principles of ecology section 1: organisms and their relationships section 2: flow of energy in an...
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Principles of Ecology
Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Section 3: Cycling of Matter
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Ecology
Scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied
Organisms and Their Relationships
Principles of Ecology
Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.
Section 1
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The Biosphere
A thin layer around Earth that supports life
Principles of Ecology
Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface
Extends several kilometers below the ocean’s surface
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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The Biosphere
Principles of Ecology
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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Biotic Factors
Principles of Ecology
Living factors in an organism’s environment
Abiotic Factors
Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment
Organisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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Levels of Organization
Principles of Ecology
Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. organism population biological community ecosystem biome biosphere
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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The lowest level of organization is the individual organism itself.
Principles of Ecology
Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population.
A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it.
Principles of Ecology
A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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Ecosystem Interactions
Principles of Ecology
A habitat is an area where an organism lives.
A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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Community Interactions
Principles of Ecology
Competition
Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time
Predation
Many species get their food by eating other organisms.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
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Symbiotic Relationships
Principles of Ecology
The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 1
2 or more organisms live closely together and benefit one another.
2 or more organisms live closely together, one is benefited and one isn’t affected
2 or more organisms live closely together, one is benefited and one is harmed
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Energy in an EcosystemAutotrophs
Flow of Energy in an EcosystemPrinciples of Ecology
Organisms that collect energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that get their energy requirements by consuming other organisms.
Section 2
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Detritivores Organisms that eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms.
Principles of EcologySection 2
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Principles of Ecology
Models of Energy Flow
Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem.
Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Section 2
Model Ecosystems
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Principles of Ecology
Food Chains
A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Section 2
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Principles of Ecology
Food Webs
A food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Section 2
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Principles of EcologySection 2
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Principles of Ecology
Ecological Pyramids
A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an organism
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Section 2
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Cycles in the Biosphere
Cycling of Matter
Principles of Ecology
Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.
The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.
Section 3
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The Water Cycle
Principles of Ecology
Cycling of Matter
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
Freshwater constitutes only about 3% of all water on Earth.
About 69% of all freshwater is found in ice caps and glaciers.
Cycling of Matter
Approximately 90% of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers;
10% evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called transpiration.
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Cycling of Matter
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.
Cycling of Matter
Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life.
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
Long-term Cycle
Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon)
Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)
Short-term Cycle
Burning fossil fuels (carbon)
Cycling of Matter
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
The Nitrogen Cycle
The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.
Cycling of Matter
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.
Cycling of Matter
Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:
Animals urinate.
Organisms die.
Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds.
Denitrification
Cycling of Matter
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
The Phosphorus Cycle
Cycling of Matter
Section 3
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Principles of Ecology
Short-term Cycle
Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers.
Long-term Cycle
Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.
Cycling of Matter
Section 3