primoz skraba stanford universitygraphics.stanford.edu/.../cs428lecture-hardware1.pdf · primoz...
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Sensor Network HardwareSensor Network Hardware
Primoz SkrabaStanford University
Sensing Networking
Computation
CS428CS428
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Overview
IntroductionClasses of NodesMobile NodesOther HardwareConclusions
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Introduction
A large range of possibilitiesMany design choices“Right tool for the job”Classification
Approximate
Simple Nodes
Powerful Processing
High BW
Complex Nodes
Energy
Consumption
Reliability
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Types of Nodes
Special purpose nodes Generic sensor nodes
Wide range of processing/communication capabilities
Gateway nodes
Special Purpose Nodes
Generic Sensor Nodes
Gateways
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Platform Classes
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Specifications
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Asset Tags
Highly integratedOn the order of mm3
ExamplesRFIDSmart DustSystem on Chip - SoC
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RFID
Radio Frequency Identification TagSimplest “Sensor Node”No batteriesUses received RF energy and transmits dataLimited rangeApplication
BadgesInventory Management RFID
Reader
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Smart Dust/SoC
Energy efficiency by placing everything on one chip – custom ASICs
RadioProcessor Sensor
Very low energyLow cost in volumePotentially thousands of nodes
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Generic Sensing Platform
Most active area of researchStepping stone to Smart DustDifferent levels of integration
Modularity Integration
Flexibility Efficiency
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Examples
CrossbowMica series
Dust MotesiMotesTelos MotesMass MotesParticle Motes
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Example System
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MicaZ MotesTinyOS16 Mhz Atmel ATMega128L128 kB Program FLASH512 kB Serial FLASHCurrent Draw8 mA – Active Mode<15 uA – Sleep ModeChipcon CC2420 802.15.4 Radio250 kbps26 Channels – 2.4 GhzCurrent Draw – 15 mA
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Range of Capabilities
Highly integratedNew Chipcon chips
Atmel Processor + 802.15.4 radio
Component level integrationProcessor+radio+sensor interface (SPI, I2C)
Stackable architectureInterfaces for radio and sensor interface
Flex
ibili
ty
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Mote Comparisons
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Radio Choices
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Processor Choices
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Power Costs
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Memory
How much?Internal or external?How long is storage required?Permanent memory
More energy consumptionIn network reprogramming
Temporary memoryDoes not last as long
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High Bandwidth Sensing
More complex sensorsAudioVideo
Requires More processing powerMore bandwidth
MotivationMore interesting applications
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Sensor Examples
AudioMicrophones
ImagesCameras
VideoMultiple images
InterfacesMust be sufficiently fast
~1 Mbps
~10 kbpp
~10 kbps
Bit rate
1 – 30 frames/secVideo
64 - 320000 pix/imag Image
4 – 128 kHzAudio
Sampling RangeSensor
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Applications
Surveillance/SecurityCameras have traditionally been used
Consumer ApplicationsPeople like Audio/Video
Higher level processingFace recognitionDeeper understanding of environment - AI
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Gateways
Miniature PCsConnection to InternetCan have multiple radiosStargateEmbedded Linux
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Grey Area
When does a high BW node become a gateway?Placement
Gateway – connected to other networksHigh power nodes – within the sensor network
Other Networks
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Summary
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Mobile Nodes
Sensor mote on wheelsRobotics
Range of sizesDistributed robotics/telerobotics
Newest work in very small mobile motes
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Other Mobile Nodes
Other mediumsAircraftUnderwater schools of motesGround motes
Larger “nodes” – UAV’sFewer nodesEnergy less of an issue
Physical movement overshadows communication costs
