

1. Einstein General Relativity (EGR) may also be referred to asEinsteins Gravity Physics.

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Fundamental physics should the same for all observers, accelerating linearly,

rotating, standing on a small astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star.

This need provides the basis for using coordinate translators that we call tensors.

EGRis expressed in terms of Einstein local metric tensor and its curved space-

time mathematical derivatives [Volume I, Ref. 17].

Distances deduced theoretically can thus be determined locally between two

infinitesimally close points in curved space-time. It is, therefore, an unresolved

issue to determine within the framework of each model, how to evaluate large

distances between two distant points.

The issue should not be confused with the fact that SPACE-1 [the Master Black

Sink] size increases with time. Yet, in debating the validity of each proposed

model, one must specify the space-time-curvature -- the curve-path-of-light that

connects two such cosmic-apart points. Unfortunately, for the theoretician who

wishes to gain support for his own specific model, that determination depends on

HIS OWNselected cosmological model.

In the Commoving Distance Model, for instance, commoving distances cannot

be fixed. In practice, the distance of distant objects are best measured by their

luminosity -- which is reduced by the square power of the distance to the

radiation source [17] and by the redshifts of their incoming electromagnetic

radiation.

2. The Expanding Universe and Hubble law.

Hubbles astronomical observations prove that all clusters and super-clusters of

galaxies [Fig. 1.1] are moving away from each other with speeds that are

proportional to their distance from each other and , therefore, also from earth.

Observations, including the 1964 discovery of the microwave black body

radiation, prove that the expansion of SPACE-1 is the same in all directions

(isotropic and homogeneous).

Isotropic distribution across the sky of distant gamma-ray bursts and of

supernovae also support this general conclusion.

Our Net Motion in Space is about 400 km/sec. But this motion is not easy to

comprehend. The direction of the earths net motion lies in the same plane as its

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orbit around the sun and at angle of 61 degrees tilted upward [northward] from

the plane of the disk-like Milky Way. We travel around the sun at about 30

km/sec.

These speeds should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and

super-clusters of galaxies away from each other. [R(t) Fig. 1.2]. This is the

Hubble expansion. Our galaxyis deviating from this uniform expansion motion

by about 600 km/sec.

3. Superclusters of galaxies, galaxies and our Milky Way

The shapes of superclusters vary considerably; from that of Virgo, Coma and

Hercules to long filaments. [Figs. 1.1

and 1.3]. 9,11

Our Milky-Way Galaxy8

containsbillions of gravity-compacted stars and

other entities. Most stars are formed in

the dilute regions of the rotating inter-

stellar SPACE-3.

Our galaxy is almost 100,000 light-

years in diameter at its disk-like

longest spiral arms. It is in the form of

an almost flat spiral disk with an

average thickness of about 1,000 light-years away from it center

Fig. 1.5: The Fog visible around this galaxy is composed of millions of

stars like our sun a reminder of the scales we discuss [12-18].

All Superclusters are receding away from us -- and from each other -- at great

speeds -- the further away they are, the greater is the observed speed. This fact is

termed the EXPANDING UNIVERSE. The receding superclusters follow the

observationally-based Hubble Law [R(t) in Fig. 1.2].

Spaces 3, 2 and 1 contain the cosmic black-body remnant radiation, stellar

photons, neutrinos, antineutrinos, gas, dust, etc. Intra-galactic gas may emit X-

rays and other types of radiation.

Andromeda (M31) is a member of our Local Group of galaxies. It is

characterized by a spiral structure similar to ours, and is located about 2,200,000

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light-years away. Andromedaand our galaxy are the largest in our Local Group,

which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial diameter, namely, the

size of our local group is about 100 times the size of our galaxy. Our local

group includes M31 (Andromeda), M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87

and M89.

Radiation pressure on any test-surface facing the lowest radiation-energy density

value in the universe [adiabatic envelopes in mid cold Voids of SPACE-1, are

less than that exerted by radiation impinging on that test surface from the other

side, namely, from the one facing the source of radiation. (This is the familiar

phenomenon behind SOLAR SAILS in space research.)

