principles of location development for housing …subandono (2007) describes that the coastal region...

Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 60

PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION DEVELOPMENT FOR HOUSING AND SEAWEED PROCESSING INDUSTRIAL*

1Sherly Wunas, 2Veronica Natalia, 3Mimi Arifin 1,2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, 3Faculty of Architecture Engineering University of Hasanuddin

Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10 Makassar 90245 E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract Currently, the development of seaweed grows rapidly in Indonesia, such as in South Sulawesi. The activity is an economic potency for the low-income community. However, two issues arise : 1) the growth of unlivable informal houses along the coast (Baubau & Bantaeng), or along the river (Wajo), 2) the drying container, constructed as needed (along the road, beach/river) without considering the safety and direct access between the houses and the location of cultivation, especially in the transport process after seed binding and post harvest for drying. In the case of Bantaeng District, seaweed cultivation occurs on the side of the arterial road along the coast. Para para/drying container is constructed along the coast (32 km), and about 14 km of it is part of Bantaeng city center. This condition is vulnerable to traffic accidents, waves and sea breeze. Thus, production centers grow according to the working group of fishermen along the coast. The risk of traffic accidents is a result of carrying the seeds and products while crossing the arterial road. Therefore, this discussion is necessary to analyze the needs of the location/space for livable houses, seed binding, and seaweed drying development with proper access based on community approach (Case : Bantaeng watershed region). Data collection was done through surveys, direct observation and interviews with the farmers and fishermen using random sampling. Besides, the research method used Focus Group Discussion. The method of analysis is descriptive-quantitative and comparative to the standards and related policies. The result shows that the principle of location development for housing seaweed processing industry must : 1) separate the housing zone and seaweed drying zone with north-south orientation to avoid the wind; 2) both zones should be developed in the watershed that has a direct access between the local road network and water transport (boat dock).

Keyword : Housing, watershed area, seaweed processing, community, low income community

INTRODUCTION Currently, seaweed processing activity grows rapidly in Indonesia. The same condition also occurred in the region of South Sulawesi. The activity is an economic potency for low-income community (MBR). In the last five years in Bantaeng regency, most of fishermen focused in seaweed processing activity than fishing. This condition is a good turn for more income for the fishermen. Especially for fisherman who have double job in seaweed processing and fishing.

However, in relation to those economic activity there are two issues which arise in the City of Bantaeng : 1) informal housing, unlivable grow strong on the artery road side along the coast and in the coastal border, 2) para para / drying container built along the coast (32 km), and ±14 km of it is part of Bantaeng city center.

61 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015

Informal housing constructions are built without considering the user's security toward the strong sea breeze and the safety of the fisherman (seed bonding/Seaweed product). There is a risk when fisherman carried the product and crossed the arterial road from the house to the beach, or vice versa. The product is carried by two people who need to cross the road. That is why it high risks to traffic accidents.

Seaweed processing activities such as binding seed, harvest and drying seaweed can be found on strategic vacant land along the coast. Currently, there are huts/houses, para para/drying containers constructed along coastal border that should be used for public activity. This condition is contrary with spatial planning policy.

Figure 1. Road Side Condition That Used for Seaweed Processing Activity Along the Coast (± 32 km), High Risk of Accident

Another problem for farmers/fishermen in seaweed processing who develop housing and drying area is creating land use conflicts (residential and drying container). The housing became dense, slum, puddles around the seaweed drying container, resulting unlivable environment (Figure 2, and Figure 3).

Figure 2. Housing and Settlement Conditions of Seaweed Fishermen Growing Along The River (Case Study Bantaeng)

The condition of the infrastructure for processing/drying seaweed, and the quality of the environment is one of the factors that affects the sale value/quality from seaweed (http : //www.trobos.com/ Access December 20th, 2013). This value highly related to post harvest treatment, such as dryness and water substance. The high value, associated with post-harvest handling, depending on the drying process and water content contained in seaweed.

http://www.trobos.com/http://www.trobos.com/


Figure 3. Housing Conditions and Seaweed Fishermen Settlements on The Waterfront (Case : Baubau)

Base on previous description the interesting point to be discussed is to analyze the needs of the location/space to develop livable housing for seaweed fisherman, which is equipped with the infrastructure to support its activities.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND EXPERIENCE Coastal Region Characteristic

Subandono (2007) describes that the coastal region consist of complex system, requiring integrated management. There are 3 components that must be planned in a balanced way : existing ecosystems, coastal pace used and prevention/mitigation.

Figure 4. Component in Sustainable of Coastal Region Management (Diposaptono, 2007)

Based on Wunas (2013), the use of public space coast has led to conflicts between residential land and fishery activities (drying and selling fish, boat building and boat moorings). Housing form generally follows the local wisdom. Maintain the shape, structure and construction material of local traditional house in coastal areas. Infrastructure and facilities needed to attract residents to live/work in coastal areas/watershed.

Coastal community group has a very strong togetherness in fishing and farming. Participation form that can be applied in the implementation of development is based on the respective strengths that exist in the society.


APPROACH IN LOCATION THEORY/CONCEPT Regional developments should consider space, distance, and time, in order to determine a location may consider aspects of workers and economic efficiency.

According to Weber in Rustiadi et al (2011), the location selection by smallest cost, in which businesses and consumers are concentrated in certain centers. Each of these groups can enter the various markets to compete. Some labor stay in business location. The approaches in regional marketing are : 1) There is no distance difference in raw material distribution, labour and capital in the plains

region of homogeneous 2) Population density is equal 3) Public taste is constant. Population preferences are the same. Does not depend on corporate

locations.

M = Market R1R2= Raw Materials P1= Lowest cost Location

Figure 5. Industrial Location Determine Illustrations Base on Market Analysis of Weber Model

Weber models for basic analysis of market areas : Model 1 : The cost of production and transport is similar Model 2 : Production costs is different, while the transport costs is similar Model 3 : The cost of producing is similar, while the transport costs is different

Some point need to think about in the approach of industrial agglomeration (Weber in Rustiadi et all, 2011) : 1) The transport cost in location determine 2) Two primary location strengths, namely : the orientation of manpower and export 3) The market area 4) The advantages of localization economy, ie external benefits for company but internal for

the industry

Determination of the optimum location based on the cost of distribution (delivery costs) which is the cost of production plus transportation costs, is described using the market area.


Figure 6. Research Framework

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE ROLE OF FORMAL AND NON FORMAL INSTITUTIONS The lower strata of society will not easily participate in the implementation of the procurement organization, because they are afraid of government officials and their distrust to outsiders (Oscar Lewis, in Panudju1999). In terms of funding, according Turner (1976) special housing


procurement system is needed in the form of loans to buy land, to build a home also subsidies other outside assistance so that coastal communities can build their house. Limited education and knowledge also led to community participation in implementing the development plan that does not meet the standards. External parties are needed in the drafting of the house and the building permit.

Some basic procedure that should be followed in community participation implementation are (in URDI Parwoto1997) : 1) All parties have an equal opportunity to express their opinions. Decide things that are

directly related to his fate and responsible for all the decisions that have been agreed. 2) Each attending party must be received by the other party for what it is and inequality. 3) All parties must be willing and able to communicate themselves to allow coordination and

synergy. Each party is willing to merge into a single entity or collaboration. 4) Each party is required to be welcome/open minded. 5) All parties must be prepared to give their opinions and accep to ther people's

opinions/criticism.

RESEARCH APPROACH This research is non-experimental and descriptive exploratory. The location of the research is conducted in the coastal and watershed of Bantaeng, including Byangloe, Pajukukang, Lamalaka.

Figure 7. Map of Research Location in Panaikang, Tangtanga and Calendu Watershed


Basic considerations in the determination of the research location in Bantaeng are1) Fishermen activities grow strong in coastal areas. High risk to traffic accident and wind and wave disaster; 2) Three districts out of eight has 70-80% of population whose work is a seaweed fisherman, 3) para-para/drying container and boat moorings in the coastal areas place in public space, 4) Seaweed processing activity has been secured by the efforts of economic production (UEP) and business groups (KUBE).

Data were obtained through multiple data collection techniques, such as : a. Direct observation to the object of study include 1) space availability in the water front area,

2) land suitability to slope for the construction, 3) condition of infrastructure in traditional sailing, road network, water piping systems, electricity and telecommunications.

b. Interview. Conduct a discussion on the problems of 1) residential space and seaweed processing activity space, 2) transportation, 3) processing industry, 4) community issues.

c. Discussions with the various local government agencies that deal with housing and industrial development. Explore the location possibility for local and national investment.

d. Field note. Write down overall record/things that are found in the field and during the process of discussion with stakeholders.

e. Logbook. Describes the entire process of the research activities

The population of this study was all seaweed farmers/fishermen throughout the working population in the seaweed processing activities that live in Bantaeng Regency. Respondents in the study are determined by purposive/incidentally sample, consists of the head of the family and seaweed businesses, the actors that are related to the activities such as : seed binder, drying, boat owner, motor boat’s driver).

