principles of information systems -...

Principles of Information Systems Session 05 The Internet

Part 01 – The Internet

Chapter 07

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Principles and Learning Objec9ves

•  The Internet is like many other technologies—it provides a wide range of services, some of which are effec>ve and prac>cal for use today, others that are s>ll evolving, and s>ll others that will fade away from lack of use – Briefly describe how the Internet works, including alterna>ves for connec>ng to it and the role of Internet service providers

Principles and Learning Objec9ves (con9nued)

•  Originally developed as a document-‐management system, the World Wide Web is a menu-‐based system that is easy to use for personal and business applica>ons – Describe the World Wide Web and the way it works

– Explain the use of Web browsers, search engines, and other Web tools

–  Iden>fy and briefly describe the applica>ons associated with the Internet and the Web

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•  Because the Internet and the World Wide Web are becoming more universally used and accepted for business use, management, service and speed, privacy, and security issues must con>nually be addressed and resolved –  Iden>fy who is using the Web to conduct business and discuss some of the pros and cons of Web shopping

– Outline a process for crea>ng Web content – Describe Java and discuss its poten>al impact on the soJware world

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– Define the terms intranet and extranet and discuss how organiza>ons are using them

–  Iden>fy several issues associated with the use of networks

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Why Learn About the Internet?

•  Internet is an important part of most people’s lives –  Individuals can inves>gate career opportuni>es – Businesses sell and adver>se online – Employees can communicate with coworkers and bosses

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Use and Func9oning of the Internet

•  Internet: a collec>on of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging informa>on

•  ARPANET – Ancestor of the Internet – Project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 1969

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Use and Func9oning of the Internet (con9nued)

•  Internet Protocol (IP): communica>on standard that enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as needed

•  Research to make Internet faster and easier to use – “Digital objects”: allow all types of computer systems to use and share programs and data

–  Internet2 (I2), Next Genera>on Internet (NGI), Abilene: provide Internet speeds of up to 2 Gbps or more

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Use and Func9oning of the Internet (con9nued)

Table 7.1: A Brief History of the Internet

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How the Internet Works

•  Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to another

•  If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first computer is directly connected, it can send the message directly

•  If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the sending computer is connected, the sending computer relays the message to another computer that can forward it

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How the Internet Works (con9nued)

•  Data is passed in chunks called packets •  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport layer protocol that is used in combina>on with IP by most Internet applica>ons

•  Uniform Resource Locator (URL): assigned address on the Internet for each computer

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•  Accessing the Internet – Connect via LAN server – Connect via Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-‐to-‐Point Protocol (PPP)

– Connect via an online service – Other ways to connect cell phones, PDAs, and home appliances: e.g., wireless applica>on protocol (WAP) for cell phones

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Figure 7.1: Routing Messages over the Internet

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Table 7.2: U.S. Top-Level Domain Affiliations

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Figure 7.2: Internet Growth: Number of Internet Domain Names

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Figure 7.3: Several Ways to Access the Internet

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ETHERNET SWITCH

(Backbone)

802.11 WiFi Access Point

WiFi LAPTOP

Our Room to the Internet (simplified)

IP ROUTER

INTERNET

Default Gateway

ETHERNET SWITCH

(Backbone)

RM 511 WiFi Access Point

WiFi LAPTOP

Our Room to the Internet (simplified)

IP ROUTER

INTERNET


WiFi LAPTOP


WiFi LAPTOP

Internet Service Providers

•  Internet service provider (ISP): any company that provides individuals or organiza>ons with access to the Internet

•  Most charge a monthly fee •  Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or satellite transmission

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Internet Service Providers (con9nued)

Table 7.3: A Representative List of Internet Service Providers

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Internet Service Providers (con9nued)

Table 7.4: Approximate Times to Perform Basic Tasks with Various Internet Connections

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The World Wide Web

•  Also called the Web, WWW, or W3 •  Menu-‐based system that uses the client/server model

•  Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your computer

•  Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages, allowing users to access topics in whatever order they wish

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The World Wide Web (con9nued)

•  Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page descrip>on language for Web pages

•  HTML tags: let the browser know how to format text on a Web page and whether images, sound, and other elements should be inserted

•  Extensible Markup Language (XML): markup language for Web documents containing structured informa>on, including words, pictures, and other elements

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The World Wide Web (con9nued)

Figure 7.4: Sample Hypertext Markup Language

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Web Browsers

•  Web browser: soJware that creates a unique, hypermedia-‐based menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical interface to the Web – Menu consists of graphics, >tles, and text with hypertext links

