principles of wireless sensor networks - kth 1.pdf · course content part 1 i lec 1: introduction...
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Principles of Wireless Sensor Networkshttps://www.kth.se/social/course/EL2745/
Lecture 1
Introduction to WSNs
Carlo FischioneAssociate Professor of Sensor Networks
e-mail:[email protected]://www.ee.kth.se/∼carlofi/
KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
August 31, 2015
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Course goal
After finishing the course, you will know the essential control,networking, programming, and signal processing tools to cope withWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
You will understand the design issues of WSNs and will be able todevelop WSNs applications
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Wireless Sensor Networks
Networking Wireless
Systems and Control
WirelessSensorNetworks
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Outline
Course overview
Introduction to WSNs
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Outline
Course overview
Introduction to WSNs
I DefinitionI ApplicationsI ComponentsI Protocols
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EL2745 Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks
Disposition
I 7.5 creditsI 13 lectures, 14 exercise sessions, 3 homework, 1 project
Instructors
I Carlo Fischione, lecturer, [email protected] Piergiuseppe Di Marco, lecturer, [email protected] Hossein Shokri-Ghadikolaei, teaching assistant, [email protected] Yuzhe Xu, teaching assistant, [email protected] Gerd Franzon, administration, [email protected]
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Course content
Part 1
I Lec 1: Introduction to WSNsI Lec 2: Introduction to Programming WSNs
Part 2
I Lec 3: Wireless ChannelI Lec 4: Physical LayerI Lec 5: Medium Access Control LayerI Lec 6: Routing
Part 3
I Lec 7: Distributed DetectionI Lec 8: Static Distributed EstimationI Lec 9: Dynamic Distributed EstimationI Lec 10: Positioning and LocalizationI Lec 11: Time Synchronization
Part 4
I Lec 12: Wireless Sensor Network Control Systems 1I Lec 13: Wireless Sensor Network Control Systems 2
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Course material
Book: lectures will be based on various chapters from
I C. Fischione, “An Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks”, 2015, draftbook, online. The book will be updated during the course from time to time
I Solution manual: exercise solutions available onlineI everything available online https://www.kth.se/social/course/EL2745/
subgroup/ht-2015-50187/page/course-information-30/
Additional useful books: some chapters of these books might be useful but theyare not necessary:
I G.J. Pottie and W.J. Kaiser “Principles of Embedded Networked SystemsDesign”, Cambridge, 2005
I W. Dargie and C. Poellabauer, “Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Network”,Wiley, 2010
Lecture slides: available online before the lecture, see the Schedule section on thecourse’s webpages
Homework: 3 exercises to hand in. First deadline, September 18
Software: TinyOS and (occasionally) Matlab
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Practical Information
Office: Osquldas vag 10, floor 6
Office Timings: Whenever you like, by appointment, e-mail to [email protected] to bookthe time. Welcome!
Prerequisites: The course is self-contained, only familiarity with linear algebra andanalysis
Grades: A,B,C,D,E based on
1. Homework admits to exam: pass/fail
2. Project admits to the exam: up to 10 points
3. Exam: up to 50 pointsExample: you get A by 10 project’s credit + 40 exam’s credit
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Project
Form groups of 2 (preferred) or 3 students each
Every group gives first and second preference for two topics below:
I The wireless channel: how the wireless channel behaves?I Physical layer: how to shape signals to transmit information?I Mac layer: how to access the wireless channel to transmit messages?I Routing: how to route messages over the network?I Topology control: how to design the topology of a network?I Distributed detection: how to detect phenomena?I Distributed estimation: how to estimate signals corrupted by noises?I Positioning and localization: how to estimate the position of nodes?I Time synchronization: how to synchronize nodes?I WSNs control systems: how to close the control loop over WSNs?
To choose the topic, give a glance to the topic’s description in the draft book “AnIntroduction to Wireless Sensor Networks”
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Project
The project is a 10-15 pages double column written report. 5 pages per student. 2students group = 10 pages
Must contain experimental results of your proposal
Time line:
1. Sept 4: Every group communicates to [email protected] the preferences on thetopic
2. Sept 9: Carlo sends out the study material with detailed instructions3. Sept 9: The groups start working on the writing and experiments4. Sept 17: Every group e-mails to [email protected] the proposal for report table of
content5. Sept 18: Carlo sends feedback on the table of content of the proposal6. Sept 9 - Oct 13: Groups work and ask feedback if needed to the teaching
assistants and Carlo7. Oct 14: Every group submits the final project report
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Outline
Course overview
Introduction to WSNs
I DefinitionI ApplicationsI ComponentsI Protocols
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Today’s learning outcome
What are typical applications of a WSN?
What are the components of a WSN?
What are protocols?