The result is the universal driving force for energy transport from all hot radiation

sources to cold SPACE-1, whereby the energy-density gradients inside adiabatic

envelopes constitute the driving force of all irreversible processes in K for all the

energy outpouring into it from all shining sources.

SPACE-1 expansion is the prime mover of all irreversible processes in nature.Nature, and of the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Conclusion: With or without localized black holes, only expanding, cold,

SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] provides us, with the universal,

UNSATURABLE SINK, the cause of the 2nd Law.

4. Nuclear Fusion is caused by the force-pressure of gravity in the core of

active stars. It transforms (fuses) hydrogen plasma into heavier elements, likecarbon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphor, iron. Fusion is the most

important process in the universe.

All active stars generate in their interiors all the basic chemical elements beyond

hydrogen and helium; namely, all the heavier basic elements of matter that we

observe on earth and in our body and brain.

According to both Einsteinian and Newtonian physics, the bigger the mass of a

star, the higher are its core pressures and temperatures and faster are the nuclear

fusion processes in its interior [17].

How do we know that?

On both fusion and fission scientists know much. Fusion is also the driver of

hydrogen-bomb explosions, (not fission as in atomic reactors and in regular

atomic weapons).

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When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of active stars,

endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one. (The exothermic reaction

generates energy in the stars, while the endothermic one consumes it.)

All active stars produce energy through such nuclear fusion.

5. Supernovae, Maximum Temperatures, Redshifts & MeasuringAstronomical Distances.

All active (shining) stars generate the heavier chemical elements at the high

temperatures-pressures that gravity induces in their interiors. But the massive

stars arrive to that End-of-life Stage earlier than smaller stars do. That End-

of-life Stage may, however, be the Beginning-of-life-Process in case the

supernova debris (ashes) gradually form orbiting planets around stars, as is the

case that we assert was the beginning of our solar system.

Supernovae are gravity-induced phenomena that astronomers observe in galaxies

when a massive star ends its life by internal collapse-implosion. The collapse

begins when the fusion process that produces energy, ends.

Supernovae are not only the originators of all chemistry beyond hydrogen and

helium [by nuclear fusion.], but serve in astronomy as reliable distance

yardsticks [candles] on which much of astronomy rests. The reason for this

selection is explained below.

A supernova explosion throws into Space 3 its interiors in the form of glowing

debris and gases that, initially, are much brighter than any other star in its home

galaxy. Hence, certain types of supernovae serve in astronomy as the max-cosmic

temperature standard for calibrating distances to far-away galaxies via the

absolute luminosity (brightness) method discussed in CPP Volume I [17].

Supernovas extremely bright glow has been studied since 1054, starting from the

Crab Nebula. At its center there is a neutron star spewing energy and

elementary particles into Space 3, from which they proceed to Space 2 and,

eventually, to Space 1.

That end is reached when a threshold amount ofiron is formed in the interior

of a massive star. [CPP, Vol. I]. At that stage all net energy generation inside the

star stops and the process reverses into an endothermic one during which energy

is consumed.

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THE COLLAPSE: At this stage the core pressure falls and the doomed star

cannot support the gravity-induced weight of its upper layers. This leads to a

gigantic collapse-implosion of the entire star structure.

A few general-relativistic deterministic options then emerge, depending on the

mass and details of the doomed massive star:

(i) if the mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of the sun, the star slowly decaysinto a white dwarf,

(ii) if its mass is larger, the formation of an extremely packed neutron star or a

black hole is the end result (in which no atomic nuclei structure survives),

(iii) a gigantic supernova explosion follows the collapse-implosion by bouncing

back from a central dense body [neutron star].

Type Ia supernovae harbor consistent brightness (absolute luminosity) because

their progenitor is accreting mass from a nearby star, always imploding into the

central neutron star at exactly the same mass -- the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit.

[CPP, Volume I].

The Canada-France-Hawaii TelescopeLegacy Survey Supernova Program is

designed to measure several hundred high-redshifted supernovae.

