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Please do the following upon Please do the following upon entering class:entering class:1.1.Pick up all handouts from Pick up all handouts from student tablestudent table2.2.Get our WebQuest from Get our WebQuest from last class. You will have 10 last class. You will have 10 minutes to finish. Then turn it minutes to finish. Then turn it in.in.

Unit 2Unit 2Chapter 2Chapter 2

Principles of EcologyPrinciples of Ecology

What is ecology?What is ecology?

• EcologyEcology: study of : study of interactions that interactions that take place take place between between organisms and organisms and their environmenttheir environment

BiosphereBiosphere

• the portion of the the portion of the Earth that Earth that supports living supports living thingsthings

• Ex: ocean, forest, Ex: ocean, forest, atmosphere.atmosphere.

Abiotic vs. Biotic factorsAbiotic vs. Biotic factors• AbioticAbiotic = nonliving parts of the environment = nonliving parts of the environment

• Ex: light, air, temperature, soilEx: light, air, temperature, soil• BioticBiotic = living parts of the environment = living parts of the environment

• Ex: bacteria, protist, fungus, plant, animalEx: bacteria, protist, fungus, plant, animal

Which is Biotic/Abiotic?Which is Biotic/Abiotic?

Levels of organizationLevels of organization• In In biologybiology, we begin , we begin

at the chemical level at the chemical level which make up which make up cells…cells…

• Which make Which make tissues…tissues…

• Organs…Organs…• Systems…Systems…• And finally, the And finally, the

individual organismindividual organism

Levels of organization from Levels of organization from smallest to largest in an smallest to largest in an Ecosystem.Ecosystem.• OrganismsOrganisms• IndividualIndividual• PopulationPopulation• CommunityCommunity• EcosystemEcosystem• BiosphereBiosphere

Levels of organizationLevels of organization• In Ecology, we begin with the In Ecology, we begin with the

individual and move through the levels individual and move through the levels to the planet, Earthto the planet, Earth

IndividualIndividual

• made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and developsresponds, grows, and develops

PopulationPopulation

• group of organisms all of the same group of organisms all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same timesame area at the same time

CommunityCommunity

• interacting populations in a certain area interacting populations in a certain area at a certain timeat a certain time

EcosystemEcosystem

• interacting communities and abiotic interacting communities and abiotic factorsfactors

Habitat vs. NicheHabitat vs. Niche

• HabitatHabitat: place where organism : place where organism liveslives

• NicheNiche: role or position a : role or position a species has in its environmentspecies has in its environment

Ecology and the flow of energy Ecology and the flow of energy and matterand matter

• By the end of this portion of the notes By the end of this portion of the notes you should be able to describe how you should be able to describe how matter and energy flow through trophic matter and energy flow through trophic levels using various models, including levels using various models, including food chains, food webs and ecological food chains, food webs and ecological pyramidspyramids

How organisms obtain energyHow organisms obtain energy

• AutotrophAutotroph (producer): photosynthetic (producer): photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, makes own foodor chemosynthetic, makes own food

• HeterotrophHeterotroph (consumer): “eat” other (consumer): “eat” other organisms, cannot make own foodorganisms, cannot make own food

• DecomposerDecomposer: breaks down dead or : breaks down dead or decaying organisms, recycles matterdecaying organisms, recycles matter

AutotrophAutotroph

The sugar produced by autotrophs The sugar produced by autotrophs (through (through photosynthesis)photosynthesis) can then be used by heterotrophs can then be used by heterotrophs

for energyfor energy

Heterotrophs - scavengersHeterotrophs - scavengers

• ScavengersScavengers: feed off of dead or : feed off of dead or decaying living things but do not recycle decaying living things but do not recycle matter back into the ecosystemmatter back into the ecosystem

Heterotrophs - herbivoresHeterotrophs - herbivores

• consume only consume only vegetative mattervegetative matter

• mostly mostly primary primary consumersconsumers..

Heterotrophs - carnivoresHeterotrophs - carnivores

• obtain energy obtain energy from eating other from eating other consumersconsumers

• Secondary and Secondary and tertiary tertiary consumersconsumers

DecomposersDecomposers

Typical examples: fungus and bacteria

•Bacteria and fungi break down living matter and help release nutrients.

•Decomposers are found at every level of the food chain.

•They are nature’s recyclers.

Autotrophs

First-order heterotrophs

Third-order heterotrophs Second-order

heterotrophs

Decomposers

How Energy FlowsHow Energy Flows

• From producer (autotroph) to consumer From producer (autotroph) to consumer (heterotroph)(heterotroph)

AUTOTROPH

Water + CO2 Sugar + O2

HETEROTROPH

Sugar + O2 water + CO2

Food chainFood chain• Series of steps in which Series of steps in which

organisms organisms transfertransfer energy energy by eating and being eatenby eating and being eaten

• The arrows show the The arrows show the direction energy flows.direction energy flows.

• Trophic levels: feeding step

berries → mice → black bear

Food webFood web• shows shows

interactions interactions between between organisms organisms (all possible (all possible routes)routes)

Energy pyramidEnergy pyramid• Shows how much Shows how much

energy is available at energy is available at each each trophic (energy) level.

• Only 10% of the Only 10% of the available energy is available energy is transferred up to the transferred up to the next trophic level. next trophic level. The rest is released The rest is released as heatas heat

Pyramid of Energy

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat

0.1% Consumers

1% Consumers

10% Consumers

Parasites, scavengers, and

decomposers feed at each

level.

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

• Each level Each level represents the represents the number of number of organisms organisms consumed by the consumed by the level above it. level above it.

Ecology Notes 3Ecology Notes 3

• Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships• SuccessionSuccession

• Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships• SymbiosisSymbiosis: interaction : interaction

between two different between two different organisms living in close organisms living in close physical association.physical association.

• MutualismsMutualisms: both organisms : both organisms benefit.benefit.

• ParasitismParasitism: one organisms : one organisms benefits the other is harmed.benefits the other is harmed.

• CommensalismCommensalism: one organism : one organism benefits, the other is benefits, the other is unaffected.unaffected.

SuccessionSuccession

Ecology Notes 3Ecology Notes 3

CyclesCycles

Two cycles in natureTwo cycles in nature

• Carbon cycleCarbon cycle• Nitrogen cycleNitrogen cycle

• Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle• driven by driven by

photosynthesis & photosynthesis & respirationrespiration

• recycles carbon, a recycles carbon, a primary component primary component of all organic of all organic compoundscompounds

CO2 in Atmosphere

CO2 in Ocean

Carbon cycleCarbon cycle

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle• driven by decomposition of nitrifying bacteria and fungidriven by decomposition of nitrifying bacteria and fungi• atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to a usable atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to a usable

formform (by plants)(by plants)

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3 –

and NO2 –

Nitrogen cycleNitrogen cycle

Now let’s PracticeNow let’s Practice

Time to Draw Time to Draw some cycles.some cycles.