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WSNs
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) make Internet of Things possible
Computing, transmitting and receiving nodes, wirelessly networked together forcommunication, control, sensing and actuation purposes
Characteristics of WSNsI Battery-operated nodesI Limited wireless communicationI Mobility of nodesI No/limited central manager
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Applications of WSNs
Let us now see some applications of WSNs
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History of WSNs
DARPA DSN node, 1960
Mica2 mote, 2002
Tmote-sky, 2003
Smart Dust
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Applications of WSNs
Environmental Monitoring
Autonomous Cars
Industrial Control
Wearable sensors
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Wearable Sensors
Smart watches and phones have many sensors onboard
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Autonomous Robots
Sensors to make it possible autonomous robots
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WSNs in Industrial Automation
Added flexibility
I Sensor and actuator nodes can be placed more appropriatelyI Less restrictive maneuvers and control actionsI More powerful control through distributed computations
Reduced installation and maintenance costs
I Less cablingI More efficient monitoring and diagnosis
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Smart Buildings
WSNs for controlling temperature, light, air and humidity, doors, alarms
E.g., in Stockholm, one of the most technological urban districts in the world withhundreds of Smart Buildings
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Smart Energy Grids
source: http://deviceace.com/
Sensors to activate home appliances when energy costs are reduced
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Water Pollution
The pollution level can be estimated by sensors on the water pipes
Robotic sensors flowing underground in the water distribution lines
The estimates are reported centrally only when needed
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Components of a WSN
What are the participants and how is a node of a WSN?
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Participants in a WSN
Sources of data: Measure data, report them “somewhere”
I Typically equip with different kind of actual sensors
Sinks of data: Interested in receiving data from WSN
I May be part of the WSN or external entity, PDA, gateway,...
Actuators: Control some device based on data, usually also a sink
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WSN node components
Memory
Controller
Power supply
Communicationdevice
Sensor(s)/Actuator(s)
1. Controller
2. Communication device(s)
3. Sensors/actuators
4. Memory
5. Power supply
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Transceiver states
Transceivers can be put into different operational states typically:
I TransmitI ReceiveI Idle: ready to receive, but not doing so
• Some functions in hardware can be switched off, reducing energy consumption alittle
I Sleep: significant parts of the transceiver are switched off• Not able to immediately receive something• Recovery time and startup energy to leave sleep state can be significant
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Components in a wireless node
Memory
Controller
Power supply
Communicationdevice
Sensor(s)/Actuator(s)
Let’s now focus on the protocols that are followed at the communication device
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WSN Protocols, the ISO-OSI stack
The behavior of a node is specified by a set of protocols, or set of rules with whichthe node operate
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Routing
MAC
Phy
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The Physical LayerApplication
Presentation
Session
Transport
Routing
MAC
Phy
How messages are successfully transmitted and received over the wireless channel?
Aim: mathematically modelling the probability to successfully receive messages asfunction of the wireless channel characteristics and available design parameters(e.g., transmit radio power)
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Medium Access Control (MAC)Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Routing
MAC
Phy
When a node gets the right to transmit messages?
What is the mechanism to get such a right?
How to model mathematically such a behaviour as function of the relevant designparameters (e.g., transmit radio power, time available)?
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Routing: how to choose paths
Maximum total available batterycapacity
I Path metric: Sum of batterylevels
I Example: A-C-F-H
Minimum battery cost routing
I Path metric: Sum of reciprocalbattery levels
I Example: A-D-H
Conditional max-min battery capacityrouting
I Only take battery level intoaccount when below a given level
Minimum total transmission power
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Routing
MAC
Phy
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Detection/Estimation/Control over WSNs
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Routing
MAC
Phy
The state of a process is sensed by wireless nodes
State information may reach the detector/estimator/controller via multi-hop routing
How the protocols and the detector/estimator/controller interact?
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Useful Links
Blogs:http://www.wsnblog.com/
Industries:http://www.dustnetworks.com/
http://www.sensinode.com/
http://www.libelium.com/
http://www.xbow.com/
http://www.siemens.com/
http://www.abb.com/
University courses:http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/energy_efficient_systems.htm
http://wsnl.stanford.edu/
http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.885/spring06/readings.html
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/fa04/
http://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~jgao/CSE590-spring11/
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Useful Links
WSNs Standard:http://www.hartcomm.org/
http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html
http://www.ietf.org/dyn/wg/charter/roll-charter.html
http://www.ipso-alliance.org/Pages/Front.php
http://www.isa.org/
http://www.tinyos.net/
http://www.sics.se/contiki/
http://www.zigbee.org/
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Summary
We have seen the key aspects of WSNs
I ApplicationsI Protocols
Reading material: Chapter 1 of “Introduction to WSNs”
Next Lecture, Tuesday Sept 1: Introduction to WSN Programming
I You have to install TinyOS on your laptop before the lectureI Download instructions on Week 37 of Schedule in
https://www.kth.se/social/course/EL2745/
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