Analysis of space requirements in terms of land suitability (land sustainability analysis, analysis of solar orientation, wind direction, extensive analysis of space) for productive housing development and seaweed processing industry, using a comparative analysis of the various standards and policies, water depth analysis in traditional sailing need. Analysis of water and land transport mobility.

Analysis of regional infrastructure networks (transport) covering assessed on transport mode that used and owned by seaweed fishermen, patterns of mobility and type of cargo/freight. Utility assessed by availability and the needs of water, electrical and telecommunication from one community of retainer/punggawa of seaweed fisherman to their seaweed processing activities. Sanitary sewage system assessed from liquid and solid waste to the regulations of the Ministry of Environment.

Social systems assessed from the amount of households for each seaweed community, skipper systems, cooperative systems, systems that are managed in integrated effort from upstream to downstream, or partially. Organization system analysis assessed of formal and non-formal systems, business systems that have been conducted, and business system that can be developed, approach by Focused Group Discussion (FGD) method.


DISSCUSSION Site Location Analysis

Seaweed processing activities consist of 1) the binding of new seedlings in rope, 2) cultivation in the sea, 3) harvesting seaweed, 4) release of the seaweed from rope and cleaning dirt from sand, rock, etc., 5) drying, 6) washing with fresh water and draining, 7) bleaching and 8) sieving.

The location in the 8 stage of seaweed processing is choose as close as possible (short) with the location of cultivation in the sea, ie along the coast, or at the mouth of the river Bantaeng (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Seaweed Fisherman/Farmers Illustration Along The Coastal Area (a. Housing, Boat Mooring, and b. Drying Along The Beach c. Housing/ Gazebo and Drying Above The Sea)

Housing pattern and site layout in coastal areas are generally developed in a linear pattern, following the coast geographic, or follow the arterial road along the coast, as well as the binding activity of seeds and drying. Drying container or buildings constructed on the beach side or on the side of the road. The pattern of housing development is in accordance to Alibasyah (1989), that describes the characteristic pattern of housing in coastal areas, developing elongated following the coastal geography.

Similar things show in the pattern and layout of there sidential site at the mouth of the river. Housing developed following the mouth of river geographic shape. However, the housing formed in a concentric pattern in Bantaeng Regency (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Seaweed Fisherman/Farmers Housing Illustration That Grow Dense and Slump in Estuaries Area of Bantaeng Regency

The development of housing and supporting infrastructure in coastal areas or on the river banks is also affected by land availability as a public space and the location is very strategic (in the city center and along the arterial road).

The condition of the three site locations (coastal, road side and estuaries) showed that seaweed farmers/fishermen try to get closer between residential location, seeding/planting (ocean) location and seaweed processing location (residential distance to the container processing


≤800m. This indicates that factors of distance accessibility are more preferred. In other words, they ignore the risk/disaster factors such as sea breezes and abrasion (Figure 10).

Distance between building and beach is one of the regulations in coastal housing development. This regulation made to preserve ecology/environment in the coastal area. However, the regulations mostly ignore, as the result buildings develop in shoreline/beach side or above the water and leads to building risk and beach ecological destruction.

Building distance from beach is one of the requirements in housing development. This requirement is to maintain the sustainability/ecology of coastal environments. This requirement is ignore by the community. Most building developed on the shoreline/river or on the water, without considering the building safety, and ecological destruction.

INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF SEAWEED PROCESSING AREA Productive Housing

Seaweed Fishermen/Farmer’s House is generally shaped as elevated houses. This house can be categorized as a productive house, because the ground floor is used for economic activity such as : binding the seed (±10-15m rope length), cleaning the harvest. Second floor is used as a residential area. There is 60% of seaweed fishermen/farmers who stay in unlivable housing (without sanitation, drainage and waste facility. As well as no sewage treatment from seaweed processing (washing and drying). Air flow contaminated with dust and smell come from seaweed processing under the elevated houses (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Illustration of Seaweed Farmer/Fisherman Residential as Productive Housing

The conventional way is still used in seaweed drying process. Drying container (Para-para), is built on vacant land around the house (in the flatland, on the water, on the road side), with an average area 24-60 square meter. Generally, by used 6m modules size, according to the length of bamboo or wood. This condition cause the housing area becomes dense and slum (60-70% was a built area) and also low quality of life. For the Seaweed Fisherman/Farmer, safety is not a concern yet (Figure 12).


Figure 12. Conventional Drying Container Illustration

Transport Infrastructure Network

Boat is the main mode of transport that is used by Seaweed Fishermen/Farmers. This mode is a woodboat, measuring ±1,00 x 3,00m. Generally, the type of mode tha tis used is a paddle boat to carry seed or harvest. Planting seed distance location is relatively short (


Seaweed washing/cleaning and drying facility built in ±50-100 square meter of the flatland, with a simple and conventional construction, without drainage. Under the drying container (para-para) becomes muddy, humid, because the people do not understand the drying technic that can affect the seaweed quality. As well as affecting the health and environmental quality.

Environment Utility

Water and electricity infrastructure have reached all housing site locations. Utilization of renewable energy has not become a public concern or a concern for the local government yet.

A conventional drying seaweed activity, which requires a wide space, a lot of time (3-5 days), requires thinking for space efficiency and improving the quality of production, primarily in the drying phase.

Farmers approved (100%) that the drying container can be used together with all the community member. The opinion indicates that Seaweed Fishermen/Farmers realize that drying space need rearrangement.

Analysis of Seaweed Processing Actors Activities/Community

Processing activities are generally carried out on government land (70%). Generally, they used the space that is designated for public space, particularly in coastal area sand estuaries.

Figure 14. Condition of Conventional Gazebo and Non Formal on Bank/Local Government Sponsor

Seaweed processing actor communities has been formed by the fisheries department in the Village of Pajukukang and Kaili. Each group consists mostly of 10 actors. The labors mostly come from the family system.

Gazebo for seed binding is the facility that is constructed by the local government or banks sponsorship. But most of it did not function optimally because the construction was not in accordance with the demands of behavior in the seed binding process, such as wind direction and solar radiation. Figure15 shows the construction of the gazebo roof slope which should be able to reduce wind and heat.

The idea is arise on FGD process. Community suggests to unite resident area and seaweed Processing area. That is why the seaweed processing location should be move in appropriate area around the river side. Apparently 80% of them approve in rearrange the residential and seaweed processing area in the watershed of Bantaeng. Rearrangement should be complete with boat (35%) and easy access to cultivating area.


CONCLUSION The result of analysis shows the planning concept needs to consider; 1) the physical aspects of the land, topography/slope is relatively flat, 2) geography, watersheds that can support easy access and connectivity to the sea and the land. And 3) behavior in seaweed processing, such as wind direction and thermal radiation, 4) land use, bring a variety of activities, such as residential, the binding of seed, cleaning and drying also industry activity in seaweed processing.

REFERENCES Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. 2001. Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir.

Panudju, B. 1999. Pengadaan perumahan kota dengan peran serta masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah. Alumni Bandung

Parwoto. 1997. Kemitraan dalam pembangunan perumahan, Prosiding seminar nasional. Kemitraan dalam pembangunan perumahan di Yogyakarta. 20-21 Agustus 1997

Rustiadi., et all. 2011. Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarta

Subandono, Budiman, 2007. Hidup Akrab dengan GEMPA dan TSUNAMI. PT. Sarana Komunikasi Utama. Bogor.

Turner, J.F.C. 1976. Housing By People, Towards autonomy in buiding environments, Marion Boyars London.

Wunas, S. 2013. Housing on waterfront landuse conflict in City of Kolaka. On Seminar international architecture in urbanize maritime culture

Wunas, S. dkk. 2007. Pengembangan perumahan swadaya di wilayah pesisir Sulawesi Selatan, kerjasama Labo perumahan permukiman Unhas dan Kemenpera Bidang Perumahan Swadaya Indonesia

Wunas, dkk, 2013. Pengembangan sentra produksi rumput laut melalui dukungan jaringan transportasi di Kabupaten Bantaeng, kerjasama Litbang Perhubungan.

