principles of animal nutrition. six functions of a good ration maintenance of vital body processes...
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Principles of Animal Nutrition
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Six functions of a good ration• Maintenance of vital body
processes to keep animal alive• Growth by increasing the size of
bones, muscles, organs, and connective tissue
• Fattening by storing nutrients not used for maintenance, growth, r other functions
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Six functions of a good ration• Production of milk, eggs, wool,
etc• Reproduction- adequate nutrition
is necessary• Work-other needs are met before
nutrients are available for work • From 1/3 to ½ of the ration fed is
used for maintenance
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Roughages
• Feeds that contain more than 18% crude fiber when they are dry
• Examples: hay, pasture grasses, silage, hulls, straw, fodder
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Concentrates
• Feeds that contain less than 18% crude fiber when they are dry
• Examples:– Grains- corn, oats, barley, wheat– Processed by products- wheat bran– Liquid supplements: molasses, urea– Animal/Plant proteins
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Characteristics of a Good Ration
• Balanced: has all nutrients needed in the right amounts and proportions
• Palatable: tastes good so that animals will eat it
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Characteristics of a Good Ration
• Low cost: best nutritional value possible at lowest cost because feed costs are about 75% of the total costs of raising livestock
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Characteristics of a Good Ration
• Not harmful to health or quality of animal products
• Proper proportions of concentrates and roughages for type and age of animal
• Uniformly mixed especially micronutrients and feed additives
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Feed additives• Materials used in animal rations in
small quantities to improve or stimulate performance such as feed efficiency, faster gain and health or production of animal products including eggs, milk, wool.
• Not generally considered nutrients
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Hormone implants
• Pelleted synthetic or natural hormone like compounds placed under the skin or in the muscle of an animal to improve rate of gain and feed efficiency
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Use of Feed Additives and Hormone Implants
• Performance stimulants and increase profits because of improved performance
• Sub-therapeutic- Using antibiotics and antibacterials at a lower level than would be used to treat sick animals
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Use of Feed Additives and Hormone Implants
• A major health concern of low-level use is that microorganisms that cause diseases may become resistant to the drugs for treatment
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Use of Feed Additives and Hormone Implants
• Many different antimicrobial drugs are used as feed additives to prevent diseases and to increase performance in livestock and poultry.
• The greatest return for swine is in young pigs
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Use of Feed Additives and Hormone Implants
• Used widely in beef cattle, swine and poultry
• Regulated by the FDA• Must be labeled as medicated
feed
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Mixing feed with additives
• Read and follow the label• Uniform mixing is required to
get correct amounts• Avoid contamination by
thoroughly cleaning the mixer• Keep up to date records
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Proper Method of Hormone Implantation
• Restrain the animal to prevent head movement
• Use a sharp needle to eliminate the crushed pellets usually caused by dull needles
• Be sure needle and implantation site are clean
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Proper Method of Hormone Implantation
• Select the proper place for the implant on the back surface of the ear in the middle third (about 1 ½ inch to 2 inch from the base)
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Proper method of hormone implantation
http://www.mycattle.com/health/reports/properimp.cfm
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Proper method of hormone implantation
• Point the implanting instrument toward the head and parallel to the ear, lift the loose skin with the point of the needle and push the needle in
• Do NOT hit a vein or cartilage
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Proper method of hormone implantation
• Withdraw the needle slightly, start the implant, make certain the pellets have been properly deposited and slowly withdraw the needle.
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Proper method of hormone implantation
• If the needle is removed too fast, the hormone pellets may be crushed or balled up
• Crushing pellets causes them to be absorbed too rapidly
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Kinds of feed additives
• Antimicrobial drugs- antibiotics and antibacterials are used to prevent and control diseases
• Hormones are used to improve feed efficiency and rate of growth, primarily for beef cattle
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Kinds of feed additives
• Anthelmintics (dewormer): used to control worms
• Other additives– Coccidiostats to control
coccidiosis in poultry– Proaxaline to prevent bloat in
beef cattle
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Examples• Broad-spectrum antibiotics when
the specific disease is unknown• Melengesterol of MGA to suppress
estrus in heifers• Aureomycin, Terramycin, and
penicillin in swine• Piperizine and Dichlorvos are worm
control additives
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General Principles
• Nutrients in the ration should be balanced to meet animal’s needs at the least expense
• The ration should include a variety of feeds to be palatable and to make it easier to balance
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General Principles
• Should be succulent to make it fresh and appealing and more palatable
• Should be palatable or agreeable to the taste in order for animals to eat it
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General Principles
• Be bulky to satisfy hunger and to help the digestive system function properly
• Slightly laxative to improve feed efficiency and to prevent constipation
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General Principles• Be economical
– Price per pound of energy and digestible protein determine if ration is economical
• Should be suited to the species and age of animal– More roughages for cattle, more
concentrates for swine/poultry, higher protein for younger animals
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100% Dry Matter Basis
• All moisture is removed form feed
• Formula: Pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis: Pounds of feed on as-fed basis x % of dry matter in feed
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Air dry
• Air dry which means it still has some moisture
• Formula: Pounds of feed on as-fed basis = pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis/% of dry matter in feed
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Other info• The weight of 100% dry matter is
less than as-fed basis because 100% dry has no water
• See table in Gillespie reference shows % dry matter in most feeds
• Storing high moisture feeds will cause them to mold or build up heat
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Rules of thumb for beef cattle
• Fattening ration should include 1 ½-2 pounds of air-dried roughage and 2 pounds of concentrate per 100 pounds of body weight
• Cows nursing calves should be fed about 50% more than dry cows
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Rules of thumb for swine
• The amount fed depends on size and age of animal and whether sows are nursing
• Pigs under 50 pounds and sows that are nursing require higher percent protein feeds than market hogs
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Rule of thumb for poultry
• The ration is about 10% of body weight
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Pearson square
• See Gillespie chapter on balancing rations
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THE END!!!!!!