Massive stars: Due to their high, gravity-induced, inner-core pressures-

temperatures, massive stars are much faster than smaller stars, like the sun, to

exhaust their hydrogen-helium fuel by nuclear fusion.

The resulting higher pressures-temperatures in massive stars cause faster releasesof fusion energy in the interiors of these stars. From there the energy reaches the

outer layers of the star and eventually leaves the star and spreads out in Spaces 3,

2 and, eventually, 1.

6. Black holes are postulated astronomical local objects that are spreadthroughout galaxies and superclusters of galaxies that are wrapped around by

non-expanding SPACE-3, or may exist within Spaces 2 and 1.

Black holes come into being by gravity and the expansion of unsaturable

SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink]. They act as additional unsaturable sinks to

that caused by the expansion of SPACE-1. Like stars and galaxies, black holescannot be formed without SPACE-1-expansion.

Astrophysicists expect to detect black holes ranging between roughly the mass of

a few suns to ten billion times greater. Such super-massive ones are postulated to

be in the center of some extremely bright galaxies, including the Milky Way

and quasars.

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Black holes are LOCAL, general relativistic cosmological sinks for all matter-

energy arriving and falling into them. They are postulated to be highly

concentrated, local gravity-sinks where the gravity field is so strong that nothing,

not even light, can escape from them. General

relativistic cosmology predicts them as one-way sinks in space-time. Some are

assumed to be in the center of some galaxies. They may be associated with whatis observed and termed quasars.

Within a black hole all atomic and sub-atomic structures had already been

crushed to become only geometrically-curved space-time. This is due to the

extremely strong gravitational field within the black hole. The cause of that total

break down of all structures is only gravity.

Quasars and black holes.

Quasars are assumed to be super massive forms of black holes . Hundreds have

been detected by NASA's Spitzer space telescope, which measures infrared

light, and by Chandra, which measures X-ray emissions. These quasars are in

young (far-away) galaxies that are surrounded by relatively high-density gas that

emits X-rays as it is being sucked into and accelerated towards a one-way sink of

a massive black hole.

Quasars and black holes form local sinks, in addition to the universal-

unsaturable sink generated by SPACE-1-expansion.

Most quasars recede from us at speeds of over150,000 km per second. They are

among the brightest objects in the universe, with the average quasar being

100,000 times brighter than the Andromeda galaxy. Their gigantic energy

output is probably powered by super massive black holes swallowing nearby

stars.

Their X-rays emissions are detectable even when they cannot be detected. It is

speculated that about 9 to 10 billion years ago, when the age of the universe was

between 2.5 to 1.5 billion years, many "super massive" black holes had been

formed inside large galaxies during their initial stages.

7. Adiabatic Envelopes and the Origin of Time-Asymmetries and

Irreversibilities in Nature.

An adiabatic wall, or surface, is a physical wall or an imaginary surface

through which no NET energy flow takes place. In Fig. 1.2 we mark only

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three points on such imaginary surfaces, namely, where there is No net

energy flow across them. These surfaces wrap around superclusters of

galaxies in 3 dimensions. No net energy flow means that radiation [and matter

particles] somewhat similar to the ones detected within our solar wind do

not cross such adiabatic surfaces.

The maximum temperature attainable in each galaxy is about the same. It is

roughly the same as that generated initially by supernovae and is attributed to:

(i) the maximum temperature in stellar cores during fusion in all active

stars,

(ii) The maximum temperature during supernovae explosions.

(iii) The maximum detectable temperatures attainable by at the external

surfaces of quasars or galactic centers that harbor gigantic black holes.

8. The Solar System is composed of our sun, the orbiting planets, moons,asteroids, comets, rocks, gases and dust, all bounded together by the

COMBINED attractive gravitational field of the sun, our galaxy, our local

group of galaxies, our super-clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.3] and the gravitational

field of all the masses in the rest of the universe.

The sun, like all active stars, is a self-gravitating massive sphere of sub-atomic

particles in a state of hot plasmathat is pressed-heated by the attractive force of

gravity.