Wunas, S. 2011. Kota Humanis, Integrasi Guna Lahan dan Transportasi. Brillian International.Surabaya

http : //alattangkapperikananlaut.blogspot.com/2012/08/proses-pengolahan-rumput-laut.html akses 23 Desember 2013

http : //www.trobos.com/show_article.php?rid=11&aid=2859 (1 April 2011) Publikasi >>Panduan Petunjuk Teknis Leaflet >> Pengelolaan rumput laut menjadi bahan jadi

dan setengah jadi http : //sulsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php? Kamis, 06 Desember 2012 09 : 54 akses 23

* Paper presented in the 4th International Seminar On Tropical Eco-Settlements (ISTEcS) ‘Bringing Coastal Cities Into The Future : Challenges, Adaption, And Mitigation’, Yogyakarta 21-23 October 2014.

http://alattangkapperikananlaut.blogspot.com/2012/08/proses-pengolahan-rumput-laut.htmlhttp://www.trobos.com/show_article.phphttp://sulsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php

Mitigation of Abrasion Impact … (Lianah, Amin Fatah, Joko Budi Poernomo) 72

MITIGATION OF ABRASION IMPACT TO FARMER POND COMMUNITY, A CASE STUDY OF MANGROVE CULTIVATION

IN URBAN DISTRICT*

1Lianah, 2Amin Fatah, 3Joko Budi Poernomo 1, 2, 3 Biology Faculty, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia

E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract Mangunharjo beach is one of the areas affected by sea erosion, the cause is a tidal wave. Other areas such as Mangkang Wetan, Karanganyar and Mangkang Kulon also damaged due to abrasion, other factors beside global warming, greenhouse effect, melting of polar ice, tidal flooding, as well as the rising temperature of the earth's surface which causes the tides, caused unstable waves and coastal erosion that damages resulted plains and farming areas in the Mangunharjo Village. Then the farmers to take steps to reduce the impact of seawater abrasion by mangrove planting. The purpose of this research is to figure out how to cope with the impact of sea erosion and management through mangrove cultivation. Data collection is done by the method of observation, interviews, and a review of documentations. The result showed that mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo is very influential in overcoming the effects of abrasion, mangrove species diversity in the Mangunharjo Village numbering about 11 species, namely Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia casoelaris. but the type of cultivated types Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for planting there are three types are used, namely Bruguiera sp, Rhizophora sp and Avicennia sp. This is caused of the three species has its own advantages and large strong roots that can grip the soil / sand which is on the coast of the influence of sea water abrasion.

Keywords : Mitigation, impact, abration, community farmers, coastal erotion

INTRODUCTION The coastal area is a meeting between marine and terrestrial regions, this area is an area where the interactions between terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems are very dynamic and influential, this region was intensively exploited for human activities such as : central government, residential, industrial, ports, aquaculture, agriculture and tourism. The beach has a dynamic equilibrium which tends to adjust the shape of the profile so that it is able to destroy incoming wave energy. Normal waves that will come easily destroyed by coastal mechanism, while the big wave / storm that has great energy though short will cause erosion (Sumbago Pranoto, 2007).

Abrasion is one of the problems that threaten coastal conditions, which threaten the coastline so moved backward, damaging farms and rice fields location on the beach, as well as threaten the modern an directly adjacent to the sea water. Coastal erosion is defined as the pullback of


the coastline from its original position (Triatmojo, 1999). The problem of coastal erosion is likely to increase in many areas not least in Semarang coast. One of the areas experiencing quite severe abrasion is Semarang Coastal western part of the monument, which includes District and Western District of Semarang. In the area quite severe problems that occur in regards to reducing land use in because of coastal erosion and inundation in the pond. Damage that occurs along the coast approximately 2 : 25 miles in the District includes the Village Mangunharjo monument, Wetan Mangkang Village, Village Randugarut, Karanganyar Village, Village Tugurejo and approximately 0.5 miles in the District of West Semarang, Village Tambakharjo (Department of Marine and Fisheries Semarang, 2009).

Various activities or development on the mainland and the coast, such as deforestation, land clearing, dredging on the coast, and so on, which causes soil erosion and sand will cause sedimentation or siltation. Sedimentation is one form of pollution that is not toxic. The sediment will enter the river or water body and eventually empties into the ocean or coastal areas. Major natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and hurricanes can cause damage to the mangrove ecosystem. Large amounts of ash from eruptions can cover the mangrove ecosystem, both carried by the wind to the coast and transported by the flooding of the river. Similarly tsunami and hurricanes can also cause damage to mangrove ecosystems, although naturally protective coastal mangrove ecosystem is.

Global climate change (global climate change) can cause damage to coastal ecosystems, including mangrove ecosystem. Global climate change is mainly caused by the increased production of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Continuing impact of global warming is melting the ice at the poles, so that the sea level rise, changes in rainfall, salinity decreased, and increased sedimentation in coastal and marine areas (Ghufron, 2012). In order for the widespread effects of abrasion, it must be done with reference to the handling of spatial planning of coastal areas. As one of the coastal ecosystem, mangrove forest is a unique and fragile ecosystem. This ecosystem has ecological and economic functions. Ecological functions of mangrove forests include : shoreline protection, prevent the sea water intrusion, habitat (residence), foraging (feeding ground), the care and rearing (nursery grounds), where pemijakan (spawing ground) for a variety of aquatic biota, as well as a regulator of the micro-climate, while the economical function of industrial use, and producing seeds. Mangrove plants have unique adaptability to the environment. Bengen (2001), describes the adaptation of the form : adaptation to low oxygen levels, causing mangrove roots has a typical power : 1 Type scrawl has pneumatofora (eg : Avecennia spp., Xylocapus) to take oxygen from the air; and Type 2 buffer / wand that has lenticels (example : Rhyzopora spp.), adaptation to high salinity, adaptation to unstable soil and the presence of tides (Bengen, 2001).

PROBLEMS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD This research was a case study using qualitative methods and methods desriptif. Sugiyono (2009) explained that based on the degree of naturalness (natural setting), the qualitative method is also referred to as naturalistic method, the method of research carried out at the place and do not make a natural treatment. Descriptive method in this study aims to provide an overview of mitigation impact abrasion sea water with mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo. This


study was conducted for one month, the month of May 2014, the material scope of this study is to mitigate the impact abrasion sea water with mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo monument that includes the number of farmers cultivating crops and livelihoods mangrove p. While the scope of this research is the area of the Forest Area Mangrove Village Mangunharjo which is administratively located in the region Mangunharjo village, Semarang, with consideration of these locations have the potential to support the mitigation of the impact of coastal erosion. The data used include primary data and secondary data based on the scope of the study. Primary data is the main data required in this study. Sources of data in qualitative research is the words, and actions (interview or observation), the written record through video / audio tapes, photographs, statistical data (Lexy J. Moleong, 2012). Secondary data in the form of a general overview of the condition of the Village Forest Area Mangrove Mangunharjo which include flora and fauna, landscapes, livelihoods, education level, and the institutional system of the Village Forest Area Mangrove Mangunharjo.

Selection of speakers using nonprobability sampling technique with methode purposive sampling. Informants in this study include fish farmers, agencies, and experts / academics, amounting to 6 speakers. Determination of the number of sources is not based on statistical calculations (Lincoln and Guba, 1985 in Sugiyono, 2009), but sources are considered adequate if the data has reached the redundancy (data sources has been saturated and no new information), it means that by using the next speaker is virtually no longer obtained new information that is meaningful (Nasution, 1988) in Sugiyono, 2009).

Data analysis was done by finding and compiling research data systematically, including organizing the data into categories, stripped in units, do sistensis, develop into a pattern, choose a name that is important and will be studied, and making conclusions, so it is easy to understand by myself and others (Sugiyono, 2009).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The general condition of the Village Mangunharjo monument. 1. The total area of the village approximately : 482.370 ha with borders North Java Sea, East

Mangkang Wetan, Southern District of Ngaliyan, and West Mangkang Kulon. Geographic height of 4 m above sea level, amount of rainfall is 2,000 m / year, as the hilly topography of the lowlands, the average temperature is 310C. High orbisitas government center region of the sea surface temperature minimum / maximum : 28-320C, the distance from the sub-district administrative center distance of 9 km, 20 km Semarang city, province 24 km.

2. The area of paddy land : 0.00 Ha technical irrigated rice, irrigated fields of technical half 50.00 ha, 30.00 ha of rainfed lowland rice fields tidal 0.00 Ha. While the number of people this year for the 2793 male, 2814 female person, last year the population of 2711 people men, women 2741 people, the percentage of male development of approximately 3.02% and 2.66% of women.


Table 1. Population Village Livelihood Mangunharjo NO Livelihood Population 1. Farmers 99 2. Farmers Mangrove 6 3. Peasants 161 4. Fishermen 163 5. Entrepreneur 13 6. Industrial Workers 266 7. Labor Building 122 8. Merchants 142 142 9. Transportation 59 59 10. Employees (Civil, Military and Police) 103 11. Retired 23 12. Farmer 688 13. Other 133617 Total 5607

Source : Monograph Village Mangunharjo, May 2014

In terms of quantity, with a small number of residents who work as farmers mangrove, then it becomes an obstacle for the mitigation of the impact of sea erosion, but in quality to see the enthusiasm of the population, especially those with coastal environmental concerns, a group of farmers who are members of sustainable mangrove, mangrove farmer groups times pesantren, as well as the awareness of the various government agencies, private foundations and NGOs concerned about the environment such as mangrove biota, green comunity, etc., then this factor can be a force to support the mitigation of the impact of coastal erosion Mangunharjo village.

