21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Primary Batteries Sustainability

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) - Dry Battery Section

21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

NEMA Dry Battery Section Members

Sy Kessler Sales, Inc.

2

21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Topics

Vision and commitment

History of environmental solutions

Life Cycle Assessment

Moving Forward – Our Continuing Commitment Considerations

Debunking myths

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

SustainabilityVision and Commitment

Meet consumer portable energy needs in a sustainable manner

Sustainability efforts must:

Be reflected across the entire life cycle

Result in tangible environmental benefits (verified through life cycle analysis)

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

A Long History of Finding Environmentally Positive Solutions

19

80

s

20

00

s

19

90

s Zero

Mercury

Low and Ultra

Low Mercury

Formulations

1996

Federal

Battery Act

Battery

Disposal

Impact

Study

Life Cycle

Assessment

Zero Mercury

Button Cell

Commitment

Focal Points

Source reduction

Longer-lasting

Material efficiency

Focus on energy reduction

Recycler Audits

R&D

Battery Recycling

and Sorting

Technologies

Global Literature

Review

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Source Reduction Eliminated Heavy Metals, Most Notably Mercury

Batte

ries

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990Mercury Consumption by End Use

Metric Tons - US Market (Global Trend)

Source: US Bureau of Mines

1950 1990

Over 1000

Metric Tons

Of Mercury

Eliminated

Batteries

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Overall Battery Weight DeclineNearly 30K Tonnes Since 2000 Peak

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

To

nne

s -

Tho

usa

nd

s

Un

its -

Millio

ns

Volume Sales

Weight Sales

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Primary Batteries Are Lighter And Lasting Longer

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

24% reduction in average weight of

battery placed on the European market

Average Battery Weight (g) – EU Market

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

Key Environmental CategoriesSignificant Raw Material Reductions Since 1997

CED

Soli

d W

aste

Terr

est

rial

Eco

toxi

city

Car

cin

oge

ns

No

n-c

arci

no

gen

s

No

n-r

en

ew

able

En

erg

y

Glo

bal

War

min

g P

ote

nti

al

Re

spir

ato

ry In

org

anic

s

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Battery Disposal Impact Study

Reactors with and without batteries Typical, intensified, worst case scenarios (amounts and shredding)

Re-introduce leachate (simulates decades of landfill)

Results pH of leachates identical

Metal concentrations identical

No significant mobilization of zinc to leachate

Feststoff-

probe

BB, 0-6 m

Solid

sample

Waste

material

1

10

9 8

76

5

4

3 2

1 LSR

2 pump well (2.5 l)

3 transformator

4 leachate sampling and

fresh water addition

5 pressure compensation

6 leachate circulation

7 gas sampling

8 volumetric gas analysis

9 leachate irrigation

10 perforated plate

Feststoff-

probe

BB, 0-6 m

Solid

sample

Waste

material

1

10

9 8

76

5

4

3 2

1 LSR

2 pump well (2.5 l)

3 transformator

4 leachate sampling and

fresh water addition

5 pressure compensation

6 leachate circulation

7 gas sampling

8 volumetric gas analysis

9 leachate irrigation

10 perforated plate

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)To Help Prioritize Sustainability Activities

~ 80% of impact is pre-manufacturing

5% is end of life

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90Percentage of impact (CED)

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Industry Sustainability Commitment

Reduce the environmental footprint of batteries throughout the life cycle

Design Manufacturing Use End Of Life

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Moving ForwardIndustry (cooperative)

Understand the impacts of battery disposal

• LCA

• Technology

Recycling technology

Improve sustainability of EOL management

• R&D

• LCA

• Audits / Technology

Individual companies

Raw materials

Design and manufacturing programs

Optimized batteries for applications

• Disposal studies

• Literature search

LCA’s

Energy Efficiency

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

The Path Forward

Industry led development leveraging best methods for:

An environmentally positive outcome

The most economical program possible

Additionally, we believe that there should be:

Shared responsibility among all stakeholders

Benefit to consumers

Flexibility in designing sound solutions

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21 July 2010 – Boston, MA PSI Conference

Dry Battery Section

Considerations

Regulatory

US DOT Rulemaking on transportation of batteries

California designation

Lack of infrastructure and transportation distances

Debunking myths

Heavy Metals

Hazards

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