It accounts for about 99% of the solar systemtotal mass.

Its diameter is about 1.392 million km and is slightly larger than of an average

star in our Milky Waygalaxy.

About 74% of the suns mass is hydrogen, with about 25% helium.

Gravity-captured debris from previous generations of earlier gas or

stars/supernovae, had started to condense and fall into or orbit the sun, gradually

structuring the currently observed solar planets.

During more than half of its present age, the universe did not harbor our solar

system.

The Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroids, comets,

rocks and dust in our community. It is located inside non-expanding Space 3

that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with Spaces 2 and 1.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium


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The Solar Systems outer boundary is where the solar windclashes with other

active-stars-winds emerging from nearby stars. It may form there a gigantic

shock wave called heliosphere. The non-flat, clashing surface, is twisted and

different in temperatures and composition as affected by winds emerging from

close, or far-away stars.

No Net Suns Energy Remains in Earth: This is the verified result of

complicated thermal cycles in our atmosphere and on earths surface. [Our

atmosphere comprises the following gravity-induced layers: Homosphere from

sea level to 80km (Troposphere up to about 13km; Ozone layerabout 13-43km;

Stratosphere 13-50km; Mesosphere 50-80km); Thermosphere 80-175 km

(dilute Nitrogen 80-15km, Oxygen 105-128km, Helium 128-150km, Hydrogen150-175km)].

Much work has been done concerning methods to reduce man-induced carbon

emissions, e.g., by deleting from or injecting into it what can economicallydecrease its absorption and/or increase its reflectivity. These may change the

atmospheric net heat balance.

On ATTRIBUTING CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE to acts of humanity:

1. The monotonic increase in (automatically) measured global temperatures

does not show the 11-YEARS SOLAR CYCLE during which the sun

luminosity changes. These changes are the results of complicated sun-interior

convection currents, granulation, magnetic field lines between changing sunspot

pairs, huge solar flares, etc.

2. Such short-time cycles may correspond to the unexplained Little Ice

Age that chilled Northern Europe during the late 17 th century, suggesting a

causal link between solar total luminosity activity and climate change on earth.

3. There have been 17 or 19 ice ages: From about 3,000,000 years ago until

the last one, which gradually ended from about12,000 to 8000 years ago. These

ages have strongly affected ecological systems on earth, and each lasted about

50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting

in climate-induced changes in life and all ecological systems.

The incoming sun energy [Cf, Solar Wind] is partially reflected [and scattered]

from the upper layers of our atmosphere [about 30%] back to non-expanding

Space-3, and, eventually, to expanding SPACE-1.

Most incoming short-wave energy [about 64%] is reflected back to Spaces 3, 2

and eventually absorbed in the deepest-coldest VOIDS/SPACE-1 [THE

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MASTER BLACK SINK] as long-wave radiation that results from the suns

energy undergoing complex processes in the earths atmosphere and on the earth

surface. Thus, all incoming suns energy (plus about 6% of heat from the earths

interior], is proceeding further into the depths of Spaces 3, 2 and 1.

Unlike planets, all active stars generate and spread out radiation energy-matter

that is generated in their very hot interiors by fusion. The sun, for instance, emitsthis energy-matter as solar wind, which spreads in all directions and is

eventually dissipated in SPACE-1.

On its way to SPACE-1, the solar wind engulfs earth and the other solar

planets. No equivalent amount of this incoming radiation energy remains with

this and the other planets, as many wrongly assume. Part of it is reflected

immediately by our upper atmosphere to outer, cold-dark spaces 3, 2 and,

eventually, to Space-1.

The rest of the solar wind enters our atmosphere, and following complicatedthermal-ecological-hydrological cycles it dissipates irreversibly in outer cold-

dark Space 1.

The outgoing energy includes additional, small amount of energy from the earths

interior.

On its way to SPACE-1 the solar wind first undergoes through a huge shock

wave that is generated at the solar system outer boundary. It is there where it

clashes with opposing solar winds from nearby stars.