Physical Condition and Landscape Mangunharjo Mangrove Forest Areas. Mangunharjo mangrove forest there is a river flowing in Mangunharjo, this river ecosystems associated with coastal brackish waters Mangunharjo, physically mainland coast consists of a collection of land Mangunharjo and sedimentation of rivers Mangunharjo results. Ecologically, the area consists of mangrove trees, aquaculture areas, and habitats of flora and fauna. From the hydrological aspect, Mangunharjo mangrove forest directly adjacent to coastal waters, various environmental components above interact to form a unique ecosystem and has great potential.

FLORA AND FAUNA OF MANGROVE FOREST AREAS MANGUNHARJO Flora and fauna role in improving farm productivity. Therefore, the existence of the flora species must still be considered to maintain the ecological sustainability of mangrove forests, taking into account its ecological function in the short term and long term.

Mangrove species diversity in the Village Mangunharjo numbering about 11 species, namely Lanata Avicennia, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrical, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia casoelaris. but the kind that is cultivated or nursery that is kind of Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for pleanting Mangunharjo mangrove on the beach there are three types that are used, namely Bruguiera sp, sp Rhizophora and Avicennia sp.


Mangrove cultivation in the Village Mangunharjo Mangrove cultivation by the farmers monument Mangunharjo ponds, mangrove nursery trick as follows : Drying nurseries Structuring beds set up a distance of 15 cm straight line. If the dry season waring / net / black nets to reduce the temperature of the heat. Structuring or recharging ground white or black color polybag plastic content of the soil,

polybag diameter of 15 cm length 10 cm width. When all was given manure. If no fertilizer then we let stand for 1 week. Then we fill the new 6 / plugs in good seed Rhizopora, Avicennia, and Bruguiera. Fill the water at the location of the nursery until polybag sink, if not sink into a double

work should water the seedlings.

Figure 1. Seed While Still in Polybags

Within the emerging 1.5 months, age 2 months leaved 2, age 3 months leaved 4, new 4 months old ready for harvest.

Yields later partly sold and partly transferred into the sea to reduce the effects of abrasion.

Figure 2. Plant Already 4 Months Old


KINDS OF MANGROVE BEACH IN MANGUNHARJO VILLAGE Rhizhopora Mucronata

Tree reaching 25 m height, tunjang root, the single composition, cross, elliptical shape, a tapered tip, a length of 15-20 cm, seeds vivipari, Phenology : year-round flowering and fruiting in October-December. Flowers : 4-8 interest groups arranged two by two, the crown : 4, white, hairy, petals 4 strands stamens 8, the size of 3-4 cm, short stamen pistil very short. Fruit : 2.0 to 2.3 cm diameter, yellowish green color, neck cotyledons, fruit cylindrical, can float.

Rhizhoporastylosa

Height of trees up to 6 cm, tunjang root, the single composition, cross, elliptical shape, sharp tip, a length of 10-18 cm, seeds vivipari. Flowers : 8-16 or more, arranged two by two, dependent, 4 crowns, white, petals 4 strands, green yellow, stamen 8, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter. Stamen long and thin.

Fruit : diameter of 1.5-2.0 cm, length> 30 cm. Color : green hypocotyl

Rhizhopora Apiculata

Height of trees up to 15 m tall, tunjang roots, the single composition, cross, elliptical.

Avicennia Alba

Height of trees reaching 15 m tall trees, the roots of breath, such as a pencil, the single composition, cross, shape lanceolate to elliptical, pointed tip, 10-18 cm long. Kriptovivipari seeds, leaves have salt glands.

Avicennia Marina

Tree / shrub, up to 8 m, the roots of breath, the single composition, cross, elliptical shape rounded up to the pointy end, a length of 5-9 cm, kriptovivipari seed type.

Sonneratia Alba

Shrub tree height reaches 12 cm, roots breath, the single composition, cross, elliptical shape, rounded tip, 5-11 cm length, type kriptovivipari seeds, leaves have salt glands.

Sonneratia Caseolaris

Trees shrubs, up to 16 m, the roots of breath, single shaped arrangement, cross, tee up a round shape, egg breech, rounded ends, 5-10 cm size, year-round flowering phenology, fruiting May-June.

Brueguieragymnorrhiza

The tree reaches 20 m height, knee and banir small roots, single stack, intersects the tapered tip of the ellipse, shape, size 8-15 cm long, phenology, seed type vivipara : flowering fruiting all year round, in July-August. Flowers : flower arrangement crown width, single, white to tan, petals 10-14 strands, red, size 3-5 cm long.


Brueguiera Cylindrica

The tree reaches 20 m height, knee and banir small roots, single stack, intersects the tapered tip of the ellipse, shape, size 8-15 cm long, phenology, seed type vivipara : flowering fruiting all year round, in July-August. Flowers : flower arrangement crown width, single, white to tan, petals 10-14 strands, red, size 3-5 cm long, the ends of each crown-shaped tapered. Fruit : diameter of 1.7 to 2.0 cm, length 20-30 cm, dark green to purple with brown blotches, slippery surface, cylindrical fruits.

Brueguiera Gymnorrhiza

Its a form of high trees reach 15 cm, root benir knee and minor, single stack, cross, eliptical, tapered tip, size 6-9 cm, type seed vivipara. Flowers : large, single flower, leaf, underarm white crown, until brown, petals 10-14 strands, greenish yellow, 3-4 cm size, the ends of the strands of the crown are blunt. Fruit : size of 1.5-2 cm diameter, green to purple, with streaks of brown, slippery surface, a short cylindrical fruits.

Brueguierasexangula

Height of trees reach 15 cm, root benir knee and minor, single stack, cross, eliptical, tapered tip, size 6-9 cm, type seed vivipara. Flower : width, single flower, leaf, underarm white crown, until brown, petals 10-14 strands, greenish yellow, size 3-4 cm, tip blunt crown strands.Fruit : 1.5-2 cm diameter, green to purple, with streaks of brown, slippery surface, a short cylindrical fruits.

Based on the results of research conducted, mangrove cultivation led to the first plateau damaged by erosion, sedimentation and silting are now experiencing and the distance to the beach can be returned settlement about 500 m, so calculated annually coastal areas experiencing sedimentation or silting of 33 m per year, ranging 1999 fish farmers began planting mangroves to promote the cultivation of his own, until now in 2014 about 0.5 km farmers have to take back the plain seawater abrasion affected.

Mangrove species diversity in the Village Mangunharjo numbering about 11 species, namely Lanata Avicennia, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrical, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia casoelaris but the kind that is cultivated or nursery that is kind of Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for pleanting Mangunharjo mangrove on the beach there are three types that are used, namely Bruguiera sp, sp Rhizophora and Avicennia sp. This is because the three species has its own advantages and strong roots so that it can grip the soil / sand which is on the coast of the influence of sea water gelombak abrasion.

Mangrove plant species diversity in the Village Mangunharjo because of donations and sponsorship roles farmer sets up a mangrove nursery ponds to perform, so as to achieve 15 species, but amounts there is little or uneven. Cultivation analysis mangroves to mitigate the effects of coastal erosion. Based on the image 1. There are three research element or called social situations / events of nature in the form of a tidal wave abrasion, including : first farmers,


both the cultivation and breeding activities are carried out by fish farmers Mangunharjo, third place of cultivation and planting of mangroves in the area of the pond and Mangunharjo beach.

CONCLUSION 1. Mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo very influential in overcoming the effects of

abrasion, based on the research conducted, mangrove cultivation led to the first plateau damaged by abrasion, is now experiencing sedimentation or silting and distance to the beach can be returned settlement about 500 m, so the calculated per year experiencing coastal sedimentation or silting of 33 m per year, from 1999 fish farmers began planting mangroves to promote the cultivation of his own, until now in 2014 about 0.5 km farmer has taken back the plain seawater abrasion affected.

2. Diversity of mangrove species in the Village Mangunharjo numbering about 11 species, namely Lanata Avicennia, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrical, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia casoelaris. but the kind that is cultivated or nursery that is kind of Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for pleanting Mangunharjo mangrove on the beach there are three types that are used, namely Bruguiera sp, sp Rhizophora and Avicennia sp. This is because the three species has its own advantages and strong roots so that it can grip the soil / sand which is on the coast of the influence of sea water gelombak abrasion.

REFERENCES

Al-Quran Dan Terjemah , 2003. Al-Quran Surat Ar-Rahman ayat 6-9. CV. Penerbit Jumanatul Ali-art, Bandung.

Arikunto, S. 1992. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta Arikunto, Suharsimi, 1998, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, Jilid II, Jakarta : PT.