–  Popular Web browsers: MicrosoJ Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computer’s Safari

•  Applet: small program embedded in Web pages •  Web browser plug-‐in: external program that is executed by a Web browser when it is needed

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Search Engines and Web Research

•  Search engine: Web search tool – Examples: Yahoo.com, Google.com

•  Most search engines are free •  Searches can use words, such as AND and OR to refine the search

•  Meta-‐search engine: submits keywords to several individual search engines and returns results from all these search engines

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Search Engines and Web Research (con9nued)

Table 7.6 Popular Search Engines

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Web Programming Languages

•  Java – Object-‐oriented programming language from Sun Microsystems based on C++

– Allows small programs (applets) to be embedded within an HTML document

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Web Programming Languages (con9nued)

Figure 7.6: Downloading an Applet from a Web Server

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Web Programming Languages (con9nued)

•  Other programming languages used to develop Web sites –  JavaScript – VBScript – Ac>veX – Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

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Developing Web Content

•  Sugges>ons for crea>ng a Web page 1.  Computer must be linked to a Web server 2.  Web browser program needed to view the HTML

pages you create 3.  Op>ons for designing the Web page

a)  Write your copy with a word processor, and use an HTML converter to convert the page into HTML format

b)  Use an HTML editor to write text and add HTML tags c)  Edit an exis>ng HTML template to meet your needs d)  Use an ordinary text editor and type the start and end tags

for each item

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Developing Web Content (con9nued)

•  Sugges>ons for crea>ng a Web page (con>nued): 1.  See HTML page in browser; correct any mistakes 2.  Add links to your home page 3.  Store pictures as files before adding them

a)  Draw them using a graphics soJware package b)  Copy pictures from other Web pages (with permission) c)  Buy a disk of clip art d)  Scan photos e)  Use a digital camera

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Developing Web Content (con9nued)

•  Sugges>ons for crea>ng a Web page (con>nued): 1.  Add sound by using a microphone connected to your

computer to create a file, and then adding a link to the file on a Web page

2.  Upload the HTML file to your Web site 3.  Review the Web page to make sure that all links are

correctly established to other Web sites 4.  Adver>se your Web page to others and encourage

them to take a look and send feedback by e-‐mail

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Web Services

•  Web services: standards and tools that streamline and simplify communica>on among Web sites for business and personal purposes

•  XML is used within a Web page to describe and transfer data between Web service applica>ons

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Web Services (con9nued)

•  Other components used in Web service applica>ons: – SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) – WSDL (Web Services Descrip>on Language) – UDDI (Universal Discovery Descrip>on and Integra>on)

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Internet and Web Applica9ons

•  The types of Internet and Web applica>ons available are vast and ever expanding

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Business Uses of the Web

•  In 1991, Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) Associa>on was established to allow businesses to connect to the Internet

•  Firms use the Internet for many types of applica>ons

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E-‐Mail, Instant Messaging, and Push Technology

•  E-‐mail – No longer limited to simple text messages –  Can embed sound and images –  Can apach files

•  Instant messaging: online, real-‐>me communica>on between two or more people who are connected to the Internet

•  Push technology: automa>c transmission of informa>on over the Internet rather than make users search for it with their browsers

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E-‐Mail, Instant Messaging, and Push Technology (con9nued)

Table 7.7: Some Common Abbreviations Used in Personal E-Mail

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Internet Cell Phones and Handheld Computers

•  Cell phones connected to the Internet allow people to search for informa>on, buy products, and chat with business associates and friends

•  Short Message Service (SMS) or tex>ng –  Brief text messages can be sent between two or more cell phone users

•  Handheld computers and other devices are connected to the Internet using phone lines or wireless connec>ons

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Career Informa9on and Job Searching

•  Use search engines to look for specific companies or industries

•  Internet sites specialize in helping you find job informa>on and apply for jobs online – Examples: www.monster.com, www.hotjobs.com, and www.careerbuilder.com

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Telnet and FTP

•  Telnet: terminal emula>on protocol that enables users to log on to other computers on the Internet to gain access to public files

•  File Transfer Protocol (FTP): protocol that describes a file transfer process between a host and a remote computer and allows users to copy files from one computer to another

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Web Log (Blog), Video Log (Vlog), and Podcas9ng

•  Web log or blog: Web site that people create and use to write about their observa>ons, experiences, and feelings on a wide range of topics

•  Video log or vlog: video content placed on the Internet using the same overall approach as a blog