Together with similar solar winds generated by billions of stars in our galaxy,

this radiation reaches SPACE 1 -- the unsaturable, limitless, universal sinkof

all radiation energies pouring into it from all stellar and galactic sources [12-18].

That one-way, irreversible energy dissipation in SPACE-1 -- the Master Black

Sink -- is driven by the radiation energy gradients formed between Spaces 3 to 2,

and between Space 2 and 1.

About 2 billion years post genesis, most gravity-induced, proto-massive-entities

have already been condensed by gravity so as to ignite nuclear fusion inside theircores and radiate the produced energy from their outer surfaces.

Figs. 1 and 3 provide proof of an isotropic and homogeneous universe in terms

of large-scale distribution of cold voids, hot matter-structures-emitters and their

maximum temperature. There are no net energy flows across adiabatic envelopes

in SPACE-1.

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Matter (gas, plasma) has been aggregated by the force of gravity to form self-

gravitating entities -- the early massive stars -- possibly include some

quasars.

9. Galactic Centers. The center of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It is avery compact source ofradio waves that originate fromgas and dustheated tomillions of degrees K as they are postulated to fall into the galactic center,

which is further postulated to contain a super-massive black hole.

Galactic centers of other galaxies are postulated to contain such a super massive

black hole. They may contain huge amounts of matter [mass], each in the range

ofhundreds of thousands to tens of billions of the mass of the entire solar system.10. Symmetry-Asymmetry & Super symmetries. Various branches of super

symmetries are postulated in string theories. For instance, some theoristsintroduce to theoretical physics a kind of primitive symmetry: If the universe is

eternal into the future it must be eternal into the past, or prior to creation [thebig-bang], there must have been a symmetric contraction into an all-

containing black hole.. As the density had increased during that pre-creation

contraction, gigantic black holes are claimed to be formed, and, at the instant of

maximum contraction, they had switched to expansion, and only one of them has

turned into our expanding universe.

Upcoming tests at CERN or by the Planck Satellite or by the ground-based

LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational

radiation that are claimed to be associated with such postulated effects, say, on

the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation.

11. Merging-Colliding Galaxies

The fog shown in these colliding galaxies is composed of millions of stars.

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Our galaxy is predicted by some models to collide with the Andromeda galaxy in

about 5 billion years.

The rate of galactic collisions was much higher in the past, mainly because the

galaxies were closer to each other.

Andromedas system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110,

NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy

in our local group, also includes thePisces Dwarfas a satellite.

Our satellite galaxies consist of theLarge and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa

Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax

Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, SagDEG, etc.

Lecture

2Socio-Gravitism

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Many aspects of animals social organization and evolution can be predicted on

the basis of gravity-induced environmental variables.

Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be distributed

non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resourcemonopolizationdevelops in all levels of socio-biological systems.


Gravity Selection as a key Component of Natural Selection

The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already contained

atoms and simple molecules, and it was gravity that stratified these compounds inhorizontal layers according to theirspecific gravity.

The atmosphere and geological strata are ordered-selected by the specificgravity of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early

components of living systems at one and the same strata.

Gravity Selection is therefore a key component ofNatural selection.

Gravity is also the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the

cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars [See fusion in Lecture I], geological

strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures,

transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded symbols, letters, grammarvs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books, shelves, houses.

1. Gravity-Induced Orientation, Order, Linguistics

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Assertion 1

The origin of temporal behavior in

animals can be traced back in timeand out to external physical

influences. Even innate patterns" are

frequently associated with simple

orientation movement in the field of

gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-

downward" balancing of the

biological body vis--vis the gravity

pointer. Gravity periodicities around

the sun emerge as prime sources of

order via time and the arrow of time.

Assertion 2

Plants know to grow vertically

upward when they start growing in

total darkness as seeds inserted deep

into the ground; -- even when they

grow on a steep mountain slope.

As most high-growing trees they align

their growth under the control of the

gravity vector.


Using gravity pointers up, down, left,

right, we generate signs and record

numbers and letters for a later use

and for other to read.