Rineka Cipta. Diarto, Hendrarto,Boedi, Suryoko,Sri, 2012, Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Tugurejo Di Kota Semarang, Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Undip Semarang, Vol. 10 Issue 1;1-7.

Gunarto, Konservasi mangrove sebagai pendukung sumber hayati perikanan pantai, Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau.

Gunawan, Imam, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori dan Praktik., Jakarta : Bumi Aksara, 2013. Hadi, S. 2003. Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta : Andi UGM. Husamah, Internalisasi Nilai Agama Dalam Pendidikan Lingkungan (Strategi Menanamkan

Kearifan Ekologi Secara Dini). Moloeng, Lexy, J. 2012, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi, Bandung : PT. Remaja

Rosdakarya. Nybakken, D. 1998. Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara terpadu, Alih Bahasa oleh M.

Eidman, Koesoebiono., D.G. Bengen., M. Hutomo., S. Sukardjo. PT. Gramedia Nybakken, J.W. 1992. Biologi Laut Suatu Pendekatan Ekologi.


Eidman., Koesoebiono., D.G. Bengen., M. Hutomo., S. Sukardji. PT. Gramedia Pustaka. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Paryono, T.J., Kusumastanto, T., Dahuri, R., Bengen, D.G.,1999, Kajian Ekonomi Pengelolaan Tambak Di Kawasan Mangrove Segara Anakan, Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Vol.2, No.3.

Poerwodarminto. 1995. Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka Pranoto, Sumbago, 2007, Prediksi Perubahan Garis Pantai Menggunakan Model Genesis Dalam

Jurnal : Berkala Ilmiah Teknik Keairan Vol. 13. No 3 – Juli 2007, ISSN 0854-4549. Santoso, N., 2000. Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Di Wilayah Pesisir Tropis.

PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta, Indonesia. Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D, Cetakan ke 8, Bandung : CV.

ALFABETA, 2009. Triatmodjo, B. 1999. Teknik Pantai, Beta Offset, Yogyakarta. Hlm 397. Wibowo, K.,Handayani, T., 2006, Pelestarian Hutan Mangrove Melalui Pendekatan Mina Hutan

(Silvofishery), Jurnal Penelitian Balai Teknologi Lingkungan BPPT, Vol. 7 No. 3. www. Google map.com/ diunggah tanggal 16 Mei 2014 Jam 09.40 wib.

* Paper presented in the 4th International Seminar On Tropical Eco-Settlements (ISTEcS) ‘Bringing Coastal Cities Into The Future : Challenges, Adaption, And Mitigation’, Yogyakarta 21-23 October 2014.


IMPACT DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSE BUILDING WITHOUT QUALITY CONTROL

Johnny Rakhman Research Institute for Housing and Human Settlements, Agency for Research and Development

Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Jl. Panyawungan, Cileunyi Wetan, Kabupaten Bandung 40393

Email : [email protected]

Abstract Recovery after the earthquake and tsunami in Banda Aceh has been done, according to the main needs of mass housing construction procurement with considerable amounts. Housing reconstruction is done by involving contractors and most involve local communities in an effort to empower the community itself. In accordance with the plan that houses built required should be resistant to earthquakes and the smallest size that is type 36, but the government wants to ensure that the building of the house really resistant to earthquakes, thus necessary to check the reliability of the structure of the house building both visually and in technical test, so that the residents feel safe and comfortable. Visual observation and technical test of 65 randomly house has been done with the results that can be delivered, among others, that of as many as 65 home does not meet the requirements of earthquake-resistant buildings, although visually building the house looks good does not happen significant damage, but as we can from the observation technical field, many of the details of reinforcement that does not fit with the image of planning as it was determined that the building must comply with the requirements of earthquake-resistant buildings, so that the building has been standing need to be treated in the repair and strengthening or retrofitting of structures primarily in general and in the special reinforcement details.

Keywords : Reconstruction, investigation, building code, repairing, retrofitting

BACKGROUND Reconstruction has be done like the study site in Aceh in the form of housing construction has started since mid-2005, one of the housing reconstruction is through the development of community empowerment pattern held by the people of Banda Aceh itself, which has made the construction of housing non-stage type 36 1,000 homes, whose construction has been completed in accordance with a predetermined schedule, so that before the handover to the people of Aceh, the home building needs to be done visually investigation and testing the reliability of the home building structure in detail, and has been done investigation of 65 houses in the village of Baro and Blang Oi, so that the residents feel safe and comfortable.

The building houses made of : 1. Main structure consists of reinforced concrete structures on the sloop, columns, beams and

horses. 2. Non structure consists of a masonry wall plastered as filler portal structure and function as

a room divider section.

Impact Development … (Johnny Rakhman) 82

3. Roof Construction consists horses combined concrete and wooden horses were used as a binder between the corrugated iron roof coverings with wooden purlins.

4. Given Aceh is an earthquake-prone area, so that the building is designed resistant to earthquake hazard.

Damage does not occur in the building, but supposedly there are some things that do not follow the implementation of the plans include : on any bonds reinforcement at each connection point of the main structure, so it needs to be investigated in detail and reliability testing on the part of the main structure.

Purpose and Goal

Purpose of investigation and testing is to get the data types or less complete destruction of the house visually and forecasts quality reinforced concrete, the entire house has been completed.

The goal is to determine further steps according to the level of damage and incomplete in existing buildings, so that the building meets the technical requirements of the applicable.

METHODOLOGY Search Data and Documentation Building

The necessary checks that the technical data regarding home building which includes shop drawings or as built drawings, specifications, material quality test results during execution, and pictures of construction work.

Visual Inspection

This examination includes a series of activities related to observation visually home building conditions for the existence of deflection, cracks, damage and conformity with the plans of other.

Testing Materials

This type of testing that is conducted is not destructive testing (non-destructive) and slightly damaged (semi-destructive) to determine the quality of the material of the structural components installed by testing directly in the field using a specific test equipment.

This type of testing field in question is : 1. Forecast Testing Concrete Compressive Strength Concrete Surfaces with Hammer

(Hammer Test) The test was performing by means of Concrete Hammer (Hammer Test) with the aim to estimate the compressive strength of concrete surface.

2. Test Data Analysis At this stage, the entire field test data obtained will be processing to determine the conditions attached to the concrete quality structural components of the building areas / locations that have been examin, as well as recount attached structure to determine which types of technical recommendations to follow up on corrective measures.


Re-structure Calculations Houses Type 36

Strength Building Structure Analysis of the power house structure type 36 that there is very dependent on the strength component of the main column and main beams are determined by the dimensions, material quality, number and diameter of reinforcement, and loading received. Strength of structural components is determined by eligibility reliability that “Strong plan must be greater than the strong need“ or the strength section to be able to bear the burden of the existing work.

Re-structure calculations to determine the level of reliability of the structure of the building done using the SAP program.

Home building structures showed that the structure of the house is still within safe limits, which in turn results in comparison with theoretical calculations to obtain Cracking Moment by using the formula :

with :

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑟 . 𝐼𝑔

𝑦𝑡 (1)

and 𝑓𝑟 = 0,7 𝑓𝑐 ′ (2)

fr = Concrete tensile stress that causes cracks Mcr = Cracking moment Ig = The moment of inertia of the cross section of concrete (bxh3/12) Yt = Distance from the neutral line to the cross section of the outer fibers

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Visual Inspection

Visual inspection activities carried out to determine the condition of the location and condition of the component - the component mounted structure in detail, such as the components of the sloop, beams, columns and concrete horses including parts - parts supporting or non-structural components that are able to interfere with or diminish the quality of each - each structural component. The results of the examination of the 65 homes that have been done show that the building that serves as a dwelling house, while the findings in the field on the important parts in the main structure which is not in accordance with the plans, such as the joint meeting of the columns and beams are supposed to be cutting the size of the 40D turns on the field was found to be in accordance with the plans as described in the following table (Rakhman J, 2006).


Table 1. Investigation Results No. Cases Remark 1.

The main reinforcement in the beam that looks excess is not bent as binding on the column reinforcement

2.

The main reinforcement in the beam and column connections are visible only bent any, so it's not a perfect bond between the reinforcement of columns and beams

3.

The main reinforcement visible columns do not use the short length of the distribution, so it is not a perfect bond between the reinforcement of columns and beams, as well as the beam should be cast in concrete but the picture looks filled with red brick.

4.

The main reinforcement visible columns do not use the short length of the distribution, as well as the main reinforcement bars are too short, so it is not a perfect bond between the reinforcement of columns and beams.

5.

Joint between columns with masonry walls that have no visible in plaster cuttings / anchors are installed.

6.

Truss roop pedestal - a wooden roop used only bricks and tied not perfect by a reinforcement overstek.

7.

Stand purlins on wooden truss had been held by a single nail without wood.


Seen from observations in the field are still many houses are already finished but did not follow the plans that already exist, so these factors greatly affect the quality of home building structure attached.