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Energy Harvesting/Scavenging
Extend lifetimeSolar Cells
SizeEfficiencyAvailability of light source
Kinetic EnergySporadicLow yieldConsistent vibrations
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Energy Sources
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Extra Hardware
CRICKETGPSRFID ReaderStructural Monitoring Sensor/Actuator
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CRICKET
Ranging systemUltrasonic + RadioBenefits
AccurateSimple Processing
DrawbacksLimited range ~10 mNot low power
S
R
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Conclusions
Many different platformsDifferent capabilitiesDesign choices motivated by algorithmHardware get smaller, cheaper, etc. Battery size becomes limitationHardware will not provide complete solution
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Platform ReferencesXYZ: A Motion-Enabled, Power Aware Sensor Node Platform for
Distributed Sensor Network Applicationshttp://www.eng.yale.edu/enalab/XYZ/
Multi-target Tracking System using Ultrasonic Sensor Networkhttp://www.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/ni/cdip/TrackingTestbed.htm
Avrora: Scalable Sensor Network Simulation with Precise Timinghttp://compilers.cs.ucla.edu/avrora/
The Intel Mote Platform: A Bluetooth based sensor network for industrial monitoring applications
http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htm
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An Implementation and Evaluation of Bluetooth for Sensor Network Communication
http://cmclab.rice.edu/projects/sensors/
SESAME: A SEnsor System Accessing and Monitoring Environmenthttp://mist.cs.wayne.edu/spirit/spirit.html
Sound-source Localization in Low-power Sensor Networkshttp://cmclab.rice.edu/projects/sensors/soundsource/
Language Support for Messaging in Heterogeneous Networkshttp://nescc.sourceforge.net/networktypes/index.html
Design Considerations for Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Embedded Systems
http://deerhound.ats.ucla.edu:7777/portal/page?_pageid=54,278286,54_278287:54_278290&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&_calledfrom=2
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Experiences In Building a Wireless Sensor Network Emulator for Application
Performance Evaluationhttp://www.cs.ust.hk/vmnet/
The Particle Computer Systemhttp://particle.teco.edu/
The SensorNet Node: Last-Mile Platform for Sensor Networks Interoperability
http://www.sensornet.gov/sn_briefing.html
Implementation and evaluation of miniaturised wearable sensor networks
http://www.ife.ee.ethz.ch/%7Ejr/WSN.html
Reconfigurable Time-Triggered Embedded Fieldbus Systemshttp://www.vmars.tuwien.ac.at/ttpa/
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Networked Infomechanical Systems: A Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Platform
http://deerhound.ats.ucla.edu:7777/portal/page?_pageid=54,107513,54_107514&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
TOSHILT: Middleware for Hardware-In-the-Loop Testing of Wireless Sensor Networks
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~webk/sensor_networks/toshilt/
MoteLab: A Wireless Sensor Network Testbedhttp://motelab.eecs.harvard.edu/
NODES: A Novel System Design for Embedded Sensor Systemshttp://www.cs.ucr.edu/%7Esneema/nodes/
The Design and Evaluation of a Hybrid Sensor Network For Cane-toad Monitoring
http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/%7Esensar/research/projects/cane-toads/
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Some Sensor Network Elements for Ubiquitous Computinghttp://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/wrb/ubidevices/
A low cost architecture with high connectivity for control systemshttp://www.disca.upv.es/amarti/taronja/taronja.html
MASS: Modular Architecture for Sensor Systemshttp://eri.ca.sandia.gov/
A Modular Power-Aware Microsensor with >1000X Dynamic Power Range
http://pasta.east.isi.edu/
Tython: A Dynamic Simulation Environment for Wireless Sensor Networks
http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-1.x/doc/tython/tython.html
Robomote: Enabling mobility in sensor networkshttp://www-robotics.usc.edu/%7Erobomote/
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A Platform for Collaborative Acoustic Signal Processinghttp://lecs.cs.ucla.edu/%7Ehbwang/SPOTS/acoustic.htm
A Compact Modular Wireless Sensor Platformhttp://www.media.mit.edu/resenv/Stack/
Experiences and Directions in Pushpin Computinghttp://web.media.mit.edu/%7Elifton/Pushpin/
eBlocks - An Enabling Technology for Basic Sensor Based Systemshttp://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eblock/