Animals are no exception. Each is'conscious' of the commonly-shared

"up-down" surroundings, and about

"weight" and acceleration. Plants also

harbor innate sensors that guide them

in which direction to grow even on a

mountain slope.

Additional examples range fromgyroscope inertial changes and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in

the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water.

3. Gravity-Induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior

The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception"("gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bio-accelerometers", "gravity-inducedbiological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even though a voluminousliterature has been published on this subject. But what we already know justifies

the central role we claim gravity plays in living systems and society.

If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position,some tens of minutes later it will

adapt its growth in such a way as to

restore its original orientation incoincidence with the gravity vector.

(If it is displaced only briefly and

then restored to its original

orientation well before the growth

response can set in, it still responds to

that displacement.)

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Gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may occur when an

organism orients itself by a gravity-induced gradient of density differences or

hydrostatic pressure.

Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity,

but they are affected by it.

Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit innate patternsthat depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the

environment.

Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is

high in proportion to animals that are high on the evolutionary scale. While

the latter show some signs of innate patterns, they harbor a greater capacity to

produce a much more flexible mechanism to respond to a variety of otherexternal changes that stimulate them. The evolutionary origin of the so-called

"innate ideas" may, therefore, be external rather than internal.

Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and nuclei,which are heavier than the rest of the cell.

These are key instruments in our lives, in our orientation, balancing, walking,

reading, etc.

Plants and animals always obey the gravity-induced commanding-guiding

force, for a reason. They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from

other trees.

We form no exception. Even with closed eyes. we always feel and obey the

ever-present gravity force. We and all animals detect it to orient ourselves

anyplace on earth, and balance our motion.

4. Gravity-Induced Property, Domains, Wars

26

Assertion 3

When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries

economic and social standing, or "lebensraums" involving "well-defined

territories" and "Gravity-inducedNatural Selection"; from animals' mating

systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural food

administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil

fuel resources to disputes over territories.

In fact, as discussed below, much of the currently known socio-biological

evolution, and much of human history may be reassessed along these lines.


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Gravity-induced changes developterritoriality in a given spatial region or in agiven assembly of individuals, especially when key resources are not sufficiently

abundant and stable through long periods of historical times.

Inequality in human society begins with land demarcation and property, privateand tribal, stated owned or company run. Envy then drives competition, company

ads, TV and academic rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key

human traits, sometimes stronger than as death.

One species, or one sex, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarcewater ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population

monopolizes key resources.

We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of socio-biology.

In humans these gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality,

strategy and wars.

Other possible links between human evolution and gravity-induced changes inthe environment are illuminated by empirical results that emerge from studies in

geology, mt-DNA-based anthropology and archaeology.

5. Gravity-Induced Law, Seconds, Minutes, Days, Year

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Each picture we observe, each letter-symbol, word and sentence that we read, or

hear, forms in our brain-mind a specific aggregated, configuration-boundary,

gravity-oriented asymmetry in three-dimensional reality, or its equivalents in

examining a two-dimensional page-space, or a computer display page-space.

The three-dimensional configuration is than completed in our mind.

Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence generates an aggregated,configuration-boundary-asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it had been

irreversibly recorded and compared with what has been forced on our brain-mind

by previous forces of our education; -- the STANDARDS at home, school, social

group, tribe, nation, religion or a specific branch of civilization.

Time reversal of musical notes destroys our pleasure. One cannot enjoy it if it is

played in reverse. The structure and modulation of voice and the sentences ahuman mind seeks to identify with are similarly affected.

Even a minor deviation from one's pre-trained language, intonation, accent,symmetry and asymmetry -- in face, body and walking way -- destroys our

gravity-induced, inner motivations for what is 'right', young, healthy, and what is

not.

In observing a person our mind generates a gravitationally induced structuralasymmetry that is compared with the stored standard

Any picture is gravitationally oriented in our brain-mind: up/down or

horizontal/left/right. Thus, inversion of a picture, or reversing the direction of

symbols, words and a meaningful text, destroys the meaning.