Overall damage - significant damage to components of the building structure and non-structural components (IAEE 1986) installed almost.

Examination Material Quality Test

The test results home building type 36 by using test equipment Concrete Hammer (Hammer Test) (ASTM) as seen in the following summary :

Estimates of concrete compressive strength testing were conduct on the concrete surface by using a concrete hammer (Hammer Test). The result is an estimate of the strength of concrete as follows : 1) The main column with a values


Material Quality materials used in modeling the structure is : fc’= 10.18 MPa fy = 240 MPa (ϕ≤ 12 mm)

Regulations, Standards, and the Program of Computer Applications Regulations and standards used in the structural analysis is : 1. Imposition Planning Guidelines for Home and Building (SKBI – 1.3.53.1987) 2. Earthquake Resilience Planning Procedures for Buildings (SNI-1729-2012) 3. Planning Procedures for Concrete Structures for Buildings (SNI- 2847-2012) 4. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 5. American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-02)

Computer Applications Program Computer application programs used are SAP2000 Nonlinear.

Loading

Type Loading Dead Load Dead load is the weight of its own structure including any additional elements that are considered a single entity remains with him. Determination of the amount of dead weight that can be used as a reference standard design is referring to SKBI-1.3.28.1987, i.e. : 1. Steel Castings = 7850 kg/m3 2. Reinforced Concrete = 2400 kg/m3 3. Concrete Normal (mashed) = 2200 kg/m3 4. Wood Class II = 780 kg/m3 5. Cover the roof (zinc) = 11 kg/m2 6. Ceilings = 10 kg/m2 7. Mechanical/electrical = 10 kg/m2

Life Load Load point person for roof maintenance = 100 kg Load rainwater = 20 kg/m2

Wind Load Wind loads on the building site is the house of type T36 : v = 25 kg/m2

Roof Angle = 30 derajat Coefficient Wind in the press area : 0,02α – 0,4α the suction area : 0,4

Earthquake Load Earthquake loads according to the earthquake zone on the 5th.


Load Combination Combination of loading on structural analysis is : DL = Dead load and self-weight of the building LL = Live load RL = Load rainwater Wf = Wind loads on the building left Wr = Wind loads on the building right Eqx = Seismic load of the building left Eqy = Seismic load of the building right

No. Fix Load Temporary Load

DL LL RL Wf Wr EQx EQy 1 1,4 2 1,2 1,6 0,5 3 1,2 1,0 1,6 4 1,2 1,6 1,0 5 1,2 1,6 1,0 6 1,2 0,5 1,6 7 1,2 0,5 1,6 8 1,2 1,0 1,0 9 1,2 1,0 1,0 10 0,9 1,6 11 0,9 1,6 12 0,9 1,0 13 0,9 1,0

Re-Structure Calculations Houses Type 36

Strength Building Structure The results of calculations cracking moment in the beam can be seen in Table 2 below.

Table 2. Moment Calculation Results Cracks in Beams Component Notation Size/Value Sat.

Balok Utama h 150 mm Yt 150 mm Ig 4,2 x 107 mm fc’ 10,18 Mpa fr 2,23 Mpa

Mcr 6,24 x 105 or 0,0624 N.mm or t.m

The calculation of the load acting on the beam : Crack control : Due to Dead Load :

- heavy beams = 0,150 m x 0,150 m x 2,4 t/m3 = 0,054 t/m2 - Weight ceiling = 0,011t/m2

q DL balok = 0,065 t/m2 q DL Balok = 0,065 t/m’

MDL = 1/12 . q . l2 = 1/12 . 0,065 . 2,82


= 0,042 t.m < Mcr = 0,0624 t.m

Cracks due to dead load is not going occur Due to Life Load : q = 0 t/m2

M LL = 1/12 . q . l2 = 1/12 . 0 . 2,82

= 0 t.m MDL + MLL = 0,042 t.m + 0 t.m

= 0,042 t.m < Mcr =0,0624 t.m Cracking does not occur when the dead load and live load work

Capacity Control Sectional Beam Strength : From the search results to dismantle concrete components in the field of the obtained amount of reinforcement that exist in house building structural components of type 36, which can be analyzed strength capacity of the structural components, as shown in Table 3 below :

Table 3. Strength Analysis of Beams Notation Main Beam h (mm) 150 b (mm) 150 d (mm) 135 d' (mm) 15 As (mm) 2ϕ12 As' (mm) 2 ϕ12

226.2 ρ 0.01005 ρ' 0.01005

ρ min 0.00583 ρ-ρ' 0.00000

fc’ (MPa) 10.18 fy (MPa) 240

Mn ( N.mm) 6612500 Mn ( t.m) 0.661

øMn (N.mm) 5292121 øMn (t.m) 0.529

150 mm

Beam Cross Section

150 mm


Load acting on the main beam, i.e. : MDL + MLL = 0,042 t.m still smaller than the cross section of the ability or capacity to bear the burden of cross-sectional strength øMn = 0.529 t.m

So based on the analysis that has been conducted on Building Structure Type 36 can be concluded that Strong plans larger than necessary.

In general, comparison of each - each cross-section of the power capacity of concrete beam structural components can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. Capacity Comparison of Structural Concrete Components

Code Capacity Plan (Tm)

M need (Tm) Ket. øMn

Main beam 0.529 0.183 Comply

In general, comparison of each - each cross-section of the power capacity of the structural components of concrete columns as shown in the chart above that the internal forces that occur in the field is still smaller than the capacity of the column cross section.

Re-structure calculation results show that the structure of the building houses 36 types of non-stage after some improvements are still able to carry the load capacity, so the calculation of the structure in 3D modeling not seen any one of the components of the structure are not able to bear the burden of serviceability, so that the structure type 36 can be populated with a safe and comfortable from earthquake hazards based regulation Indonesian National Standard (SNI -1729-2012) that Banda Aceh is located in Zone 5 as seen in Indonesian Earthquake area Maps with peak acceleration of bedrock with a return period 500 years.

CONCLUSION Based on visual outcome and testing directly on house building type 36, it can be concluded : The results of visual investigation on houses that have been completed, the findings obtained in several houses that line the main reinforcement detailing columns and beams are not in

Interaction Diagram Column 15 x 15 cm2

-100 -75 -50

-25 0

25 50 75

100 125 150 175

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Momen ( Mnx) kN-m Mu vs Pu Mnx vs Pn Keadaan Seimbang

Aks

ial (

Pn

) kN


accordance with the plans, not attached cuttings / anchor in the relationship column with masonry walls and casting imperfect in some column, so it must be some solution for the repair and strengthening of.

Quality estimate the concrete surface mounted on the building structure houses 36 types of 65 homes ranging from 6.42 MPa - 24.57 MPa with value - average is 10.18 MPa.

The results of quality tests estimate the compressive strength of the concrete surface mounted on some lower house, is because the concrete is still relatively young age (less than 28 days), so that the concrete surface testing is not perfect.

The results of the re-calculation of house building structure type 36 using structural analysis program for 65 homes that have been strengthened shows that the existing building structure is able to bear the burden of the earthquake to the region 5 in accordance with the requirements of SNI -1729-2012 (Earthquake Resilience Planning Procedures for Buildings and House), so it is necessary to repair and reinforcement in structural components.

RECOMMENDATION To meet the requirements of Earthquake Resilience Planning for Buildings and Houses in accordance with SNI -1729-2012, the construction of houses wherever necessary to supervise the good quality at the time of execution of the following : a) Implementation shall be in accordance with the plans that have been approved. b) In connection reinforcement on the corners between the columns and beams on the image

to fit the plan. c) At the center of the reinforcement connection between the columns and beams on

customized with images plan. d) Each of the relationship between the columns and masonry walls in order to be retrofit

with installing cuttings/anchor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the co-researchers who have participated in completing this activity and also we would like to thank the Head of Research Institute for Human Settlements, Prof. Dr Anita Firmanti, to support these activities.

REFERENCES Johnny Rakhman, 2006, Housing Construction Observation Reports Non Stage Type 36 in

Banda Aceh, NAD. SNI-1726-2012, Earthquake Resilience Planning Procedures for Buildings. IAEE Committee on Non-Engineered Construction, 1986, Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant

Non-Engineered Construction. SNI-2847-2012, Planning Procedures for Concrete Structures for Buildings. ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials. ACI 318-02, American Concrete Institute SKBI–1.3.53.1987, Imposition Planning Guidelines for Buildings.


PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION HOSTEL BUILDING FINANCIAL TRAINING MINISTRY IN BINTARO

Cecep Bakheri Bachroni Research Institute for Housing and Human Settlements, Agency for Research and Development


E-mail : cecep _ [email protected]

Abstract This building will be used as a dorm for education and training Ministry of Finance. The structure of on open-frame reinforced concrete building with foundation group, power boats for the central part of the building one point foundation consists of 3 rod, and for the building consists of 2 rods. Order structure and details of beams and columns can be seen in Figure I. Dimensions foundation power boats oj 20 em x 25 em and stick as deep as 6 111 (depth of hard ground is 1101yet known). Total height 11,98111building with a height of floors-I is 4,13 111. the height of the floor in the 2nd and 3rd floors each is 3.40 m. The crack occurred on a wall in the basement bathroom, wide cracks > 4 /11111 thick wall translucent and couples, these cracks occurs only on the l st floor (Ground Floor). The crack occurred on a wall in the basement stairs is cracked hair adjust happened to plastering only. Cracking that occurs in the structure of the stairs due to the 1//0Fe/l/e1l1 of the soil under the foundation of the stairs. From observations of visually invisible there are signs of a decrease of the foundation. Which is a decrease in soil cover by 5 - 10 cm. Pictures - -I ShOlVS a decrease in soil cover. Cracks on structural beams and columns cannot be seen as covered by as well as cracks on the ceiling column cannot be seen because it is covered by the ornament of the plywood.

Keyword : Cracks, open frame reinforced, foundation, structural beam, soil cover

PRELIMINARY Background

The dormitory building of education and training Ministry of Finance consists of three (3) floor. The building was constructed in the year 2011 is a multi year and standing above the ground cover which was formerly marshland. The main structure of the building is a reinforced concrete open-frame. Foundation beams with a stake. This building will be used as a dorm for education and training of the Ministry of Finance. After the completion of construction in 2012 began to emerge of a non-structural cracks of cracks - on the wall of the couple (infill wall) as shown in the chart room walls of every floor, due to the concerns of the owners ever done just my assessment by planners as consultants responsible for planning the building, thought to be the loss of structure and construction of the building, just my assessment of the Gourmand LAPI ITS that checks the pillar of the stake was suspect there are some parts that did not work on powerboats up to land hard on the predetermined depth. Various polemics arose resulting in the building owners are increasingly concerned at the conditions are further suspect buildings can collapse gradually. Furthermore in order to ensure the reliability of the structure and

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

Preliminary Examination Hostel … (Cecep Bakheri Bachroni) 92

building construction the Ministry of Finance asked for help for the initial examination via direct mail, addressed to the head of R & D Center of Settlement, bodies of R & D, Public Works Ministry have been made with a number; S-327/pp. 6/2014 dated 24 March 2014, and there after made the delivery team of researchers for examination early on 7-9 May 2014 to look at the real conditions in the field and can provide technical advice in retaining these problems.

Purpose and Goals

The purpose of this activity is to conduct the initial inspection ofthe condition of the dormitory building Pusdiklat KNPK who suffered cracked on walls the building.

The purpose of this initial examination is to provide technical advice and follow-up It takes on a dormitory building Pusdiklat KNPK with reference to the technical requirements that apply.

Scope of Activities

Initial examination of the structure of activity scope of building KNPK Pusdiklat this include the following : a. Preparation of the Examination b. Technical data collect KNPK (Pusdiklat building plans pictures, shop drawing, as built

drawing and others) c. Examination of implementation plans and drawings (shop drawings and as built drawing) d. Direct examination, the situation at the dormitory building that is visual inspection fisic

conditions of buildings, inspection of cracks that occurred on the wall and the structural components, as well as checks on the conditions of the ground

e. Analysis and discussion as well as recommendations or suggestions of alternative settlement proposal problem

f. Reporting

THE METHODOLOGY INSPECTION General

The methods was used in the examination of the initial activities to problems building Pusdiklat KNPK this is done by two methods : the method of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are carried out through technical data searches of buildings consisting of a report design planning, planning drawings, shop drawing and inspection of the condition of the building structure visually, also conducted an interview or FAQs as well as listening to a description of the building officials. Quantitative methods are performed with the measurement of cracks and structural components of the examination of the beams, columns and walls that occur in field. All the data obtained will be relied upon in the analysis and evaluation to provide alternative proposals for solving problems in the recommendation.

Technical Data Search

Building Data 1. The name of the building : Dorm Pusdiklat KNPK Ministry of Finance 2. Location : JL. 5 Main Bintaro, South Tangerang 3. Owner : Ministry of Finance


4. Number of Floors : 3 (three) Floor 5. Materials structure : reinforced concrete 6. Function : boarding training 7. The Foundation : reinforced concrete pole

Technical Data The data obtained from the officials who submitted to the research team is as follows : 1. Images of dorm Pusdiklat development planning KNPK 2. Images of shop drawing Pusdiklat Boarding KNPK 3. Pictures us built Dormitory Pusdiklat drawing KNPK

FIELD INSPECTION RESULTS Results of the Data Review Image of As Build Drawings

The structure of an open-frame reinforced concrete building with foundation group, powerboats for the central part of the building one point foundation consists of 3 rods and for the the building consists of 2 rods. Order structure and details of efecting of framework beams and columns can be seen in Figure 1. Dimensions foundation powerboats of 20 em x 25 em and stick as deep as 6 in (depth of hard ground is not yet known). Total height 11.98111 building with a height of floors-I is 4, 13 m, the height of the floor in the 2nd and 3rd floors each is 3.40.

Figure 1. Frame Structure and Reinforcement


Data Field Review Results

Visual inspection results, cracks occur in the structure of the staircase and walls in the room stairs and cracks in the basement bathroom. The crack occurred on a wall in the living room the ladder is not structural but spread throughout all the patterned field wall from floor-I up to 3rd floor. Figure-3 show floor plans and location of the crack.

Figure 2. The Foundation Piles Reinforcement or Columns and' Beams Plan Binder (Tie Beam)

The crack occurred on a wall in the basement bathroom. Wide cracks> 4 111m thick wall until translucent and couples. These cracks occurs only on the 1st tloor (Ground Floor). The crack occurred on a wall in the basement stairs is cracked hair and just happened to plastering only. Cracking that occurs in the structure of the stairs due to the movement of the soil under the foundation of the stairs. From observations of visually invisible there are signs of a decrease of the foundation, which is a decrease in soil cover by 5 - 10 em. Pictures - 4 shows a decrease in soil cover. Cracks on structural beams and columns cannot be seen as covered by as well as cracks on the ceiling column cannot be seen because it is covered by the ornament of the plywood.


Figure 3. Floor Plan-l and The Location of Cracks and Crack Type

RESULTS AND DISCUTION General

The location of the building is the former swamp that piled up as deep as 3 m, hoarding is done in 2010 and thereafter carried out construction work in 2011. Construction jobs begins with the foundation of powerboats with a depth of 6 m (based on the as built drawing), using a system of mashed (hammer).

Calculation of The Capacity of The Beam-Hanger

Analysis of one of the existing binding beams, i.e. beam bearing load the wall above and one beneath a heap of soil based on the image of the as built drawing dimensions and reinforcement as follows :


Support

Field

Dimensi 300 x 600 300 x 600 Top Reinf : 5D22 2D22 Bellow Reinf : 3D22 4D22 Steeroops : D10-100 D10-200 Extra Reinf : 2D10 2D10

Load Calculation of T. Beam ; 30/60, Ł = 7.20, t Wall = 5 m SDL = 150 kg/m2 x 7.2 m = 1080 kg/m DL = 0.3 x 0.6 x 2400 kg/m3 + 5 x 0.12 x 1700 kg/m3 = 1452 kg/m LL = 250 kg/m2 x 7.2 m = 1800 kg/m Total = 4332 kg/m q = 42.4969 kN/m Mu = 1/8ql2 = 1/8 42.5 7.22 = 275.4 kNm Vu = = 153.0 kNm

Based on existing data, then performed an evaluation to determine the capacity of the structure to the work styles in the table below;

Doble Reinf Beam Dimention, space

T. Beam (TB1) 30/60, L=7.2m

Areas Reviewed Field Supporting Bending Load Mu (kN-m) 275,40 306,00 Shear Load Vu (kN-m) 153,00 153,00 Wide sectional (mm) 300 300 High (mm) 600 600 Tensile Reinf (btg) 4 3 Diameter (mm) 22 22 Compressive Reinf. 2 5 Diameter (mm) 22 22 Concrete cover (mm) 50 50 Diameter of a circle (mm) 10 10 Steeroops Space (mm) 200 100 Sectional Shear (bh) 2 2 Concrete Cuality fc' (MPa) 20 20


Advanced table Bending Reinf. fy (MPa) 400 400 Shear Reinf. fs (MPa) 400 400 Shear Reduction Factor 0,80 0,80 Bending Reduction Factor 0,60 0,60 As (mm2) 1520,53 1140,40 As' (mm2) 760,27 1900,66 Av (mm2) 157,08 157,08 Shear Reinforcement Ratio 0,50 1,67 Effective high d (mm) 529,00 529,00 s (mm) 71,00 71,00 Crack Bending Mr. (kN-m) 13,18 13,18