•  Podcast: audio broadcast over the Internet –  People and corpora>ons use podcasts to listen to audio material, increase revenues, or adver>se products and services

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Usenet and Newsgroups

•  Usenet: system closely allied with the Internet that uses e-‐mail to provide a centralized news service – Protocol that describes how groups of messages can be stored on and sent between computers

•  Newsgroups: online discussion groups that focus on specific topics

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Usenet and Newsgroups (con9nued)

Table 7.8: Selected Usenet Newsgroups

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Chat Rooms

•  Chat room: enables two or more people to engage in interac>ve “conversa>ons” over the Internet

•  Internet Relay Chat (IRC) requires par>cipants to type their conversa>on rather than speak

•  Voice chat allows par>cipants to speak their conversa>on – Must have a microphone, sound card, speakers, a fast modem or broadband, and voice-‐chat soJware compa>ble with the other par>cipants’

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Internet Phone and Videoconferencing Services

•  Internet phone service –  Rela>vely inexpensive, especially for interna>onal calls

•  Voice-‐over-‐IP (VoIP) technology – Network managers can route phone calls and fax transmissions over the same network they use for data

•  Internet videoconferencing –  Supports both voice and visual communica>ons – Webcasts or Webinars

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Content Streaming

•  Method for transferring mul>media files, radio broadcasts, and other content over the Internet

•  Data stream of voice and pictures plays more or less con>nuously without a break, or with very few breaks

•  Enables users to browse large files in real >me •  Works best when the transmission of a file can keep up with the playback of the file

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Shopping on the Web

•  You can shop for almost anything over the Internet

•  Convenient, easy, and cost effec>ve •  Many Web sites also offer free shipping and pickup for returned items

•  Bot: a soJware tool that searches the Web for informa>on, products, or prices – Finds the best prices or features from mul>ple Web sites

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Web Auc9ons

•  Web auc9on: Internet site that matches buyers and sellers –  Businesses grow or reach customers for a low cost per transac>on

•  One of the most popular auc>on sites: eBay •  Poten>al problems with auc>on Web sites

– Auc>on sites cannot always determine whether the people and companies lis>ng products and services are legi>mate

–  Some Web sites have illegal or ques>onable items offered

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Music, Radio, Video, and TV on the Internet

•  Audio and video programs: play on the Internet or download files for later use

•  Music players and music formats such as MP3: download music from the Internet and listen to it anywhere – Musicians can gain exposure without a lucra>ve music contract

•  Radio broadcasts •  Audio books

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Music, Radio, Video, and TV on the Internet (con9nued)

•  Video and TV are increasingly becoming available on the Internet

•  New, innova>ve devices let you record TV programs and view them at any >me and place

•  Many content providers offer their programs over the Internet

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Office on the Web

•  Internet office: Web site that contains files, phone numbers, e-‐mail addresses, an appointment calendar, and more – Allows your desktop computer, phone books, appointment schedulers, and other important informa>on to be with you wherever you are

•  Many services and soJware products give you remote access to your files and programs over the Internet

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Internet Sites in Three Dimensions

•  Some Web sites offer three-‐dimensional views of places and products

•  Examples – 3-‐D Internet auto showroom: allows people to get different views of a car

– 3-‐D real estate site: people can tour the property, go into different rooms, etc.

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Other Internet Services and Applica9ons

•  Libraries: provide vast amounts of informa>on •  Movies: ordered and delivered over the Internet

•  Cri>cal informa>on during >mes of disaster or terrorism

•  Transla>on: words, sentences, or complete documents from one language into another

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Other Internet Services and Applica9ons (con9nued)

•  Distance learning: online courses •  Internet cameras: conduct job interviews; hold group mee>ngs with people around the world; monitor young children at daycare centers, etc.

•  Connect with friends or others with similar interests

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Intranets and Extranets

•  Intranet: internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and products – Used by employees to gain access to corporate informa>on

– Reduces the need for paper

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Intranets and Extranets (con9nued)

•  Extranet: network based on Web technologies that links selected resources of a company’s intranet with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners

•  Virtual private network (VPN): secure connec>on between two points across the Internet

•  Tunneling: process by which VPNs transfer informa>on by encapsula>ng traffic in IP packets over the Internet

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Intranets and Extranets (con9nued)

Table 7.9: Summary of Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Users

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Net Issues

•  Management issues –  Preven>ng apacks

•  Service and speed issues –  Keeping up with Internet traffic and traffic on company intranets

•  Privacy •  Fraud •  Security •  Unauthorized Internet sites

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