It takes us some time 'to read' a text, and more to 'comprehend' its meaning vis--

vis our pre-conceptions and standards.

We maintain that this process generates an irreversible 'Structural Space-TimeArrow' in our brain-mind, in terms of 'Space-Aggregated-Asymmetric-Picture',

which points from gravity-induced form-orientation-configuration, or, 'head' and

'lower figure', to 'beginning' and 'end'.

7. Biological Clocks and Gravitation

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The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and outto external physical influences.

Gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of order and

information in all non-living and living systems.

Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser

adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on

heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high

on the evolutionary scale.

8. Vertigo, Loss of Coordination-Balancing & Gravity

Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis--vis space andthe gravity-induced horizon. We shall employ this well-known phenomenon to

explain how gravity-detectors in our ear operate to help our thinking.

Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluidthat moves, by gravity force, with respect to the gravity vector and activates a

system that transmits linear and rotational motions vis--vis the gravity vector to

the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through the brainstem to ourbrain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation,

coordination and movement.

The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular canals, which are

used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear

translations.

The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures thatcontrol our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps usupright and helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.

9. Biological Cells, Reproduction, Immunity System & Gravity

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Gravity causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunitysystem. Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate

into mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space crafts.

The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector its size

increases in larger local gravitational field-force values.

Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot.

Without the gravity force-field they float around and perish.

Protoplasmic motion, cytoplasmic viscosity and specific gravity of cellcomponents -- relative to the ground-plasma are also vital components.

Moreover, when animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they developstronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis--vis the reduced one

due to buoyancy in the waters.

Earlier lifeforms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like

configuration.

Without strong skeletons land animals could not come into being.

10. Animals and Gravity-Induced Effects

Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and nuclei,which are heavier than the rest of the cell. These are key instruments in our

lives, orientation, balancing, walking, reading, etc.

Plants and animals always obey the gravity-induced commanding-guidingforce, for a reason.

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They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from other trees.

We form no exception.

Even with closed eyes, we always feel and obey the ever-present gravity

force, and detect it to orient ourselves anyplace on earth, and balance ourmotion.

Gravimorphism, gravitropism and tropism are directional movements of aplant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is gravimorphism --

the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity. Plant roots grow in the

direction of gravity while shoots and stems grow against it.

Blood circulation and its pressure are also affected by gravity.

Space travel may involve living in zero or low gravity values (hypo gravity).

During post-stall supermaneuverability attainable by future [jet-steered or

thrust-vectored] fighter aircraft, the gravity-acceleration forces on both aircraft

and pilot are critical.

RECAP:

Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and globalphenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys,

beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and

the bio-systems connected with them.

Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given

written language. Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals.

Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals ofWto M.

There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from

preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-induced

structures as reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth,

ocean, etc.

Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluid-

particles systems inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under

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zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their

membrane potential and their cytoskeletons.

11. Gravity-Induced Village and City Structures

Gravity generates structures and

controls all geological layers and global

phenomena ranging from mountain

crests, tectonic folds and uplifts,

valleys, village and city structures,

transportation systems, oceans and

lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps,

glaciers and rivers, as well as the

ecological-systems connected with

them.

12. Gravity and Global Warming

Gravity affects global warming and all ecological systems.

[See Solar System in Lecture I].

13. Gravity and Health

The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints,

cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in response" to

the force and direction of gravity.

Moreover, gravity plays a key factor in heart failure associated with swollen legs,

in flooded lungs, walking, sleeping needs etc.

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Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-induced

disorders in biological systems, human perception, health and longevity, has been

largely overlooked by health providers and researchers, partly because the key

role of gravity as the universal generator of all socio-gravity-dynamics, has not

yet been well understood and investigated.

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11. Sartori, L., Understanding Relativity. University of California Press.

Appendix 5B. ISBN0520200292. 1996.

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Acad. Acad. Sci.,196 (A6) 305 (1972) (Gold Medal);

16. Ibid. Cosmological Origin of Irreversibility, Time and Time-Anisotropies- I,

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17. Ibid. Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and II, Springer

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