Bending Capacity, Mnk Ta (kN) 608 456 b1 0,85 0,85 Try and Error ... a (mm) 103,90 103,90 x (mm) 122,24 122,24 es' 0,0013 0,0013 ey 0,0019 0,0019 fs' (MPa) 264 264 ( Cc + As' * fs' ) (kN) 731 1032 = Ta (kN) 608 456 zCc (mm) 477,05 477,05 zCs' (mm) 458,00 458,00 Mnk (kN-m) 344,73 482,65 ØMnk (kN-m) 275,79 386,12

Shear Capacity, Vn Vc (kN) 118,29 118,29 Vs (kN) 166,19 332,38 Vn (kN) 284,48 450,67 ØVn (kN) 170,69 270,40 Requirement of Bending ØMnk > Mu Ok Ok Requirement of Shear ØVn > Vu Ok Ok Momen Capacity Ratio 100% 79% Shear Capacity Ratio 90% 57%

Analysis of the Beam Fractured

The hair cracks occur on the walls in the basement stairs is thought to occur only on plastering only as a result of the use of mixed materials of plastering or cement and sand at the time finishing less than perfect. Cracked which took place on the wall in the bathroom, where the couple created on the wall beams fastener (Tie Beam) and beam it directly focuses on the soil pile, thus worthy of the crack is thought to occur due to the movement of consolidation of the soil cover. It is feared that these cracks occurred because of the capacity of the beam-hanger (Tie Beam) is unable to shoulder the burden of a wall to do the appropriate recount stipulated in the SNI 2847 : 2013 Structural Concrete of the requirements for the Building. Results of the recount was still binding beams capable of supporting a load of the existing wall, the cracks occurred in the structure of the staircase is allegedly due beams that are still within the limits of deflection license.

Evaluation results above indicate that the structure of the component beams are qualified in holding the elastic style, as well as the style of the slide that occurred in the structure of the


component. In this examination are only analyzed due to gravity loads only, so the damage and cracks that occur on a component of the beam is not due to gravity loads. Some possible causes cracks on walls due to occurred in the binding beams components are still within the limits of license.

Figure 4. The Ground Cover Has Decreased

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion

The results of the initial inspection, the situation analysis and visual data can be summed up as follows : a. Cracking that occurs on the wall of the stairs due to the flower angles of stucco. b. The cracking that occurs in the bathroom space with a width of 4 mm as a result of the

movement of consolidation less land compressed enough. c. Cracked on the structure of the staircase is also due to the consolidation of less land

compressed. d. Based on visual observations, there is no indication of the decline of the foundation. e. Results of the calculation of the capacity of the beam-hanger (T-Beam) shows the results

qualified technical. Suggestions

The follow-up that we suggest needs to be done to assess the reliability of building IE : Test-Sondir and soil parameters.

- Detailed Test structure (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Core Drilled, Hammer Test, Proforneter/R -bar).

- Recount-building as a whole.


PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF HOUSE IN CIREBON

Yulinda Rosa Research Institute for Housing and Human Settlements, Agency for Research and Development


E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract In this research, public perception of house is studied. The success of housing program for the community is affected by the public positive perception of the program. Perception is formed through the process of cognition, affection, and cognation. These three processes will be analyzed. Data used in this research is the data in 2010. Sample is collected through the multi-stage sampling method with a systematic technique. The number of sample used is as many as 480 household heads. Data is analyzed by using descriptive and correlation methods, along with the using of Excel program software and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Software). The result of the analysis shows that the relationship degree between cognition and affection factor ( = 0,156) and between cognition and cognation factor ( = 0,151) are very low. While the relationship between affection and cognation factor shows a higher correlation than the two previous correlations, but still categorized as low correlation ( = 0,202).

Keywords : Perception, community, house, Cirebon, public

INTRODUCTION Public perception of house is one of the important factors which influence the house demand. This data can be used as the foundation in determining the housing provision program, for either contractor or policy makers.

Perception is the cognitive process to feel the surroundings by choosing, organizing, and interpreting information (Daft, 2003 in Kristanto, 2006). Perception is the brain’s interpretation of feelings. A good and correct perception is needed since perception is the basic of character building which leads to behavior (Barent, 1977 cited in Harihanto, 2004). Perception can be formed through heredity and individual factors. The heredity factors include talent, interest, willingness, feeling, fantasy, and respond which are innate. Individual factors include education, social environment, and social status (Thorndike, 1968 in Harihanto, 2004). Other external factors which can affect perception is age (Munn, 1974), income (Malickson and Nason, 1977), value/belief and experience (Bailey, 1982 and Sarinen, 1976), gender (Powel, 1963), memory, social condition, expectation (Edmund and Letey, 1973; Sarinen, 1976). Perception is formed through the cognition, affection, and cognation process. The cognition process includes accepting, understanding, and thinking. The affection process includes feeling and emotions, willingness, and values. The cognation process includes action or treatment as a respond to the cognition and affection processes (Haryadi and Setiawan, 1995).

Public Perception of House … (Yulinda Rosa) 100

One of the housing provision programs offered to people with low income is the 1000-tower-flat program. This program is aimed to provide liveable residence with affordable price in the city center as high-rise apartments or rent flats (rusunawa) and owned flats (rusunami) which was initiated in 2007. Eventhough in the end this program becomes one of the targets, with not touching MBR. Since all houses which are built through this program are not for possession but for residential, therefore they are rented. This is because not all people can afford a house (Tribun, 2015). In 2015, the government launched a new program which is the sejuta rumah program, or a-million-houses program.

Before it is implemented, each program, especially those which involve people, should be socialized and positive perception should first be built about the program. As an alternative, the program can be adjusted with the existing perception in the community. Adjusting program with the existing perception will be easier compared to the first performed process, the positive perception building program. Changing the people perception is not an easy job, it needs a planned steps. If this program were executed with negative perception, program failure will be occur. Therefore, in this paper public perception of house in Cirebon is studied.

METHOD Data sample is as many as 295.764 people, spread in five districts and twenty two villages, 247 citizens associations (Rukun Warga) dan 1.352 neighborhood associations (Rukun Tetangga) with multi-stage and systematic sampling technique. Multi-stage sampling is a sampling technique conducted in steps; selecting districts from city, selecting villages from districts, and selecting citizen associations (RW) from villages. While selecting RW from each village is conducted by systematic sampling technique with the formulation as follow :

Period = the number of RW/ the number of village = 247/30 = 8,23 rounded to 8

This makes the number of RW to use as sample is thirty one RW. From each RW, one neighborhood (RT) is randomly selected with fifteen or sixteen household heads, which makes the total number of sample is 480 people.

Data from each sample is taken by using both closed and open systematic questionnaires. Data is processed by using descriptive analysis technique and Spearman correlation analysis. Correlation is used to test the closeness of relationship between two variables which have ordinal measurement scale. Ordinal measurement scale is numbers which show order from the highest to the lowest based on particular criteria. The formulation to get the Spearman coefficient of correlation (Riduwan, 2004) :

𝑅𝑠 = 1 − 6 𝑑𝑖

𝑛𝑖=1

𝑛3−𝑛 (1)

di = the gap between ranks n = the number of rank


Data is processed by using soft wares of excel program and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Software). Public perception of house is measured in three factors : 1. Cognition factor, measured through these indicators :

1) The meaning of house 2) The function of house

2. Affection factor, measured through these indicators : 1) Residence needed 2) Expected house status 3) Needs of bedroom 4) Needs of RTH 5) Agree with the idea of flats

3. Cognation factor, measured through these indicators : 1) The reason to stay in the area 2) The reason in buying or choosing a house 3) Status of the owned house (land/building) 4) The frequency of family sleep over 5) The existence of RTH

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Based on the 480 sample of household heads, public description in Kota Cirebon can be described as follow : Cognition Factor

Public cognition perception related to house is measured through two indicators : 1) The function of house, functioned as what ? 2) The meaning of house, as a place like what ?

Respondent which consider house as shelter is 44.4% and which consider house as a place to foster family is 50.2%, while which consider house as a place to socialize and self-express is 9%. Maslow's hierarchy of needs mentioned that each individual has basic needs which are described as a hierarchy or stairs. There are five basic needs (from the lowest to the highest) : 1) Physiological need; 2) The need of security; 3) The need of sense of belonging and affection; 4) The need of appreciation; 5) The need of self-actualization.

Maslow hypothesizes that after people have fulfilled the low level need, they will fulfill the need of the next level. If they are in the highest level but they have not yet fulfilled the basic need, they can return to the need of previous level. based on that theory, public perception of meaning in Kota Cirebon is still on the level one and two. House is defined as shelter (physiological need) and as a place to give the feeling of secure and comfort to family (the need of security). These two levels below show that the standard living i

principles of location development for housing …subandono (2007) describes that the coastal region...

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